A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FAMILY ENVIRONMENT AND WELLBEING

BETWEEN WORKING AND NON-WORKING WOMEN

A

DISSERTATION

SUBMITTED TO

CHAUDHARY RANBIR SINGH UNIVERSITY

JIND (HARYANA)

FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER IN PSYCHOLOGY

SUPERVISOR INVESTIGATOR

DR. ALKA SETH POOJA RANI

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Roll No. 2200414

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY M.A PSYCHOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

CHAUDHARY RANBIR SINGH UNIVERSITY

JIND (HARYANA)

1
 Dr. Alka Seth
Assiatant professor

Dated……………..

SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that POOJA RANI has worked on her M.A. dissertation and entitled
or “A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FAMILY ENVIRONMENT AND WELL-BEING” under
my guidance and direct supervisor. This study is original piece of work. I
recommended it for submission or evaluation.

Supervisor
Dr Alka Seth

Assistant Professor

Department of Psychology

CRS University, Jind, Haryana

2
 Dr. Alka Seth

Assistant Professor

Dated……………..

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled, “A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF

FAMILY ENVIRONMENT AND WELL-BEING .” which is being submitted in the
Department of Psychology, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind, in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master in Psychology, is my original
work and has been submitted and published elsewhere for the award of any degree
of recognition.

Investigator

Supervis

Chairperson

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my profound regards and gratitude to my guide Dr. Alka Seth
Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology and Head of the
Department of psychology CHAUDHARY RANBIR SINGH UNIVERSITY JIND
(HARYANA) for her invaluable guidance, tremendous encouragement, utmost
interest, constructive suggestions.

I humbly express my cordial thanks to all participants without

whose co- operation the date for the study could not have been collected. I
also duly acknowledge the contribution of all those investigations whose
findings have formed the basis of this research.

(POOJA RANI)

4
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND

INTERPERTATION

CHAPTER V REFERENCE

5
 CHAPTER -I
INTRODUCTION

6
 INTRODUCTION
Work and family are the two most important points in any individual's life. Keeping balance
between work and family roles have become a key personal and family issue for many
societies.The economic development of any country requires an integration of both male and
female labour forces. It means that men and women both have to contribute the development
process of the country. Traditionally, the major responsibility of women has been perceived to
be home maker while breadwinning was the main responsibility of men. However, with more
and more women pursuing the jobs, clearly,these defined gender roles were forced to change.
The working woman has to play double role as a home maker and also an employee associated
with some institution. The balance between job and marriage is one of the prominent issues in
working married women's lives. Engaging in multiple roles can also negatively impact one or
more areas of life. At times, satised diverse role obligations and demand may require
conflicting actions that may put a strain on their life. At job, an employee has little control
over the amount of hours of working. The consequences of switching between behaviour can
negatively impact her role as a wife and an employee. A married woman that has a demanding
job will most likely use up most of her daily supply of energy at work. This substantial
consumption of the day‟s resources leaves the person with a decreased quantity of time and
energy that she can utilize to fulfil family roles and responsibilities.No doubt that education
and employment has brought independence, self- confidence, passionand a sense of identity in
the women. As a result of it, they are now better acquainted to new knowledge, outgoing,
ready to exchange new ideas, well informed, independent and aware of their rights and
surroundings. They have acquired certain level of maturity and psychological strength for
survival. This change has got significant implications not only for the woman but also for
family . Today the women has been enjoyed equality of status, equality of opportunity with
men. She became monetary independent and inexpensively sound. She take the major decision
and be decision maker, and also became the policy maker in various new areas. It can't be
ignore that present women have the ability to be qualified either educationally or practically to
attain success in different branches and different areas. Therefore, it is quite fair to get higher
location in their vocation.. Today there is no area where the women have not shown their
important.. Working women of middle or lower level classes have to do work for economic
reasons while belonging to the higher class to do work to pass time. The women who work for
monetary reasons have to face many issue.. They have to work in an office or organization for
full-time. Often they are sniggered at. People make passes at her and criticize her work just
because she is a female.Apart from all this, they, actually , have to keep walking on a blade
boundary all the time. Her domestic life is not easy also. She does not get any rest from
household work because of her office job. She has to get up early in the morning to complete
her household work, get the children ready for school, prepare breakfast and lunch for her
husband and school going kids ,and clean the house before she is ready to go to office. The
western concept of the husband helping in household work has not taken 1 our country yet.

7
When she come back in the evening from office,she has to help her kids with their studies,
prepare dinner for them and try to look pleasant all time in front of family members and guests.
Nobody aggravation to find out her demand to be satisfy . The job of women seems to be
alliance with certain factors like her age, nature of employment, experience, financial
demands, qualification, training etc. All women work because they are forced to do it. Some
work they want to do it with their interest but some are forced. In our society, irrespective of
her service condition still visualizes her as primary care of children and family members.

Family Environment

The word family is derived from the Roman word "famulus" meaning "servant". The family is
an association of parents and children, whose main task is the adaptation of the child to society
and the satisfaction of the members. However, understanding the family and its various
functions is mandatory to know the influence of family members on the child. Family means:
(i) a body of persons living together in a house or under the same head, including parents,
children, servants, etc. (ii) a state consisting of parents and their children, whether they live
together or not. (iii) jointly raised children by the person. (iv) Those who are descended or are
said to be descended from a common ancestor. The family is the one that gives the child the
first experience to understand family relationships in general. Family is a small group through
which most children come into contact with society and learn about culture and values. The
family environment of the world means a human relationship between parents and students.
According to Bloom (1989), the family climate can be considered a network of forces and
factors that surround the individual to absorb and play. The family is a miniature of society
and is protected by society, and the family is a small unit. the unit of both society and the
individual is a small unit of the family.Society and family are both sides of the same coin.
Every person has achievements in childhood that he achieves academically.Curriculum
achievements play the most important and vital role in his future. Family climate encompasses
the social and physical functioning of themembers of a child's family and helps determine
children's cognitive, social and intellectual development.The family is the oldest and most
important of all human-developed institutions that can regulate and integrate behaviors to
follow. or meet basic needs. Family expresses individuals and group members. The family
cares and supports the child; Parents can share childcare. Although the general family
environment influences a child's development, many believe that primarily parents make up a
large part of the family environment. To explain the meaning of family we give below
important definitions,given by some well-known person:-1. Maclver and Charles: - "A family
is a group in which the relationship of the sexes is sufficiently precisely and sustainably
defined to provide for the reproduction of children and 2. Burgess and Locke: "A family is a
group of persons united by the ties of marriage, blood or adoption; form one household;

8
interact with each other in their social roles: husband and wife, mother and father, brother and
sister. creating a common culture".

The family is traditionally considered the foundation of society. In general, family can be seen
as a group of people who share biological, emotional or legal ties to each other. In different
cultures, the term "family" can mean different things and different families, which usually
include two generations and people of two genders (Rani, 1998). The concept of family
changed from larger extended units to smaller units, ie. the nuclear family or intact family, and
today even smaller single-parent families. Family forms include the nuclear family or single-
parent family, single-parent family, extended family or childless family. Of these family forms,
single-parent families and single-parent families are more common.The family environment
plays a very important role in the development and adaptation of the child's personality. When
there is mutual understandingin the family, it contributes greatly to educational achievement,
forethought, proper adjustment and other necessary qualities. On the other hand, in a divided
and contentious family, children develop negative personality traits such as frustration,
depression, anxiety and tension, which in this way affect children's adjustment. The
adaptability of children gives them the strength to fight foreign affairsin various areas of their
life. The family exerts most of the early environmental influence on personality, which
continues throughout life. The family environment plays an important and very decisive role in
development as well as in education and professional achievements (Dasgupta and
Sanyal,2008). The family is an enriching ground for early socialization and personality
development, the healthy outcomes of which include the provision of unconditional love and
acceptance, understanding, behavioral control and guidance, academic encouragement and
assistance.The family, the first and most important means of socialization, is an important
influence . and it affects the development of the child. Several studies have shown that the
majority of successful/highly successful and well-adjusted children come from families with
stable, healthy relationships. Thus, it is the home that determines the attitude of the child
towards people and society, contributes to the intellectual growth of the child and supports his
aspirations and achievements (Sharma and Khatoon, 2011).

The family is the basic unit of socialization and it is hard to define how person community
could work without it. The family has been seen as a globall social organizart of a community;
family shape and upcoming impact the social type and temperament of any given community.
Family is that place there everyone learn to affection,care, to be understanding , belief, fair,
hoest , to have common sense, to use reasoning etc., values which are required for income in a
society.

According to Sociologists, the family is an loving house hold group of people related to each
other by relation of blood, sexual relations or rules . It have been a very difficult social unit
that has survived and accepted with time. The family acts as a basic unit socialization of
children where the children's first study about the basic rules and values of the society they
9
will grow up in. A child require to be safly environment to develop into responsible human
being with good rules value and strong ethics and norms. Therefore, it is important to gave
them the best environment so that they grow up to be physically, psychologically and
emotionally strong human being.It has been generally assumed that the organization of
Marriage is a global factor in human community.Although many Sociologists and
Anthropologists have attempted to give define of marriage, none of them has been
satisfactorily and sufficiently general enough to encompass all its different manifestations.
This is because marriage is a unique institution of human community that has different rules in
different cultures. It is a natural fact that marriage is intimately related towards parents .This
has led to many Anthropologists like Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown to propose definitions
of marriage centring on the Principle of Legitimacy. Malinowski stated that a legal marriage is
one which gives a woman a socially recognized Husband and her Children a socially
recognized Father.

Radcliffe-Brown states that Marriage is a social adjustment by which a children is given a

legitimate location in the community determined by parents in the community. According to
Westermarck" it is a connection of one or more male to one or more female which is
recognized by custom or law and includes some values and rules both in the case of parties
entering the community and in the case of children born out of this community". Lundberg
stated that marriage consists of rules and regulations that define the rights, duties and
privileges of husband and wife with respect to each other.

Horton and Hunt defined marriage is the approved social pattern whereby two or more persons
establish a family. Levy and Monroe peoples get marriage because a family is the only only
possible way to live. People do not marry because it is their social duty to extend the
Institution of family or for the reason that the scriptures recommend matrimony but because
they lived in a family as children and cannot get over the feeling that being in a family is the
only suitable way to live in society.

The United States Census Bureau (2007) defines the family as a comparatively everlasting
group of two or more people who are connected with blood relation, marriage or adoption and
who live under the same roof.

Stephen (1999) stated that the family as a social arrangement based on marriage comprising
recognition of rights and duties of parents general residence for husband, wife and children
are reciprocal economic obligations between husband and wife.

Over the decades, Social Scientists have fought in their efforts to define the multidimensional
concept of family. Trost (1990) ,accepted this very large define problem experienced not only
by family researchers but also the common peoples .Specifically, she illustrated the difficulty
and diversity with which people identify those who could or should be labelled family

10
members. For some sample, family consisted of only closest family members, Nuclear Family,
while for others family involved various other kin, friends and even pets. The Family
Environment involves the surroundings and social climate conditions within families. It is the
core process of every child upbringing, with positive and negative influences. When families
experience sudden and unexpected trauma, such as loved ones sustaining severe problems, all
members of the family are affected in one way or other. Family environment is considered as a
system where the behaviour and relationship among all family members is mutually dependent.
A inspireing physical environment, inspiration of sucess and love are again and again linked
to better presentation of children.Each person play a important role to effect the environment
in which he is brought up. Family is almost the exclusive environmental factor, which
controls the first few primitive years of life. The family environment maintains its significance
for the psychological development of the child.

Cohesion is the emotional bond that links family members, meaning the levels of affection,
friendship and intimacy shared. Hierarchy refers to the structure of power and control between
individuals which mostly reveals the greater influence of older people on family decisions.
Bear is the awareness of the actual and emotional support accepted from the family in handle
of challenges and issues . Conflict involves a set of negative feelings among individuals which
can create stress, hostility, criticism and aggression within the family.

Positive Family Functioning

Different aspect of family functions,it is very difficult to define a “Active or welling ” family.
But, we define two concepts are important when measuring the impact or effect of a family.
These include how healthy family work are function and how healthy family members
communicate with each other. Family objective include child care and child socialization
income sbear and long time care, additionally to other care giving objectives. Children must
be free to share every thing.. All family members require enough capability to produce.In
addition family members should be able to call upon each other for help when required (for
instance, in the event of unexpected disease). Good communication is the main aspect which
characterizes healthy families. Communication and self determination are closely linked
abstraction. Good communication involves clear expression of personal views and feelings
even when they differ from those of other family members. Contrarily, good communication
also involves being sensitive to the needs and feelings of other family members. Good
communication promotes compromise so that the most essential needs of all involved are met.
In families which foster autonomy, boundaries for roles and relationships are established
clearly. Every family member are take responsible according to their personality and behavior.

11
Under these situations, family member have much less affection feel the need to tell others
what to do or “push each other around.” Negotiation is also clearly related to good
communication and good relationships with family members .When faced with suggestion,
crises ,issue or problem well families involve all family members to come to solve for the
generally good. Conflicts are settled through sensible discussion and compromise instead of
open hostility and conflict. If one family member feels strongly about an issue, healthy
families work to accommodate his/her views in an expected way. As unhealthy families suffer
conflict and disagreements, like healthy families. Howsoever, a healthy family deals with
conflict much more rationally and practically. Families can be compared and evaluated on
different dimensions and variables. The specific factors involved to effect the important as the
concept that childrens learn how to develop or modified behave or are socialized according to
the makeup of their human family environments. The family environment is important in that
children are taught what types of transactions are considered suitably. They learn to shape
relationships, problem solving, know about personal boundaries, communicate with others
and feel that they are an very important part of the well family system.

Negative influences

Negative influences are when the family neglect their children; this condition gives negative
effect for a child personality. The loss of love among the family members causes poor
performance in Education. They feel such abandoned and neglected and hinder its ability to
foster a sense of self-esteem that can benefit themselves and community around it.

Well -being

Currently, there is no consensus around a single definition of well-being. Well-being is rather

considered as an umbrella term for several concepts related to human wellness. Well-being
encompasses a range of specific terms and definitions, such as subjective well-being,
psychological well-being, as well as hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, that overlap to some
extent, and are, thus, sometimes used interchangeably. (David et al. 2013 , Fisher 2001) In the
following chapters the most common terms are ex-plained and discussed in order to give an
overview of the concept of well-being. Furthermore, well-being can be described from an
objective or subjective point of view. Objective state refers to objective facts of people’s lives
concerning, for example, education, health and employment, that a government or an
organization regards itself to be responsible for; whereas subjective state of well-being refers
to how people actually experience their lives. (Huppert 2014) In this thesis, the point of view
is subjective.

First, Lomas and VanderWeele argue that our understanding of well-being and related
concepts such as health and prosperity are shaped by metaphors. . . by which we think such
ideas. While we currently think of wellness in terms of metaphors such as the pyramid, the

12
ladder, and the continuum, the two offer new metaphors of the garden and the orchestra, which
they say do better justice to the nuanced complexity of wellness. . Second, Cebral-Loureda,
Tamés-Muñoz, and Hernández-Baqueiro provide a bibliometric overview of the concept of
human flourishing, sometimes referred to as a high level of well-being. Here, statistical
methods and data mining were used to analyze thousands of documents related to the concept
of "human flourishing". Using cluster and network analyses, the authors show the concept's
evolution, composition, and current tensions and trends. Third, Rusk proposes a new model
that provides insights into the "how" and "why" of well-being to better understand the "what"
of well-being (or what is well-being). Drawing on developmental psychology and
neuroscience, the model suggests that adaptive motivational systems support experiential and
reflective well-being. In the proposed model, four layers of well-being are distinguished:
objective, experiential, reflective and narrative, which relate to the model in different ways.
The model combines the components of well-being, human motives and special emotions,
suggesting that well-being comes directly from a system of adaptive motivation and offers a
set of basic principles and processes that can underlie different approaches to well-being.
Finally, Joshanloo offers two articles that provide information on wellness. The first focuses
on mental balance, defined as a sense of calm resulting from inner peace and harmonious
interaction with the external environment, and argues that it is a necessary but largely
neglected component of well-being. The second focuses on group differences in life
satisfaction from a measurement perspective and investigates whether it should be understood
in the same way or not. Here, the results show that across different groups, such as gender, age,
ethnicity, national background, etc., all groups understand and respond to life satisfaction
questions in the same way, which means that life satisfaction can be meaningfully compared
between groups. Such a finding shows the promise that well-being can also be studied and
compared between similar groups from a psychometric perspective. Journal of Sociology and
Social Work, Vol. 5(1), June 2017 150 Man as a family member is an important part of his
social environment. Humans take care of the baby's needs by feeding, cleaning, carrying and
comforting the baby. In general, the concept of well-being is defined from two perspectives.
The clinical perspective defines well-being as the absence of negative conditions, and the
psychological perspective defines well-being as the prevalence of positive qualities. Positive
psychological definitions of well-being typically include some of six general characteristics. In
the definitions of well-being, there are six common characteristics of well-being: active
pursuit of well-being; balance of features; positive affect or life satisfaction; prosocial
behavior; multiple dimensions; and personal optimization.

Gough and McGregor (2007) defined well-being as "what people imagined they could do and
be and what they actually could do and be". According to Anger (2008), even the
philosophical literature refers to the "simple concept" of well-being (ie, "life is going well") in
a number of ways, including human good, utility, advantage, profit, solvency value , well-
being, happiness, prosperity, eudaemonia, usefulness, quality of life and success. Semdomo

13
(1995)summarizes contemporary perspectives on well-being as follows: either: (a) 'well-being'
is an empty concept or (b) 'well-being' is an important and meaningful concept that conveys
meaning. no other term matters (and has been shown by further research to convey this
meaning universally) or (c) "welfare" is "internally contested" - its meaning and content varies
depending on who uses it and why they use it.\ nMcAllister ( 2005) defines wellness as more
than illness or disease and pathology as a subjective (self-reported) and objective (corrected)
dimension. It can be measured at the individual or community level. It corresponds to elements
of life satisfaction that cannot be defined, explained or primarily influenced by economic
growth (Camfield, Streuli, & Woodhead, 2010). Shin and Johnson (1978) defined happiness as
a form of well-being as "a general assessment of a person's quality of life according to their
own limits".Deiner (2009) defined subjective well-being as general.evaluation of one's own
quality of life. The expression was conceptualized into three components: (1) cognitive
assessment that life was good (life satisfaction); (2) experience a positive pleasurable feeling;
(3) experience relatively few negative moods (Deiner, 2009). In addition, well-being has been
defined as "an important role in the development of well-being through balancing various
factors, developing and using skills and responding to stress (Bradshaw et al, 2007)The UN
Convention on the Rights of the Child defines "child" as a person under the age of 18 (unless,
if the laws of a particular country set a younger age as the age of majority) . The UN
Declaration on the Human Rights of the Child states that "the child , due to their physical and
mental immaturity, needs special protection and care, including appropriate legal protection,
before and after birth". According to the basic obligations, the state undertakes to promote
with special care the interests of children and young people to ensure their full physical ,
mental, moral, religious and social development and to protect them against exploitation and
discrimination.

Types of well-being

 Subjective well-being
 Psychological well-being

Subjective Well-Being

According to David et al. (2013) subjective well-being (SWB) is currently the dominant
conception of well-being. It has become a blooming area of science, with over10.000
publications per year (Diener & Scollon 2014). Various theoretical approaches to subjective
well-being have been introduced, and although varying somewhat in detail, they possess three
major commonalities that can be used to describe the general concept of subjective well-being.
First, SWB includes an individual’s cognitive evaluation of satisfaction with life as a whole.
Second, SWB includes the positive affects (i.e.emotions and moods) experienced by the

14
individual. Third, it includes also the negative affects, such as sadness and depression,
experienced by the individual. The affective components are defined as separate components
due to the empirical evidence showing that positive and negative emotions are experienced
relatively independent of each other.(Pavot & Diener 2013 ) .In scientific literature, subjective
well-being is also referred to as hedonic well-being (e.g.Huppert 2014 ), emotional well-being
(Keyes 2002), positive feeling, or happiness (e.g. Longo et al. 2017). In fact, subjective well -
being is the scientific term for happiness, according to Diener & Scollon (2014). The term
hedonia, in turn,dates back to ancient philosophers (from centuries before common era) who
taught that happiness is the sum of one’s pleasant moments (Ryan & Deci 2009 ). The hedonic
view of well-being includes the pursuit of positive emotion, maximum pleasure, and the
absence of pain and discomfort (David et al. 2013 , Huta 2013). However, as Huppert (2014 )
notes, the role of negative emotions cannot be devalued as they play an important role in our
lives when experienced in appropriate context, such as sadness following misfortune.
Although subjective well-being is defined as a global life satisfaction, researchers are
interested in studying satisfaction with different domains of life, such as work or marriage.
Assessing specific life domains can provide a more detailed view of the subjective well-being
experienced by an individual or a group of individuals. The importance assigned to various
domains of life is likely to vary between individuals. (Pavot & Diener 2013 )

Theories of Subjective Well-Being

As mentioned earlier, a number of theoretical approaches have been introduced to understand

subjective well-being. According to Pavot and Diener (2013) many of these approaches can be
categorized as bottom-up or top-down models. Bottom-up models claim that an individual’s
overall experience of SBW comprises of the sum of positive and negative moments. The more
positive events and emotions one experiences, thehigher the level of well-being. Top-down
models, on the other hand, assume that some underlying processes tend to affect the way
individuals evaluate their life as a whole.Therefore, a person with a positive state of mind –
proposedly due to a personality trait or cognitive processes – may interpret an event more
positively than a person with a morenegative perspective would. (Pavot and Diener 2013 )

TElICIT theories of well-being suggest that the source of happiness is the acquisition of some
desired final state, the achievement of a goal, or the fulfillment of a need; while
relativenormative theories argue that well-being is the result of comparing one's current state
with one or more standards, such as past experiences, other people, goals orideals. The degree
of difference between the current situation or the situation and the norm determines the level
of satisfaction. If the individual's current situation is perceived as higher than the reference
standard, an increase in satisfaction is experienced and vice versa. Over time, however, a
phenomenon called hedonic adaptationmakes the individual's norm adapt to new
circumstances and becomes the newnorm. Hedonic adaptation is a psychological process in
which people become accustomed to stimuli so that the resulting positive feelings decrease
15
over time (Lyubo-mirsky 2011,). Thus, the increased subjective well-being experienced by the
individual is only relevant in the short term. (Diener and Ryan 2009, Pavot and Diener
2013.)Another theory often discussed in relation to the origins of well-being is the expansion
and construction theory of Barbara L.. Fredrickson. This indicates that positive emotions
influence people's thoughts and attention, broadening the tendencies of thinking and thus
inducing cognitive changes, i.e. flexible and creative thinking and problem-solving methods.
Over time, these cognitive changes create long-lasting intellectual, psychological, and social
resources. (Conway et al. 2013)Today it is necessary to consider and integrate different
theories, because no single approachalone is sufficient to interpret the complexity of subjective
well-being.In addition to theories,many factors have been studied to understand the causes of
well-being. However, scientists have not been able to conclusively prove whether there is a
cause-effect relationship. Therefore, we can only discuss the relationships between well-being
and factors (Diener and Ryan 2009, Huppert 2014, )

Psychological well-being

Another great tradition in the study of good well-being is eudaimonic well-being, whichhas
arisen since ancient times. Greek philosophy. Eudaimonia can be described as the effort to
realize and develop the best in oneself in accordance with one's true self (Huta2013). The
eudaimonic approach to well-being focuses on positive psycho-logical activity, i.e. behavior
that is e.g. rather a growth-producing, meaningfulfulfilling rather than subjectively good
feeling, which describes its difference fromhedonia. Although the eudaimonic tradition is
younger and less studied than the hedonic tradition, there are several theories and models in
the field. (Fisher 2014 ,Huta 2013).

The best-known model of eudaimonic well-being is Carol D. Ryff’s psychological well-being

(David et al. 2013). The model includes six dimensions: personal growth, autonomy, self-
acceptance, purpose in life, environmental mastery and positive relations with others. Thus,
people are functioning well when they see themselves developing their potential, have a
degree of self-determination, are aware of and accept their personal strengths and weaknesses,
have a direction in life, are able to shape their environments to satisfy their needs, and have
positive relationships (Keyes 2002 ,Ryff & Singer 2008. Environmental mastery is considered
an important part of positive functioning since well-being is influenced by the surrounding
contexts of people’s lives, and moreover, the opportunities for self-realization are not equal to
all. Therefore, it is important for an individual to be able to manipulate and control complex
environments as well as act on and change the surrounding world. (Ryff & Singer 2008 )

Another theory embracing eudaimonic well-being is the self-determination theory (SDT) by

Ryan & Deci (2001). The authors argue that satisfaction of basic psychological needs –
autonomy, competence and relatedness - is essential for psychological growth, integrity, and
well-being, indicating that need fulfillment is a natural human aim that fosters well-being

16
rather than defines it. Furthermore, SDT posits that the satisfaction of the basic psychological
needs fosters also subjective well-being since being satisfied with one’s life and feeling more
positive and less negative emotions are correlated with psychological well-being.

Multidimensional Models of Well-Being

Since emotions are transient by their nature, experiencing positive and negative emotions is
only a part of well-being. Well-being involves a more sustainable experience that includes the
functioning component of well-being, for example, being resilient when facing setbacks. Thus,
the more general sense of well-being combines both SWB and PWB.Huppert (2014) describes
well-being generally as “the experience of life going well” which is a combination of feeling
good and functioning well. This position has been taken by a number of researchers (e.g.
David et al. 2013, Huppert 2014, Seligman 2011), although different terms and different lists
of elements may be used. This general concept of well-being is adapted also for this thesis.
Keyes’ (2002 ) components of well-being consist of subjective well-being, Ryff’s
psychological well-being and an additional component of social well-being. Ac cording to
Keyes, social well-being presents more public and social criteria whereby people evaluate their
functioning than the social aspect introduced in PWB, i.e. the personal evaluation of having
positive relations with others. Keyes introduces five social dimensions to well-being: social
coherence, social actualization, social integration, social acceptance, and social contribution.
That is, people are functioning well when they see so-ciety as meaningful and having potential
for growth, when they feel belonging and acceptance by their communities, when they accept
most parts of society, and when they see themselves contributing to society. Additionally,
Keyes (2002 ) approaches well-being from a mental health perspective by saying that mental
health is a syndrome that combines symptoms of SWB,PWB and social well-being. Thus,
well-being can be measured and diagnosed, like mental illness, on scales of emotional vitality
(SWB) and functioning (PWB & social well-being). Keyes favors the proposition that mental
health and mental illness are not at the opposite ends of a single measurement continuum, but
form two different continua. On one end of the mental health continuum is the presence of
mental health, called flourishing (i.e. high level of well-being), and on the opposite end is the
absence of mental health,called languishing (i.e. low level of well-being). People who are
neither flourishing nor languishing are moderately mentally healthy. Whereas, the mental
illness continuum goes from severe mental disorder to no mental disorder (Huppert 2014 ).

Well-being is the familiarity of health, happiness, and wealth.. It involves having good mental
health, full life satisfaction, a feeling of meaning or motive , and the ability to deal with stress.
More commonly, wellness is just feeling well .(Take this quiz to know your level of well-
being or wellness.) Well-being is something seek by just about everyone because it involves
some positive things — feeling happy, healthy, socially relationship, and motive l. Unluckily
well-being appears to be in reduce, at least in the U.S. And growing your well-being can be
study without knowing what to do and how to do it.The human attentiveness in ‘wellbeing’
17
dates back millenarian of years, with multiple native understandings .Through to the eariest
Greeks . The belief of wellbeing has undergo the test of time and is simultaneous central to
the social sciences. As Alexandrova best point, “cover with human wellbeing is at the very
tuber of modern social science consequence began its life as a form of understanding faithful
officially to the advancement of wellbeing".Particularly attentiveness however, is that
‘wellbeing’ also amount to an coming out hot topic across the social sciences, with disciplines
ranging from psychology and economics to sociology, phiglosophy, literature, developmental
studies, health, communication and news,education, social values and beyond, all placing
greater prominence on the term and erect than previously. It is clear that the rapid and
phenomenal growth of the field of positive psychology has donated to stimulating
attentiveness in wellness more largely .Today, many academic across most social science
regulation, at least from a publishing view point are taking a wellbeing-oriented contact to
their area and discipline. In addition , beyond culture and in the empire of popular culture (at
least in western societies), wellbeing is becoming more central in different statement,with the
acceptance that wellbeing (in contrast to illbeing) is important for everyone. For example,
Seligman notes that when parenthood are asked what they most want for their children,
wellness is usually present in their answers and also usually at the top list. However, a clear
and useful definition and concepts of well-being remain elusive - a situation that has arisen
historically, contemporary, for the public, both within and between disciplines. As Hone and
colleagues noted, "although several researchers and research groups have developed
theoretical, conceptual, and operational models of well-being, and there is general agreement
that well-being is a multidimensional concept, the consensus ends there." Scientific fields
define well-being in many different ways, if at all. Some definitions are very similar to one's
life." On the other hand, others are less clear and have several different parts, such as "a state
of happiness and contentment with low levels of anxiety, general good physical and mental
health and outlook, or a good quality of life." One of the most commonly cited definitions of
well-being is: "Well-being can be understood as how people feel and function on both personal
and social levels, and how they value their lives as a whole." This characterization refers to
well-being as multiple elements within and across broad categories of emotional, behavioral,
cognitive, and interpersonal interactions. However, such definitions seem far removed from
the way ordinary people use the word "well-being". If the philosopher Wittgenstein is right
that "the meaning of a word is its use in language", then there is perhaps a big difference
between the meaning of words and their use. This would be very problematic for any progress
or communication..

In addition, some current research points to many that exist but are vague, imprecise and
imprecise, such as "how\differences between lay and academic attitudes to well-being". For
example, the central values of the layman's concept of well-being are mental health, gratitude,
balance between work and private life, and the perception of inner harmony. In contrast, they
are absent from academic models that focus on components such as meaning and relationships.

18
In addition, differences between lifespans were observed. For example, young people say that
happiness, kindness, fun and safety are central to their concept of well-being. On the contrary,
for the elderly they are peripheral or irrelevant, and elements such as meaning and purpose are
not important for the young, while they are important for the elderly. Cultural differences can
also be seen in the concepts of well-being. For example, Huang and colleagues found that
optimism and satisfaction are central to the well-being of Chinese students, while factors
considered central by Europeans, such as mental health, were not as important. In addition, the
concept is increasingly diluted by corporate initiatives that appear to be only superficial in
their commitment to employee well-being, known as "wellness-washing". This process is
further aggravated by the commercialization and monetization of the term "well-being
products".For these reasons, we can consider conceptualizing and clearly defining well -being
as an important first step in the successful development and implementation of any product.
well-being theory, policy, action, debate or intervention, and the basis of research efforts to
measure or improve well-being. As such, a holistic and socially relevant research approach is
needed to better understand what wellbeing is and what it means to people. In addition to
clarity about "wellbeing", there is also a need for clarity with the same terms and terms with
which wellbeing is strongly associated. As such, we suggest that similar challenges exist with
concepts such as: well-being; prosperous; prosperous; life satisfaction; opportunity; quality of
life; mental health; and subjective well-being, to name a few.The current situation seems to be
that while well-being is becoming an increasingly popular term and topic, many disciplines do
not define well-being. When they do, they do not define well-being satisfactorily or clearly,
and definitions and conceptual differences between disciplines vary considerably. This is also
in public discourse, especially in different media channels, because similar expressions are
used interchangeably. The scientific literature points to significant differences in the concepts
of well-being in different cultures, age groups and population groups (e.g. teachers). Scholars
agree that well-being is a multidimensional concept, but disagree about what those dimensions
and components are.

This situation is problematic because:

(1) Extensive literature foundations, such as the field of positive psychology, are based on
what is meant by "well-being";

(2) It makes the debate and operation of different scholars. disciplines that challenge and limit
interdisciplinary research;

(3) It confuses practitioners with practical considerations such as choosing a welfare model or
measuring welfare, and

(4) It leaves the concept open to misuse and abuse, which can undermine its usefulness as
concept.

19
Therefore, this special issue is designed as a forum for researchers to advance and strengthen
the field. In particular, we invited submissions that contribute to understanding what wellness
is, or that use new ways or approaches to shed light on the concept of wellness or how we can
better understand it. So far, we have accepted five articles that contribute to this task, and in
the next section we highlight their contributions.

Dimensions of Well-Being:

Pueblo understands the importance of your well-being. Well-being consists of eight

interdependencies: emotional, physical, occupational, social, spiritual, intellectual,
environmental and financial. If any of these dimensions are neglected over time, health, well-
being and quality of life will be negatively affected. A balanced balance of these dimensions
of wellness ensures all-round harmony for personal well-being.Just as a healthy diet requires a
balanced diet, balanced wellness activates the body, the mind, and nourishes the spirit. This
multidimensional approach to wellness focuses on emphasizing the importance of positivity
and continued motivation to promote healthy habits to improve quality of life.Learn how each
dimension of wellness helps create an environment that supports and develops healthy
lifestyles.

Mental Well-being

Mental Wellness encompasses mental health, emotional state and all aspects of well-being and
their interaction. Your mental well-being, in turn, affects how you think, feel and behave in
your daily life. Spiritual well-being affects each dimension in turn and includes coping with
common life challenges.Topics may include anxiety, mood, emotions, stress management,
self-care, suicide prevention, and supporting others through lived experience.

Strategies to improve mental well-being functioning.

 Practice mindfulness: the state of mind achieved when you focus on the present
moment of your awareness, instead of dwelling on the past or imagining the future.
 Use relaxation and self-care strategies that work for you.
 Seek support from family . , friends, community and/or a professional.
 Exercise regularly, eat well and get enough sleep.
 Effectively express feelings and emotions and practice positive self-talk.
 Participate in weekly mental health workshops to learn about different aspects of
mental health and how to cope with stress and difficulties.
 Earn more on the ground with a mental health training certificate.
 Know where to turn in an emergency.

20
 Laurier resources to improve mental health

 Visit the Student Wellness Center for counseling and other mental health services
available to all students.
 Participate in wellness workshops like "Helping a Friend Improve Their Mental
Health" or "More Sleep for Your Mental Health.
 " In Participate in Thrive is a free week-long series of events in October and March
aimed at students to develop positive mental health.
 Ride the Waves of Student Life with skill-building workshops led by counseling
professionals.
 Mi Move My Mood - a program that offers to students the opportunity to improve their
mental health and well-being through movement or leisure..

EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING

Emotional well-being includes the knowledge and skills to recognize personal emotions and
the ability to deal with them. The National Institutes of Health describes emotional well-being
as "the ability to successfully cope with life's stresses and adapt to change and difficult times"
(NIH, 2018). The resources listed in this section are opportunities designed to optimize your
physical well-being, which can positively affect overall health and well-being.

PHYSICAL DIMENSION

Physical well-being is one of eight dimensions that affect overall health and well-being.
creature This dimension covers all aspects of health related to the physical aspects of the body,
including diet, exercise, weight management, ergonomics, tobacco use, disease, disease
prevention and more. Physical wellness includes a variety of healthy behaviors such as
exercise, proper nutrition, healthy sleep, sexual health, and substance use. Physical wellness
includes learning about disease and injury prevention and developing healthy habits that will
help you live a longer and happier life.

Strategies to improve Physical wellness:

 Topics may include an active lifestyle, drug use, healthy habits and practices, nutrition,
healthy sleep, and sexual health.
 Take fruits and vegetables every day.
 Take a break to walk while studying.
 Learn about the risks of all substances, including alcohol and cannabis.
 Get enough sleep (7-8 hours a night).
 Practice waking up. . get up at the same time every day to promote good sleep habits,
prevent fatigue and improve mental function.

21
  Avoid smoking, including tobacco and vaping.Replace sugary drinks such as juices and
sports drinks with water.

Laurier physical wellness resources:

 Access the Student Wellness center, where you can access medical services including
doctors, nutritionists, chiropractors and massage therapists.
 Stay active and engaged through athletics and recreation and participate in indoor
training..

OCCUPATIONAL WELL-BEING

Promote general health and well-being. Well-being at work includes all aspects of well-being
related to personal satisfaction with your job/career. The resources listed in this section are
opportunities designed to optimize your well-being at work, which can positively affect your
overall health and well-being. Professional wellness involves preparing and using our skills
and talents to achieve purpose, happiness and a fulfilling life. Professional wellness is the
expansion of knowledge and focuses on self-development and self-discovery. It is also about
seeking opportunities that are personally meaningful and rewarding for you, based on your
values, interests, and beliefs.Topics may include goal setting, time management, academics,
study habits, skills, and interests.

Strategies to enhance your vocational wellness

 Gain a variety of experiences to expand your learning.

 Manage your time to maintain your wellness and life balance.
 Get to know what strategies work for you, and recognize where you need assistance.
 Access resources to enhance your academic goals such as Academic Advising or the
Writing Centre.
 Volunteer in new experiences to narrow down what your interests are and what type of
work you want to be doing.
 Try not to compare your path to others; everyone’s path is different.

Laurier vocational wellness resources:

 Gain new experiences and skills by volunteering on campus.

 Attend academic-related skill-building workshops through the Teaching and Learning
office.
 Learn wellness skills while enhancing your resume and Laurier Experience Record by
completing one of Laurier's three wellness certificates.
 Take advantage of all the free services of the Career Centre including workshops, job
preparation coaching, and career advising.

22
  Access skill-building workshops and support including study skills, math support, and
writing development.
 Build your Laurier Experience Record with enriching co-curricular experiences.
 Reach your full academic potential despite a temporary or permanent disability through
the Accessible Learning Centre.

SOCIAL WELL-BEING

 Social well-being is one of eight dimensions that contribute to overall health and
wellness. Social wellness encompasses all aspects of wellbeing pertaining to social
connections, relationships, and personal expression. The resources listed in this section
are opportunities designed to optimize your social wellness status, which can positively
impact your overall health and wellness.Social wellness is how we interact with our
community and those around us. It includes healthy relationships, consent,
communication skills and support systems. It is also about building a support system of
family, friends, peers, and professionals.Topics may include healthy transitions,
isolation, consent and healthy relationships, communication skills, and adjustment to
change.

Strategies to enhance social well-being

 Balance social and personal time.

 Be open-minded to new experiences and people.
 Observe others and ask questions to gain a better understanding of unfamiliar cultures
and customs.
 Seek out opportunities and be willing to meet new people and do new things (e.g. join
a club or organization, play a team sport, volunteers, etc.).
 Understand how consent plays a role in all aspects of your social life, with sexual
partners interacting with new friends, with peers, and more.
 Volunteer on campus or in the community.
 Participate in cross-cultural social events through Laurier International.

Laurier social well -being resources:

 Participate in group exercise classes at the Athletic Complex.Join clubs and

associations or start your own club!Volunteer on campus.
 Gain new experiences through a part-time job on campus..

SPIRITUAL WELL-BEING

23
Mental well-being is one of eight dimensions that influence overall health and well-being.
Spiritual well-being encompasses all aspects of well-being related to the search for meaning
and purpose in life. This may include belief in a higher power, but spiritual well-being does
not have to be aligned with religion. The resources listed in this section are options designed to
optimize your state of mental well-being, which can positively affect your overall health and
well-being. Spiritual well-being includes a set of beliefs, principles and values that help guide
our lives. It is a search for meaning and purpose in our daily lives that ultimately promotes
well-being.Topics may include compassion, morality, values, spirituality, meditation, beliefs,
gratitude, self-understanding, and peace with nature.

Strategies to enhance spiritual wellness

 Enhance your relationships with others by spending quality time with loved ones.
 Connect with nature - go for nature walks and practice mindfulness.
 Make time for quiet reflection or prayer.Learn about religious issues. local community
services.
 Discuss values openly with friends, partner or family.
 Choose hobbies or activities that allow you to discover meaning and purpose.

Laurier Mental Health Resources:

 Take a wellness workshop that focuses on values, strengths and self. - self-confidence.
 Expand your spiritual knowledge, ask questions or explore with the multi-faith support
team.
 Participate in cultural programs and information through the Native Student Center.

INTELLECTUAL WELLBEING

Intellectual well-being is one of eight dimensions that affect overall health. and well-being.
Mental wellness encompasses all aspects of well-being related to brain health and growth
through thoughtful mental activity. The resources listed in this section are opportunities
designed to optimize your state of mental well-being, which can positively affect overall
health and well-being.

ENVIRONMENTAL WELL-BEING

Environmental well-being is one of eight dimensions that affect overall health and well-
being. creature This dimension covers all aspects of health related to the environment and,
in turn, how the environment can affect people's health. Environmental wellness includes
environmental sustainability, active participation in recycling and proper disposal of

24
electronics and medicines, saving energy, fuel and water, and using sustainable products.
The remedies listed in this section are options designed to optimize your overall health and
well-being through natural resources and environmental protection. Environmental
wellness is how your environment positively affects your well-being. This includes
bringing nature into your life to achieve a sense of peace and well-being.Topics may
include sustainable wellness, nature/forest therapy and the impact of your environment on
your well-being.

Strategies to improve environmental well-being:

 Take a walk. , ride a bike or take the bus instead of driving whenever possible.
 Eat locally produced food.
 Do healthy exercise in nature whenever you can, walking in parks, hiking, studying
outside, etc.
 Protect yourself from the environment ,hazards such as loud noise, pollution,
secondhand smoke and exposure to UV rays.
 Walk or run in a park or on nature trails instead of a treadmill.
 Keep your living space clean.

Laurier Environmental and Wellbeing Resources:

 Take the Environmental Living Workshop Good Health.

 Participate in sustainability by attending Laurier Sustainability Office events.
 See sustainability programs and services available on campus.See alternative
transportation options available on campus and in the community.Community
Environmental Wellness Resources.

FINANCIAL WELL-BEING

Financial well-being is one of eight dimensions that influence overall health and well-
being. Financial wellness encompasses all aspects of wellness related to finances,
including knowledge and skills in financial planning and cost management. The resources
listed in this section are options designed to optimize your financial well-being that can
positively impact your overall health and well-being. Financial wellness is how our
finances affect our overall well-being. It's a healthy relationship between your goals and
your financial commitments. When someone is struggling financially, it affects all aspects
of their well-being.Topics can include budgeting, meal planning, and living a healthy
lifestyle on a budget.

Strategies to improve financial well-being:

 Use cash instead of debit. or payment method. credit you'll spend more than you expect.

25
  Practice self-care that doesn't cost much (hiking, drinks, game nights, etc.).
 Save money by making your own meals and eating less.Create every week.
 budget journal for things like food, entertainment and money. what to save.
 Use scholarships and grants.Use discount flyers or online coupon mobile apps when
shopping, such as the Flipp app.
 Contact a Laurier Financial Literacy specialist to help find available products. financial
resources, budgeting and financial resources.

Laurier Financial well-being Resources:

 Use Laurier's money management program designed to reduce your financial stress and
increase your financial wellness.
 Food4 Hawks find free food on campus.Check out opportunities: Financial Aid in
campus .Research student availability for available scholarships, awards and
grants.Practice living on a budget.Get a part-time job..

Women and the Family

Women have always been strong. They are always at the forefront of the fight for the
betterment of humanity. They gave strength and were a great support to their male colleague.
Women have multiple roles in their lives. Especially after\marriage they play many roles and
do better in all situations at home and in various organizations. All marriages aim for
happiness. Marriageincludes a legal obligation that is quite important in the life of any adult.
But choosing a partner and getting married requires maturity and personal achievement.
Choosing a spouse is one of the most important decisions in life. There are many reasons to
marry, such as the need for a companion, happiness and escape from an unhappy situation. A
strong and healthy marriagerequires adjustment. If a person can adapt to their married life, life
can bemuch better than those who have little adaptability. Marital adjustment (Thomas, 1977)
isa state in which spouses have a general feeling of happiness, satisfactionwith their marriage
and with each other. Usually, couples get married full of high expectations for each other.
Dalack (1990) defined marriage as a socially legitimate sexualunion initiated by a public
announcement and carried out in some form ofpresentation. There is a list of six areas of
adjustment for a psychologist, such asas, religion, social life, mutual friends, law, money and
sex (Lazaru and Delingis, 1983).Another psychologist defines ten areas of marital adjustment.
which include values,relationship growth, communication, conflict resolution, attachment,
roles, cooperation, sex,money, and parenting (Margolin, 1980). Kinnunen and Feldt (2004),
financial strain is directly related to increased codependency and has direct effects on marriage.
Every human environment has characteristics that affect the behavior of people in it in
different ways. Home is the main environment of a person from birth\to the day of death,
while it can change over the years due to marriage,\death, divorce, birth of new members and
other circumstances, family and. The housing model, which meets the needs of the members,
26
remains relatively unchanged. The human environment reflects the prevailing attitudes and
values of individuals. Wiltfang et. to (1990) argued that the family environment
includescharacteristics that determine the social status of parents, such as educational
attainment,professional status of parents and occupation and quality of housing,working
conditions of parents. parents and family relationships. siblings Grolnick et al. to (1994)
defined the environment in which the family lives as a learning environment that has a vital
effect on the child. The environment can be destructive and pathogenic. Family environment
can be a.a strong source of support for the development of non-working women, providing
closerelationships, healthy lifestyles and good communication, and modeling positive attitudes
andbehaviors. It can also be a problematic environment if these supports are absent or negative
behaviors such as alcohol (heavy drinking), smoking, anxiety, aggression, anger, depression
are present. Family environment means an emotional environment in the family where love,
peace and mutual support prevail. The family environment is formed by interpersonal
relationships in the family. Sociologists note that home and family are the main goals of an
ordinary man and woman. There is a strong link between family environment and women's
career development.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM :-

A Comparative study of Family Environment and Wellbeing between working and non
working women.

OPERATIONAL DEFINATION :

FAMILY ENVIRONMENTAL

"The family is the only socially recognized relationship to give birth and an important
institution to raise, socialize and introduce the child to the culture of society, in which it forms
the basic character structure of our culture and shapes the personality of the child ."
(Frank,1948)

The family environment is the general and emotional atmosphere of the family. Sometimes it
can be difficult to perceive the emotional climate as it actually exists. The human relationship
between family members is based on the directions of personal growth and family structure
emphasized in the family. Family environment mainly measures three areas of family climate.
The relational dimension, the personal growth or goal-oriented dimension and the system in
the dimensions of maintenance and change (Anna, 2003).

Well being

"Well-being Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the
absence of disease or disease injury". (WHO, 1948)

27
Well-being differs from well-being as an active noun, while well-being is passive. This can be
interpreted as a difference in responsibility: the responsibility for the state of well-being is
rather external to the individual, although it can be measured by the individual, while well-
being is usually measured by the individual and responsibility (Bart et al., 2018)..

Objective:-

i.To compare the level of Wellbeing in working women.

ii.To measure the Family environment of women.

iii. To Study the effect on Family envionment on Wellbeing.

HYPOTHESIS:

1. There is significance effect of Family environment on Wellbeing.

2. There is no significance effect of Family environment on Wellbeing.

DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

There may be some possible limitations in this study:

 The present investigation, only One-hundred sample was take.

 The present research considered only working or non -Working women factors for the
relationship between Family environment and Wellbeing.
 The present research considered only married women.

28
 CHAPTER -II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

29
REVIEW OF LITERATURE :-
A literature review examines scientific articles, books, theses, conference proceedings and
other resources related to a particular topic, research area or theory and provides context to the
thesis by identifying previous research.(Greenfield, T., 2002).

A literature review examines, synthesizes, critically analyzesinformation and presents it

systematically.

Purpose of a literature review:

1. It identifies gaps and inconsistencies in current knowledge.

2. It helps to avoid wasting time in researchsuccessfully done before.
3. Creates a background to what has been studied so far on the subject and provides a
foundation for knowledge. Identifies inconsistencies in previous research, open
questions left by other research.
4. Useful to avoid duplication and credit other researchers.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Salma (2015) showed in his research that there is a positive and significant relationship
between psychological well-being. -being family, partnership, expressiveness, acceptance,
caring and the dimension of active recreation. Gender differences have also been observed in
psychological well-being. The mental health of young people plays an important role
everywhere, and without mental strength, young people will achieve nothing in life.

Rapheal, J. and Paul, V.K. (2015) This study was conducted to measure the impact of a young
person's family environment on anxiety and psychosocial well-being. A sample of 152
students was selected for this study. Psychological well-being scale, home environment
inventory, student stress scale and IPAT anxiety scale were used to collect data. The results
interpret that any dysfunction or pathology in the home environment affects youth well-being.
A significant relationship was found between family climate and anxiety, well-being and stress
during adolescence.

Stacciarini, J.M.R., Smith, R., Garvan, C.W., Wiens, B. and Cottler, L.B. (2015) conducted
this study to examine the relationship between family environment, mental well-being and
social isolation. 62 mothers with young people aged 11-18 years were selected. Data were
collected through a mixed-methods pilot study consisting of both qualitative data collected
through qualitative interviews and quantitative data measured through questionnaires such as
the Family Access Scale and the PROMIS Health Organization Social Isolation. The results
showed that the relationship between the social environment and family relationships affects
the mental well-being of young people.

30
 Carlton, B. S., Goebert, D. A., Miyaoto, R. H., Andrade, N.N., Hishinuma, review, E.S. et al.
(2006) examined the effects of family adversity on well-being and resilience in this study.
Data were collected through the Local Hawaii Mental Health Research Development Program
using a sample of 1,832 students. The result showed that family support and health were strong
resilience factors. External factors such as achievement have also been linked to resilience in
young adults. Yunus et al. al (2014) investigated the effect of family environment on students'
academic performance and adjustment problems among first year students of Nasarawa State
College of Health Technology, Keffi and found that family environment did not affect
students' poor academic performance in school. It was also revealed that the family
environment had a good or abnormal effect or effect on the adjustment of the students to
school.

Noor Mubasheer (2014) investigated occupational stress and family environment of female
university lecturers. The results showed that female teachers experienced moderate job stress
on all subscales of the job stress index. Age had a significant effect on role overload, role
ambiguity, role conflict, group and political pressure, poor peer relations, poor status, stressful
working conditions, and profitability. Marital status significantly affects job stress, as
unmarried female teachers experience more stress due to role overload, role ambiguity, role
conflict, excessive group and political pressure, poor peer relationships, low status, and
unprofitable marriage.

Darrow, Accurso, Nauman, and Goldschmidt. (2017) study "Exploring the types of family
environment in 123 young people with eating disorders". Latent class modeling of the Family
Environment Scale identified three categories (ie, different profiles of the Family Environment
Scale): (1) control versus oriented; (2) system maintenance versus oriented; and (3) Conflict
Vs Oriented. Data were presented to characterize categories (eg, age, sex, prevalence of
different eating disorders, severity of eating disorder pathology, and prevalence of
comorbidities). Preliminary findings suggest that family communication patterns may help
individualize eating disorder therapy and prompt future research to guide such efforts.

Kaur, Satish, and Pandey (2017) examined the relationship between depression, family
environment, and adolescent self-concept. The sample consisted of 200 youth (100 males and
100 females) studying in Ambala High School who were administered the Mental Depression
Scale (Dubey, 2006), aged 14-17 years..

Rashmi (2016) focused on relationship between family environment and academic

achievement at secondary level. One hundred and sixty students were randomly selected from
government and non-government schools and administered the Family Environment Scale
(Bhatia and Chadha, 1993) and the passing percentages of students were recorded. The result
revealed that there was a positive correlation between family environment and academic
results. As cohesion increases, so does student academic performance.

31
Jain and Chandalia (2016) focused on the family environment and its relationship to anxiety
and depression in heart patients. Thirty participants were selected using a purposive sampling
technique and consisted of 15 men and 15 women aged over 45 years with heart disease,
depression and psychiatric symptoms. They were administered using the Beck Depression
Inventory, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, and the Family Environment Scale. As a result, they
concluded that in people with heart failure, depression and anxiety can increase the risk of
cardiac side effects such as heart attack or blood clots. In people without heart disease,
depression and anxiety can also increase the risk of heart attack and coronary artery disease.
Researchers could also emphasize the role of family psychosocial environment and its positive
association with coronary heart disease risk.

Sarma and Talukdar (2016) investigated the relationship between family environment and
mobile phone addiction among young adults. It was assumed that there is no relationship
between family environment and cell phone addiction. Data were collected from 80 young
adults living in Guwahati, Assam and used with the Family Environment Scale (Bhatia and
Chaddha, 1993) and the Mobile Phone Addiction Scale (Velayudhan and Srividya, 2012). The
data was statistically processed and a negative correlation was found between the family
environment and mobile phone addiction.

Psychological well-being is a broad and multifaceted construct that refers to an

individual's overall experience of positive emotions, satisfaction with life, and sense of
purpose. The study of psychological well-being has been an active area of research in
psychology for several decades, with the goal of gaining a deeper understanding of the
factors that contribute to its development and maintenance. One of the earliest and most
influential models of psychological well-being was proposed by Seligman and
Csikszentmihalyi (2000), who defined it as the result of two dimensions: positive
emotion and engagement in meaningful activities. According to this model, individuals who
experience frequent positive emotions and are actively engaged in activities that are
meaningful to them are likely to have higher levels of psychological well-being.

Other researchers have expanded on this model by including additional dimensions of

psychological well-being, such as positive relationships (Diener et al., 2010), personal
growth (Linley & Joseph, 2004), and a sense of purpose (Ryff, 1989). T hese dimensions
are considered to be critical to the development and maintenance of psychological well-being
and are often taken into account in studies on this topic. Studies have found that both
individual and environmental factors can impact psychological well-being. For example,
research has shown that personality traits, such as openness and conscientiousness, are
associated with higher levels of well-being (Costa & McCrae, 1980). Additionally,
environmental factors, such as access to green space and social support, have been found
to have a positive impact on well-being (Oishi & Diener, 2001). A growing body of research
has explored the effects of mindfulness-based practices, such as meditation and yoga, on
32
psychological well-being. These studies have demonstrated that these practices can have
positive effects on mood, stress levels, and overall well-being (Brown & Ryan, 2003).
Cognitive-behavioural therapies, such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), have also
been found to be effective in promoting well-being, particularly for individuals with
depression and anxiety (Cuijpers et al., 2013). Research has also shown that physical
activity is positively associated with psychological well-being (Babyak et al., 2000).
Physical activity has been shown to reduce stress, improve mood, and increase feelings
of self-esteem and confidence (Lancaster & Strath, 2013). Exercise has also been found to
be a effective in the treatment of depression, with studies demonstrating its efficacy
comparable to that of medication and psychotherapy (Babyak et al., 2000). In summary, the
literature on psychological well-being is extensive and growing. It is clear that
psychological well-being is a complex construct that is influenced by a variety of
individual and environmental factors, and that intervention such as mindfulness-based
practices, cognitive-behavioural therapies, and physical activity can have positive effects
on well-being. Nevertheless, much more research is needed to gain a full understanding of the
nature of psychological well-being and the most effective strategies for promoting it.

Rathi (2007) examined that male and female students of adolescence period did not different
significantly in their well being. Gill (2007) found that there was no significant difference
between male and female college students on psychological well being. Jasraj kaur (2015)
indicated that there was no significant difference between psychological well being of male
and female high schools students, Akter (2015) reported females to be higher on psychological
well being than male. Kotar(2013) found that there is no significant mean difference between
the psychological well being among the male and female college students. Tony Jose and
Akhila Thomas (2005) indicated that there is no significant difference between psychological
wellbeing and resilience among Psychology students and Engineering students. The result also
shows that there is no significant difference between wellbeing with respect to the gender of
the participants whereas. Bryant found gender pattern in spirituality among college samples
while Ryff andKeyes (1995) and Roothman and colleagues (2003) found no difference
between the males and females in this aspect.

Salma (2015) revealed in her studies that positive and significant association between
psychological well being, cohesion, expressiveness, acceptance, caring and active recreational
dimensions of family environment. Gender differences were also reported in the
psychological wellbeing. Adolescence mental health play a vital role in every place and
without mental strength adolescents cannot do any performance in his/her life.

Vandewater et al. (1997) conducted a study on predicting women's well-being in midlife based
on the importance of personality development and social role involvements. Increasing respect
for the well-being of migrant workers is a matter of improving their living and working
conditions and fostering community development at home and abroad (Pecoud & Guchteneire,
33
2006). Diminished positive psychological well- being has been associated with difficulties in
coping with significant transitions in life (Abbot et al., 2008; Kwan, Love, & Ryff, 2003); an
increase in distress symptoms (Rafanelli et al., 2000; Simon, 2002), an increase in negative
self-evaluations, impaired work productivity, and neuroticism (Lindfors, Berntsson, &
Lundberg, 2006). Alternatively, enhanced psychological well-being has been shown to predict
successful identity formation (Vleioras & Bosma, 2005), serve as a buffer to stress, and
improve coping with trauma (Ryff & Singer, 1998; Schnyder, Büchi, Morgeli, Sensky, &
Klaghofer 1999; Showers & Ryff, 1996). Additional benefits of enhanced psychological well-
being include an improvement in physical health (Keyes, 2005a; Lindfors & Lundberg, 2002),
sleep quality (Friedman et al., 2005), and a decreased vulnerability to psychological damage
from adverse events (Ryff & Singer, 2003). Enhanced psychological well-being has been
shown to serve as a protective factor to various types of psychological distress and enhance
one's ability to "bounce back" after hardships (Ryff & Singer, 1998; Ryff, Singer, Love, &
Essex, 1998). Another research suggests that significant differences emerged in perceived
healthiness and psychological well-being of the aged migrants residing in camp and non-camp.
Significant differences were revealed for high and low perceived healthiness on psychological
well-being. Perceived healthiness was significantly related to psychological well-being. (Sood
and Bakhshi 2012) Cultural intelligence is a significant predictor of acculturative well-being
and psychological well-being (Jan & Dar 2015). Gender significantly affected the three
components of well-being (joviality, happiness, and sociability) but had nosignificant effect on
emotional stability and self-esteem and the total well-being scores (Chouhan and Gupta,2015)

Kumar (2006) observes that conceptions of well-being are integrally related to how one views
the nature of man and what perspective is valued. An increase in women's participation in the
labor force over the past few decades has led to increased interest in employment effects on
women's well-being. Women employment has been investigated as either beneficial (role
enhancement hypothesis) or detrimental (role strain hypothesis) to women's psychological
well-being. Women's jobs may be associated with better psychological functioning. This effect
may be mediated by the over absorption of one's time and resources within a particular identity
role (Elgar & Chester, 2007). Psychological well-being, particularly in the labor market and
more specifically in women employees, has received much attention. Occupation is one of the
most critical factors that bring many changes in women's lives. The work brings many
expectations, pressures, time demands, and commitments that may affect women's mental
health. Several researchers have studied the relationships between occupation and the mental
health of women.

Thakur and Misra (1999) studied the well-being experiences of 196 employed and 54
unemployed women. It was found that the unemployed women received significantly more
social support. Despite that, the well-being measures indicating mental health were better in
employed women. Erlandson (2006)examined psychological well-being in working with full-

34
 time and part-time jobs and reported that full-time employed women having a positive attitude
about employment reported better psychological well-being than their counterparts. Sahu and
Rath (2003) study self-efficacy and well-being in working and non-working women in urban
areas and found a positive correlation between self-efficacy and well-being and added that
marriage employment and parenthood are associated with good mental and physical health.
Rastogi and Kashyap (2001) reported better mental health of the employed woman.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

PURPOSE – On the basis of ;itrature review done above it wsa found that no study has been
done in Haryana using the both variables example Psycological Wellbeing and Family
enviornment of working and non working women .The purpose of this research is to study and
explore the family environment and well-being between working and non-working women in
India. The goal of this study is to explore how homemakers and working women perceive and
appraise their demands of daily lives and observe circumstances and social climate conditions
within their life.

35
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

36
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Research methodology is the way in which researchers must conduct their research. It reveals
the way in which these researchers prepare their problems and objectives and present their
results based on the knowledge gained during the research period. This section focuses on the
methodology used in this study. This included study design, study location, target population,
sampling techniques and sample size, research instruments, instrument validity, instrument
reliability, data collection procedures, and data analysis methods. The main purpose of
research design and methodology is to explain how research was conducted to meet the criteria
of high quality empirical research.This chapter provides a comprehensive picture of research
design and the methodology used in research.

To achieve the objectives of the study, the following structure and methodology were used,
which are given under different headings:i

 Research structure
 Target group
 Sample to study
 Sampling methodv
 Instruments used
 Collection of data
 Data Analysis Technique
 Ethics

RESEARCH DESIGN:
The term "Research Design" refers to the presentation, planning or strategy of an
undefined plan, plan and scheme to conduct a study with details of research
methodology. Research design provides an appropriate framework for research.
According to Kerlinger, "Research design is the organization, structure, and
strategy of research to answer research questions and control variance.
Statement of the problem

"This study is a researcher doing comparative research on family environment and

well-being".

TARGET POSITION:

Women will be recruited for the study (working and non-working) in the city of
Jind.

37
 The Family Environment Scale and the Friedman Wellbeing Scale are used to
recruit participants.

Sample

The sample for this study consists of 100 women (working and non-working
women)
.
PROGRAM METHOD:

The sample was selected by convenience sampling method. Measure family

environment and well-being.

TOOLS :-

Family Environment Scale

The Family Environment Scale is based on the family environment scale by Moos
(1974). This scale consists of three dimensions which are taken from Moo’s scale.
Relationship dimensions consisting of 4 sub scales like Cohesion, Expressiveness,
Conflict, Acceptance and Caring. Personal Growth Dimension includes two sub
scales of Independence and Active Recreational Orientation. Dimension of System
maintenance includes two sub scales of Organization and Control. Total 69 items
were included under 8 sub scales. Each sub scale has many positive and negative
statement.

Relationship Dimensions
1. Cohesion:- Degree of commitment, help, and spport family members provide for
one another.
2. Expressiveness: - Extent to which family members are encouraged to act openly
and express their feelings and thoughts directly.
3.Conflict:- Amount of openly expressed aggression and conflicts among family
members
4. Acceptance And CaringCaring :- Extent to which the members are
unconditionally accepted and the degree to which caring is expressed in the family.
Personal Growth Dimensional
5. Independence:- Extent to which family members are assertive and
independently make their own decision.

38
 6. Active- Recreational Orientation :- Extent of participantion in social and
recreational activities.

System Maintenance Dimensions

7. Organization :- Degree of importance to clear organization structure in

planning family Activities and Responsibilities.

8. Control :- Degree of limit setting within a family.

Administration :- The FES consist 69 items. Each items related to strongly

agree, agree, neutral,disagree and strongly disagree. Respondents are asked to rate
the extent to which each statement applied to them. The items cover a rang of
family environment.

Scoring :- The scoring of family environment scale is straight forward. After

respondents have completed the questionaire by ratting each of the 69 items on a likert
scale..The score are summed by to get a score in 8 subscale.
Item Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Agree Disagree

Positive 5 4 3 2 1

Negative 1 2 3 4 5

Reliability :-
Spilt Half reliability has been found for the present scale. For this purpose, the
present scale has been spilt into two halves. The scores of each dimension have also
been split into two halves. From this self correlation of the half tests, the reliability
coefficien of the whole test has estimated using the Spearman Brown Prophecy
Formula.

Sr. No Sub - Scale Reliability Coefficients

39
1 Cohesion 0.92

2 Expressiveness 0.88

3 Conflict 0.84

4 Acceptance 0.86

5 Independence 0.70

6 Active-Recreational 0.48
Orientation

7 Organization 0.75

8 Control 0.48

Overall Test Reliability Coefficient =0.95

Validity :
The validity of the test was confirmed by experts. Both Face and Content Validity
have been tested by giving the scale to eighteen experts to evaluate the test items.
Only those items with at least 75% agreement among the judges have been retained.
For content validity, the dimensions of the family environment have been selected
and clearly defined for the purpose of measuring the specific aspects of the
environment.

Both face and content validity were tested by giving the scale to eighteen experts to evaluate
the test items, Only those items with atleast 75 percent agreement among the judges were
retained. For content validity, the dimension of the family environment were selected and
clearly defined for the purpose of measuring the specific aspects of the environment. These
definitions were also subjected to the judgement of the 8 excepts in the first step, and five
expects in the second step.

Norms :-
Specific norms to be formulated separately for each specific group under study.

However, the qualitative norms for the sample of the age 17 to 50 years are presented here :

Sr. No Sub-Scale Raw Score Qualitative Norms

40
1 Cohesion 61 and above High

46 to 60 Average

45 and below Low

2 Expressiveness 40 and above High

28 to 39 Average

27 and below Low

3 Conflict 52 and above High

38 to 51 Average

37 and below Low

4 Acceptance and 57 and above High

Caring
38 to 51 Average

37 and below Low

5 Active -Recreational 34 and above High

Orientation
26 to 33 Average

25 and below Low

6 Independence 41 and above High

31 to 40 Average

30 and below Low

7 Organization 10 and above High

7 to 9 Average

6 and below Low

8 Control 18 and above High

14 to 17 Average

13 and below Low

41
Friedman well-being Scale
The Friedman well-being Scale developed by Friedman( 1989). It increasingly interested in
refined measures that would assess certain aspects of well-being and personality.The FWBS
could also be used to explore the relationship between spiritual well-being and individual and
relational well-being.The FWBS could be utilized to explore the natural variability and
consistency of individuals,group Or nations in their cycles of well-being.In addition the
empirical research findings on well-being were concisely summarized by using 2
acronyms:COPERS and BETSI HI

C Confident Self-assertive, assertive,

hopeful, optistic

O Outgoing Sociable, neighborly

P Peaceful Calm, contented, relexed, at

ease cheerful

E Enthusiastic Jovial, joyful, energetic,

cheerful

R Resourceful Reliable, consciention,

organized, practical, self -
disciplined, completely,
thorough

S Stable Secure, steady, trusting,

forgiving, grateful

The findings from research on the FWBS can be also looked at using BETSIHI as an acronym
or lens:

B Behaviour

E Emotions

T Thoughts

S Sensations

I Images

42
H Health

I Interpersonal

Administration:-The Friedman Well-being Scale can be used to assess the level of well-
being of an individual under different circumstances. The FWBC Scale can be used to measure
the general level of well-being in the population in order to get national norms. The FWBC
scale can also be used to measure an individuals perceived level of well-being in different
contexts. The FWBS consists of a series of 20 bipolar adjective. It usually takes 2 -3 mintes to
complete. The instructions are quite simple and easy to self -administer. Describe yourself at
the present time, not as you wish to be in the future.

Reliability:
The reliability of the Friedman Well-being Scale has been assessed in a number of ways. The
internal reliability in these 5 studies ranged from. 92 to. 98 for the (FWBC) The lowest alpha
Coefficients for the subscales were for the steadiness subscale ranging from. 72 to. 89. The
self -Confidence plus the assertive subscale (10 in all) which ranged from . 90 to. 96

The test -retest reliability ranged from. 81 at 13 weeks to. 85 at 3 week for Friedman well-
being Composite (FWBC).

Validity:
The term validity refers in general to the success with which a scale measure the construct it
intends to measure (Costa and McCrae, 1992).There are many different from of validity.

Content and Face validity:

The Friedman well-being Scale have face and content validity because they all related to some
obvious aspect of well-being (e.g:angry-calm , at ease-nervous :shy-self-confident ;humorous-
serious;stable-unstable, social-anti-social etc.)

External Validity:

External validity can be established by demonstrating the relationship between a measure and
an external source. External validity for the Friedman Well-being Scale correlation of 61 on
this self /non - self measure on the (FWBC) .

Convergent and Construct Validity

43
Evidence of convergent validity comes from a number of studies on both college students and
adult clients in psychotherapy. In these studies the Friedman well-being Composite correlated
in the expected positive direction with a wide variety of scales and in the expected negative
direction with a wide variety of different scales (convergent validity). The FWBC also showed
little or no Correlate with (divergent validity)

Correlation=61

It also correlated. 52 and. 45 with a measure of affect balance.

Scoring Instructions:- The Scoring Sheet for calculating the raw scores from 0 to 100 from the
reters score on the Friedman well-being scale. After the score for each of the 20 bi-polar
adjectives (range 0-200) and divided by 2. The FWBC score is then divided by 2 to get the
FWBC Score. This allows for the score on a 100 point range. The raw score on the FWBC can
then be converted to a standard score by using the Conversion Table.

Statistical Techniques Used

The information/responses collected from the respondents were subjected to various statistical
treatments. The data was analysed by using statistical techniques. Statistical techniques used
for analyzing data were Mean, S.D. and t-test was used to study the significant difference in
the Family environment and well-being of working women and non working women .

44
 CHAPTER -IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPERTATION

45
Analysis and Interpretation

Data Analysis was done according to the objectives of the study. The interpretation of data
was done by using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS).

Statistical Results:-

The statistical results after scoring the 100 participants, are given in table:

Descriptive analysis on Family environment and Well-being of females:

Variables N Min. Score Max. Score Mean S. D

Family 100 2 69 35.56 14.6

environment

Well-being 20 94 44.6 13.4

A comparative analysis on Family environment and well-being on working and

non-working females.

Working female Non-working

Variables Mean S. D Mean S. D t Significant

Family 29.62 12.7 29.78 12.24 0.25 NS

environment

Well-being 47.57 13.35 54.57 15.6 .0.22 NS

Not Significant

The result of present study is that there is no significant difference between working and non
working female. Our Null Hypothesis is accept.

Table show the mean ,minimum,maximumvalue and standard deviation of Family

environment and wellbeing among females.

Table show the mean,standard deviation and t value of Family environment and wellbeing
between working and non working female.

46
Variables Groups N Mean S.D t-value

Cohesion Working 50 59.84 3.56 4.19

Non- 50 55.72 5.96

Working

Expressiveness Working 50 34.68 5.00 0.95NS

Non-working 50 33.68 5.50

Conflict Working 50 42.80 6.47 3.78

Non - 50 47.48 5.88

working

Acceptance Working 50 46.64 4.12 2.31

And Caring
Non-working 50 48.48 3.82

Independence Working 50 37.16 3.16 0.20NS

Non working 50 37.00 4.55

Active Working 50 29.20 2.85 3.55

recreational
orientation Non working 50 31.32 3.09

Organization Working 50 8.40 1.17 0.48NS

Non working 50 8.52 1.28

Control Working 50 14.56 2.49 1.87

Non working 50 15.36 1.68

47
Table shown that mean , standard deviation,and t value of cohesion of working and non
working females .this shows significant difference in the level of cohesion of working and
non working females.

Table shown that mean , standard deviation,and t value of coflict of working and non
working females .this shows significant difference in the level of coflict of working and
non working females.

Table shown that mean , standard deviation,and t value of Acceptance and caring of
working and non working females .this shows significant difference in the level of
Acceptance and caring of working and non working females.

Table shown that mean , standard deviation,and t value of Active recreation orientation
of working and non working females .this shows significant difference in the level of
Active recreation orientation of working and non working females.

Table shown that mean , standard deviation,and t value of control of working and non
working females .this shows significant difference in the level of control of working and
non working females.

48
CHAPTER -V

REFERENCE

49
 Reference

Kaur, S., Satish, M. T. & Pandey, K. D. (2017). Relationship of Depression, Family

Environment and Self Concept among Adolescents, Indian Journal of Psychological Science, 7,
1, 103-111.

Kim, S. H. & Jung, Y. M. (2015). Self-Differentiation, Family Functioning, Life Satisfaction

and Attitudes towards Marriage among South Korean University Students. Indian Journal of
Science and Technology, 8, 19. Retrieved from www.indjst.org

Kumar, R. & Lal, R. (2014). Study of Academic Achievement in Relation to Family

Environment among Adolescents. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2,
1.Retrieved from http://www.ijip.in

Ramaprabou, V. (2014). The Effect of Family Environment on the Adjustment Patterns of

Adolescents. International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 2, 10, 25-29.
Retrieved from www.ijcrar.com

Rashmi (2016). Relationship between Family Environment and Academic

Achievement.Journal of culture, society and development, 22.Rodriguez, E. M., Donenberg, G.
R., Emerson, E., Wilson, H. W., Brown, L. K., &

Houck, C. (2014). Family Environment, Coping and Mental Health in Adolescents Attending
Therapeutic Day Schools. 37, 7, 1133–1142. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4335706oa

Ryan, C. M., George, M., Connolly., Flexon, J. & Guerette, R. T. (2015). Parental Low Self-
Control, Family Environments and Juvenile Delinquency. International Journal of Offender
Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60, 14, 1623-1644.

Sarma, I. S. S. & Talukdar, R. R. (2016). Relationship between Family Environment and

Mobile Phone Addiction among Young Adults. IOSR

.Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21, 7, 13-19. Retrieved from www.iosrjournals.org

Savitha, S. & Srimathi, N. L. (2015). Family Environment among Adolescents with Low and
Severe Suicidal Ideation. An International Peer Reviewed and Referred Scholarly Research
Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, 4/27, 3288-3297.

Sharma, G., Pandav, K. & Lally, K. S. (2015). Role of Family Environment On Adolescent
Well Being. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 6, 12, 7756-775

50
Bradburn, N. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago, ILALDINE.

Blanchflower, D. G., &Oswald, A. J. (2004). Well-being over time in Britain and the USA.
Journal of Public Economics 88(7-8)

Clark, A. E., &Oswald, A. J(2006). The curved relationship between subjective well-being and
age:PSE working paperNo 2006-29

Diener, E., Oishi, S., &Lucas, R. (2012). Subjective well-being:The science of happiness and
life-Satisfaction. In S. J. Lopez&C.R.Snyder(Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of positive
psychology (2ed., pp. 63-73.

Dolan, p., Layard, R., &Metcalfe, R. (2011). Measuring subjective well-being for public
policy:Recommendations on measures, Landon school of economics.

Gallup-Healthways. (2015). The state of Global well-being:2014 Country well-being Rankings.

Franklin, USA;Gallup-Healthways well-being Index.

Keyes,C.L.M.,shmotkin,D:,&Ryff,C.D.(2002.optimizing well-being:The empirical encounter

of two traditions,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,82(6),1007-1022.

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62