48353 – Concrete Design What is concrete?

Spring 2016
Coordinator and Lecturer: Dr. Shami Nejadi • Concrete is used in every
CB11.11.220, [email protected]
country and known as a
safe, strong and simple
building material.
• Concrete is made by
mixing:
- Cement
- Water
- Coarse & fine
aggregates
The main notes are taken from ‘Reinforced Concrete Basics 2E’ by SJ Foster, AE Kilpatrick & RF Warner; - Admixtures (if needed)
‘Reinforced & Prestressed Concrete’ by YC Loo & SH Chowdhury; and ‘Concrete Design’ by KL Lai. 1

Unreinforced Concrete
LECTURE 1 - OUTLINE
• Strength governed by tensile strength of concrete.
• Introduction to subject and administrative details • Can support relatively small load.
• Introduction to Reinforced Concrete
- Concrete Basics (what is concrete?)
- Unreinforced and Reinforced Concrete
• Properties of Hardened Concrete
- Compressive Strength
- Modulus of Elasticity
- Tensile Strength BMD
• Properties of Steel Reinforcement
• Types of Reinforcement PL/4
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1
Unreinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete
T ‘= fsy = 500 MPa
P ’ ≈ 2000(z/L)

T = f’cf ≈ 3.4 MPa

P ≈ 13.6(z/L)
5 7

Reinforced Concrete Properties of Hardened Concrete

• Tension side of concrete beam reinforced with Compressive Strength
steel bars.
• Determined from standard specimens tested under
• Steel bars take most of the tension.
standard conditions.
(150mm dia. × 300mm long Cylinders)

• Statistical methods used to evaluate compressive

strength.
• Most used values are the mean compressive
strength, fcm , and the characteristic compressive
strength, f’c – both quoted at 28 days.
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2
Mean Compressive Strength

 fcm
• Statistical mean of a number of standard cylinder
ks
tests sampled from the mix.

• Subscript m can be replaced with a number to

indicate an age other than 28 days eg. fc60. • f ’c is the compressive strength used in design
calculations.
• Also fcm sometimes is referred to as target • Standard Strength Grades are specified in AS3600.
strength. These are (f ’c =):
20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 65, 80 & 100 MPa.
9 11

Characteristic Compressive Strength Concrete Stress Grades

 f ’c
• According to AS3600, the strength attained at 28
days by 95% of the concrete, using standard tests :

f ’c = fcm - k s
f ’c = fc28 - 1.65 s
where s is standard deviation & 1.25 ≤ k ≥ 2.5
• To determine f ’c , it is assumed that results of a
number of cylinder tests are a finite sample drawn
from a normally distributed infinite population.
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3
• Gain in compressive strength over time is • The shape of the σ - ε curve depends on the
illustrated in the Figure bellow: compressive strength of the concrete (the type of
aggregate and the rate of application of load will also
affect the shape of the curve).

• The slope of the ascending branch of the curve is

steeper for higher strength concretes (slope of the σ
- ε curve = ?).

• The strain ε’0 at peak stress fc’ is approximately

0.0022 for strength grades up to 50 MPa. It
increases with increasing compressive strength to
0.0028 for 100 MPa concrete.
13 15

Compressive stress-strain relationships

• For normal strength concrete in uniaxial • Various expressions have been suggested to
compression, the σ versus ε curve is almost linear mathematically describe the shape of the stress-
strain curve:
up to about 0.4 f c‘ .
• This value increases with higher concrete strength – Mander, Priestley & Park (1988)
to about 0.8 for 100MPa concrete – CEB (Comite European du Beton)
– Desayi & Krishnan (1964)
• The relationship
between σ and ε – Parabola Hognested (1951)
becomes increasingly
non-linear after this stress-strain relationships are not used in normal
point (0.4 f c‘ ). design calculations.
=0.0022
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4
Elastic modulus in compression Tensile Strength
• The elastic modulus, Ec is an experimentally • Concrete relatively weak in tension.
determined value – taken as the secant modulus at
• Once a cross - section has cracked, tensile
a stress of 45% of the ultimate strength of the
concrete. strength often taken as zero.

• It increases with concrete strength and age. • Is used to calculate cracking moment Mcr &

– What does the magnitude of the elastic modulus

deflection (serviceability limit state).
indicate about the material ? • Two values quoted for tensile strength:
– What does this imply about older concrete elements?
– Uniaxial tensile strength
• AS3600 quotes approximate expressions for the
– Flexural tensile strength
mean value of Ec (Pauw’s expression):
17 19

Uniaxial tensile strength

• Used when considering direct tension calculations.
• According to AS3600 uniaxial tensile strength is:

• These expressions use the mean in situ compressive f ’ct = 0.9 fct.sp
strength, fcmi and the density of the concrete, ρ . Where fct.sp is an experimental strength obtained from
• Or can be determined by test conducted in accordance cylinder splitting tests (Brazilian Test).
with AS 1012.17. • According to AS3600-2009:
• For normal weight concrete ρ = 2400 kg/m3. f ’ct = 0.36√f ’c
• The elastic modulus for concrete in tension is is a lower bound estimation of the characteristic
approximately the same as for compression. uniaxial tensile strength.
18 20

5
Flexural tensile strength or Modulus of Rapture Properties of Steel Reinforcement
• The main purpose of reinforcement is to carry
• Found from flexure test – i.e. specimen subjected to
internal tensile forces in regions where the concrete
bending and modulus of rupture (concrete strength in
cracks.
tension under flexure) is calculated.
• Three types commercially available in Australia:
• Used in design calculations relating to flexure e.g.
– Reinforcing bar (plain (R) or deformed (D))
cracking moment in a beam.
– Hard-drawn wire
• AS3600 gives the following expression to be evaluated – Welded wire fabric (mesh)
approximately from f ’c :
• N & L indicate ductility class:
f ’ct.f = 0.6√f ’c Cl 3.1.1.3-AS3600 – L: low ductility
21
– N: normal ductility 23

Other properties of hardened concrete:

 Poisson’s Ratio
• For normal strength concrete values change
between 0.1 and 0.2 (0.15 suggested).

• AS 3600 gives the value of 0.2 for use in lieu of an

experimental evaluation undertaken using the
method described in AS 1012.17.

• However, this value for high strength concrete

should be somewhat smaller than normal strength
concrete. 22 24

6
 Steel Stress-Strain Relationships
See p.534 text (Appendix-B)

25

Steel Stress-Strain Relationships

• Design areas of reinforcing bars

– See p. 457 text

26 28

7
Idealized Stress-Strain Curve for Steel Types of Reinforcement
• There are some assumptions that are made initially: • The main reinforcement is placed as close as
- The strain distribution in the section is linear. possible to the tensile face of a member. Why?
- Steel behaves in an elastic-plastic manner. Some concrete cover has to be provided to protect
 the steel against corrosion.

500 • Reinforcement can also be used to carry

MPa
compressive loads e.g. in columns and beams.

Es = 200,000 MPa • Joint regions in reinforced concrete structures need

special attention to make sure that full transfer of
 moments and shears can occur (splicing or welding).
0.0025 29 31

Types of Reinforcement AS3600 : Strength and Ductility of Reinforcement

 Main reinforcement (longitudinal over the full member Type Designation grade Yield strength Ductility
(fsy) MPa Class
length) Bar—
Plain to AS 1302 250R (fitments only) 250 N
 Secondary reinforcement (stirrups, fitments) Deformed to AS 1302 250S 250 N
Deformed to AS 1302 400Y 400 N
 Mesh or fabric (rectangular grid that extends Wire, plain or 450W (fitments only) 450 L
throughout the plane of the member) deformed to AS 1303

Welded wire mesh, 450F 450 L

plain or deformed
to AS 1304

Bar deformed to D500L (fitments only) 500 L

AS/NZS 4671 D500N 500 N

Welded wire mesh, D500L 500 L

plain, deformed and D500N 500 N
30 indented to AS/NZS 4671