1. What is GitHub Copilot?

Definition: GitHub Copilot is an AI-powered code

completion tool developed by GitHub in collaboration with
Open-AI. It assists developers by suggesting and generating
code snippets in real-time based on the context of the code
being written.
Explanation:
• AI-Powered Assistance: Utilizes machine learning
models to understand and predict code completions.
• Context Awareness: Analyzes the code and comments
to provide relevant suggestions.
• Integration: Works with popular code editors and
IDEs to enhance coding efficiency.
Internal Working: GitHub Copilot uses a variant of Open-
AI's Codex model, which is trained on a vast amount of
public code repositories and documentation. It understands
the context of the code you're writing and predicts possible
completions based on patterns learned from these datasets.

2. Purpose and Features

Definition: GitHub Copilot aims to improve coding
efficiency by providing intelligent code completions and
generating code based on comments and context.
Explanation:
• Purpose:
• Automate repetitive coding tasks.
• Enhance productivity by suggesting code snippets
and completions.
• Features:
• Contextual Code Completions: Offers

suggestions based on the current code context.

• Code Generation from Comments: Generates

code snippets based on descriptive comments.

• Multi-Language Support: Provides suggestions

for various programming languages.

• IDE Integration: Integrates with popular code

editors to offer real-time assistance.

Internal Working: Copilot uses deep learning techniques
to analyze the context and intent of the code or comments.
It matches this context with patterns learned from its
training data to generate relevant code snippets.

3. Learn to Use AI to Write Code for You

Steps and Explanation:
1. Understand Context:
• Explanation: Provide clear and descriptive
comments to help Copilot understand the desired
code functionality.
 • Example Prompt (Python):
python
•# Function to check if a number is prime
def is_prime(n):

• Possible Outcomes:
python
• if n <= 1:
return False
for i in range(2, int(n ** 0.5) + 1):
if n % i == 0:
return False
return True

Internal Working: Copilot analyzes the provided

comments and existing code, leveraging its training on
numerous codebases to generate a function that aligns with
the described behavior.
• Interact with Suggestions:
• Explanation: Review and accept the code suggestions
provided by Copilot or refine them to better fit your
needs.
• Example Prompt (Java):
java
•// Method to calculate the sum of an
integer array
public int sum(int[] numbers) {

• Possible Outcomes:
java
• int total = 0;
for (int num : numbers) {
total += num;
}
return total;

Internal Working: Copilot generates suggestions based on

patterns it has learned from similar code structures in its
training data, adapting to the specific syntax and
conventions of the language.
• Refine and Customize:
• Explanation: Modify the generated code to meet
specific requirements or coding standards.
• Example Prompt (React):
jsx
•// React component to display a list of
items
function ItemList(props) {

• Possible Outcomes:
jsx
• return (
<ul>
{props.items.map(item => (
<li
key={item.id}>{item.name}</li>
))}
</ul>
);
 Internal Working: Copilot suggests code based on the
component structure and context provided, leveraging
its understanding of React patterns to generate
functional components.
Internal Working: Copilot's deep learning model
processes your comments and code to generate suggestions
that match the context. It continuously learns from user
interactions to improve its accuracy over time.

4. List of Supported Languages

Definition: GitHub Copilot supports a wide array of
programming languages, providing tailored code
suggestions and completions for each.
Explanation:
• Languages Supported:
• Java: For creating enterprise-level applications

and systems.
• Python: For data science, scripting, and web

development.
• React: For building interactive user interfaces in

JavaScript.
• Use Case: Copilot offers language-specific suggestions
that follow syntax rules and best practices.
Internal Working: Copilot uses language-specific models
to understand and generate code based on the syntax and
conventions of each supported language. It adapts its
suggestions to fit the unique requirements of each language.

5. Language-Specific Features and Capabilities

Java:
• Prompt:
java
•// Method to sort an array using bubble
sort
public void bubbleSort(int[] arr) {

• Possible Outcomes:
java
• int n = arr.length;
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n - i - 1; j+
+) {
if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {
// Swap arr[j] and arr[j
+ 1]
int temp = arr[j];
arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
arr[j + 1] = temp;
}
}
}

Python:
• Prompt:
 python
•# Function to calculate the factorial of
a number
def factorial(n):

• Possible Outcomes:
python
• if n == 0:
return 1
return n * factorial(n - 1)

React:
• Prompt:
jsx
•// React component to handle form
submission
function Form() {

• Possible Outcomes:
jsx
• const [name, setName] =
React.useState("");
const handleSubmit = (event) => {
event.preventDefault();
console.log("Form submitted with
name:", name);
};
return (
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
<input
type="text"
 value={name}
onChange={(e) =>
setName(e.target.value)}
/>
<button
type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
);

Explanation: Copilot leverages its knowledge of language-

specific patterns and best practices to provide code
completions that adhere to the conventions of each
language.
Internal Working: For each language, Copilot’s model is
fine-tuned to understand and generate code according to the
syntax and idioms of the language, ensuring relevant and
accurate suggestions.

6. Installation and Setup

Steps and Explanation:
1. Choose the Editor:
Explanation: Select between Visual Studio or
•

Visual Studio Code based on your development

environment.
2. Install the Extension:

• Visual Studio:
• Open Visual Studio.
 •Go to Extensions > Manage
Extensions.
• Search for “GitHub Copilot” and install.
• VS Code:

• Open VS Code.
• Go to Extensions view

(Ctrl+Shift+X).
• Search for “GitHub Copilot” and install.
3. Sign In to GitHub:

•Explanation: Authenticate with your GitHub

account to activate Copilot and link it to your
account.
4. Configure Settings:

• Explanation: Customize settings such as

suggestion frequency, preferred languages, and
more.
Internal Working: The extension integrates Copilot’s AI
capabilities into your editor, allowing it to process and
analyze your code in real-time to provide contextual
suggestions.
Output: A fully integrated Copilot tool within your editor
that offers real-time code completions and suggestions.
7. Integration with IDEs and Code Editors (Visual
Studio, Visual Studio Code)
Steps and Explanation:
1. Visual Studio Installation:
Explanation:
•

• Open Visual Studio.

• Navigate to Extensions > Manage

Extensions.
• Search for “GitHub Copilot” and install.
• Restart Visual Studio to complete the
installation.
2. Visual Studio Code Installation:

•Explanation:
• Open VS Code.
• Go to Extensions view

(Ctrl+Shift+X).
• Search for “GitHub Copilot” and install.
• Restart VS Code if necessary.
3. Initial Setup:

Explanation: Configure Copilot settings

•

according to your preferences for code suggestions

and completions.
4. Verify Functionality:
 • Explanation: Start coding in a supported language
to see if Copilot provides suggestions and
completions.
Internal Working: Copilot’s integration with the editor
allows it to analyze your code context and provide
suggestions directly within the coding environment.
Output: Active Copilot integration within your IDE/editor,
offering real-time contextual code suggestions.

8. Language Models and Machine Learning

Techniques
Definition: Language models like GPT-3 and Codex use
deep learning to understand and generate human-like text,
including code. These models are trained on extensive
datasets of code and natural language.
Explanation:
• Language Models:
• Function: Analyze the context of code or

comments to generate relevant code suggestions.

• Training: Models are trained on diverse codebases

and natural language to learn patterns and syntax.

• Machine Learning Techniques:
• Training Data: Uses vast amounts of code from

public repositories to understand various coding

patterns.
 • Learning Process: Continuously updates and
refines based on new data and feedback.
Internal Working: Copilot’s models utilize neural
networks to process and generate code. It predicts the most
relevant code snippets based on the context and patterns
learned from training data.
Example: Codex generates code for specific functions or
algorithms by analyzing the comments or existing code
structure provided by the developer.

9. Code Generation Process

Steps and Explanation:
1. Input Analysis:
Explanation: Copilot analyzes the context of your
•

code and comments to understand what you need.

2. Prediction Generation:

Explanation: Based on the analysis, Copilot

•

generates code snippets or completions that match

the context and requirements.
3. Suggestion Presentation:

• Explanation: Suggestions are displayed in your

editor for review. You can accept, modify, or reject
these suggestions.
Internal Working: Copilot’s AI model processes the input
context, using learned patterns from its training data to
generate code that aligns with the described functionality.
Output: Contextually relevant code snippets or
completions based on your input.

10. Copilot Inputs - Write Comments and Type

Code
Example Prompts and Possible Outcomes:
• Comment-Based (Java):
• Prompt:
java
•// Method to find the largest number in
an array
public int findLargest(int[] numbers) {

• Possible Outcomes:
java
• if (numbers == null || numbers.length
== 0) {
throw new
IllegalArgumentException("Array is empty
or null");
}
int largest = numbers[0];
for (int num : numbers) {
if (num > largest) {
largest = num;
 }
}
return largest;

Internal Working: Copilot analyzes the comment and

existing code to understand the functionality of the method
and generates code based on patterns learned from similar
implementations.
• Partial Code (Python):
• Prompt:
python
•# Function to merge two dictionaries
def merge_dicts(dict1, dict2):

• Possible Outcomes:
python
• merged = dict1.copy()
merged.update(dict2)
return merged

Internal Working: Copilot predicts the completion based

on common patterns for dictionary operations in Python,
utilizing its training data on typical dictionary merging
practices.
• Partial Code (React):
• Prompt:
jsx
 •// React component to toggle between
light and dark modes
function ThemeToggle() {

• Possible Outcomes:
jsx
• const [isDarkMode, setIsDarkMode]
= React.useState(false);
const toggleTheme = () => {
setIsDarkMode(!isDarkMode);
};
return (
<button onClick={toggleTheme}>
{isDarkMode ? 'Switch to
Light Mode' : 'Switch to Dark Mode'}
</button>
);

Internal Working: Copilot leverages its knowledge of

React component patterns and state management to
generate a component that meets the described
functionality.
Explanation: Copilot uses its understanding of code
context and patterns from its training data to generate
relevant code based on comments or partial code provided.
Output: Relevant code snippets or completions based on
comments and partial code.
11. GitHub Copilot in the CLI
Definition: GitHub Copilot can also be used from the
command-line interface (CLI) to generate code snippets or
templates directly from terminal commands.
Explanation:
• Usage: Allows generating code snippets or templates
directly from the terminal without using a graphical
code editor.
Example Command:
• Prompt:
bash
• copilot generate method --language java
--description "Method to convert a string
to uppercase"

• Possible Outcomes:
java
• public String toUpperCase(String input) {
if (input == null) {
throw new
IllegalArgumentException("Input cannot be
null");
}
return input.toUpperCase();
}
Internal Working: Copilot processes CLI commands to
understand the request and generate appropriate code
snippets based on its language model and training data.
Output: Generated code snippets or templates based on
CLI inputs.

Developer-Level Practice Material

1. Python
Exercise 1: Merge and Deduplicate Lists
Prompt:
python
# Function to merge two lists and remove
duplicates
def merge_and_deduplicate(list1, list2):

Expected Outcome:
python
return list(set(list1 + list2))

Explanation:
• Why This Output?: The
merge_and_deduplicate function merges two
lists using +, which concatenates them. Converting the
concatenated list to a set removes duplicate elements
 because sets do not allow duplicates. Converting back
to a list preserves the list type for further processing.
• How It Works:
• list1 + list2: Concatenates two lists.

• set(...): Removes duplicates.

• list(...): Converts back to list format.

• Best Prompt: Providing a clear goal like merge two

lists and remove duplicates helps Copilot
understand the specific operations needed.

Exercise 2: Implement a Simple Cache

Prompt:
python
# Class to implement a simple LRU (Least
Recently Used) cache
class LRUCache:
def __init__(self, capacity):
# Initialize the cache with a given
capacity
pass
def get(self, key):
# Retrieve the value from the cache
pass
def put(self, key, value):
# Add a new value to the cache
pass

Expected Outcome:
python
from collections import OrderedDict

class LRUCache:
def __init__(self, capacity):
self.cache = OrderedDict()
self.capacity = capacity

def get(self, key):

if key not in self.cache:
return -1
else:
self.cache.move_to_end(key)
return self.cache[key]

def put(self, key, value):

if key in self.cache:
self.cache.move_to_end(key)
elif len(self.cache) >=
self.capacity:
self.cache.popitem(last=False)
self.cache[key] = value

Explanation:
• Why This Output?: OrderedDict maintains the
order of elements, which is crucial for LRU caching.
When an item is accessed or added, it is moved to the
end to mark it as recently used. If the cache exceeds its
capacity, the oldest item is removed.
• How It Works:
• OrderedDict(): Maintains insertion order.

• move_to_end(key): Updates the order to

reflect recent use.

 • popitem(last=False): Removes the oldest
item when capacity is exceeded.
• Best Prompt: Including specifics like LRU cache,
get, and put methods helps Copilot generate a
precise implementation.

2. Java
Exercise 1: Implement a Custom HashMap
Prompt:
java
// Implement a simple hash map with put and
get methods
public class SimpleHashMap {
private static final int SIZE = 16;
private Node[] table;

public SimpleHashMap() {
table = new Node[SIZE];
}

public void put(String key, int value) {

// Insert key-value pair
}

public Integer get(String key) {

// Retrieve value by key
}

private static class Node {

String key;
 int value;
Node next;

Node(String key, int value) {

this.key = key;
this.value = value;
}
}
}

Expected Outcome:
java
public class SimpleHashMap {
private static final int SIZE = 16;
private Node[] table;

public SimpleHashMap() {
table = new Node[SIZE];
}

public void put(String key, int value) {

int index = key.hashCode() % SIZE;
Node node = table[index];
while (node != null) {
if (node.key.equals(key)) {
node.value = value;
return;
}
node = node.next;
}
Node newNode = new Node(key, value);
newNode.next = table[index];
table[index] = newNode;
}
 public Integer get(String key) {
int index = key.hashCode() % SIZE;
Node node = table[index];
while (node != null) {
if (node.key.equals(key)) {
return node.value;
}
node = node.next;
}
return null;
}

private static class Node {

String key;
int value;
Node next;

Node(String key, int value) {

this.key = key;
this.value = value;
}
}
}

Explanation:
• Why This Output?: This implementation uses an
array of Node objects for storing key-value pairs.
Hashing is used to determine the index, and collisions
are handled via chaining with linked lists.
• How It Works:
• key.hashCode() % SIZE: Calculates the

index for storage.

 • Chaining: Handles collisions by linking nodes.
• Traversal: Searches through linked nodes to find

the key.
• Best Prompt: Specifying put, get methods, and the
use of hashing helps Copilot produce a relevant
implementation.

Exercise 2: Multithreaded Task Executor

Prompt:
java
// Class to execute tasks using a fixed
thread pool
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class TaskExecutor {

private ExecutorService executor;

public TaskExecutor(int numThreads) {

// Initialize the thread pool
}

public void executeTask(Runnable task) {

// Submit a task for execution
}

public void shutdown() {

// Shut down the thread pool
}
}
Expected Outcome:
java
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class TaskExecutor {

private ExecutorService executor;

public TaskExecutor(int numThreads) {

executor =
Executors.newFixedThreadPool(numThreads);
}

public void executeTask(Runnable task) {

executor.execute(task);
}

public void shutdown() {

executor.shutdown();
}
}

Explanation:
• Why This Output?: ExecutorService manages a
pool of threads to execute tasks.
newFixedThreadPool creates a fixed-size thread
pool, execute submits tasks for execution, and
shutdown terminates the pool.
• How It Works:
• Executors.newFixedThreadPool(numTh

reads): Creates a pool of threads.

 • executor.execute(task): Submits tasks to
the pool.
• executor.shutdown(): Gracefully shuts

down the pool.

• Best Prompt: Mentioning a fixed thread pool and task
execution ensures Copilot delivers a correct and
complete implementation.

3. React
Exercise 1: Controlled Form Component
Prompt:
jsx
// React controlled form component with
validation
import React, { useState } from 'react';

function ControlledForm() {
// State management for form inputs
// Form submission handler
return (
<form>
<input type="text" value={/*
input value */} onChange={/* handle change
*/} />
<button
type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
);
}
Expected Outcome:
jsx
import React, { useState } from 'react';

function ControlledForm() {
const [inputValue, setInputValue] =
useState('');

const handleChange = (event) => {

setInputValue(event.target.value);
};

const handleSubmit = (event) => {

event.preventDefault();
if (inputValue.trim() === '') {
alert('Input cannot be empty');
} else {
alert('Form submitted with
value: ' + inputValue);
}
};

return (
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
<input type="text"
value={inputValue}
onChange={handleChange} />
<button
type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
);
}

Explanation:
 • Why This Output?: This form component uses React's
useState to manage the form input. The
handleChange updates the state when the input
value changes, and handleSubmit handles form
submission and validation.
• How It Works:
• useState(''): Manages the input value state.

• handleChange: Updates the state with the

current input value.

• handleSubmit: Validates input and handles

submission.
• Best Prompt: Describing state management and form
validation helps Copilot generate a functional
controlled form component.

Exercise 2: Higher-Order Component (HOC)

Prompt:
jsx
// React Higher-Order Component to add
loading state
import React from 'react';

function withLoading(WrappedComponent) {
// Return a new component with loading
state
}

Expected Outcome:
jsx
import React, { useState, useEffect } from
'react';

function withLoading(WrappedComponent) {
return function
WrappedWithLoading(props) {
const [loading, setLoading] =
useState(true);

useEffect(() => {
// Simulate loading
setTimeout(() =>
setLoading(false), 2000);
}, []);

if (loading) {
return <div>Loading...</div>;
}

return <WrappedComponent
{...props} />;
};
}

Explanation:
• Why This Output?: The withLoading HOC adds
loading functionality to a component. It manages a
loading state and simulates a loading delay. It
displays a loading message until the simulated loading
time has passed.
• How It Works:
 • useState(true): Initializes the loading state.
• useEffect: Simulates loading with a timeout.

• Conditional Rendering: Displays loading

message or the wrapped component based on the

loading state.
• Best Prompt: Mentioning that the goal is to add a
loading state ensures Copilot provides a relevant HOC
implementation.

These exercises and explanations should offer a robust

understanding of how to work with Python, Java, and React
using GitHub Copilot, complete with detailed reasoning for
each code generation outcome.

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Object 2

REST API Development Prompts

Java
1. Simple REST API with Spring Boot
Prompt:
java
// Create a REST API using Spring Boot
// Define a simple REST controller with CRUD
operations for a "User" entity

import
org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.Sprin
gBootApplication;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetM
apping;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.Post
Mapping;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PutM
apping;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.Dele
teMapping;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.Requ
estBody;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.Requ
estParam;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.Requ
estMapping;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.Rest
Controller;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
@SpringBootApplication
public class ApiApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {

SpringApplication.run(ApiApplication.class,
args);
}
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/users")
class UserController {

private Map<Integer, String> users = new

HashMap<>();
private int idCounter = 1;

@PostMapping
public String createUser(@RequestBody
String userName) {
int userId = idCounter++;
users.put(userId, userName);
return "User created with ID: " +
userId;
}

@GetMapping("/{id}")
public String getUser(@RequestParam int
id) {
return users.getOrDefault(id, "User
not found");
}

@PutMapping("/{id}")
 public String updateUser(@RequestParam
int id, @RequestBody String newUserName) {
if (users.containsKey(id)) {
users.put(id, newUserName);
return "User updated";
} else {
return "User not found";
}
}

@DeleteMapping("/{id}")
public String deleteUser(@RequestParam
int id) {
if (users.remove(id) != null) {
return "User deleted";
} else {
return "User not found";
}
}
}

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt Works: The prompt specifies the
use of Spring Boot, a popular framework for building
REST APIs in Java. It includes CRUD operations for a
"User" entity with methods for creating, retrieving,
updating, and deleting users.
• How It Works: Spring Boot’s @RestController
manages HTTP requests. @PostMapping,
@GetMapping, @PutMapping, and
@DeleteMapping handle different HTTP methods
 for CRUD operations. A HashMap simulates a
database for user storage.
• Best Practice: Ensure the prompt includes the
framework (Spring Boot) and operations (CRUD) to
guide Copilot in generating the correct code.

Python
1. Simple REST API with Flask
Prompt:
python
# Create a REST API using Flask
# Define a simple REST controller with CRUD
operations for a "User" entity

from flask import Flask, request, jsonify

app = Flask(__name__)

users = {}
id_counter = 1

@app.route('/users', methods=['POST'])
def create_user():
global id_counter
user_name = request.json.get('name')
user_id = id_counter
users[user_id] = user_name
id_counter += 1
return jsonify({'message': 'User
created', 'id': user_id})
@app.route('/users/<int:id>',
methods=['GET'])
def get_user(id):
user = users.get(id)
if user:
return jsonify({'id': id, 'name':
user})
else:
return jsonify({'message': 'User not
found'}), 404

@app.route('/users/<int:id>',
methods=['PUT'])
def update_user(id):
user_name = request.json.get('name')
if id in users:
users[id] = user_name
return jsonify({'message': 'User
updated'})
else:
return jsonify({'message': 'User not
found'}), 404

@app.route('/users/<int:id>',
methods=['DELETE'])
def delete_user(id):
if id in users:
del users[id]
return jsonify({'message': 'User
deleted'})
else:
return jsonify({'message': 'User not
found'}), 404
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt Works: The prompt uses Flask, a
lightweight Python framework, for creating a REST
API. It includes CRUD operations for a "User" entity
with endpoints for creating, retrieving, updating, and
deleting users.
• How It Works: Flask’s @app.route decorator
defines routes and methods for HTTP requests. The
global users dictionary simulates a database.
request.json is used to get input data, and
jsonify formats responses.
• Best Practice: Specifying Flask and CRUD operations
in the prompt ensures that Copilot generates relevant
REST API code.

2. Advanced Examples and Tips

For more advanced REST API development or specific
requirements, you can tailor the prompts to include
additional details such as authentication, database
integration, or error handling. Here are some examples:
Java - Adding Database Integration
Prompt:
java
// Create a REST API using Spring Boot with
database integration
// Define a REST controller with CRUD
operations for a "User" entity with a
PostgreSQL database

import
org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation
.Autowired;
import
org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaR
epository;
import
org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.Quer
y;
import
org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table;
import java.util.List;

@Entity
@Table(name = "users")
class User {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy =
GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private String name;
 // Getters and setters
}

@Repository
interface UserRepository extends
JpaRepository<User, Long> {
List<User> findByName(String name);
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/users")
class UserController {
@Autowired
private UserRepository userRepository;

@PostMapping
public User createUser(@RequestBody User
user) {
return userRepository.save(user);
}

@GetMapping("/{id}")
public User getUser(@PathVariable Long
id) {
return
userRepository.findById(id).orElseThrow(() -
> new RuntimeException("User not found"));
}

@PutMapping("/{id}")
public User updateUser(@PathVariable
Long id, @RequestBody User user) {
user.setId(id);
return userRepository.save(user);
}
 @DeleteMapping("/{id}")
public void deleteUser(@PathVariable
Long id) {
userRepository.deleteById(id);
}
}

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt Works: This prompt includes
database integration with JPA (Java Persistence API)
and PostgreSQL. It uses an entity class, a repository
interface for database operations, and a controller for
handling HTTP requests.
• How It Works: JPA handles database operations.
User entity represents the database table.
UserRepository performs CRUD operations.
UserController uses the repository to manage
users.
• Best Practice: Specify database integration and JPA
details to guide Copilot in generating a database-
backed API.
Python - Adding Authentication with Flask
Prompt:
python
# Create a REST API using Flask with JWT
authentication
# Define a REST controller with CRUD
operations for a "User" entity with
authentication

from flask import Flask, request, jsonify

from flask_jwt_extended import JWTManager,
create_access_token, jwt_required,
get_jwt_identity

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['JWT_SECRET_KEY'] =
'your_secret_key' # Change this to your
secret key
jwt = JWTManager(app)

users = {}
id_counter = 1

@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])
def login():
username = request.json.get('username')
if username in users.values():
access_token =
create_access_token(identity=username)
return
jsonify(access_token=access_token)
return jsonify({'message': 'Invalid
credentials'}), 401

@app.route('/users', methods=['POST'])
@jwt_required()
def create_user():
global id_counter
user_name = request.json.get('name')
user_id = id_counter
 users[user_id] = user_name
id_counter += 1
return jsonify({'message': 'User
created', 'id': user_id})

@app.route('/users/<int:id>',
methods=['GET'])
@jwt_required()
def get_user(id):
user = users.get(id)
if user:
return jsonify({'id': id, 'name':
user})
else:
return jsonify({'message': 'User not
found'}), 404

@app.route('/users/<int:id>',
methods=['PUT'])
@jwt_required()
def update_user(id):
user_name = request.json.get('name')
if id in users:
users[id] = user_name
return jsonify({'message': 'User
updated'})
else:
return jsonify({'message': 'User not
found'}), 404

@app.route('/users/<int:id>',
methods=['DELETE'])
@jwt_required()
def delete_user(id):
if id in users:
 del users[id]
return jsonify({'message': 'User
deleted'})
else:
return jsonify({'message': 'User not
found'}), 404

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt Works: This prompt includes JWT
authentication with Flask. It includes a login route for
generating tokens and protects CRUD operations with
@jwt_required.
• How It Works: flask_jwt_extended handles
JWT authentication. create_access_token
generates tokens for authenticated users.
@jwt_required ensures routes are protected.
• Best Practice: Mention authentication requirements
and specific libraries to ensure Copilot generates
code with security features.

Java
1. Unit Test for a Java Method
Method: Factorial Calculation
Method Implementation:
java
// MathUtils.java
public class MathUtils {
public static int factorial(int number)
{
if (number < 0) {
throw new
IllegalArgumentException("Number must be
non-negative");
}
int result = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= number; i++) {
result *= i;
}
return result;
}
}

Unit Test Implementation:

java
// MathUtilsTest.java
import static
org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

public class MathUtilsTest {

@Test
public void testFactorial() {
// Test cases for the factorial
method
 assertEquals(1,
MathUtils.factorial(0), "Factorial of 0
should be 1");
assertEquals(1,
MathUtils.factorial(1), "Factorial of 1
should be 1");
assertEquals(120,
MathUtils.factorial(5), "Factorial of 5
should be 120");

assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class,
() -> MathUtils.factorial(-1), "Factorial of
negative number should throw exception");
}
}

Explanation:
• Why This Test? The test cases cover various
scenarios:
• Factorial of 0 and 1: These are base cases where

the factorial is known.

• Factorial of 5: Tests a typical case.

• Negative Number: Ensures the method handles

invalid input by throwing an exception.

• How It Works: assertEquals checks if the result
matches the expected value. assertThrows checks
if the exception is correctly thrown for invalid input.
• Best Practice: The prompt specifies the factorial
method and its edge cases to ensure comprehensive
testing.
Python
1. Unit Test for a Python Method
Method: Sum of Elements
Method Implementation:
python
# math_utils.py
def sum_elements(lst):
return sum(lst)

Unit Test Implementation:

python
# test_math_utils.py
import unittest

def sum_elements(lst):
# Function implementation (for
reference)
return sum(lst)

class TestMathFunctions(unittest.TestCase):

def test_sum_elements(self):
# Test cases for the sum_elements
function
self.assertEqual(sum_elements([1, 2,
3]), 6, "Sum of [1, 2, 3] should be 6")
self.assertEqual(sum_elements([0, 0,
0]), 0, "Sum of [0, 0, 0] should be 0")
self.assertEqual(sum_elements([-1,
1]), 0, "Sum of [-1, 1] should be 0")
 self.assertEqual(sum_elements([1, 2,
3, 4, 5]), 15, "Sum of [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
should be 15")

if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

Explanation:
• Why This Test? The test cases include:
• Positive Numbers: Checks standard functionality.

• Zeros: Verifies handling of zero values.

• Negative and Positive Numbers: Ensures correct

summation with mixed values.

• How It Works: self.assertEqual checks if the
function’s output matches the expected sum.
• Best Practice: The prompt specifies the
sum_elements function and various test scenarios to
ensure thorough coverage.

2. Advanced Testing Examples

Java - Testing with Mocking
Method: Service Method with Database Integration
Method Implementation:
java
// UserService.java
import
org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation
.Autowired;
import
org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

@Service
public class UserService {

@Autowired
private UserRepository userRepository;

public User getUserById(Long id) {

return
userRepository.findById(id).orElseThrow(() -
> new RuntimeException("User not found"));
}
}

Unit Test Implementation:

java
// UserServiceTest.java
import static
org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.mockito.InjectMocks;
import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;

import java.util.Optional;

public class UserServiceTest {

 @Mock
private UserRepository userRepository;

@InjectMocks
private UserService userService;

@Test
public void testGetUserById() {
MockitoAnnotations.openMocks(this);

// Setup mock behavior

User mockUser = new User(1L, "John
Doe");

when(userRepository.findById(1L)).thenReturn
(Optional.of(mockUser));

// Test the method

User user =
userService.getUserById(1L);
assertNotNull(user, "User should not
be null");
assertEquals("John Doe",
user.getName(), "User name should be 'John
Doe'");
}
}

Explanation:
• Why This Test? Tests the interaction between
UserService and UserRepository, ensuring
that the getUserById method correctly retrieves a
user from the repository.
 • How It Works: Mockito is used to mock
UserRepository.
when(...).thenReturn(...) sets up mock
behavior. Assertions validate the retrieved user’s
properties.
• Best Practice: Include mocking setup and method
interactions to validate service-layer logic.
Python - Testing with Mocks
Method: Fetch Data from External API
Method Implementation:
python
# data_fetcher.py
import requests

def fetch_data(url):
response = requests.get(url)
return response.json()

Unit Test Implementation:

python
# test_data_fetcher.py
import unittest
from unittest.mock import patch
from data_fetcher import fetch_data

class TestFetchData(unittest.TestCase):

@patch('requests.get')
def test_fetch_data(self, mock_get):
 # Setup mock response
mock_response = unittest.mock.Mock()
mock_response.json.return_value =
{'key': 'value'}
mock_get.return_value =
mock_response

# Test the function

result =
fetch_data('http://fakeurl.com')
self.assertEqual(result, {'key':
'value'}, "Fetched data should match the
mock response")

mock_get.assert_called_once_with('http://fak
eurl.com')

if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

Explanation:
• Why This Test? Tests fetch_data function by
mocking requests.get to avoid real HTTP calls,
ensuring the function handles the API response
correctly.
• How It Works: @patch replaces requests.get
with a mock. The mock response simulates API data.
Assertions verify the function's behavior and that the
correct URL was called.
• Best Practice: Specify mocking for external calls to
test functionality without actual network requests.
Java Integration Testing
1. Integration Test for a Spring Boot REST API
Scenario: Test a REST API endpoint that interacts with a
database.
Prompt:
java
// Generate an integration test using JUnit
and Spring Boot for a REST API endpoint
import static
org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request
.MockMvcRequestBuilders.*;
import static
org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.
MockMvcResultMatchers.*;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import
org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation
.Autowired;
import
org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.
web.servlet.WebMvcTest;
import
org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc
;
import
org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.M
ockBean;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import
com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
@WebMvcTest(UserController.class)
public class UserControllerIntegrationTest {

@Autowired
private MockMvc mockMvc;

@MockBean
private UserService userService;

@Autowired
private ObjectMapper objectMapper;

@Test
public void testGetUserById() throws
Exception {
// Setup mock behavior
User mockUser = new User(1L, "John
Doe");

when(userService.getUserById(1L)).thenReturn
(mockUser);

// Perform GET request and verify

response
mockMvc.perform(get("/users/1")
.accept(MediaType.APPLICATIO
N_JSON))
.andExpect(status().isOk())
.andExpect(jsonPath("$.name"
).value("John Doe"));
}
}

Explanation:
 • Why This Prompt? It specifies testing a REST API
endpoint using Spring Boot’s MockMvc, which
simulates HTTP requests and responses.
• How It Works: @WebMvcTest sets up the Spring
context for testing the UserController. MockMvc
performs requests and verifies responses. @MockBean
mocks UserService to avoid database interactions.
• Best Practice: Include specific controller, service, and
HTTP method details to generate a focused integration
test.

2. Integration Test with Database

Scenario: Test a service that interacts with a database using
Spring Boot.
Prompt:
java
// Generate an integration test using JUnit
and Spring Boot for a service with a
database
import static
org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import
org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation
.Autowired;
import
org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.
orm.jpa.DataJpaTest;
@DataJpaTest
public class UserRepositoryIntegrationTest {

@Autowired
private UserRepository userRepository;

@Test
public void testFindById() {
// Save a test user
User testUser = new User(1L, "Jane
Doe");
userRepository.save(testUser);

// Retrieve and verify the user

User foundUser =
userRepository.findById(1L).orElse(null);
assertThat(foundUser).isNotNull();

assertThat(foundUser.getName()).isEqualTo("J
ane Doe");
}
}

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt? It specifies testing
UserRepository interactions with a real database
using @DataJpaTest.
• How It Works: @DataJpaTest sets up an in-
memory database and tests repository operations.
assertThat checks that the saved and retrieved user
matches.
 • Best Practice: Include repository methods and entity
details to ensure the test is aligned with actual data
operations.

Python Integration Testing

1. Integration Test for a Flask REST API
Scenario: Test a REST API endpoint that interacts with a
database using Flask.
Prompt:
python
# Generate an integration test using
unittest and Flask for a REST API endpoint
import unittest
from flask import Flask, jsonify, request
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] =
'sqlite:///:memory:'
db = SQLAlchemy(app)

class User(db.Model):
id = db.Column(db.Integer,
primary_key=True)
name = db.Column(db.String(80))

@app.route('/users/<int:id>',
methods=['GET'])
def get_user(id):
 user = User.query.get(id)
if user is None:
return jsonify({'error': 'User not
found'}), 404
return jsonify({'id': user.id, 'name':
user.name})

class
UserIntegrationTest(unittest.TestCase):

@classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):
db.create_all()
test_user = User(id=1, name='John
Doe')
db.session.add(test_user)
db.session.commit()

def setUp(self):
self.client = app.test_client()

def test_get_user_by_id(self):
response =
self.client.get('/users/1')

self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
self.assertIn(b'John Doe',
response.data)

@classmethod
def tearDownClass(cls):
db.drop_all()

if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
Explanation:
• Why This Prompt? It specifies testing a Flask
endpoint with an in-memory SQLite database,
checking API responses and database integration.
• How It Works: setUpClass initializes the database
with a test user. test_get_user_by_id performs
a GET request and verifies the response.
tearDownClass cleans up the database.
• Best Practice: Include database setup, test data, and
endpoint details to generate a complete integration test.

2. Integration Test with External API

Scenario: Test a function that integrates with an external
API.
Prompt:
python
# Generate an integration test using
unittest for a function that integrates with
an external API
import unittest
from unittest.mock import patch
import requests

def fetch_data_from_external_api(url):
response = requests.get(url)
return response.json()
class
ExternalApiIntegrationTest(unittest.TestCase
):

@patch('requests.get')
def
test_fetch_data_from_external_api(self,
mock_get):
# Mock response from external API
mock_response = unittest.mock.Mock()
mock_response.json.return_value =
{'key': 'value'}
mock_get.return_value =
mock_response

# Test the function

result =
fetch_data_from_external_api('http://fakeurl
.com')
self.assertEqual(result, {'key':
'value'}, "Fetched data should match the
mock response")

mock_get.assert_called_once_with('http://fak
eurl.com')

if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt? It specifies testing a function that
calls an external API using unittest and
requests with mocking to avoid real network
requests.
 • How It Works: @patch replaces requests.get
with a mock object.
mock_response.json.return_value sets the
mock API response. Assertions verify the function's
behavior and URL usage.
• Best Practice: Include external API details and use
mocking to test integration without real API calls.
•

Class Content: Prompt Engineering with

React Using Gen-AI Tool - GitHub Copilot
1. Introduction to React
Definition: React is a popular JavaScript library developed by
Facebook for building user interfaces. It allows developers to
create reusable UI components and manage the state of
applications efficiently.
Purpose and Scope:
• Purpose: To build dynamic and responsive user interfaces for
web applications.
• Scope: Widely used in web development for single-page
applications (SPAs) and complex user interfaces.
Applications in AI Development:
• UI for AI Models: React can be used to create interactive
front-ends for AI models and applications.
• Visualization: Display AI results and data interactively.
 • Integration: Connect React front-ends with AI back-ends for
seamless user experiences.

2. Integration with React for Prompt Engineering

Definition: Prompt engineering involves creating and refining
prompts to generate specific outputs from AI models. In the
context of React, this involves integrating AI-generated code and
prompts into React projects to enhance functionality and
development efficiency.
Steps:
1. Install Dependencies: Ensure React and GitHub Copilot are
properly set up.
2. Set Up IDE Integration: Configure your IDE to use GitHub
Copilot with React.
3. Generate Prompts: Use Copilot to suggest code snippets
and patterns for React components and features.
Internal Working:
• Context Awareness: GitHub Copilot analyzes the existing
React code and comments to generate relevant suggestions.
• Language Models: It leverages OpenAI’s models to predict
and suggest code based on context.

3. Setting Up Development Environment

Steps:
1. Install Node.js and npm: Ensure you have Node.js and npm
(Node Package Manager) installed.
 2. Create a React App: Use npx create-react-app
my-app to set up a new React project.
3. Install GitHub Copilot: Ensure the GitHub Copilot
extension is installed in your code editor (e.g., Visual Studio
Code).
Example:
bash

npx create-react-app my-app

cd my-app
code .

Install GitHub Copilot via the Extensions Marketplace in VS

Code.
Explanation:
• Why This Setup? Ensures you have a working environment
with the necessary tools to develop and test React
applications while leveraging GitHub Copilot for code
suggestions.
• Best Practice: Follow official setup guides to ensure
compatibility and proper functionality.

4. Creating Your First Prompt with React

Prompt Example:
jsx

// Generate a React functional component that

displays a list of items
// using GitHub Copilot

Generated Code:
jsx

import React from 'react';

const ItemList = ({ items }) => {

return (
<ul>
{items.map(item => (
<li key={item.id}>{item.name}</li>
))}
</ul>
);
};

export default ItemList;

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt? It guides GitHub Copilot to generate a
basic React component that displays a list of items, which is a
common pattern.
• How It Works: Copilot generates code based on the
provided comment and context of the React project.
• Best Practice: Use clear, specific prompts to guide Copilot in
generating relevant and useful code snippets.

5. Using GitHub Copilot for Prompt Suggestions

Example Prompt:
jsx

// Generate a React component that fetches data

from an API and displays it
// using GitHub Copilot

Generated Code:
jsx

import React, { useState, useEffect } from

'react';
import axios from 'axios';

const DataFetcher = () => {

const [data, setData] = useState(null);

useEffect(() => {
axios.get('https://api.example.com/data')
.then(response => setData(response.data))
.catch(error => console.error('Error
fetching data:', error));
}, []);

return (
<div>
{data ? <pre>{JSON.stringify(data, null,
2)}</pre> : 'Loading...'}
</div>
);
};

export default DataFetcher;

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt? It helps generate a React component that
interacts with an API, which is a common use case.
• How It Works: Copilot uses the prompt to generate a
component that includes data fetching logic.
• Best Practice: Provide specific functionality in prompts to
get accurate and functional code suggestions.
6. Advanced Techniques in Prompt Engineering
Steps:
1. Refine Prompts: Adjust prompts to be more specific and
detailed for complex components.
2. Use Comments: Add comments in code to guide Copilot in
generating contextually relevant code.
3. Iterative Testing: Continuously test and refine generated
code to ensure it meets the requirements.
Example Prompt:
jsx

// Create a React component that includes form

validation using hooks and displays validation
errors
// using GitHub Copilot

Generated Code:
jsx

import React, { useState } from 'react';

const FormWithValidation = () => {

const [formData, setFormData] = useState({ name:
'' });
const [errors, setErrors] = useState({ name:
'' });

const handleChange = (e) => {

const { name, value } = e.target;
setFormData({ ...formData, [name]: value });
validateField(name, value);
};

const validateField = (name, value) => {

let fieldErrors = { ...errors };
 if (name === 'name' && value.trim() === '') {
fieldErrors.name = 'Name is required';
} else {
fieldErrors.name = '';
}
setErrors(fieldErrors);
};

const handleSubmit = (e) => {

e.preventDefault();
if (!errors.name) {
// Submit form data
}
};

return (
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
<div>
<label>Name:</label>
<input
type="text"
name="name"
value={formData.name}
onChange={handleChange}
/>
{errors.name &&
<span>{errors.name}</span>}
</div>
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
);
};

export default FormWithValidation;

Explanation:
 • Why This Prompt? It ensures the generation of a form
component with validation, which is a common requirement
in applications.
• How It Works: Copilot generates a form with validation
logic based on the provided prompt and context.
• Best Practice: For advanced components, provide detailed
descriptions and requirements in prompts.

7. Create the Home Page for a Static Web Page

Prompt:
jsx

// Generate a React component for a static home

page with a header, main content, and footer
// using GitHub Copilot

Generated Code:
jsx

import React from 'react';

import './HomePage.css';

const HomePage = () => {

return (
<div className="home-page">
<header className="header">
<h1>Welcome to My Website</h1>
</header>
<main className="main-content">
<p>This is the main content area of the
home page.</p>
</main>
<footer className="footer">
<p>&copy; 2024 My Website</p>
</footer>
 </div>
);
};

export default HomePage;

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt? It guides Copilot to generate a basic
structure for a home page, which is essential for static
websites.
• How It Works: Copilot uses the prompt to create a React
component with a header, main content, and footer.
• Best Practice: Be specific about the layout and elements
needed to get accurate results.

8. Using Bootstrap Classes with Prompt Engineering

Prompt:
jsx

// Generate a React component that uses Bootstrap

classes for styling a button and a form
// using GitHub Copilot

Generated Code:
jsx

import React from 'react';

import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css';

const BootstrapForm = () => {

return (
<div className="container">
<form>
<div className="form-group">
 <label htmlFor="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" className="form-
control" id="name" />
</div>
<button type="submit" className="btn btn-
primary">Submit</button>
</form>
</div>
);
};

export default BootstrapForm;

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt? It specifies using Bootstrap for styling,
ensuring the generated component has a professional look.
• How It Works: Copilot generates code that incorporates
Bootstrap classes to style the form and button.
• Best Practice: Include details about styling frameworks or
libraries in the prompt for accurate suggestions.

9. Generating JavaScript Code Using GitHub Copilot

Prompt:
jsx

// Generate a JavaScript function that handles

user input and updates state in a React component
// using GitHub Copilot

Generated Code:
jsx

import React, { useState } from 'react';

const UserInputHandler = () => {

 const [input, setInput] = useState('');

const handleInputChange = (event) => {

setInput(event.target.value);
};

return (
<input type="text" value={input}
onChange={handleInputChange} />
);
};

export default UserInputHandler;

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt? It instructs Copilot to generate a
function for handling user input, a common task in React.
• How It Works: Copilot provides a function that updates state
based on user input.
• Best Practice: Clearly state the functionality needed for
accurate code generation.

10. Working with React Projects with Gen-AI

Steps:
1. Initialize React Project: Use create-react-app to set
up a new project.
2. Enable GitHub Copilot: Ensure GitHub Copilot is
integrated into your code editor.
3. Use Prompts: Create specific prompts to generate
components, logic, and features.
4. Refine Code: Test and adjust generated code to fit project
requirements.
Example Workflow:
1. Create Project:
bash

1. npx create-react-app my-react-app

cd my-react-app

2. Use Copilot:
•Prompt: // Generate a React component
for user login form
• Generated Code: React component code as shown
previously.
3. Test and Refine: Run the React app and test the component
functionality.
Explanation:
• Why This Workflow? It outlines a practical approach to
integrating Copilot into React projects, leveraging its
capabilities for efficient development.
• How It Works: The process involves creating a project,
using Copilot for code generation, and refining the code as
needed.

Feel free to adjust or expand upon any section based on your

specific needs or audience. Let me know if you need further
details or additional content!
i hope you know we can definitely refine the prompts you have
used
Absolutely! Prompts can often be refined to better match the
specific requirements and contexts of your development tasks.
Here's how we can improve and tailor the prompts for each task,
especially for generating React code using GitHub Copilot:

1. Integration with React for Prompt Engineering

Refined Prompt:
jsx

// Generate a React component that displays a list

of users with their names and email addresses.
// Include error handling and loading state
management.

Explanation:
• Why Refined: Provides more detail on what the component
should do and includes additional requirements like error
handling and loading state management.
• Best Practice: Be as specific as possible to get code that
closely matches your needs.

2. Setting Up Development Environment

Refined Prompt:
bash

# Generate detailed setup instructions for

initializing a React project with GitHub Copilot
and integrating it into Visual Studio Code.

Explanation:
• Why Refined: Clarifies the need for detailed instructions,
ensuring that Copilot generates setup steps that include IDE
integration details.
• Best Practice: Include IDE or tooling specifics if needed for
better setup guidance.
3. Creating Your First Prompt with React
Refined Prompt:
jsx

// Create a React functional component named

'UserProfile' that accepts 'user' as a prop and
displays the user's name and bio.
// Use prop-types for type checking and include
default props for better reliability.

Explanation:
• Why Refined: Adds specifics about component naming,
props, and additional practices like type checking and default
props.
• Best Practice: Provide details about component structure and
best practices to improve code quality.

4. Using GitHub Copilot for Prompt Suggestions

Refined Prompt:
jsx

// Generate a React component that fetches and

displays a list of articles from a REST API.
// Ensure the component handles loading, error
states, and data rendering.

Explanation:
• Why Refined: Adds requirements for handling various states
and ensures the component's functionality is fully defined.
• Best Practice: Clearly outline the expected behavior to get
comprehensive code suggestions.
5. Advanced Techniques in Prompt Engineering
Refined Prompt:
jsx

// Generate a React component with dynamic routing

using React Router.
// Include a basic setup with routes for home,
about, and contact pages.

Explanation:
• Why Refined: Specifies the need for dynamic routing and
includes the pages required for a basic setup.
• Best Practice: Include specific functionality to guide Copilot
in generating accurate routing configurations.

6. Create the Home Page for a Static Web Page

Refined Prompt:
jsx

// Generate a React component for a static home

page with a navigation bar, a hero section, and a
footer.
// Use modern CSS practices for styling and ensure
the layout is responsive.

Explanation:
• Why Refined: Adds detail about the sections to include and
requirements for styling and responsiveness.
• Best Practice: Define layout and styling needs to ensure the
generated component meets design expectations.

7. Using Bootstrap Classes with Prompt Engineering

Refined Prompt:
jsx

// Generate a React component that uses Bootstrap

for styling a responsive grid layout with a
header, content, and footer.
// Include examples of Bootstrap classes for
layout and styling.

Explanation:
• Why Refined: Specifies layout requirements and Bootstrap
usage, guiding Copilot to provide relevant styling examples.
• Best Practice: Clearly outline the layout and styling
framework to ensure the generated code uses appropriate
classes.

8. Generating JavaScript Code Using GitHub Copilot

Refined Prompt:
jsx

// Generate a React component with a button that

toggles between 'Show' and 'Hide' when clicked.
// Use React hooks for state management and
include a brief explanation of the code.

Explanation:
• Why Refined: Provides details about the button functionality
and requires an explanation, ensuring clear and functional
code generation.
• Best Practice: Include specific functionality and additional
details for better understanding and utility of the generated
code.

9. Working with React Projects with Gen-AI

Refined Prompt:
jsx

// Generate a step-by-step guide for integrating

GitHub Copilot into a React project, including
setting up a new React project, using Copilot for
code generation, and incorporating generated code
into the project.

Explanation:
• Why Refined: Requests a detailed guide that covers the
entire workflow of integrating Copilot into a React project.
• Best Practice: Specify the need for a comprehensive guide to cover all
aspects of integration and usage.

Advanced React Prompts and Commands

1. Complex State Management with Context API
Prompt:
jsx
// Generate a React component with a
global state using Context API. Include
a Provider component and a Consumer
component to manage and consume state
across multiple components. Add actions
to update the state.

Example Output:
jsx
import React, { createContext, useState,
useContext } from 'react';

// Create Context
const GlobalStateContext =
createContext();

// Provider Component
export const GlobalStateProvider =
({ children }) => {
const [state, setState] =
useState({ user: null });

const login = (user) =>

setState({ user });
const logout = () => setState({ user:
null });

return (
<GlobalStateContext.Provider
value={{ state, login, logout }}>
{children}
</GlobalStateContext.Provider>
);
};

// Consumer Hook
export const useGlobalState = () =>
useContext(GlobalStateContext);

Explanation:
 • Why This Prompt? Helps in generating a
Context API setup for global state management,
which is crucial for handling state across multiple
components.
• Best Practice: Specify the need for both Provider
and Consumer components to get a complete
setup.
2. Handling Forms with Advanced Validation
Prompt:
jsx
// Generate a React component with a
form that includes advanced validation
using Formik and Yup. The form should
have fields for name, email, and
password, with custom validation rules.

Example Output:
jsx
import React from 'react';
import { Formik, Field, Form,
ErrorMessage } from 'formik';
import * as Yup from 'yup';

// Validation Schema
const validationSchema = Yup.object({
name: Yup.string().required('Name is
required'),
 email: Yup.string().email('Invalid
email address').required('Email is
required'),
password: Yup.string().min(6,
'Password must be at least 6
characters').required('Password is
required'),
});

const AdvancedForm = () => {

return (
<Formik
initialValues={{ name: '', email:
'', password: '' }}

validationSchema={validationSchema}
onSubmit={(values) =>
console.log(values)}
>
{() => (
<Form>
<div>
<label
htmlFor="name">Name:</label>
<Field name="name"
type="text" />
<ErrorMessage name="name"
component="div" />
</div>
<div>
<label
htmlFor="email">Email:</label>
 <Field name="email"
type="email" />
<ErrorMessage name="email"
component="div" />
</div>
<div>
<label
htmlFor="password">Password:</label>
<Field name="password"
type="password" />
<ErrorMessage
name="password" component="div" />
</div>
<button
type="submit">Submit</button>
</Form>
)}
</Formik>
);
};

export default AdvancedForm;

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt? Ensures a form with
advanced validation features, providing a more
complete and user-friendly form handling setup.
• Best Practice: Specify validation libraries and the
fields required to get a functional form
component.
3. Implementing Routing with Nested Routes
Prompt:
jsx
// Generate a React Router setup with
nested routes. Include a main layout
component with nested routes for
dashboard and settings pages.

Example Output:
jsx
import React from 'react';
import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route,
Switch, Link } from 'react-router-dom';

// Main Layout Component

const MainLayout = () => (
<div>
<nav>
<Link
to="/dashboard">Dashboard</Link>
<Link
to="/settings">Settings</Link>
</nav>
<main>
<Switch>
<Route path="/dashboard"
component={Dashboard} />
<Route path="/settings"
component={Settings} />
 </Switch>
</main>
</div>
);

// Dashboard Component
const Dashboard = () =>
<h2>Dashboard</h2>;

// Settings Component
const Settings = () =>
<h2>Settings</h2>;

// App Component
const App = () => (
<Router>
<MainLayout />
</Router>
);

export default App;

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt? Provides a structured
approach to setting up nested routes, essential for
complex applications with multiple views.
• Best Practice: Include layout and route details to
guide the generation of a routing setup.
4. Creating a Component with Dynamic Data
Fetching
Prompt:
jsx
// Generate a React component that
fetches data from a REST API and updates
the UI dynamically. Include error
handling and loading indicators.

Example Output:
jsx
import React, { useState, useEffect }
from 'react';
import axios from 'axios';

const DataFetcher = () => {

const [data, setData] =
useState(null);
const [loading, setLoading] =
useState(true);
const [error, setError] =
useState(null);

useEffect(() => {

axios.get('https://api.example.com/data'
)
.then(response => {
setData(response.data);
 setLoading(false);
})
.catch(err => {
setError(err);
setLoading(false);
});
}, []);

if (loading) return <p>Loading...</p>;

if (error) return <p>Error:
{error.message}</p>;

return (
<div>
{data && data.map(item => (
<div
key={item.id}>{item.name}</div>
))}
</div>
);
};

export default DataFetcher;

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt? Ensures handling of data
fetching with proper error and loading states,
providing a complete solution for dynamic data.
• Best Practice: Specify error and loading handling
to get a robust component.
5. Optimizing Performance with React.memo
Prompt:
jsx
// Generate a React component that uses
React.memo to optimize performance by
memoizing a child component that
receives props and re-renders
conditionally.

Example Output:
jsx
import React, { memo } from 'react';

const ChildComponent = memo(({ value })

=> {
console.log('ChildComponent
rendered');
return <div>{value}</div>;
});

const ParentComponent = () => {

const [value, setValue] =
React.useState('Hello');
const [count, setCount] =
React.useState(0);

return (
<div>
<ChildComponent value={value} />
 <button onClick={() =>
setCount(count + 1)}>Increment</button>
</div>
);
};

export default ParentComponent;

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt? Helps in generating code that
optimizes performance by memoizing
components, reducing unnecessary re-renders.
• Best Practice: Use React.memo for
components that receive props and can benefit
from memoization.
6. Implementing Server-Side Rendering (SSR) with
Next.js
Prompt:
jsx
// Generate a Next.js page component
that fetches data server-side and
renders it. Include getServerSideProps
for data fetching.

Example Output:
jsx
import React from 'react';
import axios from 'axios';

// Page Component
const Page = ({ data }) => (
<div>
<h1>Server-Side Rendered Page</h1>
<ul>
{data.map(item => (
<li
key={item.id}>{item.name}</li>
))}
</ul>
</div>
);

// Data Fetching Function

export async function
getServerSideProps() {
const response = await
axios.get('https://api.example.com/data'
);
return {
props: {
data: response.data,
},
};
}

export default Page;

Explanation:
 • Why This Prompt? Ensures SSR setup with
Next.js, which is useful for improving SEO and
initial page load performance.
• Best Practice: Use getServerSideProps for
server-side data fetching in Next.js.
7. Building a Custom Hook for Form Handling
Prompt:
jsx
// Generate a custom React hook that
manages form state and handles form
submission. Include functions for
updating form fields and validating
data.

Example Output:
jsx
import { useState } from 'react';

const useForm = (initialValues,

validate) => {
const [values, setValues] =
useState(initialValues);
const [errors, setErrors] =
useState({});

const handleChange = (e) => {

const { name, value } = e.target;
 setValues({ ...values, [name]: value
});
};

const handleSubmit = (e) => {

e.preventDefault();
const validationErrors =
validate(values);
if
(Object.keys(validationErrors).length
=== 0) {
// Submit form data
} else {
setErrors(validationErrors);
}
};

return {
values,
errors,
handleChange,
handleSubmit,
};
};

export default useForm;

Explanation:
• Why This Prompt? Creates a reusable custom
hook for form management, promoting code reuse
and cleaner components.
• Best Practice: Include validation
logic and state management in the
hook for comprehensive form
handling.