School of Computer Science and Engineering

(SCOPE)

Semester 2023-24

Name: Harsh Porwal

Reg No.: 21BCT0193

BCSE311P - Sensors and Actuator Devices Lab

 Assignment – 1
Title - Start Simulating

Problem Statement: Simulating & verification of

asfdgfhg circuit on TinkerCad.

Concepts To Be Applied: Testing of circuit and simulation

also reading the properties of electrical devices.

Procedure:

Step1: Click the Start Simulation Button Instructions.

1. Click on the Start simulator button located at the right of
the toolbar.
2. Continue to the next step.
Step2: Congratulations - you had simulated your first circuit.

Input:

1. Resistance value of 200 Ω.

2. Resistance value of 100 Ω.
3. Resistance value of 2000 Ω.

Output at 200 Ω:
Output at 1000 Ω:

Output at 2000 Ω:
Inference

We concluded by simulating the circuit that increasing the

resistance value causes a decrease in the intensity of light
from the LED bulb, which is due to less current reaching
the bulb, as shown in the output photos.
 Assignment – 2

Title - Editing Components

Problem Statement: To learn how to modify the

circuit's components.

Concepts To Be Applied: Testing of circuit and simulation

of circuit & also editing the properties of electrical
devices.

Circuit Diagram
Procedure:

Step 1: Click on the top-most LED. You'll see an inspector

appear that lets you edit the properties of the component.
Change the color of the LED to red.

Step 2: Click and change the middle LED to yellow.

Step 3: Click and change the bottom LED to green.

Step 4: Continue to the next step.

Step 5: Click on the Start Simulation button on the top right to

test out your traffic light.

Step 6: Continue to the next step.

Step 7: Congratulations! Your traffic lights should be blinking!

Input:

1. Color of the First LED is red.

2. Color of the middle LED is yellow.
3. Color of bottom LED is changed to green.
4. Increased the resistance of red LED to 1000 Ω.
5. Decreased the delay of Green LED to 1 sec.

Output of Final Circuit:

Output on Resistance of RED LED 1000 Ω:

Output on decreasing the delay of Green LED:

Inference:

We came to the conclusion that by utilising the inspector

option, we could change the circuit's individual parts, as
well as the code to alter the amount of time that passed
between light blinks and the circuit's intensity by altering
the resistance values of the individual LEDs.
 Assignment – 3

Title - Wiring Components

Problem Statement: To learn how to wire components

together for electrical connections.

Concepts To Be Applied: Wire the battery's positive and

negative sides to the circuit, then turn on the stimulation
once the circuit is powered.

Procedure:

Step 1: Wire the Positive Side of the Battery

In the editor, you'll see a 9V battery on the left. We need to add
wires to connect the battery to our circuit.

1. Hover over the red terminal of the 9V battery until you

see the Positive label. Click to begin adding the wire.
2. Hover over the breadboard (the white component that
all the other electronics are connected to) and click on
the hole next to the "+" symbol to complete the wire.

3. Click on the wire and change the color to red in the

inspector.

4. Continue to the next step.

Step 2: Wire the Negative Side of the Battery

Now we'll connect the negative side of the battery.

Instructions:
1. Hover over the black terminal of the 9V battery until
you see the Negative label. Click to begin adding the
wire.

2. Hover over the breadboard (the white component that

all the other electronics are connected to) and click on
the hole next to the "-" symbol to complete the wire.

3. Click on the wire and change the color to black in the

inspector.

4. Continue to the next step.

Step 3: Start Simulation!!
Now that we've powered our circuit, let's test it out with the
simulator!

1) Click the Start Simulation button.

2) Ensure that your computer's sound is not muted.

3) On the breadboard, you'll see 8 buttons. While the

simulator is running, clicking on the button will
trigger each switch. Try clicking on each of the
buttons to hear what happens.

Input:

1. There are multiple various switches which on

getting pressed makes a different sound so in this
experiment we tested all out the switches.

2. Changed the colour of wiring.

Output of Final Circuit:

Output of Circuit By Changing Wire Colours:

Inference:

We concluded that the circuit functions properly when

the breadboard circuit is powered on and that the circuit's
piezo produces a variety of sounds when different
pushbuttons are pressed.
 Assignment – 4

Title - Editing Components

Problem Statement: To add components to make an

interactive motor controller.

Concepts To Be Applied: Testing of circuit and control the

simulation of circuit.

Procedure:

Step 1: Click Start Simulation to start the motor. How fast is it

spinning? Notice the text that displays the rotations per minute
(rpm).
Continue to the next step.
Step 2: Add a Photoresistor
Now, let’s make our circuit interactive by adding a sensor.
Instructions
1. Click + Components and search for a
photoresistor.

2. Click on the photoresistor and add it to your circuit

below the red wire. Rotate the photoresistor by
clicking the rotate icon (or pressing R on your
keyboard) so that the pins are facing up.

3. Delete the existing red wire by clicking on it and

then clicking the trash icon (you can also press
delete on your keyboard).

4. Wire the photoresistor so that one end is

connected to the Positive end of the battery and
the other is connected to Terminal 2 of the motor.

5. Continue to the next step.

Step 3: Start the Simulation
A photoresistor works by sensing light. Let’s test how it works.
Instructions
1) Click Start Simulation.

2) Click on the photoresistor. You should now see a slider

appear below your photoresistor.

3) Drag the slider from one side to another. Notice how the
speed of the motor changes with more light!

4) Continue to the next step.

Step 4: Congratulations!, you have created the circuit

successfully.
Input:

1. By sliding the slider that appears below the

photoresistor at different speeds.
2. By Changing the battery source to 9V battery.

Output of Final Circuit @360 rpm:

Output of Final Circuit @534 rpm:

Output By Changing Battery Source:

Inference:

We came to the conclusion that moving the slider to the

left, or when there is more light on the photoresistor,
causes the motor's speed to increase. Changing the battery
source also has an impact on the motor's rpm.
 Assignment – 5

Title - Introducing the Breadboard

Problem Statement: The breadboard is a powerful

prototyping tool that will let you take your electronic skills
to the next level. With it, you can connect many
components together!

Let’s learn how to use it by testing out a special type of

LED called an RGB LED..

Concepts To Be Applied: Connecting to the Breadboard

Power Rails & testing the circuit.
Procedure:

Step 1: Along the left and right sides of the breadboard are
columns called Power Rails marked with - and + labels. These
columns are typically used to provide power to your
components by connecting to your power source (like a battery).

Instructions:

1. Hover over any of the holes in the column next to the +

symbol on the breadboard and notice how the entire
column turns green. This means that all of the holes in
this column are connected to one another. Try it out
with the - column too.

2. Click + Components and add a 9V battery to your

circuit. Rotate the battery 90 degrees and place it so that
the positive end of the battery is connected to the + rail,
and the negative one is connected to the - rail.
 3. Continue to the next step.

Step 2: Add the RGB LED and a Resistor

For the rest of the breadboard, notice how the columns are
labelled with letters (a-j), and the rows are labelled with numbers
(1-30). These letters and numbers act like coordinates to help
you identify where to add your components. This is especially
handy when you’re sharing your design with others.

Instructions:

1. Hover over a row and check out how the entire row is
highlighted in green - that means they're all connected to
one another. When you add a component to a breadboard,
each pin of the component is typically connected to
different parts of your design. As a result, you’ll want each
pin to be in a different row.
2. Click + Components to add an RGB LED, and rotate it 90
degrees. Then place it on your breadboard, with the top
pin (Red) in E13 (That’s column E, row 13).
3. Hover over each leg of the RGB LED to see the labels for
each pin. This reveals what RGB stands for - Red Green
and Blue. There’s also another pin called the Cathode that
we’ll want to connect to ground through a resistor to
ensure there isn’t too much current running through the
LED.
4. Click + Components and add a 480 Ω resistor, with one
leg connected to the cathode of the LED at D14, and the
other connected to D18.
 5. Finally, add a wire connecting the resistor to ground.
Remember, all the pins in row 18 columns a-e are
connected to one another. Connect the resistor to ground
by connecting A18 to the - rail.

6. Continue to the next step.

Step 3: Add the First Switch Across the Ravine

In the middle of the breadboard, you’ll notice a gap that

separates the two sides of the board. This gap is called the
“ravine” and isolates both sides from one another. Many
components take advantage of this so that pins on opposite
sides of the component can be connected independently.

Let’s try this out with a pushbutton, which is a type of switch

that makes a connection when pressed.
Instructions:

1: Click + Components and find a pushbutton to add to your

circuit. Rotate it 90 degrees and place it on your
breadboard so that the top left pin is in E1.

2: Pushing the button while the simulation is running will

create a connection between the left pins (E1 and E3) and
the right pins (F1 and F3). We’ll use this to trigger each pin
of the RGB LED. Remember, an LED turns on when it
has connection to power and ground. To create this
connection, wire the top left pin of the pushbutton (A1) to
the + Rail.

3: Now wire the other side of the pushbutton at D3 to D13,

the same row as the Red pin of the RGB LED.

4: Click Start Simulation and press the button. What color did
the RGB LED turn?

5: Stop the simulation and change the wire color to match the
color the RGB LED turns when the pushbutton is pressed.

6: Continue to the next step.

Step 4: Add Two More Switches.

Let’s connect two more switches to the last two pins of the
RGB LED.

1. Copy (Ctrl + C) and paste (Ctrl + P) the pushbutton to

create another one and place it with the top left pin at
E5.

2. Use wires to connect the top left pin to the Power rail
and the bottom pin to the Blue pin of the RGB LED
(C7 to C15)

3. Run the simulation and check that the RGB LED turns
the colour you expect it to.

4. Repeat with one last pushbutton whose top left pin is at

D9. Use wires to connect the top left pin to Power and
the bottom left pin to the Green pin of the RGB LED
(B11 to B16).
Step 5: Mix and Match!!

Congratulations on completing your first breadboard design and

learning how to use the RGB LED!

Input:

We have chosen to use a complete circuit in this

experiment. I have used this circuit in two different ways
for learning purposes.
1. Circuit A
2. Circuit B

Output Circuit A:
Output Circuit B:

Inference:

We came to the conclusion that using breadboard we can

create & simulate a complex circuit.
 Assignment – 6

Title - Ohm’s law

Problem Statement: To learn about a fundamental

concept in circuit design known as Ohm’s Law and apply
it to ensure that we can safely light up an LED.

Concepts To Be Applied: Testing of circuit and simulation

of circuit & also verifying ohms law.
Procedure:

Step 1:
Ohm's Law : Overview

In all circuits, electricity flows from the positive side (+) of your
power source (like a battery) to the negative side (-). The name
for the flow of electricity is current.

When current flows through a components, like an LED or a

resistor, there is an associated change in potential energy across
the component that is known as voltage. The amount of
voltage “drop” across the a component depends on its
resistance, or how much it restricts the flow of current. This
can be really important for making sure your components don’t
fry because they aren’t able to support the current coming from
your battery, as we will soon see when it comes to parts like
LEDs.

These three concepts (current, voltage, and resistance) are all

related to one another through a law called Ohm’s Law, where
voltage is equal to the product of current and resistance:
Voltage (V) = Current (I) * Resistance (R)
or
V = IR
Let’s test this out!
Step 2: Simple LED Circuit:
In the editor, you’ll find a simple circuit connecting an LED
directly to a 9V battery. If we power the circuit, we expect that
current will flow from the positive side of the battery, through
the LED, and then into the negative side of the battery.

1. Turn on the simulator to see what will happen with

our LED.

2. Hover over the LED to reveal a message about the

amount of current flowing through the LED.
 3. It looks like there is too much current flowing
through the LED with the current design - this could
really damage your LED! Let’s see how we can
prevent this from happening in the next step.

Step 3: Applying Ohm’s Law

In the last step, you saw how there was too much current
flowing through the LED. Let’s recall Ohm’s Law, where
Voltage is equal to Current multiplied by Resistance.

V = IR

LEDs have a maximum rated current level, or a maximum

amount of current it can safely handle. In this case, let’s account
for a maximum current of 20mA, a fairly standard rating for
LEDs – that's 0.02 A if we convert millamps to amps.

If we want to ensure that there is only 20mA of current flowing

through the LED, we will need to add some resistance to our
Circuit. We know the voltage because we are using a 9V battery.
Applying Ohm’s law, we have 9V/0.02A = 450 ohms (ohms is
our unit for Resistance). This means that if we want to ensure
there is only 20mA of current flowing through the LED, we
want to add a resistor with a value of 450 ohm to our circuit.

i. Click + Components and add a resistor.

ii. Click on the resistor and change its value to 450
ohms.
iii. Add the resistor to the circuit by removing the red
wire and adding the resistor between the positive side
of the battery and the Anode leg of the LED.
iv. Continue to the next step.
Step 4: Congratulations!

You learned how to apply ohm’s law to limit the amount of

current through the LED.

Input: Verification of Ohms Law on different values.

Output