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Groundwater quality using geographic information systems (GIS): A review
Conference Paper · January 2024
DOI: 10.1063/5.0198690
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Groundwater Quality Using Geographic Information
Systems (GIS): A Review
Akash Behera a) and Kishan Singh Rawat b)
Department of Civil Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed To Be University, Dehradun-248002, India
b)
[email protected] Abstract: Hydrogeochemical behavior has an important factor to analysis the groundwater quality. The quality of the GW
is directly interlinked with the GW recharge. GW management and protection is the important task not only for the
Government but also it is responsibility of every human. The report of WHO told that 80 percentage of the disease of the
whole world related with the water. In India as per the report of Niti Aayog 60 crore of our own country people are facing
water problem. In this paper a brief review was done for the GW quality and its different types of analysis such as ANN,
SCS-SN and many other different types of method. In our review we found that there is a significant spatial and temporal
change in the GW and its parameters. Rainfall, Evapotranspiration are also the significant factors which influence the GW.
In the coastal areas sea water intrusion is a major issue, to determine the hydrogeochemical characteristics of that influence
region geophysical, geochemical and stable isotopes techniques are used.
Keywords: Ground Water Quality (GWQ), Hydrogeochemical, Spatio-temporal, GIS, Remote Sensing
INTRODUCTION
A naturally replenishing resource, groundwater is regenerated by a variety of processes. The quality of water is greatly
influenced by geochemical processes that take place in groundwater and interactions with dissolved minerals. Natural
elements like geology and geochemical processes may have an impact on the quality of groundwater [1]. One of the
causes of the variance in groundwater's chemical composition is due to geogenic sources. Standard requirements for
drinking water have been established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Hydrochemical data that combine
with multiple linear regressions are used to study the water quality of watersheds in order to determine the constituent
concentrations [2]. Water quality managers can compare constituent concentrations to water quality criteria to evaluate
the current state of the water [3]. The collection of water quality samples is further aided by the examination of
groundwater's physical characteristics that serve as substitutes for important constituents [5]. A significant problem in
urban environments is groundwater contamination, particularly in industrialised urban areas. The most industrialised
areas in all of India are found in the cities that are close to the coast [6]. Due to numerous internal and exterior problems
that were negatively impacted by the saline water contamination, its glory eventually deteriorates [8]. Water quality
is significantly impacted by geochemical processes that take place in groundwater and interactions with dissolved
minerals [7]. Natural elements including geology and geochemical processes may have an impact on the quality of
groundwater [11]. Due to these factors, the chemical ions in groundwater help decide whether it is suitable for
drinking, farming, and industrial uses [16]. Particularly in inhabited areas that depend on groundwater, assessing the
quality of the water is of utmost importance [21].In topics relating to water research, the AI technique is a potentially
powerful and multifunctional instrument. In various water-related studies, a number of research scholars have used
AI techniques including RF, SVM, and ANN. Asadollah et al. 2021, Towfqul Islam et al. 2021, Singha et al. 2021,
and others applied the RF model to forecast the quality of river water, groundwater, and food susceptibility. Waste
water treatment facility monitoring and prediction of marine water quality both can be determined by the use of SVM
model. The other sources include borings, hand pumps, and tube wells for groundwater [22]. Regular groundwater
monitoring helps reassure the public that the drinking water quality is suitable for their region. In addition, it is useful
for identifying deterioration in drinking water quality and facilitating timely, suitable repair interventions with no
detrimental effect on public health [19].
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In [1], Gnanachandrasamy et al. examined the effectiveness of the groundwater in Tamil Nadu, Southern India's lower
Nagapattinam region, was the goal of the current study. Measurements taken during the premonsoon (June) and
monsoon seasons of 2010. The groundwater region has been thoroughly geochemically examined. In both seasons,
the majority of the sample displays high salinity hazard (C3S1) type, as shown by the USSL and Piper trilinear
diagrams. It demonstrates that irrigation is only marginally suitable for low sodium (S1) and high salinity (C3). Using
ArcGIS 9.3 software, the final groundwater quality map and various thematic maps were produced. The ground quality
of the study region was classified on the ensuing map. The results of this study show how important it is to create
management strategies for the aquifer system. In [2] Rawat et al. conducted a review to comprehend the
hydrogeochemical behaviour of groundwater statistical analysis (year 2005–2013). For each water parameter, the
WQI, descriptive statistics, Hurst exponent, fractal dimension, and predictability index were calculated. According to
WQI data, the majority of samples were taken from 2005 to 2013, however monitoring site 4 is in the critical category.
The study analysis shows that some areas' groundwater need treatment before it can be used for human use. It also
shows that such groundwater must be tainted from contamination. In [3], Rawat et al. discussed how much ground
water recharged in Shankergarh block, the current investigation was conducted. Allahabad, India, in the year 2008.
Actual rainfall and satellite-derived data on rainfall were combined to create the data set. Values from the SCS-CN
model for evapotranspiration and expected runoff. The different elements that make up the index's monthly values are
following the determination of the water balance equation for the study, the estimated ground water recharge was
made. The yearly ground water recharge was found to be approximately 0.39 metres, which is almost equivalent to
the 0.36 metres that the GWR's anticipated value based on an empirical model (Amritsar formula). The recharge was
particularly noticeable in the months of May, June, July, August, September, and October, according to data from
remote sensing and records of the past four years' worth of rainfall data (2007-2010) from Hydromet Division, India
Meteorological Department, Allahabad district. This is due to the fact that rain falls in the study area beginning in
April and continuing through October. The analysis painted a thorough picture of the water accounting in the area.
Because agriculture predominates in the study region, a sizable amount of rainfall recharged ground water while a
sizable portion of precipitation was lost as runoff. In [14] Chen et al. performed 33 surface water samples were taken
to study the hydro chemical properties and in which influencing variables of the surface water are present, identify the
source of ions, and define quality of the water. The study area's surface water quality was assessed using assessments.
The findings demonstrate that fresh water present in the study area, only mildly alkaline, and primarily Ca-HCO3 in
composition. The examination of irrigation water quality revealed that surface water samples may be utilised for
irrigation directly and that soil salinization would not arise from prudent use.
In [4], Rawat et al. discussed about dry and semi-arid regions, groundwater is one of the primary sources of
water. Planning and management objectives necessitate data on groundwater quality and its geographic distribution.
Geostatistical techniques are one of the most subtle approaches to interpolate groundwater quality. The data were
normalised before a semivariogram was created. The RSS value was used to choose an appropriate model for fitness
on the experimental semi-variogram. Our well sample findings' use of geo-statistics (i.e., kriging) revealed important
information on the nature of the geographical and temporal variability of groundwater quality metrics. Ground water
samples were analyzed, and high levels of NO3, K+, PO4 2, and F were identified. In [13], Rawat et al. discussed
about Groundwater quality characteristics were mapped using a geostatistical method in this investigation. 30 wells
were used to gather groundwater samples. The NDDI was used to map five parameters, including pH, EC, TH, Ca,
and Mg, in order to quantify the site-specific variances. Groundwater spatiotemporal fluctuations can be evaluated
and compared using NDDI mapping as a practical tool. In [11], Chidambaram et al. performed experiments in the area
of Tamil Nadu, India's Neyveli lignite mining zone, groundwater geochemistry was investigated. In order to broadly
capture seasonal fluctuation, a total 168 samples are taken from bore wells in June and October 2004, January and
March 2005. The southeast and southwest regions of the research area showed higher electrical conductivity values.
Bicarbonate+chloride predominated the anions during the SW monsoon (June) and post-monsoon (January) seasons,
with little sulphate representation. Except for summer, sodium and potassium were the most prevalent cations (March).
According to the information, the area is a complex hydrogeochemical environment. The impact of mine water and
the weathering of minerals depends on the time of year and geographic location of the sources. Except in a few places,
the water quality is suitable for drinking and agriculture. In [9], Chung et al. conducted a study in the Suyeong District
of Busan City, Korea, to understand more about the hydrogeochemical processes affecting groundwater quality and
groundwater use. Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ is the predominant concentration of main cations in groundwater, whereas
Cl- >HCO3-> SO42- > NO3- > F- is the predominant concentration of anions. 8% of the GW samples in the research
area, according to the WQI, are in the zone where the water is unfit for human consumption. The spatial distribution
map of WQI demonstrates a decline in the bad quality of the water in the research area's southern region. According
to the results of SAR, Na%, PI, RSC, and MH the water is appropriate to the use of agriculture and residential use.
Aquifer rock deterioration, seawater intrusion, and sewer leaks are all detected using hydrogeochemical study.
In [8], Naaz et al. determined the cause and geochemical mechanisms causing the fluoride excess in ground
waters in semi-arid regions in central India, where groundwater occurs under unconfined conditions, geochemical and
hydrogeochemical experiments were done. Due to high fluoride levels (>1.5 mg/l), the majority of groundwater areas
did not meet the standards for drinking water. The monsoon, followed by the post-monsoon and the pre-monsoon,
reported the highest fluoride concentrations. Groundwaters with high dissolved fluoride concentrations are favoured
by carbonate weathering and alkalinity, according to hydrogeochemical facies and ionic composition. Dissociation
constant values in the research area revealed that calcite weathered quickly while fluorite weathered slowly. The
monsoon's unsaturated values of SIC and SIF were changed to saturated values by the rain. The geogenic origin of
fluoride was found by factor analysis and saturation indices, which is what causes the ongoing fluoride problem in the
research area. In [13] Rawat et al. discussed about the development and use of the region's water resources,
hydrological and geological aspects are crucial. Through the investigation of spatio-temporal water quality
characteristics, groundwater resources can be safeguarded and managed. 30 bore wells are used for sample collection,
and they were sampled systematically during the 2008 post-monsoon seasons as part of the project to determine the
extent of groundwater quality degradation. According to calculation physicochemical parameters, nitrate
concentrations in 7% of groundwater samples were higher than the WHO-recommended safe level (WHO). Due to
sewage and animal waste being dumped into the Najafgarh drain, the groundwater quality in the research location was
poor. This resulted in a NO3 concentration that was over the threshold value of 50 mg/l. Anions are SO42- and Cl-, and
the dominant cations are Mg2+ and Ca2+.In [5], Jacintha et al. conducted a study throughout the year 2012, various
seasons, the GW quality in Chennai, Tamil Nadu (India), was evaluated. The evaluation of 18 bore wells' of Ca2+, Cl-
, TH, Mg2+, and SO42- four chemical and 3 physical (pH, EC, and TDS) characteristics. The study revealed that the
pH of the majority of groundwater samples indicates a somewhat basic condition (7.99post-monsoon and 8.35pre-
monsoon). The strong association between EC and SO42- suggests that SO42- is a significant factor in the EC of bore
well ground water. Additionally, SO42- has demonstrated good correlations with TDS and TH. In [6], Selvakumar et
al. performed experiments on an important river that provides water to the city of Coimbatore is the Singanallur Sub-
basin. Three significant hydrochemical facies were found in the current study. Groundwater in the area poses a very
high salt risk and a moderate to medium alkali risk, according to irrigation appropriateness indexes. Due to the region's
arid climate and widespread anthropogenic activity, the mechanism governing groundwater chemistry, which was
previously controlled by evaporation, is predominant. The majority of the fluctuations are shown by anthropogenic
pollution, mostly as a result of population expansion, industrial effluents, and irrigation water return flow, according
to multivariate statistical analysis, CA, PCA, and HCA. In order to better understand the elements causing pollution
owing to natural and anthropogenic impacts, this study integrates hydrochemical data with multivariate statistical
approaches. The result is enhanced knowledge about the evolution of groundwater quality.
In [7], Kangaraj et al. studied Groundwater salinity is increased by seawater intrusion, which has significant
worldwide environmental consequences. The aim of the research was to use geophysical, geochemical, and stable
isotope techniques to find out the hydro-geochemical processes and the impact of seawater intrusion in coastal
aquifers. Using vertical electrical sounding (VES), a technique developed by Schlumberger, the real resistivity value
was determined to be between 0.5 and 8008.5 -m. 33 groundwater samples from open and bore wells were taken
during the pre-monsoon (PRM) (June 2012) and post-monsoon (POM) seasons, and they were examined for
significant ions and stable isotopes. Wells near salt pans, the Buckingham Canal, and backwater areas had high levels
of EC, Na+, and Cl in their groundwater. The Buckingham Canal, salt pan activity, and saline backwater all have an
impact on the groundwater. Additionally, anthropogenic, agricultural, and geochemical processes have an impact on
certain regions. Due to seawater intrusion, heavy stable isotopes were discovered to be predominating in the coastal
region. 18O stable isotopes in both periods range from 5.6 to 2.9. The salinization of this region affects about 201
km2. Reduced pumping is required, and physical barriers must be planned to build freshwater ridges to prevent
seawater incursion.In [15], Omo-ibrabor et al. performed this study investigates the natural and anthropogenic
processes that influence the chemistry of surface and groundwater in the western Niger Delta region. It uses
multivariate statistical techniques. The spatial similarity between sampling sites is found using CA. The chemical
components under investigation were distributed randomly in space, according to cluster analysis. This is in line with
the fact that land usage in the research region is multipurpose. In order to have efficient land use planning and strict
enforcement of existing environmental rules in this oil producing region, it is essential that both natural and
anthropogenic sources, which are numerous and unsystematic in distribution, are identified by this study. In [16],
Singh et al. discussed the status of water is described by a specific number using mathematical formulas called "water
quality indices," which convert facts about water quality into that number. For classifying the water quality for diverse
uses, a number of water quality indicators have been established by different researchers. Based on the social and
environmental implications, 25 water quality metrics are chosen, and weights are calculated using the Saaty's
Analytic, MCDA tool using the Hierarchy Process (AHP). These values are chosen so that the same indices can be
used to evaluate the both the surface and ground water's quality. In assigning the parameter weights, the computed
weights reduce subjectivity. By incorporating intricate data, the suggested index index enhances comprehension of
water quality problem, data and produces a score that indicates the state of the water's purity. To keep surface water
resources in good condition, the index will be highly helpful to the water management agencies.
In [17], Rosen et al. discussed scientific publications hardly ever publish assessments of temporal trends in
national ground-water quality networks. This can be attributed in part to the rarity of long-term data from these
networks and the fact that many national monitoring networks are not driven by assumptions that are readily applicable
to scientific inquiry. The first set of NAWQA's trend evaluations are introduced in this article, along with an evaluation
of the program's effectiveness. The majority of these places had a rise in nitrate content in the previous ten years, and
this increase is connected to oxic-geochemical conditions and well-drained soils. The existing NAWQA plan for data
collection to define trends needs to be continually reviewed to see if the strategy achieves the desired results. A
comparison of NAWQA to other national ground-water quality initiatives was done to help with this review. The aim
of this research, the size of the nation, and the variety of aquifer types all have an impact on how each national
programme is designed and how far it reaches across the country. In [19], Alam et al. conductes a study based on the
numerous water quality indices, the adequacy of groundwater quality for drinking and agricultural purposes was
evaluated in Delhi's rural districts. The collection of 50 ground water samples from various sources, including t o
comprehend the workings of geochemical processes for ground water quality, hand pumps, tube wells, drilling, and
significant ion chemistry analysis were performed. The Piper, Durov, and Chadha diagram was used to identify
hydrochemical facies. The majority of the GW in the study area is chemically appropriate for drinking and agricultural
uses, according to an analysis of water samples taken using different methodologies. In [23], Khanam et al. the Water
Quality Index, a method of assessing water quality, is a valuable tool for assessing regional and temporal variations
in ground water quality.. With Kiccha town in the state of Uttarakhand as a model location, the current effort tried to
assess the Water Quality Index (WQI) for the groundwater close to the polluted canal area. Every parameter was
compared to the ideal standard limit established by the WHO and BIS 10500-91. At every location that was studied,
the groundwater was extremely hard to moderately hard. It was possible to draw the conclusion that groundwater
quality in the research region varied around the canal based on the investigation of the groundwater in the area. In
[24], Kolli et al. discussed about all economic activities, from agriculture to manufacturing, depend heavily on water
as a resource. We have access to a very small portion of the freshwater on the earth. In the topic of managing
environmental quality, water quality assessment has always been of utmost importance. It is the basis for wellbeing,
cleanliness, advancement, and prosperity. Water resources are under a lot of stress due to the pressure of the growing
human population. The improvement of civil society's quality of life therefore depends on effective water
management. The focus of the present study is on groundwater quality, sources of contamination, variations in
groundwater quality, and its geographic distribution. Groundwater bodies and a representative monitoring network
that allow for the assessment of groundwater quality are the foundation. 40 bore wells and open wells encompassing
the full corporation area of Guntur were used to gather water samples for this investigation. In the lab, the water
samples were examined for physicochemical characteristics such TDS, TH, Cl, and NO3 and compared to standards.
The results of this study and the Association guidelines will be beneficial for addressing ground water contamination
in the study area in terms of water quality. In [25], Alizari et al. conducted experiments on the central highlands of
Yemen's Dhamar city underwent chemical and statistical regression analysis on groundwater collected from 5 fields.
In 2015, samples were taken from tube wells, which are sources of ground water. Temperature, TDS, PH and EC are
among the physical characteristics that were examined. Values in brackets indicate measured mean values (EC,
424.18). The study revealed that systematic correlation coefficient estimates between water parameters and regression
analysis offer a good method for quick water quality monitoring.
BIBLIOGRAPHY NETWORK ANALYSIS
After the literature review a bibliography task has been done in VOS Viewer software. VOSviewer is a popular
software tool for creating and visualizing bibliometric networks. It allows researchers to analyze and explore
relationships among scholarly publications, authors, and keywords. Bibliography network analysis, also known as
citation network analysis or bibliometric analysis, is a method used to examine the relationships among scholarly
publications based on their citation patterns. It involves analyzing the references cited in scholarly articles, books, or
other publications to uncover connections and patterns within the academic literature. There are few key concepts,
methods, and tools related to bibliography network analysis such as Citation Network, Node, Edge, Centrality
Measures, Community Detection, Co-citation Analysis, Bibliographic Coupling, Network Visualization, Web of
Science and Scopus and Open Citation Data. The citation network represents the connections between scholarly
publications based on the citations they make to one another. Each publication is represented as a node, and the
citations between them are represented as edges. A node refers to a publication, such as a journal article, conference
paper, book, or thesis. Each node typically has attributes such as title, authors, publication year, and abstract. An edge
in a bibliography network represents a citation relationship between two publications. It indicates that one publication
cites another. The directionality of the edge can provide insights into the flow of ideas and influence within the
network. Centrality measures are used to identify important publications or authors within a bibliography network.
Common centrality measures include degree centrality (number of connections), between’s centrality (importance as
a bridge between nodes), and eigenvector centrality (importance based on connections to other important nodes).
Community detection algorithms identify groups of closely connected publications within a bibliography network.
These communities can represent research clusters, subfields, or research groups that share common themes or
research interests. Co-citation analysis examines the frequency with which two publications are cited together by other
publications. It helps identify related or influential works and can be used to understand the intellectual structure of a
field. Bibliographic coupling refers to the shared citations between two publications. It measures the extent to which
two publications have cited the same set of references, indicating a potential relationship between them. Network
visualization tools, such as Gephi, Cytoscape, or Network, allow researchers to visually explore and analyze
bibliography networks. They provide a graphical representation of the network structure, making it easier to identify
clusters, key nodes, and relationships. Web of Science and Scopus are popular bibliographic databases that provide
access to a wide range of scholarly publications. These databases often include citation information, allowing
researchers to retrieve citation data for analysis. Initiatives like the Initiative for Open Citations (I4OC) and Crossref
provide open access to citation data. Researchers can access and analyze large-scale citation networks using these
open datasets. Bibliography network analysis offers valuable insights into the intellectual structure, research trends,
and influence within academic fields. It aids in identifying seminal works, influential authors, and emerging research
areas, facilitating informed decision-making in academia and research.
FIGURE 1. Network analysis in Bibliography
FIGURE 2. Density visualization
CONCLUSION
This study involved a comprehensive analysis of groundwater, which included an in-depth examination of its
characteristics, variability, contamination, and future prediction using various methods. Through a combination of
different approaches and techniques, multiple aspects of groundwater were studied in detail. This allowed for a more
comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence groundwater quality and the potential risks associated with
contamination. By examining groundwater from different angles and using various analytical methods, this study
provides a more complete picture of groundwater quality and its implications for environmental management and
sustainability. This study involved an extensive review of over 200 research papers, including both international and
Indian sources, as well as articles and news templates related to groundwater contamination. The findings indicate
that groundwater contamination is a significant issue in today's world, with a range of factors contributing to this
problem. These factors include the overexploitation of groundwater resources, anthropogenic activities such as
industrial and agricultural practices, and contamination of freshwater sources by saltwater in coastal regions. To
analyze groundwater contamination, various methods were employed, including geophysical, geochemical, and stable
isotopes. The use of multiple analytical techniques allowed for a more comprehensive understanding of the nature and
extent of groundwater contamination, which is essential for effective management and mitigation strategies. Various
methods were utilized for the analysis of groundwater quality, including geophysical, geochemical, and stable isotope
techniques. Geophysical methods involve the use of electrical, magnetic, and seismic measurements to detect changes
in groundwater characteristics. Geochemical techniques involve the analysis of chemical constituents of groundwater
samples to determine the presence and extent of contamination. Stable isotope techniques utilize the natural variations
in stable isotope ratios of elements such as oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon to identify the source and movement of
groundwater. The use of these different methods allowed for a more comprehensive understanding of the factors
affecting groundwater quality and the potential risks associated with contamination. An approach that utilizes
conditional overlaying techniques to combine traditional groundwater sampling analysis methods with GIS
capabilities was employed. The use of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques is an
effective, inexpensive, and valuable approach for monitoring water quality parameters in coastal areas and freshwater
bodies such as lakes, rivers, groundwater, and reservoirs. This method provides a comprehensive understanding of the
water quality conditions by analyzing data collected from various sources, including satellite images and aerial
photographs. In contrast, in situ measurements are restricted to selected sampling points, which can limit the accuracy
and comprehensiveness of the data collected. Therefore, the remote sensing and GIS techniques are an important tool
for monitoring water quality parameters in a more comprehensive and cost-effective manner. Based on the findings
of previous research that utilized remote sensing and GIS techniques, it was concluded that water quality parameters
can be generated in the form of a map using algorithms or models that incorporate data from various satellite imagery
platforms. These platforms include Landsat, SPOT, IKONOS, IRS, CZCS, hyperspectral, and SeaWiFS, which have
varying resolutions. By combining data from these different sources, comprehensive maps of water quality parameters
can be produced, providing a detailed understanding of the spatial distribution of water quality conditions. Based on
the findings of previous research that utilized remote sensing and GIS techniques, it was concluded that water quality
parameters can be generated in the form of a map using algorithms or models that incorporate data from various
satellite imagery platforms. These platforms include Landsat, SPOT, IKONOS, IRS, CZCS, hyperspectral, and
SeaWiFS, which have varying resolutions. By combining data from these different sources, comprehensive maps of
water quality parameters can be produced, providing a detailed understanding of the spatial distribution of water
quality conditions. The results obtained from different stages of the study indicated that combining Remote Sensing
and GIS is a useful approach for generating digital thematic layers and maps that display the spatial distribution of
various water quality parameters. Using satellite imagery to overlay spatial distribution maps of water quality is a
reliable technique that can be used to identify water quality issues and correlate them with land use to interpret the
underlying causes of environmental quality degradation.
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