• Plants

ROMANESQUE Architectural Features • Animals

Etymology: 1) Plans
- "Roman Like" + latin cross Predominant Building Types
- inspired by Christianity + main entrance from west - Church
+ a screen to separate clergy from congregation - Monastery
General Influences: - Monastic Village
- Originated in 2) Roofs
Western Europe + Steep Roof for towers
+ Italy - round Romanesque in Italy
+ France - square - Facade: Ornamental wall passages
+ Spain - octagonal - barrel vaults, semi-circular arches
+ Portugal + west tower = two towers
+ Germany North Europe
North Italy & Sicily
+ Scandinavian 3) Arches - moslem influences on design
• Quadripartite - square bay - CRUCIFORM plan
- Materials • Sexpartite - oblong bay - COUPLED columns (influenced from Norman)
• Terracota
• Squinch Arch - nave & transept crowned by
• Marble
an octagonal tower Germany
• Bricks
• Stones - THREE-APSE plan of trefoil form
4) Walls
• Concretes - HELM ROOF gable roof forming a pyramidal
• Corbel Table (blocks of stones)
roof
• Pilasters strips w/ arched moulding
- Climactic - walls are relieved by PILASTERS
° North (Dull Climate) - Large windows + high - COLOURED BRICKS for
5) Openings
pitch roof (throw off snow) exterior
• Round Arch - window & door
° Southern (Sunny) - Small openings • Doors are recess by receding arches
(exclude light & heat) (orders) France
• Above the door - Cream Coloured Limestone (CAEN)
- Social – building of fortified castles to avoid - tympanum filled with structures
invaders - rose window Great Britain
- Roman: Basilican Plan
- Religion – Christianity (source of education and 6) Columns and Moldings - Anglo-Saxon: Timber framing techniques
culture of Architecture) • massive cylindrical - Norman:
• detailed + Military & church building
Romanesque Architecture • cushion capital + long naves
- characterized by the desire to articulate
+ multiplicity of apsidal churches
- produced unified compositions 7) Ornaments • PATRIARCHAL
 plan (2 eastern apses) 3. Complex Rib Vault
• three apses
• Transept apses (absidioles) lafting → making use of logs lapped at their ends
Ornaments:
two-storey → constructed in Palisade Fashion
1. Characteristic craftsmanship, bodily
Ramlofstoga → combined lafting and palisade executed
Spain, Portugal, the Holy Land
technique 2. Forms - Medieval mysticism, Christian
- Horseshoe Arch
ancient style of Church → made entirely of wood Statues
- Greek Cross Plan
- Christian & Moslem Influence 3. Motifs - stained glass, grotesque,
gargoyles

GOTHIC Archt’l Character

Religious Building:
• secure the routes Plans - Convenience > Symmetry - “L” style
• Coastal Fortification - to secure the sea links - Ogivale > Ogive
• Strategic Inland Castles - provide visual Walls - Chevet - apse having a surrounding
command of the approach routes - rubble masonry is not in horizontal ambulatory
- small pieces - Less prominent transepts
- not load-bearing because ofstained glass - Fleche = Slender Spire

Parts of Castles
1) Donjon - tower for refuge Openings
2) Talus / Glacis - bold sloping thickness at the foot - pointed arches
Primaire 12th Geome
of walls - architecture of
tric
3) Bent Entrance - compels the invaders light tracerie
4) Drawbridge - prevent entry into the castle - large windows to display stained glass s
5) Machicolations (Murder Holes) - projecting
Types of Window Tracery: Second 13th Wheel
walls where stones are dropped down below
1. Plate - stone aire Tracery
6) Towers - to deflect missiles
7) Crenellations - allow firing of arrows 2. Bar - glass
Tertiare 14th- Flame-l
8) Bailey - open court of a castle 16th ike
9) Rampart - defensive earthen bank Roofs - spires Tracery
10) Moat - deep and wide water surrounding the
castle ( digging underneath is impossible for Parts of the Tower:
invaders) 1. Finial - up
2. Crocket - foliage decoration Late Medieval Arch. In Italy
3. Pinnacle - small spire - conflicting influences of gothic, roman,
byzantine, & moslem
Scandinavia
- timber techniques Gothic Vaults
Features of Church
- medieval dwellings 1. Groin
1. flat roof
- half-gothic features 2. Quadripartite Rib Vault
2. screen wall of west facade masks the aisle roof
3. circular window of the west front - "lierre ribs" produced stellar ribs (star shaped)
4. absence of pinnade and flying buttresses - "boss" intersection of ribs projection ornament
EARLY RENAISSANCE
5. stripes of colored marbles instead of molding - perpendicular vaulting - intrivate stellar vaulting
6. small windows w/o tracery - "pendant" - sculpted ornament - Reintroduction of classic architecture all over
7. occasional frescoes and mosaics Europe in the 15th & 16th century.
• Timber church roofs
In central europe - trussed rafted
- halm churches w/ naved and aisles - tie beam Archlt’l Feature:
- hammer beam
- double hammer beam
Development of Renaissance:
Spain & portugal - collar based roof
- horseshoe arch - aisla roof
1. Proto-Baroque
- pierced stone tracery - barrel roof
= not fully developed baroque.
- rich surface deco. of intricate geom. pattern GOTHIC STRUCTURES: = churches are w/ wide naves, & low ceilings
- excessive ornamentation crowned by high cupolas (domes).
- climborio/lantern 1. Chapel of saint hubert - burial place of
- retable & renedo Leonardo da Vinci 2. Palladian
2. Strasbourg - 6th tallest church = popularized by Andrea Palladio
3. Notre Dame – Eugene = marked w/ round arch flanked by 2 small
4. Chateau De Blois - gothic spiral staircase square-headed openings.
Netherlands
5. Salisbury Cathedral - contains world's oldest
- belgium has marbles, limestone, sandstone, and
clock 3. Baroque
granite
6. St. Alban Cathedral - dedicated to britain's first = opulent & dramatic w/ irregular shapes &
- in Flanders, clay is abundant which produced
saint extravagant ornamentation.
beautiful brick arch
7. Milan Cathedral - 2nd largest Gothic
Cathedral in the World next to the Cathedral of 4. Rococo
Great Britain Seville, Spain. = late Baroque where it is increasingly ornate,
- Norman Gothic - semi-circular arched 8. Basilica de San Antonio Padua - 7-domed florid, and playful.
windows pilgrimage
- Transitional gothic - romanesque character 9. Doge's Palace- Designed by Filippo
- Early gothic - long, pointed, narrow, lancet Archtl Character:
Calendario
windows • Plans
10. Florence Cathedral - engineered by filippo
- Decorated gothic - fanciful window tracery Brunelleschi. - Towers are sparingly used - Symmetrical in plan
- Perpendicular - rectilinear window & wall paneling 11. Cologne Cathedral - Largest gothic church of
- Tudor - late perpendicular N. Europe. • Walls
12. Leon, Cathedral - Also known as the House of - Ashlar masonry laid in horizontal courses &
Early English Vault Light. materials were in large blocks.
- quadripartite ribbed vault - Rusticated wall angles called "quoins" to give an
- "wall ribs" appearance of strength.
 - low pitched roofs hidden by balustrades Bernini. Piazza
- Prediments are low-pitched or semi-circular. - pimaster strips are also used & marble often
appear as points of special interest THE CREATION OF ADAM
• Opening - orders are superimposed in tiers = rendering of facial features & handling of light and
- semi-circular arches - doric, ionic, corinthian, tuscan, and composite shadows.
column orders
• Roofs - domes are crowned w/ lanterns - coffered PIETA
ceilings = Created from marble w/ effect of dynamic, flowing
- barrel vault
lines & was made when he was 23 y.o
ARCH. OF ST. PETER'S BASILICA
• Columns
- once a competition which resulted to a no. of DAVID
- Classic orders were used & their proportions
designs = symbolizes both of strength and youthful human
standardized.
beauty
1. Donati. Greek cross plan
• Moldings
- Projecting horizontal cornices cast deep shadows
2. Santi. Latin cross. Sangallo the Older, de
HIGH RENAISSANCE
Verona, and Santi. Archt'l Features
• Ornaments
Florence, Italy
- Motifs: Classical, mythology, pagan subjects,
3. Peruzzi. Greek cross plan Palazzo Marino
fresco painting
- Milan's City Hall since 1861
- Characteristics: Carefully executed, fine
4. Sangallo the younger - extended vestibule, - Ar. Galeazzo Alessi
craftsmanship
lofty campanile, and an elaborate central.
S. Maria Assunta
ITALY
5. Michelangelo Buonarroti. - renaissance church in Genoa
- Geographically considered the best
a. Greek cross plan - Ar. Galeazzo Alessi
renaissance architecture.
b. Strengthened the piers of the dome
c. redesigned the surrounding chapels and Rome, Italy S. Maria Della Paz
Characteristics:
apses - main feature: 2-storey arcaded cloister by
- Stateliness
d. commenced the construction of the great Donato Bramante
- Classical horizontally
dome
- Symmetrical plan that is also compact,
e. the drum was completed Tempietto in S. Pietro
rectilinear, formal, and grand
- St. Peter was martyred
- Severe & rusticated walls
6. Della Porta & Fontana - completed the dome
- Arcades have arches supported on piers faced
w/ columns Villa Farnesina
- astylar facade (wall treatment w/o columns) 8. Giacomo - side cupolas 8. Carlo Maderna - latin - built for Agostino Chigi
cross plan & added the gigantic facade 9. - Ar. Baldassare Peruzzi
 S. Maria Della Consolazione - an interest in the eloquent use of Latin swirled & moved
- renaissance-style pilgrimage church in - a belief in the importance and power of education - Ornaments ---> became sensuous & highly
Todi, Italy to create useful citizens elaborate w/ a penchant for marble, gilt, and
- the promotion of private and civic virtue bronze.
St. Peter's Basilica - a rejection of scholasticism - Boundaries between art forms dissolved &
- largest house of worship - the encouragement of non-religious studies materials were transmulated for illusionist effects
– St. Peter burial place - an emphasis on the individual and their moral - Sculpture ---> used structurally or to disguise a
autonomy structure
- a belief in the importance of observation,critical - False perspective --> were painted on walls
Venice
analysis, and creativity - Wood ---> was carved or painted to look like a
Palazzo Bevilacqua
- a belief that poets, writers, and artists can lead draped fabric
- Ar. Michel Sanmichel
humanity to a better way of living - By the middle 17th c., the baroque style had found
- one of the most refined and detailed
- an interest in the question 'what does it mean to its secular expression in the form of grand palaces,
building
be human' first in France and then throughout Europe.
- Grandeur, drama, and contrast (esp in lighting)
Library of St. Mark
Petrarch - father of humanism - Curvaceousness and an often dizzying array of
- most outstanding building of Jacopo rich surface treatments, twisting elements, and
Sansovino gilded statuary
Leonardo Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man
- Architect -----> applied bright colored and illusory,
Basilica, Vicenza - anthropometrics
vividly painted ceilings.
- famous for its renaissance arcades Villa
Capra, Vicenza Printing Press (1436)
Archt'l Features
- known as the ROTUNDA - Johannes Gutenberg
• Long narrow naves (broader or circular forms)
- Ar. Antonio Palladio - revive the ancient Roman educational system
• Dramatic use of light & shades
• Large scale ceiling frescoes
San Giorgio Maggiore BAROQUE • A shell for painting & sculptures inside
- facade was completed by Scamozzi
- Rome c. 1630-1660 as an expression of the • Illusory effects
- Ar. Andrea Palladio Catholic resurgence that followed the counter-
reformation ITALY
HUMANISM - Theatrical & emotional qualities made it powerful History:
- focus on what is to be a human than religion as political propaganda but its purest achievements - Last phase of the Baroque from c. 1700 until the
are churches in Rome. coming of Neo-Classicism
Main elements of Renaissance humanism - "Baroque" -----> mishapen w/ reference to pearls - Invented to suit Parisian taste
include: - New architectural concerns to color, light & shade, - Baroque structural bravado
- an interest in studying literature and art from sculptural values, & intensity
antiquity - Square & circle were abandoned for shapes that
 Archt'l Features: Archt'l Features Baroque.
- Movement toward grand structures w/ flowing - buildings were meant to show the power of either - More a style of decoration than a style of
curving shaped the church or the king architecture.
- Landscape was frequently incorporated - garden, - use of noble materials was abundant - Its features are:
squares, courtyards, and fountains - Light and dark color marble, and jasper — used for
- Use of scrolls
columns and ornaments
- Influence of rebuilding St. Peter - Use of cartouche often covering every square inch
- Ellipse and Oval
with bulbous form.
• organized elements in the composition - It characteristics are: Galante [luxurious things],
Maderno • gave origin to undulations,concave and convex Contraste [asymmetry], and chinoiserie [character
- Vatican's facade walls, and very dynamic spaces imitating Chinese arts]
- destroyed michelangelo's design & his work - General layout — main wing in the middle and - Elegant parlors, dainty-sitting rooms, and
combined the dome w/ the creation of space where symmetrical wings on each side boudoirs.
the pope now appears publicly - Walls, ceiling, furniture, andworks of metal as
ENGLAND decoration.
FRANCE Archt'l Features - Ensemble of sportive, fantastic,and sculptured
- use brick and stone in the construction forms.
FEATURES - conservative appearance = traditional and strict. - Walls covered by stucco.
- Elegant, ordered, rational, and restrained. - style was consistent with Palladian classical orders - White and bright colors.
- It is in a rectilinear model - Symmetry
- showing the power of Louis XIV monarchy - Architect Roger Pratt ----> rectangular block house The following are characteristics that Rococo
- focused on the dwellings of the king and his court - - Latin cross has, and Baroque does not:
Symmetry - Facades had decorative elements 1) The partial abandonment of symmetry,similar to
- with a general layout of three wings. - central dome — emphasized the intersection of the ArtNouveau
four points of the cross 2) The huge quantity of asymmetrical curves and C-
middle wing — for upper hierarchy - english Baroque interiors were very ornamented. shaped volutes
left & right wing — for secondary role 3) The very wide use of flowers ornamentation
4) Chinese and Japanese motifs (see
-In the composition of the exteriors emphasize the ROCOCO also:chinoiserie and Japonism)
use of classical orders 5) Warm pastel colors (whitish-yellow,cream-colore
- landscape architecture - 18th century artistic movement and style d, pearl grays, very light blues
- comedy
CENTRAL EUROPE HISTORY - The Rococo developed in the early part of the 18th
- It began later due to the Thirty Years ’War. century in Paris, France as a reaction against the
- Austria developed the IMPERIAL STYLE with grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the
Fischer Von Erlach and Hilderbrandt Baroque, especially that of the Palace of Versailles
- In Germany; Catholic South Jesu > Protestant - Late Baroque
North - Palace architecture was important - Is increasingly ornate, florid, and playful.
- More delicate and more intimate version of