Chapter 9 – Ratios and similarity

Solutions to Exercise 9A
1 a i obtuse β = 93◦ (supplementary angles)

ii straight f θ = 108◦ (vertically opposite angles),

α = 108◦ (corresponding angles),
iii acute β = 90◦ (supplementary angles)

iv right
3 ∠ACB = ∠CBD(alternate angles,
b i ∠HFB AC k BD)
∠CAB = ∠DBX(corresponding angles,
ii ∠BFE
AC k BD)
iii ∠HFG ∠CBX = ∠CBD + ∠DBX
∴ ∠CBX = ∠ACB + ∠CAB
iv ∠BFE We have proved that the sum of two
interior angles of a triangle is equal
c i ∠CBD, ∠BFE, ∠ABF, ∠HFG to the opposite exterior angle of the
triangle.
ii ∠CBA, ∠BFH, ∠DBF, ∠EFG

4 ∠B = 180◦ − α (co-interior angles,

2 a a = 65◦ (supplementary angles),
AD k BC),
b = 65◦ (vertically opposite angles)
∠D = 180◦ − α (co-interior angles,
b 2x + 10 = 90 (complementary angles AB k DC),
x = 40◦ , ∴ ∠C = α
y = 130◦ ( supplementary angles) We have proved that diagonally opposite
angles of a parallelogram are equal.
c a = 60◦ (vertically opposite angles),
b = 70◦ (vertically opposite angles),
5 Assume that the opposite angles of
c = 50◦ (angle sum of triangle),
a quadrilateral ABCD are equal. Let
d = 60◦ (alternate angles),
∠A = ∠C = α and ∠B = ∠D = β
e = 50◦ (supplementary angles),
Then 2α + 2β = 360◦ (Angle sum of a
f = 130◦ (supplementary angles)
quadrilateral)
d ∠FCB = 60◦ (supplementary angles, ∴ α + β = 180◦
β = 120◦ (co-interior angles) ∴ ∠A + ∠B = 180◦
α = 60◦ (co-interior angles) That is, co-interior angles A and B are
supplementary which implies
e α = 90◦ (alternate angles), AD k BC
∠LMC = 87◦ (alternate angles) Similarly AB k CD

334
 ∴ ABCD is a parallelogram 9 a Draw a line CX through C
parallel to both AB and DE.

6 2α + 2β = 180◦ (co-interior angles)

∴ α + β = 90◦
∴ ∠AEB is a right angle.

7 ∠BCX = 42◦ (alternate angles,

BA k XC)
∠DCX = 65◦ (alternate angles,
DE k XC)
∴ θ = ∠BCD = (42 + 65)◦ = 107◦

b
Let ∠PXA = ∠Y XA = α
Let ∠XY B = ∠BYS = β
2α = 2β (alternate angles, PQ k RS )
∴α=β
∴ AX k BY (alternate angles are equal)
Draw line XC parallel to both QD
and PB
8 ∠AOX = ∠FAO = α (alternate angles, ∠XCE = 35◦ (corresponding
AF k XO) anglesXC k QD
∠BOX = ∠CBO = β (alternate angles, ∴ ∠XCB = 55◦ (complementary
BG k XO) angles)
∴ α + β = ∠AOB = 90◦ ∴ θ = 55◦ (corresponding angles
XC k PB

335
Solutions to Exercise 9B
1 a Yes (satisfies triangle inequality) c α = 130◦ , supplementary to ∠ADC;
β = 65◦ , co-interior angles ∠CDA;
b Yes (satisfies triangle inequality) γ = 65◦ , co-interior angles ∠ACD

c Yes (satisfies triangle inequality) d α = 60◦ , equilateral triangle

d No (does not satisfy triangle e α = 60◦ , straight angle;

inequality) β = 60◦ , angle sum of triangle

f a = 55◦ , straight angle;

2 a Scalene
b = 55◦ , corresponding angles (a);
b Isosceles g = 45◦ , vertically opposite;
c = 80◦ , angle sum of triangle;
c Equilateral e = 100◦ , straight angle;
f = 80◦ , corresponding angles (c)

3 Must be greater than 10 cm g m = 68◦ , corresponding angles;

n = 60◦ , angle sum of triangle;
4 a 6, 6.5, 7 p = 52◦ , straight angle;
q = 60◦ , alternate angles (n);
b No r = 68◦ , alternate angles (m)

5 If 2n − 1 = n + 7 Then n = 8 and the 7 a Sum = 720◦ ; Angles = 120◦

values are 15, 15, 15
If 2n − 1 = 3n − 9 then n = 8 and the b Sum = 1800◦ ; Angles = 150◦
sides are 15, 15, 15
c Sum = 3240◦ ; Angles = 162◦
If 3n − 9 = n + 7 then n = 8 and the
values are 15,15,15
8 a Together they form 10 straight angles

6 a θ = 46◦ , straight angle; b 360◦

β = 70◦ , complementary to ∠EBC;
γ = 64◦ , alternate angles (∠CBD);
α = 46◦ , corresponding angles 9 The exterior angles plus the interior
(∠EBD) angles add to n × 180◦
The interior angles sum to (n − 2)180◦
b γ = 80◦ , angle sum of triangle; Therefore the sum of the exterior angles
β = 80◦ , vertically opposite (γ); is 360◦
θ = 100◦ , supplementary to β;
α = 40◦ , alternate angles (∠BAD)

336
10 (n − 2)180 = 4 × 360 11 (n − 2)180◦ = k360◦
n−2=8 ∴ 180n − 360 = 360k
n = 10 Solving for n
n = 2(k + 1)

337
Solutions to Exercise 9C
1 a A and C (SAS) 4

b All of them (AAS)

c A and B (SSS)

2 a 4ABC ≡ 4CDA (SSS)

b 4CBA ≡ 4CDE (SAS)

c 4CAD ≡ 4CAB (SAS) Let AM be the bisector of ∠CAB.

Then
d 4ADC ≡ 4CBA (RHS) ∠ACM = ∠ABM (Given)
e 4DAB ≡ 4DCB (SSS) ∠CAM = ∠BAM (Construction)
AM = AM (Common)
f 4DAB ≡ 4DBC (SAS)
4ACM ≡ 4ABM (AAS)

3 ∴ AC = AB

2α + 2β = 360◦
Let AM be the bisector of ∠CAB. (Angle sum of quadrilateral)
Then ∴ α + β = 180◦
AC = AB (Definition of isosceles) That Hence, cointerior angles are supplemen-
tary.
∠CAM = ∠BAM (Construction)
Therefore, AB k DC
AM = AM (Common)
4ACM ≡ 4ABM (SAS) 6 a a = b = c = d = 60◦
∴ ∠ACM = ∠ABM
is ∠ACB = ∠ABC

338
 b Join diagonal AC
In 4ABC and 4CDA
∠BAC = ∠DCA ( alternate angles, AB k DC)
∠BCA = ∠DAC ( alternate angles, AD k toBC
AC = CA (common)
∴ 4ABC ≡ 4CDA (AAS)
∠CB0 = ∠BOA = 60 ∴ BC k AE
◦
∴ AB = CD and AD = BC
(alternate angles equal) Similarly To prove opposite angles are equal.
BE k BA

7 a a = 108◦ , b = 36◦ , c = 72◦ ,

d = 36◦ , e = 36◦ , f = 36◦

b Let ∠DAC = α and ∠ABC = β

α + β = 180◦ (co-interior angles,
AD k BC)
∴ ∠ADC = β (co-interior angles,
AB k DC)
∴ ∠BCD = α (co-interior angles,
AB k DC)

b
c + d = 108 and e + f = 72
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

∴ BD k AE (co-interior angles
supplementary)
b◦ + e◦ = 72◦ and a◦ = 108◦
∴ BE k CD (co-interior angles Join diagonal AC
supplementary) In 4ABC and 4CDA
AD = CB (opposite sides equal)
8 a AB = CD (opposite sides equal)
AC = CA (common)
∴ 4ABC ≡ 4CDA (SSS)
∴ ∠BAC = ∠DCA
∴ AB k DC (alternate angles equal
First prove opposite sides are
equal. Furthermore,
ABCD is a parallelogram, AD k BC ∴ ∠DAC = ∠BCA
and AB k DC
∴ AD k BC (alternate angles equal

339
 c AD = CB (opposite sides of a parallelogram)
∠D = ∠B (opposite angles of a parallelogram)
DQ = BP (construction)
∴ 4ADQ ≡ 4CDP (SAS)
From the diagram , ∴ AQ = PC
2α + 2β = 360◦ (angle sum of ∴ APCQ is a parallelogram (opposite
quadilateral) sides are equal in length)
∴ α + β = 180◦
Co-interior angles are supplementary.
10
∴ AB k DC and AD k BC

In 4ABD and 4CDB

AB = DC (given
To prove:
∠ABD = ∠CDB (alternate angles APCQ is a parallelogram.
BD = DB (common) The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect
∴ 4ABD ≡ 4CDB (SAS) each other.
∴ XO = OZ and WO = OY
∴ AD = BC
∠XOY = ∠WOZ and ∠XOW = ∠YOZ
ABCD is a parallelogram ∴ 4XOY ≡ 4WOZ and 4XOW ≡ 4YOZ
∴ XY = WZ and WX = ZY
9 ∴ XYZW is a parallelogram (opposite
sides of equal length)

11 A rhombus is defined as a parallelogram

with a pair of adjacent sides equal in
length. Therefore all the sides are equal
in length. You should also prove that if a
quadrilateral has all sides of equal length
To prove: then it is a rhombus.
XYZW is a parallelogram.
In 4ADQ and 4BPC

340
a AM = MC (diagonals bisect each other)
MM = DM (diagonals bisect each other)
∠BMA = ∠CMD = 90◦ (diagonals are perpendicular)
∴ 4ABM ≡ 4CDM(SAS)
∴ AB = CD and ∠MCD
∴ AB k DC (alternate angles equal)
Similarly BC = AD and BC k AD
Finally 4ABM ≡ 4CDM(SAS)
Hence AB = AD
4ABC ≡ 4ADC (SSS) We note that a shorter proof is
available but we have proven several
∴ ∠BAC = ∠DAM properties of rhombuses on the way
∴ 4ABM ≡ 4ADM (SAS) through.
∴ ∠BMA = ∠DMA = 90◦
(equal and supplementary) 12 a
∴ AC ⊥ BD

b Refer to the diagram for a

4ABC ≡ 4ADC (SSS)
∴ ∠BAC = ∠DAM
Similarly for the other vertex angles
4ABC ≡ 4DCB (SAS)
c ∴ AC = BD.
ABCD is a rectangle and therefore a parallelogram
∴ diagonals bisect each other

b If a parallelogram has one right angle

then:
the opposite angle is a right angle
(opposite angles equal in a parallelo-
gram). the cointerior angles are right
angles.
In 4ABM and 4CDM
c

341
 Let M be the pont of intersection of 14
the diagonals.
4AMD ≡ 4BMC(SAS)
4AMB ≡ 4DMC(SAS)
All of these triangles are isosceles
∴ ∠BAM = ∠DCM
∴ AB k DC
SimilarlyAD k BC
∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D
Therefore all right angles. Hence
ABCD is a rectangle.

13 4ZBX ≡ 4XAY ≡ 4YCZ (SAS)

∴ ZX = XY = YZ

15

4ABC ≡ 4AED (SSS)

∴ ∠ABC = ∠AED

4ABD ≡ 4CBD (SSS)

∴ ∠ABD = ∠CBD
∴ 4ABK ≡ 4CBK (SAS)
∴ AK = CK

16 ∠C = ∠A + ∠B implies that ∠C = 90◦ .

4ABCis a right-angled triangle.

342
 Choose point D to complete the 18
rectangle ABCD.
The rectangle has diagonals AB and CD
which are of equal length and bisect
each other.
Let M be the midpoint of AB.
Then AB = 2CM. M is the midpoint of BC.
BG and CF are perpendicular to the
17 Let ∠MNO = ∠MON = x◦ median AM extended
Then ∠ANO = (90 − x)◦ and 4BMG ≡ 4CMF (ASA)
∠N MO = (180 − 2x)◦ ∴ BG = CF

343
Solutions to Exercise 9D
√
1 Height up the wall = 182 − 72 6
√
= 5 11 metres

p
2 Length of diagonal = 402 + 92
= 41 metres
4ACB ≡ ECB (RHS)
3 √ ∴ AB = BE
Distance of the chord from O = 142 − 22
√ Each side length of the square has length = 2cm
= 192 ∴ DE 2 = 22 + (2 × 2)2
√
= 8 3 cm ∴ DE 2 = 20
√
√ ∴ DE = 2 5cm
4 Length of diagonal = 132 + 132
√
= 13 2 cm 7

5 a Letx cm be the length of a side of the

square.
2x2 = 100
x2 = 50 E, F, G and H are the midpoints of sides
√ DC, CB, BA, AD respectively.
x = 50
√ DE = EC = CF = FB = BG = GA =
The length of a side is 5 2 cm. The
AH = HD = 1 cm
area = 50 cm2 .
We see that:
b Let x cm be the length of a side of the HE 2 = 1 + 1 = 2 and therefore
√
square. HE = EF = FB = GA = 2. ∴ EFGH
2x2 = 64 is a rhombus.
4HDF ≡ 4CEF (SAS) These triangles
x2 = 32 are right-angled isosceles triangles and
√
x=4 2 therefore ∠DEH = ∠CEF = 45◦ .
√
The length of a side is 4 2 cm Area Therefore ∠HED is a right angle and
= 32cm2 EFGH is a square.
The area of EFGH is 2 cm2

344
 8 gives that the triangle is right-angled.

11

Let CN = x cm
Then in 4ABN
(6 − x)2 + AN 2 = 72 . . . (1)
In 4ACN
x2 + AN 2 = 25 . . . (2)
Subtract (2) from (1).
Let NC = x cm
Then
In 4ACN
−12x + 36 = 49 − 25
x2 = 152 − 122 Let NB = y cm
−12x = −12
x2 = 225 − 144
x=1
Substitute in (2) x2 = 81
1 + AN 2 = 25 x=9
√ In 4ABN
AN = 24
√ y2 = 202 − 122 ∴ BC = x + y = 25
∴ AN = 2 6 cm y2 = 400 − 144
y2 = 256
9 a 72 , 52 + 62 (Not three sides of a
y = 16
right-angled triangle) The sides of 4ABC are 20,15, and 25.
202 + 152 = 400 + 225
b 3.92 = 3.62 + 1.52 (Three sides of a
right-angled triangle) = 625
= 252
c 42 , 2.42 + 2.42 (Not three sides of a The converse of Pythagoras’ theorem
right-angled triangle) gives that the triangle is right-angled.
d 822 = 182 + 802 (Three sides of a
right-angled triangle) 12

10 (x2 − 1)2 + 4x2 = x4 − 2x2 + 1 + 4x2

= x4 + 2x2 + 1
= (x2 + 1)2
The converse of Pythagoras’ theorem
AM 2 = 162 − 82 = 192

345
 √ √
∴ AM = 192 = 8 3 36 = (x + 4)2 + y2 . . . (1)
9 = x2 + y2 . . . (2)
1  c 2
13 A3 = π Subtract (2) from (1)
2 2
1  b 2 27 = x2 + 8x + 16 − x2
A2 = π
2 2 27 = 8x + 16
1  a 2 11 = 8x
A1 = π
2 2
11
AddingA1 and A2 x=
8
1  b 2 1  a 2 1 2 Substitute in (2)
π + π = π(a + b2 )
2 2 2 2 8  11 2
1 9= + y2
= π2 8
8
121
= A3 9− = y2
64
√
455
y=
14 BD2 = 82 + 62 = 100 8
∴ BD = 10 4AXB ≡ 4CY D (ASA)
LetBX = DY = x 16

In4AXB
√
AX = 36 − x2
In 4AXD
AX 2 + XD2 = 64
36 − x2 + (10 − x)2 = 64
36 − x2 + 100 − 20x + x2 = 64
20x = 72
18
x=
5
∴ XY = 10 − 2x
= 2.8

15 From the two right-angled triangles

346
 Let AE = DF = x Let AB = c, AC = b, PB = x,
Let BE = CF = y AP = m, AQ = h, CQ = t, QP = s
Let AG = BF = z Then,
Let GD = HC = w s+t = x
Using Pythagoras’s theorem 3 times m2 = h2 + s2
x2 + z2 = 9 . . . (1) c2 = h2 + (s + x)2
y2 + z2 = 16 . . . (2) b2 = h2 + t2
w2 + y2 = 25 . . . (3) We start with,
Subtract (1) from (2) AB2 + AC 2 − 2AP2
y2 − x2 = 7 . . . (4) = c2 + b2 − 2m2
Subtract (4) from (3) = h2 + (s + x)2 + h2 + t2 − 2h2 − 2s2
w2 + x2 = 18 = h2 + s2 + 2sx + x2 + h2 + t2 − 2h2 − 2s2
PD2 = w2 + x2 = 18 = s2 + 2xs + x2 + t2 − 2s2
√
PD = 3 2 cm = x2 + 2xs + t2 − s2
= x2 + 2xs + (t − s)(t + s)
17 = x2 + 2sx + (t − s)x
= x2 + sx + tx
= x2 + x(s + t)
= 2x2
= 2PB2
∴AB2 + AC 2 − 2AP2 = 2PB2
∴AB2 + AC 2 = 2PB2 + 2AP2

347
18 4ABX ≡ 4CY D (RHS )
Let AX = BY = x
Let BX = CY = y
AC 2 = (AD + x)2 + y2 . . . (1)
BD2 = (AD − x)2 + y2 . . . (2)
Add (1) and (2)
AC 2 + BD2 = AD2 + 2xAD + x2 + AD2 − 2xAD + y2
= 2AD2 + 2(x2 + y2 )
∴ AC 2 + BD2 = 2AD2 + 2AB2 .

348
Solutions to Exercise 9E
1 One part = 9000 ÷ 9 = 1000 7 Suppose they receive $x, $y and $z
Two parts = 1000 × 2 = 2000 respectively.
Seven parts = 1000 × 7 = 7000 x+2 3
=
x 2
2(x + 2) = 3x
2 One part = 15 000 ÷ 5 = 3000
Two parts = 3000 × 2 = 6000 2x + 4 = 3x
x=4
x 9 X receives $4 and Y receives $6.
3 = Two parts = $4
6 15
9×6 One part = $2
x= = 3.6 Seven parts = $14
15
Z receives $14.
144 6
4 =
p 11 8 One part = 10 g
p 11 Three parts = 10 g × 3 = 30 g (zinc)
=
144 6 Four parts = 10 g × 4 = 40 g (tin)
11 × 144
p= = 264
6
9 Seven parts = 56
One part = 56 ÷ 7 = 8 green beads
x 15
5 = Two parts = 8 × 2 = 16 white beads
3 2
15 × 3
x= = 22.5
2 10 One part = 45 mm
125 000 parts = 45 mm × 125 000
6 6 : 5 : 7 = 180◦ = 5 625 000 mm
One part = 180◦ ÷ 18 = 10◦
Six parts = 10◦ × 6 = 60◦ = 5.625 km
Five parts = 10◦ × 5 = 50◦
Seven parts = 10◦ × 7 = 70◦ 11 One part = $5200 ÷ 13 = $400
Eight parts = $400 × 8
= $3200 (mother)
Five parts = $400 × 5
= $2000 (daughter)
Difference = $1200

349
12 If BC is one part, AB and CD are each 16 One part = 3.5 cm
two parts. AD is 5 parts and BD is 3 250 000 parts = 3.5 cm × 250 000
3
parts, so BD = AD. = 875 000 cm
5
= 8.75 km
13 The ratio will be π : 1, as for any circle.
a−c c
17 =
b−d d
14 One part = 30 ÷ 5 = 6
Two parts = 6 × 2 = 12 (boys) ⇔ (a − c)d = (b − d)c
Three parts = 6 × 3 = 18 (girls) ⇔ ad − cd = bc − dc
After six boys join the class, there are 18 ⇔ ad = bc
boys and 18 girls, so the ratio is 1:1. a c
⇔ =
b d
b 4 b+c 5
15 = and =
a 3 a 2 2 2 2
b+c 5 18 a = x, b = y, c = z
= 3 3 3
a 2 a+b+c 3
2
(x + y + z) 2
b c 5 ∴ = =
+ = x+y+z x+y+z 3
a a 2
4 c 5
+ = 19
3 a 2 x+y m+n
=
c 5 4 x−y m−n
= −
a 2 3 ⇔ (x + y)(m − n) = (x − y)(m + n)
15 − 8 7
= = ⇔ xm − xn + ym − yn = xm + xn − ym − yn
6 6
∴ a:c=6:7 ⇔ 2ym = 2xn
m x
⇔ =
n y

350
Solutions to Exercise 9F
1 a AAA b AAA
x 9 x+2 5
= =
5 4 2 3
9×5 3x + 6 = 10
x= = 11.25 cm
4
3x = 4
b AAA 1
Note that E corresponds with B, so x x = 1 cm
3
corresponds with 14 cm.
x 10 c AAA
= x+8 8
14 12 = =4
x 2
10 × 14 2
x= = 11 cm x + 8 = 4x
12 3
3x = 8
c AAA
x 6 2
= x = 2 cm
2 4 3
6×2
x= = 3 cm d AAA
4 x + 1.5 12 6
= =
d AAA x 10 5
Note that Q corresponds with B 5x + 7.5 = 6x
and R corresponds with C, so x x = 7.5 cm
corresponds with 6 cm.
x 10
= AC 15 5
6 8 3 = =
10 × 6 14 12 4
x= = 7.5 cm 5 × 14
8 AC = = 17.5 cm
4
AE + 4 5
2 a AAA =
x + 12 24 3 AE 4
= =
12 16 2 4AE + 16 = 5AE
2x + 24 = 36 AE = 16 cm
2x = 12 AB = AE + EB
x = 6 cm = 20 cm

tree 30 15
4 = =
33 224 112
15 × 33
Tree height = = 4.42 m
112

351
 Note: It is valid to leave the measure- Height = 80 cm + 3.6 cm
ments of the stick and its shadow in = 83.6 cm
cm, as you are comparing the ratio of
measurements with the same units.
x 1.5 15
11 = =
h 20 1 1.3 − x 0.8 8
5 = = 8x = 19.5 x − 15 x
15 40 2
15 23 x = 19.5
h= = 7.5 m high
2 19.5 39
x= = m
23 46
h 1
6 =
300 20 12
300
h= = 15 m high
20

CY 15 1
7 = = x 1.3
45 30 2 =
103.5 3.5
45
CY = = 22.5 m 1.3 × 103.5
2 x=
3.5
269.1
h 2 =
8 = 7
32 6.2 260
64 10 = ≈ 37.1
h= = 10 m high 7
6.2 31 269.1
Height = + 1.7
7
x 20 − x 269.1 + 11.9
9 = =
4 8 7
2x 20 − x 281
= =
8 8 7
2x = 20 − x 1
= 40 m
7
3x = 20
20 2
x= = 6 cm high
3 3

10 Let x be the height of A above the 80 cm

leg of the table.
x 12
=
30 100
12 × 30
h= = 3.6
100

352
13 c y2 = 22 + 42
= 4 + 16 = 20
√
y = 20
√ √
= 4×5=2 5
z2 = 102 + 52
h 9
=
8 10 = 100 + 25 = 125
72 √
h= = 7.2 m high z = 125
10 √ √
= 25 × 5 = 5 5
14 Taking the heights above the spotlight, √ √
h − 0.6 0.5 1 d y:z=2 5:5 5
= =
8 3 6 =2:5
6 8 4
h− = = ED : AB = 2 : 5
10 6 3
4 3 ∴ y : z = ED : AB
h= +
3 5
20 + 9
= a + 12 10
15 16 =
12 7
14
= 1 m high 120
15 a + 12 =
7
120
15 a Vertically opposite angles at C are a= − 12
7
equal: 36 1
∠B = ∠D = 90◦ = =5
7 7
The third angles in the triangle must
be equal: ∠A = ∠E h 1.8
∴ 4ABC ∼ 4EDC 17 =
3 0.76
x 5 1.8 × 3
b = h= ≈ 7.11 m
4 2 0.76
20
x= = 10
2 18 In 4T RN, ∠T RN = 90◦ − ∠T
In 4RS T, ∠S = 90◦ − ∠T
∠T RN = ∠S
∠S RN = ∠T
4T RN ∼ 4T S R

353
 NT RT 4APQ ∼ 4ACB
=
RT ST
PQ AQ
4 2 =
= = BC AB
10 5
PQ 3
NT 2 =
= 10 14
4 5
30 1
2×4 PQ = =2 m
NT = = 1.6 m 14 7
5

20 Note that the three triangles are all

19
similar, as shown in Q.18.
x+4 6 3
= =
6 4 2
3×6
x+4= =9
2
∴ x=5
In 4APQ and 4ACB, y 4
AQ 3 =
= x y
AB 14
AP 1.5 3 y2 = 4x = 4 × 5
= = √
AC 7 14 ∴ y=2 5
AQ AP
∴ = a 6 3
AB AC = =
y 4 2
∠A is common to both triangles. 3y √
∴ a= =3 5
2

354
Solutions to Exercise 9G
1 3

In 4XAZ and 4Y BZ
∠XZA = ∠YZB, (vertically opposite)
∠XAZ = ∠Y BZ = 60◦ a Interior angles of a regular pentagon
are each108◦
4XAB and4BMY are equilateral - given)
In 4DEF
∴ 4XAZ ∼ 4Y BZ, (AAA) ∠DEF = 108◦ and
XA = 2Y B (given) ∠EDA = ∠EAD = 36◦ (4DEF is
isosceles)
∴ AZ = 2ZB
2 Similarly ∠BAC = 36◦
∴ ∠CAE = 72◦

b AC and BD meet at X. In 4BXA and

4BAD
∠XAB = 36◦ = ∠BDA
∠XBA = 72◦ = ∠ABD
∴ 4BXA ∼ 4BAD (AAA)
BX BD
In 4PBQ and 4QCR ∴ =
AB AB
∠PBQ = ∠QCR, (right angles) ∴ BX × BD = AB2
∠PQR = 90◦ , (given)
∴ ∠RQC = 90◦ − ∠PQR = ∠BPQ 4
∴ 4PBQ ∼ 4QCR, (AAA)
PB BQ
∴ =
QC CR
∴ PB × CR = BQ × QC

355
 a 4BAD ∼ 4BCA (AAA) · · · (1) 6
From(1)
AD AB
=
AC BC
∴ AD × BC = AB × AC

b 4BAD ∼ 4ACD (AAA) · · · (2)

DA DB
∴ =
DC DA
∴ DA2 = DC × DB 4PBQ ∼ 4ABC
PQ 2
=
c 4BAD ∼ 4BCA (AAA) · · · (1) AC 3
BA DB 4AXC ∼ 4PXQ
∴ =
BC BA PQ XQ 2
= =
∴ BA2 = BC × BD AC XA 3
∴ AX : AQ = 3 : 5
5
7

4AXO ∼ 4CYO (AAA) . . . (1) 4APM ∼ 4ABD (AAA)

4AOB ∼ 4COD (AAA) . . . (2) 4AMQ ∼ 4ADC (AAA)
From (1) PM AM
=
OX OA AX BD AD
= = MQ AM
OY OC CY =
DC AD
From (2)
PM MQ
OA AB ∴ =
= BD DC
OC CD Also BD = DC
OX OA AB
∴ = = ∴ PM = MQ
OY OC CD

356
 8 4AED ∼ 4ACB AAA
AE ED
∴ =
AC CB
∴ AE × CB = ED × AC
∴ (AC − EC) × CB = ED × AC

Since 4PBC is equilateral: ∴ AC × CB − EC × CB = ED × AC

∠PBC = ∠PCB = ∠BPC = 60◦ ∴ AC × CB = EC × CB + ED × AC
∠PCB = ∠PBC = 120◦ ButEC = ED
4PCB and 4PAB are isosceles. ∴ AC × CB = ED(CB + AC)
∴ ∠CPD = ∠CDP = 30 ◦
1 CB + AC
∴ =
∠PAB = ∠BPA = 30◦ ED AC × CB
1 1
∴ 4APD ∼ 4ABP ∼ 4DCP = +
AC CB
AP AD
∴ =
PB AP 11
∴ AP2 = AB × AD

∠BAD = ∠DBC a 4ABC ∼ 4ACD ∼ 4CBD (AAA)

DA DB
= b We have from 4ABC and 4ACD
AB BC
∴ 4BAD ∼ 4CBD (SAS) AC AB
=
∴ ∠ADB = ∠BDC AD AC
DB bisects ∠ADC ∴ AC 2 = AD × AB . . . (1)
We have from 4ABC and 4CBD

10 CB BD
=
BA CB
∴ CB2 = BA × BD . . . (2)
Add (1) and (2)
AC 2 + CB2 = AD × AB + AB × BD
= AB(AD + DB)
= AB2

357
Solutions to Exercise 9H
1 a 2:4:6:8=1:2:3:4 A0C 0 B0 F 0
b =
AC BF
b 2 : 8 : 18 : 32 = 1 : 4 : 9 : 16 a 2
= √
2 3
c The second ratio is the square of the √
4 4 3
first. a= √ =
3 3
!2
2 a 2:4:6:8=1:2:3:4 Area A0 B0C 0 B0 F 0
c =
Area ABC BF
b 1 : 4 : 9 : 16 !2
2 4
= √ =
c The second ratio is the square of the 3 3
first.
6 Area ratio = 16 : 25
A0 B0 5
3 =
r
AB 3 16
!2 Side ratio =
5 25
Area A B C D = 7 ×
0 0 0 0 s
3 42
7 × 25 = =4:5
= 52
9
4
= 19 cm2 9
9 7 30 × = 22.5 cm
12
20 20
4 2
= 8 a 1:2:3
2.1 4.41
= 4.54 cm2 b 1:2:3

c 1 : 8 : 27
5 a F is the midpoint of AC, so
AF = 1 cm. d The third ratio is the cube of the first.
BF 2 = BA2 − AF 2
= 22 − 12 = 3
√ 9 a i 8 : 12 = 2 : 3
BF = 3 cm
ii 4 : 6 = 2 : 3
1
iii 3 : 4 = 2 : 3
2

358
 1 15 Height ratio = 2 : 1
b 8 × 4 × 3 : 12 × 6 × 4 = 96 : 324
2
= 8 : 27 a Area ratio = (2 : 1)2
=4:1
c The ratio in b is the cube of the ratios
in a.
b Capacity ratio = (2 : 1)3
=8:1
10 a 3 : 2 : 5
4
b Sphere 1: V = × π × 33 = 36π 16 a (1 : 10)2 = 1 : 100
3
4 32π
Sphere 2: V = × π × 23 = b (1 : 10)3 = 1 : 1000
3 3
4 500π
Sphere 3: V = × π × 5 =3
c (1 : 10)1 = 1 : 10
3 3
32 500
36 : : = 108 : 32 : 500 d Both models will have the same
3 3
= 27 : 8 : 125 number of wheels, so 1 : 1.

c The second ratio is the cube of the !3 !3

1 12 1 3
first. 17 × = ×
2 8 2 2
27
11 (2 : 1) = 2 : 1
3 3 3 = litres
16
=8:1
!3
1 16 1
× = × 23
2 8 2
12 (3 : 4)3 = 33 : 43 = 4 litres
= 27 : 64
!3 !3
7.5 5
√3 √3 √3 18 343 × = 343 ×
10.5 7
13 8 : 27 = 8 : 27
= 125 mL
=2:3
!3 !3
9 6
343 × = 343 ×
14 Volume ratio = 64 : 27 10.5 7
√3 = 216 mL
a Height ratio = 64 : 27
=4:3 √
19 a Length ratio = 1 : 2500
√3
b Radius ratio = 64 : 27 = 1 : 50
=4:3

359
 b Capacity ratio = (area ratio)3 22 4BDE ∼ 4CAF
= (1 : 50)3 and AB = AC = 2AD
∴ BD2 = BA2 − AD2
= 1 : 125 000
= (2AD)2 − AD2
1
c Width = 150 × = 3AD2
50 BD2
= 3 cm Ratio of areas =
AC 2
3AD2
d Area = 3 ÷
1 =
2500 (2AD)2
= 3 × 2500 = 7500 cm2 3AD2 3
= =
4AD2 4
So the ratio is 3:4
√
20 a Height ratio = 144 : 169 Note: It is easier to express lengths in
terms of AD as fractions are avoided.
= 12 : 13

b Capacity ratio = (12 : 13)3 23 Area ratio = 144 : 81

= 1728 : 2197 = 122 : 92
Length ratio = 12 : 9
21 a Ratio of sides = 1 : 2 9
Length in second triangle = ×6
Ratio of areas = 12 : 22 = 1 : 4 12
Four times = 4.5 c
15
b Area 4AK M = = 3.75
4

360
Solutions to Exercise 9I
√
1+ 5 1
1 a φ−1= −1 ∴ (φ − 1)2 =
2 φ2
√ √
1+ 5−2 1+ 5
= 2−φ=2−
2 2
√ √
5−1 4−1− 5
= =
2 2
√
1 3− 5
∴ =φ−1 =
φ 2
√ √ √ !2
(1 + 5)2 (1 + 5) 1+ 5−2
b φ =
3 (φ − 1) =
2

8 2
√ √ √
(1 + 2 5 + 5)(1 + 5) ( 5 − 1)2
= =
8 4
√ √ √
(6 + 2 5)(1 + 5) 5−2 5+1
= =
8 4
√ √
6 + 8 5 + 10 =
3− 5
=2−φ
=
8 2
√ 1
16 + 8 5 √ ∴ 2 − φ = (φ − 1)2 = 2
= =2+ 5 φ
8
√
2φ + 1 = 1 + 5 + 1
√ 2 a In 4ACX, ∠ACX = 90◦ − ∠BCX
=2+ 5 In 4CBX, ∠B = 90◦ − ∠BCX
∴ φ3 = 2φ + 1 ∠ACX = ∠B

1 ∠A = ∠BCX
c As shown above, φ − 1 = .
φ 4ACX ∼ 4CBX
AX CX
∴ =
CX BX
b Multiply both sides of the above
equation by CX × BX

i CX 2 = AX × BX
= 2 × 8 = 16
CX = 4

361
 ii CX 2 = AX × BX 360
4 a i ∠AOB = = 36◦
10
= 1 × 10 = 10
√ 180 − 36
CX = 10 ii ∠OAB =
2
= 72 ◦

3 Join AB and BC. This will produce a

right-angled triangle with an altitude. 72
b i ∠XAB = = 36◦
In Q2 we proved that the altitude was 2
the geometric mean of the two segments ∠ABO = ∠OAB = 72◦
that divided the base. Therefore, as in ∠AXB = 180 − 36 − 72
Q2:
AD BD = 72◦
=
BD CD ∠ABO = ∠AXB
EC DE
= ∴ AX = AB
DE DE + EC
Since BD = DE, 72
ii ∠XAO =
AD = EC and CD = DE + EC 2
DE DE + EC = 36◦ = ∠AOX
=
EC DE ∴ AX = OX
EC
=1+ iii Corresponding angles are equal,
DE
DE so the triangles must be similar.
x=
EC
1 c 4AOB ∼ 4XAB
=1+ OB AB
x =
AB XB
∴ x2 − x − 1 = 0
OX + XB AB
Using the quadratic
√ formula: =
AB XB
−1 + 1 − 4 × 1 × −1
x= OX = XA = AB
2
√ AB + XB AB
−1 + 5 =
= =φ AB XB
2
(Rejecting the negative root as x > 0) XB AB
1+ =
EC 1 AB XB
= =φ−1 XB
DE φ x=
AD EC AB
= =φ−1 1
BD DE =1+
AD BD x
∴ = ∴ x2 − x − 1 = 0
BD CD
Using the quadratic formula:
=φ−1

362
 √
−1 +
!
1 − 4 × 1 × −1 1
x= φ =φ +1
2
2 φ
√ √
−1 + 5 3+ 5
= =φ =1+φ=
2 2
(Rejecting the negative root as x > 0)
φ = φ(1 + φ)
3
XB 1
=
AB φ = φ2 + φ
=φ−1 = (1 + φ) + φ
√
−1 + 5 = 1 + 2φ
= √
2 4+2 5 √
(Refer to Q1 part a.) = =2+ 5
XB AB 2
=
AB OB φ = φ(1 + 2φ)
4

= AB = φ + 2φ2
= φ − 1 since OB = 1 = φ + 2(1 + φ)
√
−1 + 5 = 2 + 3φ
AB = ≈ 0.62
2 √ √
4 + 3(1 + 5) 7+3 5
d i Draw a circle of radius 1 unit. = =
2 2
Use the construction in section 1
φ =
−1
9.5 of the textbook to find φ, φ
then cut off a length of 1 unit =φ−1
to obtain a length of φ − 1. √ √
1 + 5 − 2 −1 + 5
Mark off this length around the = =
2 2
circumference of the circle to
1
divide the circumference into ten φ−2 = (φ − 1)
φ
equal parts. Join these points to
produce a regular decagon. = 1 − (φ − 1)
=2−φ
ii Repeat i but join every second √ √
4 − (1 + 5) 3 − 5
point. = =
2 2
1
φ−3 = (2 − φ)
5 φ◦ = 1 φ
√ !
1+ 5 1
φ =φ=
1 =2 −1
2 φ
1
φ−1=
φ
1
∴ φ= +1
φ

363
 = 2(φ − 1) − 1 6 tn > tn−1
= 2φ − 3 tn+1 tn−1
=1+
√ tn tn
2+2 5−6 √ Since the Fibonacci sequence is
= = 5−2 tn+1
2 increasing, 1 < < 2.
1 tn
φ−4 = (2φ − 3) This means the sequence is not diverg-
φ
ing to infinity, and has a limit between 1
3
=2− and 2.
φ
If there is a limit, then when n is large,
= 2 − 3(φ − 1) tn+1 tn−1
≈
tn tn
= 5 − 3φ
tn−1
√ √ =1+
10 − 3 − 3 5 7 − 3 5 tn
= =
2 2 1
Alternatively, the surd expressions can =1+ t
n−1
be multiplied and simplified, for the
tn
same answers: tn+1
1 x=
φ−1= tn
φ
tn−1
1 ≈
φ=1+ tn
φ
1
φn+1 = φ × φn =1+
x
1
! ∴ x2 − x − 1 = 0
= 1+ × φb Using the quadratic formula:
φ √
−1 + 1 − 4 × 1 × −1
= φn + φn−1 x=
2
√
−1 + 5
= =φ
2
(Rejecting the negative root as x > 0.)
Thus the sequence will approach φ as
n → ∞.

364
Solutions to technology-free questions
1 4 a x = 7 cm, y = 7 cm, α = 45◦ ,
β = 40◦

b α = 125◦ , β = 27.5◦

c θ = 52◦ , α = 52◦ , β = 65◦ , γ = 63◦

5 8m

a
6 a 4PAQ ≡ 4QBO (RHS)
4GAE ≡ HAF (SAS)
4EBH ≡ FDG (SAS) b Use Pythagoras’ theo-
rem: 4PQR ≡ 4ORQ (SSS)
∴ GE = FH and GF = EH
∴ GEHFis a parallelogram
7 a
∠B + ∠A = 180◦ (co-interior angles)
1
∠BEH = (90◦ − B) (4BEH is isosceles)
2
1
∠AEG = (90◦ − A); (4AEG is isosceles)
2 Both triangles share a common
∴ ∠GAE = 90 ◦
angle X.
∴ GEHF is a rectangle ∠XPQ = ∠XYZ

b 16 ∠XQP = ∠XYZ
(alternate angles on parallel lines)
∴ 4XPQ ∼ 4XYZ (AAA)
2
XQ ZP
(x2 − y2 )2 + (2xy)2 = x4 − 2x2 y2 + y4 + 4x2 y2 b i =
XZ XY
= x4 + 2x2 y2 + y4 XQ 24 2
= =
= (x2 + y2 )2 30 36 3
The converse of Pythagoras’ theorem XQ = 20 cm
gives the result.
ii QZ = XZ − XQ

3 The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each QZ = 30 − 20

other at right angles. = 10 cm
Therefore if x cm is the length of each
side √
of the rhombus c XP : PY = 24 : 12 = 2 : 1
√
x = 9 + 25 = 34 PQ : YZ = 2 : 3

365
 8 a Ratio of areas ABC : DEF x 7.2
=
x + 8.8 26.4
= 12.5 : 4.5 72 3
= =
= 25 : 9 264 11
AB : DE = 5 : 3 11x = 3x + 26.4
DE = 3 cm 8x = 26.4

b AC : DF = 5 : 3 x = 3.3
Now compare the top two triangles:
c EF : BC = 3 : 5 y 5.5 5
= =
7.2 3.3 3
h 1 5 × 7.2
9 = y=
21 2.3 3
2.1 210 = 12
h= = m
23 23

13 a Volume of block = 64 cm3

10 BC = 5 (3–4–5 triangle)
8 parts = 64 cm3
So Y B = 2.5
1 part = 8 cm3
4BAC ∼ 4BY X
5 parts = 40 cm3
XY CA
= 3 parts = 24 cm3
Y B AB 8
XY 3 Mass of X = 40 × = 64 g
= 5
2.5 4 4
3 15 Mass of Y = 24 × = 32 g
XY = × 2.5 = 3
4 8 Total mass = 96 g

b X : Y = 64 : 32 = 2 : 1 (by mass)
11 The triangles are similar (AAA).
x−7 3
= c Volume (cm3 ) : mass (g)
7 4
4x − 28 = 21 = 64 : 96

4x = 49 =2:3

x = 12.25 = 1000 : 1500

Volume of 1500 g block is 1000 cm3 .
√3
12 d 1000 = 10 cm = 100 mm

14 a Consider 4BMA and 4PAD.

If the two sloping lines were extended to

form a triangle, then the left side of the
top triangle would be given by:

366
 ∠B = ∠P = 90◦ 16 a Ratio of radii = 101 : 100 = 1.01 : 1
∠BAM = ∠PDA Ratio of areas = 1.012 : 1
= 90◦ − ∠PAD = 1.0201 : 1
∠BMA = ∠PAD = 102.01 : 100
Percentage increase = 2.01% ≈ 2%
= 90◦ − ∠BAM
4BMA ∼ 4PAD (AAA) b Ratio of volumes = 1.013 : 1
= 1.030301 : 1
b BM = 30 cm
= 103.0301 : 100
AM = 50 cm (3–4–5 triangle) Percentage increase ≈ 3%
Comparing corresponding sides AM
and AD:
AM : AD = 50 : 60 = 5 : 6 XY AX
17 a =
Ratio of areas = 52 : 62 BC AB
3 1
= 25 : 36 = =
9 3
PD AD AY AX
c = b =
BA MA AC AB
PD 60 6 3 1
= = = =
40 50 5 9 3
6 × 40
PD = = 48 cm CY 2
5 c =
AC 3
YZ CY
15 a The same units (cm) must be used to d =
compare these quantities. AD AC
2
200 : 30 = 20 : 3 =
3
A 202 400
b = 2 = area AXY 12
360 3 9 e =
400 area ABC 32
A= × 360 1
9 =
9
= 16 000 cm2 = 1.6 m2
area CYZ 22
V 20 3
8000 f = 2
c = 3 = area ACD 3
1000 3 27 4
8000 =
V= × 1000 9
27
8 000 000
= cm3
27
8 3
= m
27

367
18 19 a

Consider 4AOB and 4COD

∠AOB = ∠COD
PQ Y Q
(vertically opposite angles) =
AB XB
∠ABO = ∠CDO (corresponding sides of similar
(alternate angles on parallel lines) triangles)
∠OAB = ∠OCD ∠B = ∠Q
(alternate angles on parallel lines) (corresponding angles of similar
4AOB ∼ 4COD (AAA) triangles)
CO CD
= ∴ 4ABX ∼ 4PQY (PAP)
AO AB
3 AX AB
= =3 b =
1 PY PQ
(similar triangles proven above)
CO = 3AO
AB BC
CO + AO = 4AO =
PQ QR
AC = $AO (ABC and PQR are similar)
AX BC
1 ∴ =
AO = AC PY QR
4

368
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 C 3x + 66 = 180 10 B 75 parts = 9 seconds
9 3
3x = 114 1 part = = seconds
75 25
x = 38 3
100 parts = × 100
25
2 B 2x + 270 = 540 = 12 seconds
2x = 270 11 D 10 parts = 50
x = 135 One part = 5
3 B Largest part is 6 parts = 30

4 B BC = 10 by Pythagoras’ theorem 12 C Ratio of lengths = 10 : 30 = 1 : 3

Use similar triangles Ratio of volumes = 13 : 33
4BAD ∼ 4BCA = 1 : 27
AD CA
= 13 E Ratio of lengths = 4 : 5
AB BC Ratio of volumes = 43 : 53
24
AD = = 64 : 125
5
XY 12 6
5 A 14 E = =
3 10 5
x 3 6×3
6 D = XY =
7 5 5
3×7
x= = 3.6 cm
5
21 2
= 15 E XY 0 = XY
5 3
Area of triangle XY 0 Z 0
7 B 100 parts = 400 kg
4
One part = 4 kg = area of triangle XYZ
9
85 parts = 85 × 4 4 80
= × 60 = cm2
9 3
= 340 kg (copper)

Q
8 D Cost of one article is .
P
Q
Cost of R articles = × R
P
QR
=
P
9 C 100 parts = 3.2 m
3.2
1 part =
100
= 0.032 m = 3.2 cm 369
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a 4DAC and 4EBC share a common angle ∠ACE and each has a right angle. Hence
4EBC is similar to 4DAC.
h y
b = because corresponding side lengths of similar triangles have the same
p x+y
ratio.

c Using similar triangles 4FAC and 4EAB (which share a common angle ∠EAB and
h y
have a right angle), =
q x+y
!
h h 1 1 h h y x
d + =h + and + = +
p q q q p q x+y x+y
x+y
=
x+y
=1
!
1 1
∴ h + =1
p q

e When p = 4! and q = 5,
1 1
h + =1
4 5
!
5 4
∴ h + =1
20 20
9
∴ h=1
20
20
∴ h=
9
2 a AF is parallel to BC and AB is parallel to CF
Hence ABCF is a rhombus and the length of CF is 1 unit.

b EF = CE − CF
= d − 1, as required.

c 4ACF and 4DEF have vertically opposite angles which are equal and they are both
isosceles.
Hence 4ACF and 4DEF are similar.

370
 d F
F
1 1 d−1 d−1

E D
A C 1
d
d 1
=
1 d−1
∴ d(d − 1) = 1
∴ d2 − d = 1
∴ d2 − d − 1 = 0

e Using thepgeneral quadratic formula,

1 ± (−1)2 − 4 × 1 × (−1)
d=
2×1
√
1± 1+4
=
2
√
1± 5
=
2
√
1+ 5
= , as d > 0
2
3 If DE k AB then 4CDE is similar to 4ABC
CD CE
∴ =
AC BC
x−3 4
∴ =
3x − 19 + x − 3 x − 4 + 4
x−3 4
∴ =
4x − 22 x
∴ x(x − 3) = 4(4x − 22)
∴ x2 − 3x = 16x − 88
∴ x2 − 19x + 88 = 0
∴ (x − 11)(x − 8) = 0
∴ x = 11 or 8

4 a 4BDR and 4CDS share a common angle ∠CDS and each has a right angle. Hence
4BDR and 4CDS are similar.
4BDT and 4BCS share a common angle ∠CBS and each has a right angle. Hence
4BDT and 4BCS are similar.
4RSB and 4DST are similar as ∠RSB = ∠TSD (vertically opposite) and
∠RBS = ∠S T D (alternate angles).

371
 CS BC
b =
DT BD
z p
⇒ =
y p+q
CS CD
c =
BR BD
z q
⇒ =
x p+q
!
z z 1 1 z z p p
d + =z + and + = +
x y x y x y p+q p+q
p+q
=
p+q
=1
!
1 1
∴ z + =1
x y
1 1 1
∴ + = , as required.
x y z
QC PB
5 a i =
AQ AP
6 PB
∴ =
2 3
∴ 3 × 3 = PB
∴ PB = 9 cm

PB BR
ii =
AP PQ
9 BR
∴ =
3 4
∴ 3×4= BR
BR = 12 cm

area 4APQ 12
iii =
area 4ABC 42
1
=
16

372
 area 4BPR 92
iv = 2
area 4ABC 12
81
=
144
9
=
16

b i area 4ABC = 9 × area 4APQ

= 16a
Hence area of 4ABC is 16a cm2 .
1
ii area 4CPQ = (area 4ABC − area 4APQ − area 4BPR)
2
!
1 9 × 16a
= 16a − a −
2 16
1
= × 6a
2
= 3a
Hence area of 4CPQ is 3a cm2 .
area 4ADE 1
6 = B
area 4ABC 9
12 4 cm
= 2
3
AD AE D 10 cm
∴ = 2 cm
AB AC
1 A
= 3 cm
3 E
1 6 cm
∴ AD = AB C
3
1
= ×6
3
=2
1
∴ AE = AC
3
1
= ×9=3
3

373
 √
7 The length of BC should be given as 40 10 metres.
C

40 10 m
150 m
120 m
fence

A xm B
E D
130 m
1
area 4AEF = area 4ABC
2
1
= (area 4ACD + area 4BCD)
2
1 1√ 2
q √ !
1
= 150 − 120 (120) +
2 2 2
(40 10) − 120 (120)
2 2 2
!
1 1 1
= (90)(120) + (40)(120)
2 2 2
1
= (5400 + 2400)
2
= 3900
area 4AEF 3900
=
area 4ACD 5400
13
=
18
√ !2
13
= √
18
√
x 13
∴ = √
AD 18
√
13 × 90
∴ x= √
18
√
= 15 26 m

374
8

k
h

b
1
Area of a triangular face = bk
2
1
h2 = bk
2
!2
1
h =k − b
2 2
2
1
= k2 − b2
4
1 1
∴ k2 − b2 = bk
4 2
∴ 4k − b = 2bk
2 2

∴ 4k2 − 2bk − b2 = 0
√
2b ± 4b2 + 16b2
∴ k=
8
√
2b ± 20b2
=
8
√
b ± 5b
=
4
√
b(1 + 5)
= since k > 0
4
√
b 1+ 5
∴ k= φ since φ =
2 2
b
∴ k: =φ
2

375