The d- and f-block elements

NAME:___________________

SCHOOL: _________________________

Prepared by:
Mr. Dipak Kumar Parida,
PGT Chemistry, LR DAV P.S., Ctc

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 D-BLOCK ELEMENTS

INTRODUCTION:

i) The elements in which the d- orbitals are progressily filled are called
d-block elements. It contains 10 groups i.e. from gr-3 to 12.
ii) D-block elements are called transition metals because the properties
of these elements are intermediate between highly electropositive
s-block and highly electronegative p-block elements.
iii) Transition element is defined as the element which has partially filled
d-orbitals in their ground state or any one of their common
oxidation states.
iv) The coinage metals like Cu, Ag, Au are transition element as their
ions(+2 oxidation state) have partially filled d-orbital although their
atoms have filled d-orbital in the ground state.
Cu – [Ar] 3d10 4s1, Cu2+ - [Ar] 3d9
v) However gr-12 elements like Zn, Cd, Hg are not consider as
transition elements as they have no partially filled d- orbital both in
their ground state as well as in common oxidation state.
Zn – [Ar] 3d10 4s2, Zn2+ - [Ar] 3d10
vi) There are 38 elements present in d-block out of which 4th and 5th
periods contain 10 elements each, 6th and 7th periods contain 9
elements each.
vii) These periods are called 3d, 4d, 5d and 6d series as the
corresponding orbitals are progressively filled.
Electronic configuration:
i) The general electronic configuration of transition element is (n-1)d1-10
ns0-2, n=4,5,6,7. There are 4 series of elements and in each series
starts with a member of gr-3 and ends with a member of gr-12.
ii) Some transition elements show exceptional electronic configuration.
The exceptional electronic configuration of some d-block elements
are due to:
a) Extra stability of exactly half filled and completely filled orbitals.
b) Less energy gap between ns and (n-1) d orbitals
c) Pairing energy for the electrons of s-orbital
iii) First transition series or 3d –series: This series consists of
elements like Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn where the 3d -
orbitals are gradually filled. In 3d series Cr and Cu have
exceptional configuration:

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 Cr- [Ar] 3d5 4s1 Cu- [Ar] 3d10 4s1
iv) Second transition series or 4d series: This series consists of
elements like Yttrium(Y), Zirconium(Zr), Niobium(Nb),
Molybdenum(Mo), Technetuum(Tc), Ruthenium(Ru),
Rhodium(Rh), Palladium(Pd), Silver(Ag), Cadmium(Cd) from
atomic no 39 to 48 where the 4d orbitals are gradually filled. In 4d
series except Y, Zr and Cd other elements exhibit exceptional
configuration. It is due to the factors like nuclear electron and
electron-electron forces
41Nb – [Kr] 4d4 5s1
46Pd - [Kr] 4d10 5s0
47 Ag - [Kr] 4d10 5s1
v) Third transition series or 5d series: This series consists of elements
like Hafnium(Hf), Tantalum(Ta), Tungsten(W), Rhenium(Re),
Osmium(Os), Iridium(Ir), Platium(pt), Gold(Au), Mercury(Hg) from
atomic no 72 to 80 where the 5d orbitals are gradually filled. In 5d
series Pt and Au have exceptional configuration.
78Pt – [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 79Au – [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
vi) Fourth transition series: This series consists of elements from atomic
no 104 to 112 where the element having Z=111 has exceptional
configuration.
Examples:
1. Accounts the followings:
i) Sc is a transition element but Zn is not.
Ans: As Sc have partially filled d-orbital in ground state but Zn atom has
completely filled d-orbital both in ground state and common oxidation state.
ii) Silver is a transition element although it have completely filled d-
orbital(4d10) in its ground state.
Ans: As silver atom have partially filled d-orbial in its common oxidation state
+2.
2. Name two elements in 3d series which show anomalous electronic
configuration.
Ans:
3. In what way the electronic configuration of transition elements different
from that of non transition elements?
Ans:

4. Calculate the no of unpaired electrons in Cr3+, Mn3+, V3+, Ti3+

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 Ans:
5. Name the transition element(s) which is/are
i) Coinage metals
ii) Not transition metals
iii) Have highest no of unpaired electron in +2 oxidation state
iv) Have ns1 configuration.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS:
1. Metallic character:
i) Transition metals have typical metallic structure because they
have relatively low ionization energies and have unpaired
electrons. The unpaired electrons are responsible for the
formation of metallic bonding.
ii) Greater the no of unpaired electrons stronger is the metallic
bonding.
iii) Cr, Mo, W are hard metals as they have maximum no of
unpaired electrons.
iv) Zn, Cd, Hg are soft metals due to absence of unpaired
electrons.
2. Melting and boiling point:
i) Transition metals have high melting and boiling point due to
strong metallic bonding.
ii) In a particular series the melting point and boiling point
increases upto the middle and then goes on decreasing. This is
due to increase in strength of metallic bonding upto the middle
as no of unpaired electron increases up to the middle.
iii) In 3d series up to Cr the melting point increases and then
decreases till the end.
iv) The 2nd and 3rd transition series metals have higher melting
point than first transition series due more stronger metallic
bonding down the group as ionization energies decreases
down the group.
v) Tungsten (W) has the highest M.P. in the transition metals.
vi) Mn, Tc and Re possess lower melting point because they have
exactly half filled d-orbitals by which electrons are more tightly
bound by the nucleus. So delocalization of electrons is less and
strength of metallic bonding is less and they have lower melting
Point.

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3. Enthalpy of atomization:
i) The heat required to break the crystal lattice into indivisual
atoms is called enthalpy of atomization.
ii) Transition metals have high enthalpy of atomization due to
presence of strong metallic bonding.
iii) The enthalpy of atomization increases from left to right in a
series up to the middle and then decreases.
iv) The enthalpy of atomization of 2nd and 3rd transition series
metals have higher than the metals of 1st transition series
due to increase in strength of metallic bonding down the
group.

4. Atomic and ionic radii:

i) The atomic and ionic radii of transition metals lie in between the
s-block and p-block elements.
ii) The atomic radii of d-block elements decrease with increase in
atomic no in a series. After midway the atomic radii of elements
remains comparable and at last slightly increases.
iii) This is because in the beginning no of d-electrons is less which
have weaker shielding effect by which effective nuclear charge
increases and size decreases. After midway with increase in no
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 of d-electron screening effect increases which counter balance
the nuclear charge and hence the size remains nearly same.
Near the end of the series the increased electron-electron
repulsion is greater than the attractive force due to the nuclear
charge. This results in the expansion of the electron clouds and
the size increases.
iv) The atomic radii increase down the group due to increase in the no of
shells. So atomic radii of second transition series are larger than those
of first transition series.
v) But the atomic radii of second and third transition series are
almost the same due to lanthanide contraction which is due to
poor screening effect of 4f electrons.
vi) Due to lanthanide contraction the 2nd and 3rd transition series
metals possess similar physical and chemical properties.
vii) Zirconium(Zr) and Hafnium(Hf) posses similar radii like Zr=160
pm and Hf=159 pm due to lanthanide contraction..
viii) In 3d series the density increases from left to right due to
increase in mass and decrease in atomic size. Zinc is
exception as its size increases so its density decreases.

Gr no: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3d- Series: Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn
Size in pm: 162, 147, 134, 127, 126, 126, 125, 124, 128, 137
4d-series: Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Size in pm: 180 160 146 139 136 134 134 137 144 154
5d-series: Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
Size in pm: 158 146 139 137 135 136 138 144 157

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 Examples:
6.Accounts the followings:
i) Metal-metal bonding is more frequent for the 4d and 5d series transition metals
than for the 3d series.
Ans: Due to larger atomic size the electrons are more free in 4d and 5d series
by which the interatomic force of attraction is more.
ii) In the series Sc to Zn, the enthalpy of atomization of Zn is the lowest?
Ans: Due to no unpaired electron the metallic bonding is weak in Zn
iii) Zn is a soft metal but Cr is a hard metal.
Ans: Cr have 5 unpaired electron, so metallic bonding is strong but Zn have
no unpaired electron, so have weak metallic bonding
iv) There is hardly any decrease in atomic size with increasing atomic
numbers at the middle of a series of transition metals.
Ans: At the middle of series, the increased screening effect counterbalance
the nuclear charge by which the atomic size remain comparable or similar.
v) Mercury is a liquid at room temp.
Ans: Due to completely filled d-orbital and poor screening effect of f-
orbital, the metallic bonding of Hg is very weak.
7.Name the metal of 3d series which have:
i) Lowest MP and BP
ii) Highest enthalpy of atomization
iii) Largest atomic size
5. Ionisation energies:
i) The first ionization energies of transition metals are higher than
those of s- block elements and lesser than p-block elements.
The ionization energies gradually increase with increase in
atomic no along a given transition series.
ii) In 3d series Cr has low 1st ionization energy because loss of
one electron gives stable 3d5 configuration. Zn has very high 1st
ionization energy because it has stable completely filled orbital
(3d10 4s2)
iii) The 2nd ionization energies of Cr and Cu have higher values
due to their d5 and d10 configurations of the M+ ion.
Cr+ - [Ar] 3d5
Cu+- [Ar] 3d10
iv) Cu, Ni and Zn have high value of 3rd ionization energy for which
they show a maximum oxidation state of +2.

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 v) The 1st ionization energy of 5d elements are higher than those
of 3d and 4d series elements due to poor screening effect of 4f
electrons. This results greater effective nuclear charge by
which valence electrons are difficult to remove.
st
vi) Hg have highest 1 ionisation potential in d-block due to very
high effective nuclear charge as screening effect of f-orbital
electrons are very less.
Gr no: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3d- Series: Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
IE1 : 631 656 650 653 717 762 760 736 745 906
IE2 : 1235 1309 1414 1592 1509 1561 1644 1752 1958 1734

IE3 : 2393 2657 2833 2990 3260 2962 3243 3402 3556 3829

6. Oxidation states:
i) All transition elements except the first and last elements exhibit
variable oxidation states.
ii) This is because in d-block elements both ns and (n-1)d orbitals
are used in bond formation as the energy difference between
them is very less.
iii) In 3d series Sc and Zn don’t exhibit variable oxidation state. Sc
has only +3 oxidation state and Zn has +2 oxidation states.
iv) The elements which exhibit greatest no of oxidation states
occur at or near the middle of the series. This is because at
middle maximum no of unpaired electrons are present which
are involve in bond formation.
v) In 3d series, Mn exhibit higher no and highest oxidation state
like from +2 to +7.
vi) Low oxidation states are formed when a complex has ligands
capable of  -acceptor character along with  -bond formation.
Ex. In Ni(CO)4 and Fe(CO)5 the oxidation states of Ni and Fe
are zero.
vii) Oxidation states of p-block differ by 2 unit because their
oxidation states are explained by excitation of one electron
from ns to np orbital but in d-block it differs by one unit due to
loss of electron from ns as well as( n-1)d orbital.
viii) Highest oxidation states are shown in fluorides or oxides as F 2
or O2 are stronger oxidizing agents due to their higher
electronegative value.
ix) O2 is better than F2 to exhibit higher oxidation states because it
is able to form multiple bonds.
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 x) The higher oxidation states are more stable for heavier
elements due to their larger size and smaller electronegative
value.

7. Standard reduction potentials:

i) In solution the stability of compounds depend on their electrode
potentials.
ii) The electrode potential value depends on the enthalpy of
sublimation, the ionization enthalpy and the hydration enthalpy.
iii) The total energy change for the solid metal to convert into its
monovalent aqueous form is :
H Total = H Sub. + H I . E + H hyd .

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 iv) The lower the electrode potential i.e. more –ve the standard
reduction potential of the electrode, more stable is the oxidation
state of the metal in the aqueous solution.
0 2+
v) The E0 value for the divalent metal ions (E (M /M) are:
Metals : Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
o
E value(V): -1.63 -1.18 -0.91 -1.18 -0.44 -0.28 -0.25 +0.34 -0.76
vi) The irregular trends of E0 value is due the irregular variation of
ionization and sublimation energy across the period.
vii) The E0 value of copper is +ve due to its higher value of
enthalpy of atomization and lower hydration enthalpy.
viii) The –ve E0 value decreases across the period du to increase in
1st and 2nd ionization energy across the period.
ix) The values of E0 for Mn and Zn are more –ve than expected
due to extra stability of half filled (3d5 for Mn2+) and completely
filled (3d10 for Zn2+) orbital.
0 3+
x) The SRP value for the trivalent metal ions(E (M /M) are:
Metals : Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
o
E value(V): -0.37 -0.26 -0.41 +1.57 +0.77 +1.97 - - -
xi) The E0 value of Mn3+/Mn2+ is much more positive due to larger
third ionization of Mn. For this Mn3+ acts as a stronger oxidizing
agent.
xii) Out of Cr2+ and Fe2+, Cr2+ acts as a stronger reducing agent
due to its higher –ve E0 balue. Cr2+ is a stronger reducing agent
as itself oxidized to form Cr3+ which have stable t2g3
configuration.
xiii) The tendency to exhibit +2 oxidation state across the period
decreases due to increase in sum of first and second ionization
energy across the period.
xiv) Cu+ is less stable in aqueous solution due to its lower –ve
hydration energy. Cu+ in aqueous solution undergoes
disproportination reaction to form more stable Cu2+ due to its
higher –ve hydration enthalpy.
Cu+(aq) ⎯⎯
→ Cu2+(aq) +Cu
Examples:
8. Accounts:
i) Cr2+ reducing and Mn3+ is oxidizing when both have d4 configuration.

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Ans: Cr2+ is reducing agent as itself oxidized to Cr3+ which have stable exactly
half-filled t2g3 configuration. But Mn3+ is oxidisng agent as itself reduced to Mn2+
which have stable exactly half-filled 3d5 configuration.
ii)Copper not able to replace hydrogen from acids.
Ans: Cu have positive E0 value and hence it is less reactive.
iii)E0 value for Mn and Zn is much more –ve than expected for M2+ ion.
Ans: As Mn2+ have stable exactly half-filled and Zn2+ have stable completely filled
orbitals, so Mn and Zn have lower 2nd ionization energy.
iv)E0M2+/M values for transition metals show irregular variation.
Ans: It is due to irregular variation of ionization enthalpies and also enthalpy of
atomization.
v)Mn exhibits the highest oxidation state +7 among the 3d series of transition
elements.
Ans: Mn have 5 unpaired electrons in 3d orbital and exhibits highest oxidation
state due to removal of 2 electrons from 4s orbital and 5 electrons in 3d orbital.
vi)The highest oxidation states is exhibited by transition elements in oxoanions.
Ans: As O2 is higher electronegative elements and oxidizing power.
9.Name the metal of 3d series, which is:
i)+ve E0 value for M2+ ion
ii)Transition metal doesn’t show variable oxidation state.
iii)Highest IE2
iv)Frequently shows +1 oxidation state
v)Onlu shows +3 oxidation state
v) Only shows +2 oxidation state
vi) Highest IE3
8. Formation of oxides:
i) The ability of oxygen to stabilize higher oxidation states
exceeds than F2 because O2 is able to form multiple bonds with
metals.
ii) The oxides of lower oxidation states are basic, the oxides oin
intermediate oxidation states are Amphoteric and the oxides of
higher oxidation states are acidic in nature.
Ex: CrO is basic, Cr2O3 is Amphoteric, CrO3 is acidic
MnO is basic, MnO2 is Amphoteric, Mn2O7 is acidic.
iii) The acidic nature of oxides increases with increase in % of
Oxygen.
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 The acidic strength increases in the order:
VO2+ < Cr2O72- <MnO4-
This is due to increase in % of oxygen, increase in oxidation
state as well as increase in stability of the lower species to
which they are reduced from vanadium oxide to manganese
oxide.
9. Magnetic properties:
i) The substances which are attracted by the applied magnetic
field are called paramagnetic and which are repelled by the
magnetic field are called diamagnetic.
ii) Most of the transition metal ions and their compounds are
paramagnetic in nature due to presence of unpaired electrons
in innermost d-orbitals. The transition elements which have
paired electrons are diamagnetic.
iii) The magnetic moment of a substance can be calculated from
spin only formula,
Magnetic moment,  = n(n + 2) B.M
Where n= No of unpaired electrons
Ex: In Mn2+ , n=5 So  = 5 X 7 = 35 = 5.91B.M
In Fe2+, n=4, So  = 4 X 6 = 24 = 4.89B.M
In Co2+ ,n=3,  = 3 X 5 = 15 = 3.87B.M
10. Formation of coloured ions:
i) Most of the transition metal compounds are coloured both in
the solid state and in the aqueous solution.
ii) The colour is due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the
d-subshell. The unpaired electron absorbs energy and
undergoes d-d transition.
iii) The colour observed corresponds to the complementary colour
of the light absorbed.
iv) The metal ions which have no unpaired electron are colourless.
Ex: Sc3+, Ti4+, Zn2+ are colourless due to absence of unpaired
electrons.

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11. Formation of complex compounds:
i) Transition metal ions form a large no of complex compounds
like [Fe(CN)6]3-, [Cu(NH3)4]2+, [Ni(CN)4]2- etc.
ii) The complex formation tendency of transition metal compounds
is due to:
a) Comparatively smaller size of metal ions
b) Their high ionic charges
c) Availability of vacant d-orbital for bond formation.
12. Catalytic properties:
i) Many of the transition metls and their compounds are used as
catalysts like V2O5 in the manufacture of H2SO4 in contact
process, Fe in Haber’s process, Ni in hydrogenation of alkenes
or alkynes, Zigler Natta catalyst [TiCl4 and Al(CH3)3] in the
manufacture of polythene from ethane etc.
ii) The catalysts form bonds with the reactant molecules by which
the conc. of reactants at its surface increase and the bonds in
the reacting molecules also becomes weaker. So the catalyst
lowers the activation energy of the reactant and increase the
rate of reaction.
iii) The catalytic property of the transition elements is due to:
a. Ability to exhibit variable oxidation states

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 b. Provide a suitable large surface area with free valances on
which reactants are adsorbed.
Ex: Fe3+ catalyses the reaction between iodide and
persulphate ions.
2+
2I- + S2O82- ⎯⎯⎯
Fe
→ I2 + 2 SO42-
Macanism: 2Fe3+ + 2I- ⎯⎯
→ 2 Fe2+ + I2
2 Fe2+ + S2O82- ⎯⎯
→ 2 Fe3+ + 2 SO42-
13. Formation of interstitial compounds:
i) The non stochiometric compounds of transition metals in which
small atoms like C, H, B and N are occupy in the empty spaces
or interstitial sites are called interstitial compounds.
Ex: TiH1.7, Fe3C, VH0.56
ii) Transition metals form interstitial compounds due to presence
of empty space or voids in their crystal lattice.
iii) The interstitial compounds have higher melting point, are very
hard, retain metallic conductivity and are chemically inert.
14. Alloy formation:
i) An alloy is a homogeneous solid solution of two or more metals
in which atoms of one metal is distributed randomly among the
atoms of other.
ii) The alloys are formed by atoms with metallic radii that are
within 15% of each other.
iii) Transition metals form alloys due to their similar atomic radii.
Ex: Brass(Cu +Zn), Bronze(Cu + Sn), Stainless steel( Fe, Cr, C
Examples:
10. Assertion(A):Cu2+ iodide is not known.
Reason( R): Cu2+ oxidizes I- to iodine
11. Assertion(A):The highest oxidation state of osmium is +8.
Reason( R):Osmium is a 5d-series element
12. Assertion(A): Separation of Zr and Hf is difficult.
Reason( R): Because Zr and Hf lie in the same group of the P.T.
13. Assertion(A): Cu can’t liberate hydrogen from acids.

Reason( R):Cu have positive electrode potential.

14.Which of the following statement is incorrect about transition element?
a) They show variable oxidation states.
b)All the ions are coloured.

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 c)They exhibit diamagnetic and paramagnetic properties.
d)They exhibit catalytic property.
15. Out of the following, select colourless complexes:
(A) Ni(CO)4, (B) [Ni(CN)4]2- (C) [Ni(NH3)4]2+ (D) [Ni(H2O)4]2+
(E) VO22+ (F) CrO42- (G) MnO4-

(a) D, E (b) A, B, E (c) A, E (d) A, B

16.The correct order of decreasing second IE of Ti, V, Cr and Mn is:
a) Cr>Mn>V>Ti b) V>Mn>Cr>Ti
c)Mn>Cr>Ti>V d)Ti>V>Cr>Mn
17.Which one the following ions is the most stable in aq. Solution?
a)Mn3+ b)Cr3+ c)V3+ d)Ti3+
Preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7:
Preparation from chromite ore:
i) The chromite ore or ferrochrome is mixed with Na2CO3 and roasted
in a reverberatory furnace to form sodium chromate.
4 FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 +7 O2 ⎯⎯
→ 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 +8CO2
ii) Sodium chromate is treated with conc. H2SO4 to form sodium
dichromate.
2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 ⎯⎯
→ Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 +H2O
iii) Sodium dichromate is treated with KCl to form potassium dichromate.
Na2Cr2O7 +2 KCl ⎯⎯
→ K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
Chemical properties:
1. Action of heat: potassium dichromate on thermal decomposition
gives potassium chromate and chromic oxide.

4 K2Cr2O7 ⎯⎯ → 4 K2CrO4 + 2 Cr2O3 + 3O2
2. Action with alkali: dichromate ion in alkaline medium converted into
yellow colour chromate ion.
K2Cr2O7 + 2KOH ⎯⎯
→ 2 K2CrO4 + H2O
Or, Cr2O72- + 2 OH- ⎯⎯
→ 2CrO42- + H2O
Again the chromate ion on acidification form orange colour
dichromate ion.
2 CrO4 2- + 2 H+ ⎯⎯
→ Cr2O72- + H2O
Oxidising properties:
K2Cr2O7 acts an oxidizing agent in conc. H2SO4 as it provides
nascent oxygen.

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 K2Cr2O7 + 4 H2SO4 ⎯⎯
→ K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4 H2O +3[O]
Or, Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 e- ⎯⎯
→ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
Examples:
i) Reaction with I- : Dichromate ion oxidizes the iodide ion to
form iodine.
Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 e- ⎯⎯
→ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
2 I- ⎯⎯
→ I2 + 2e- ] x 3
_______________________________________________________
Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 I- ⎯⎯
→ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O + 3 I2
ii) Reaction with Sn2+: Dichromate ion oxidizes stannous ion to
form stannic ion.
Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 e- ⎯⎯
→ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
Sn2+ ⎯⎯
→ Sn4+ + 2e- ] x 3
_______________________________________________________
Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 3 Sn 2+ ⎯⎯
→ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O + 3 Sn4+

iii) Reaction with H2S: Dichromate ion oxidizes H2S to form

sulphur.
Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 e- ⎯⎯
→ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
H2S ⎯⎯
→ S + 2H+ +2e- ] x 3
_______________________________________________________
Cr2O72- + 8 H+ + 3 H2S ⎯⎯
→ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O + 3 S
iv) Reaction with Ferrous salts: Dichromate ion oxidizes ferrous
ion to form ferric ion.
Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 e- ⎯⎯
→ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
Fe2+ ⎯⎯
→ Fe3+ + e- ] x 6
_______________________________________________________
Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6Fe 2+ ⎯⎯
→ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O + 6 Fe3+
Structure: It consists of two tetrahedral structures having bond angle 1260.

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Uses: i) as an oxidizing agent.
ii) used in volumetric analysis.

Preparation, properties and uses of KMnO4:

Preparation:
1. From pyrolusite ore:
i) Pyrolusite is fused with an alkali like KOH in O2 to form
potassium manganate.
2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 ⎯⎯
→ 2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O
ii) The potassium manganate undergoes dispropertionation
reaction in acidic medium to form pot. Permanganate.
3 MnO4 2- + 4 H+ ⎯⎯
→ 2MnO4- + MnO2 + 2 H2O
Note:
i) The manganate ion can be converted into permanganate ion using
CO2 or Cl2.
3 K2 MnO4 + 2 CO2 ⎯⎯
→ 2KMnO4 + MnO + 2 K2CO3
2 K2MnO4 + Cl2 ⎯⎯
→ 2 KMnO4+ 2 KCl
ii) The manganate ion can be converted into permanganate ion by
electrolytic oxidation.
MnO4 2- ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Electrolytic
oxidation
→ MnO4 –

2. In the laboratory, potassium permanganate is prepared by oxidation

of manganese ion by peroxodisulphate.
2 Mn2+ + 5 S2O82- + 8 H2O ⎯⎯
→ 2 MnO4- + 10 SO4 2- + 16 H+
Chemical properties:
1. Action of heat: potassium permanganate ion on heating
decomposed to form potassium manganate.

2 KMnO4 ⎯⎯ → K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
2. Oxidising nature:
a) In acidic medium: Potassium permangate acts as a strong
oxidizing agent in dilute sulphuric acid.
2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 ⎯⎯
→ K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 3 H2O +5[O]
Or, MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e- ⎯⎯
→ Mn2+ + 4 H2O
Ex.
i) Reaction with iodide ion: permanganate ion oxidizes iodide
ion to form iodine.
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 MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e- ⎯⎯
→ Mn2+ + 4 H2O] x 2
2 I- ⎯⎯
→ I2 + 2e- ] x 5
_________________________________________
MnO4- +10 I- + 16 H+ ⎯⎯
→ 2Mn2+ + 8 H2O + 5 I2
ii) Reaction with Fe2+: Permanganate ion oxidizes Fe2+ ion to
form Fe3+.

MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e- ⎯⎯
→ Mn2+ + 4 H2O]
Fe 2+ ⎯⎯
→ Fe3+ + e- ] x 5
_________________________________________
MnO4- +5 Fe2+ + 8 H+ ⎯⎯
→ Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + 4 H2O
iii) Reaction with oxalate ion: Acidified KMnO4 oxidises oxalate
ion to form CO2.
MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e- ⎯⎯
→ Mn2+ + 4 H2O] x 2
C2O42- ⎯⎯
→ 2CO2 + 2e- ] x 5
_________________________________________
2MnO4- + 16 H+ + 5C2O42- ⎯⎯
→ 2Mn2+ + 8 H2O + 10 CO2
iv) Reaction with H2S: Acidified KMnO4 oxidises H2S to form
sulphur.
MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e- ⎯⎯
→ Mn2+ + 4 H2O ] x 2
H2S ⎯⎯
→ S + 2H+ +2e- ] x 5
_________________________________________
2MnO4- + 6 H++ 5 H2S ⎯⎯
→ 2Mn2+ + 8 H2O + 5S
v) Reaction with SO32- :
Acidified KMnO4 oxidises SO32- ion to form sulphate ion.
MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e- ⎯⎯
→ Mn2+ + 4 H2O ]x 2
SO32- + H2O ⎯⎯
→ SO42- + 2 H+ + 2e- ] x 5
_________________________________________
2MnO4- + 6 H++ 5 SO32- ⎯⎯
→ 2Mn2+ + 3 H2O + 5 SO42-
vi) Reaction with NO2-:
Acidified KMnO4 oxidises nitrite ion to form nitrate.
MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e- ⎯⎯
→ Mn2+ + 4 H2O ]x 2
NO2- + H2O ⎯⎯
→ NO3- + 2 H+ + 2e-
_________________________________________
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 2MnO4- + 6 H++ 5 NO2- ⎯⎯
→ 2Mn2+ + 3 H2O + 5 NO3-
b. In neutral or alkaline medium: KMnO4 acts as a modeate oxidizing
agent in neutral aqueous solution.
2 KMnO4 + H2O ⎯⎯
→ 2KOH + 2 MnO2 + 3 [O]
Or, MnO4- + 2H2O + 3e- ⎯⎯
→ MnO2 + 4 OH-
i) Reaction with Iodide ion: KMnO4 oxidises iodide ion in alkaline
medium to form iodate ion.
, 2MnO4- + H2O + I- ⎯⎯
→ 2MnO2 + 2 OH- + IO3-
ii) Reaction with thiosulphate ion: KMnO4 oxidises thiosulphate ion to
form sulphate ion.
8 MnO4- + 3S2O32- + H2O ⎯⎯
→ 8MnO2 + 6SO42- + 2 OH-

iii) Reaction with Manganous ion: KMnO4 oxidises manganous ion to

form MnO2.

iv) 2MnO4- +3 Mn2+ + 2H2O ⎯⎯

→ 5MnO2 + 4 H+

Note: Permanganate titration can’t takes place in presence of HCl as Cl- is

oxidized by MnO4- to form Cl2.
Structure of Permanganate and manganare ion: In both permanganate
and manganate ion the central atom Mn is SP3 hybridised and hence both
of them have tetrahedral structure.

Examples:
18.In chromite ore the oxidation no of iron and chromium are respectively:
a)+3, +2 b) +3, +6 c)+2, +6 d)+2, +3
19. A solution of Na2SO3 will be oxidized to Na2SO4 by KMnO4 solution
in acidic medium. KMnO4 is reduced to Mn2+. How many moles of
Na2SO4 will be oxidized by one mol of KMnO4?
a) 5 b)3 c)2.5 d)1
20. How many moles of iodine are liberated when 1 mole of potassium
dichromate reacts with potassium iodide?
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a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4
21. In alkaline medium , MnO4- oxidizes I- to
a) IO- b) IO3- c)I2 d)IO4-
22. The incorrect statement is:
a) Manganate and permanganate ions are tetrahedral
b)Manganate ion is green in colour and permanganate ion is purple in
colour
c) Manganate and permanganate ions are paramagnetic
d)In manganate and permanganate ions, the pi bonding takes place by
overlapping of p-orbital od oxygen and d-orbital of Mn
23. The sum total number of bonds between Cr and O atoms in chromate
and dichromate ions is:
a) 5 b) 12 c) 9 d)11
F- Block elements
The elements in which the last electron enters into the anti-penultimate (n-
2)f –orbitals are called f-block elements. These elements are also called
inner transition elements. The general outer electronic configuration of f-
block elements is (n-2)f1-14(n-1)d0-1ns2. The f-block elements can be
classified into two series of elements like:
A)Lanthanides B) Actinides
A) The lanthanides or lanthanoids:
The elements in which the last electron enters into the 4f orbitals are called
the lanthanides. They have general electronic configuration 4f1-14.5d0-1.6s2.
the elements of lanthanide series are Lanthanum(La), Cerium(Ce),
Praseodymium(Pr), Neodymium(Nd), Promethium(Pm), Samarium(Sm),
Europium(Eu), Gadolinium(Gd), Terbium(Tb),
Dysprosium(Dy),Holmium(Ho), Erbium(Er), Thulium(Tm), Ytterbium(Yb),
Lutetium(Lu) from atomic no 57 to 71.
Electronic configuration:
a) Lanthanoids have the electronic configuration with 6s2 common.
La – [Xe] 5d16s2 Ce – [Xe] 4f25d06s2
Pr - [Xe] 4f35d06s2 Nd - [Xe] 4f45d06s2
Pm- [Xe] 4f55d06s2 Sm- [Xe] 4f65d06s2
Eu- [Xe] 4f75d06s2 Gd- [Xe] 4f75d16s2
Tb- [Xe] 4f95d06s2 Dy- [Xe] 4f105d06s2
Ho- [Xe] 4f115d06s2 Er- [Xe] 4f125d06s2
Tm- [Xe] 4f135d06s2 Yb- [Xe] 4f145d06s2
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Lu- [Xe] 4f145d16s2
b) The electronic configuration of Eu and Gd have exactly half-filled f-
orbital.
c) The outer electronic configuration of Ce is 4f25d06s2
d) The outer electronic configuration of Lu is 4f145d16s2 which is due to
extra stability of completely filled orbitals.
Atomic and ionic sizes:
i) The regular decrease in the atomic and ionic radii of lanthanoids with
increasing atomic no is known as lanthanide contraction.
ii) This is due to the imperfect or poor shielding of the 4f electrons. This
imperfect shielding is unable to counterbalance the effect of the
increased nuclear charge.
iii) The consequences of lanthanide contractions are:
a. As the change in size of the lanthanides is very small, their
chemical properties are similar, so they are difficult to separate.
b. The elements of second and third transition series belonging to
same group have similar size.
Ex: Zr and Hf have similar size due to lanthanide contraction.
c. The basic strength of the hydroxides of the lanthanides
decreases from La3+ to Lu3+ due to increase in covalent
character of the hydroxides from left to right because of
decrease in size of cations.
Ex: La(OH)3 is most basic whereas Lu(OH)3 is least basic.
Oxidation states:
i) The common oxidation states of all the lanthanoids is +3.
ii) The oxidation states of +2 and +4 are also exhibited by some
lanthanides to acquired stable electronic configuration of f0 or f7 or
f14.
Ex: Cerium, Terbium exhibit +4 oxidation state.
Ce4+ - [Xe] 4f0
Tb4+ - [Xe] 4f7
Europium and ytterbium exhibit +2 oxidation states.
Eu+2 – [Xe] 4f7
Yb+2 – [Xe]4f14
iii) But +4 and +2 oxidation states are less stable as compared to their
common oxidation state +3 which is characteristic of the
lanthanides.
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 iv) Ce4+ is unstable and hence it readily gains electron to convert into its
common oxidation state +3 and hence it acts as a stronger
oxidizing agent.
Ce4+ + e- ⎯⎯
→ Ce3+ E0=+1.74 V
Similarly Tb4+ acts as an oxidizing agent.
v) Eu2+ and Yb2+ acts as strong reducing agent to convert into their
more stable common oxidation state of +3.
Eu2+ -e- ⎯⎯
→ Eu3+ ;E0= -2.0 V

Coloured ions:
i) Many of the lanthanide ions are coloured in solid state as well as in
solutions.
ii) The colour is due to presence of unpaired electrons which allow f-f
transitions.
iii) The metal ions having 4f0, 4f14 configurations are colourless due to
absence of unpaired electrons.
La3+ - [Xe] 4f0
Lu3+ - [Xe] 4f14
Magnetic properties:
i) Except La3+ and Lu3+ other positive ions of the lanthanides are
paramagnetic due to presence of unpaired electrons in the f-
orbital.
ii) Lanthanides differ from the transition elements in their magnetic
moments because in f-block elements the magnetic moment is
calculated by considering both spin and orbital motion of
electrons. But in transition metals the orbital spin is quenched by
the electric field of the ligands.
iii) The magnetic moment is given as
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  = 4S (S + 1) + L( L + 1) B.M
Where S= Spin quantum no
L= Orbital quantum no
Chemical behavior:
i) The lanthanides when heated with H2 form their hydrides.
ii) The lanthanides when heated with carbon form their carbides.
Ln + C ⎯⎯⎯
2773K
→ Ln3C (Ln- Lanthanides)
iii) The lanthanides on burning with halogens form their halides.
Ln + X2 ⎯⎯
→ LnX3
iv) The lanthanides burn with O2, N2, S to form their oxides, nitrides and
sulphides.
Ln + O2 ⎯⎯
→ Ln2O3
Ln + N2 ⎯⎯
→ LnN
Ln + S ⎯⎯
→ Ln2S3
v) The lanthanides react with dilute acids to liberate H2 gas.
Ln + HCl ⎯⎯
→ LnCl3 + H2
vi) The lanthanides react with H2O to form their hydroxides.
Ln + H2O ⎯⎯
→ Ln(OH)3 + H2
Uses of lanthanides:
i) Lanthanides are used for the production of alloy steels for plates and
tiles.
Ex: Misch metal which consists of lanthanide metal(95%), irin(5%)
and traces of C, S, Al and Ca.
ii) The Misch metal is used in Mg based alloy to produce bullets, shell
and lighter flint.
iii) Mixed oxides of lanthanides are used as catalysts in cracking of
petroleum.
A) The actinides or actinoids:
The elements in which the last electron enters into the 5f orbitals are called
the actinides.They have general electronic configuration 5f1-14.6d0-1.7s2.
The elements of actinide series are Actinium(Ac), Thorium(Th),
Protactinium(Pr), Uranium(U), Neptunium(Np), Plutonium(Pu),
Americium(Am), Curium(Cm), Berkelium(Bk),Californium(Cf),
Einstenium(Es), Fermium(Fm), Mendelivium(Md), Nobelium(No),
Lawrencium(Lr) from atomic no 89 to 103.

23 | P a g e
Electronic configuration:
i) Actinoids have the electronic configuration with 7s2 common.
Ac – [Rn] 6d17s2 Th– [Rn] 6d27s2
Pa - [Rn] 5f26d17s2 U - [Rn] 5f36d17s2
Np- [Rn] 5f46d17s2 Pu- [Rn] 5f66d07s2
Am- [Rn] 5f76d07s2 Cm- [Rn] 5f76d17s2
Bk- [Rn] 5f96d07s2 Cf- [Rn] 5f106d07s2
Es- [Rn] 5f116d07s2 Fm- [Rn] 5f126d07s2
Md- [Rn] 5f136d07s2 No- [Rn] 5f146d07s2
Lr- [Rn] 5f146d17s2
e) The electronic configuration of Am and Cm have exactly half-filled 5f-
orbital.
f) The outer electronic configuration of U is 5f36d17s2
g) The outer electronic configuration of Lr is 5f146d17s2 which is due to
extra stability of completely filled orbitals.
Atomic and Ionic size:
i) The decrease in atomic and ionic radii of the actinides with increase
in atomic no is called actinide contraction.
ii) The actinide contraction is more than lanthanide contraction due
more poor screening effect of 5f electrons of the actinides than the
4f electrons of the lanthanides.
Oxidation states:
i) The common oxidation states of the actinoids are +3. Some
elements also exhibit +4 oxidation states.
ii) Actinoids exhibit large no of oxidation states unlike lanthanoids
due to very small energy gap between 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals.
So all the electrons of these three orbital can take part in bond
formation.
iii) The maximum oxidation state first increases up to the middle of
the series and then decreases.
Ex: Np exhibits +7 oxidation state.

24 | P a g e
Colour of ions:
Actinoid cations are coloured due to presence of unpaired electrons
in the f-orbital and they undergo f-f transition by absorption of energy
from visible radiation.
The cations having no unpaired electrons or 7 electrons in the 5f
orbital are colourless.
Ex: Ac3+, Am3+ are colourless.

Comparision between Lanthanides and actinides:

i) The actinides have lower ionization enthalpy than the lanthanides
because 5f orbital is less penetrating than 4f and hence is more
effectively shielded from the nuclear charge.
ii) The magnetic properties of the actinoids are more complex than
those of the lanthanoids.
iii) All the actinoid elements are radioactive and highly unstable. So the
study of the actinoids is very difficult.
iv) Actinide contraction is more than the lanthanide contraction.
v) Actinoids exhibit larger no of oxidation states than the lanthanoids.
Examples:
24.The maximum oxidation state exhibited by actinoid ions is:
a) +5 b) +4 c) +7 d) +8
25. Which of the following oxidation states is the most common among the
lanthanoids:
a) 4 b)2 c)5 d)3
26. Which of the following ions will exhibit colour in aq. Solution:
25 | P a g e
a) La3+ b) Ce4+ c) Yb4+ d) Lu3+
27. Gadolinium have low value of IE3 because of:
a) Small size b)High exchange enthalpy
c)High electronegativity d)hIgh basic character

D and F- block elements (Practice questions)

A. Accounts the followings:
1. The E0 value of copper is +ve.
2. Transition Metals And Many Of Their Compounds Show
Paramagnetic Behaviour.
3. The Enthalpy Of Atomisation Of Transition metals are high.
4. Transition metals and their compounds are generally found to be
good catalysts.
5. Zr and Hf have similar size or similar properties.
6. Mn2+ compounds more stable than Fe2+ compounds towards
oxidation to their +3 state.
7. Mn2O7 is acidic whereas MnO is basic.
8. Highest fluoride of Mn is MnF4 whereas the highest oxide is Mn2O7.
9. Transition metals generally form coloured compounds.
10. Transition metals have great tendency for complex formation.
11. Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous solution.
12. Transition elements form alloy.
13. Transition elements form interstitial compounds.
14. Why is the highest oxidation states of a metal exhibited in its oxide
or fluoride only?
15. The lowest oxide of transition metal is basic, the highest is
amphoteric or acidic.
16. Cobalt(II) is stable in aqueous solution but in presence of
complexing reagent it is easily oxidized.
17. The d1 configuration is very unstable in ions.
18. Most of Transition elements exhibit variable oxidation states.
19. Transition elements have higher melting point and boiling point.
20. Increasing oxidizing power in the series:
VO2+ <Cr2O72- <MnO4-
21. The 3rd ionization enthalpy of Mn is exceptionally high.
26 | P a g e
22. Cr2+ is a stronger reducing agent than Fe2+.
23. Scandium salts are white.
24. Transition elements are well known for the formation of interstitial
compounds.
25. Generally there is an increase in density of elements from titanium
to copper in the first series of transition elements?
26. Unlike Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+ and the subsequent other M2+ ions of the
3d series of elements, the 4d and 5d series metals generally don’t
form stable cationic species?

27. Second(4d) series and third(5d) series transition elements have

very similar atomic radii.
28. Actinide contraction is greater from element to element than
lanthanide contraction.
29. Why actinoids show wide range of oxidation states than
lanthanoids
30. The chemistry of actinides are difficult to study.
31. Ce4+ acts as a good oxidizing agent.
32. E0 value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is highly positive (+1.57V) as
compared to to Cr3+/Cr2+
33. Among lanthanoids, Ln(III) compounds are predominant. However
occasionally in solutions or in solid compounds, +2 or +4 ions are
also obtained.
34. Zn2+ salts are colourless.
35. Orange colour dichromate ions changes to yellow in alkaline
medium.
36. The highest oxidation states are usually exhibited by the members
in the middle of a series of transition elements.
37. Zn is not considered as transition element.
38. Eu2+ is a strong reducing agent.
39. Orange colour dichromate ion changes to yellow in alkaline
medium.
40. Cr2+ is a stronger reducing agent than Fe2+.
41. Zn, Cd, Hg are soft metals having low M.P.
42. Ti4+ is more stable than Ti3+.

27 | P a g e
B. Chemical reactions
43. Indicate the steps in the preparation of :
i)K2Cr2O7 from Chromite ore.
ii)KMnO4 from pyrolusite ore.
44. Write the ionic equation of dichromate ion with:
i)Iodide ii) Fe2+ iii) H2S iv) Sn2+
45. Write the ionic reaction of Permanganate ion in acidic medium
with
i)C2O42- ii) sulphite ion iii) H2S iv) Nitrite ion
46. Write the ionic reaction of Permanganate ion in alkaline medium
with
i)Iodide ion ii) Thiosulphate ion iii) Mn2+
47. Complete and balance the reaction:

i)K2Cr2O7 ⎯⎯ → ii)Cr2O72- + 2 OH- ⎯⎯
→

iii)2 CrO4 2- + 2 H+ ⎯⎯
→ iv)KMnO4 ⎯⎯ →
Mscellaneous:
48. What is meant by disproportionation reaction? Give two examples
of disproportionation reaction in aqueous medium.
49. Which metal in the 1st transition series exhibit i) +1 oxidation state
ii) +3 oxidation state most frequently and why?
50. Compare the chemistry of actinoids with that of lanthanoids with
reference to:
i)Oxidation state ii) Atomic and ionic size iii) chemical
reactivity
51. The elements of 3d transition series are given as:
Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn
Answer the following:
i)Which element has the highest m.p. and why?
ii)Which element is a strong oxidizing agent in +3 oxidation state
and why?
iii)Which element is soft and why?
52. When pyrolusite ore MnO2 is fused with KOH in presence of air, a
green colour compound A is obtained which undergoes
disproportionation reaction in acidic medium to give a purple
colour compound B.
i)Write the formula of the compound A and B
28 | P a g e
 ii) What happens when compound B is heated.
53. A violet compound of Mn (A) decomposes on heating to liberate
oxygen and compounds B and C. Compound C reacts with KOH
in the presence of Potassium nitrate to give compound B. On
heating compound C with conc. H2SO4 and NaCl , chlorine gas is
liberated and a compound D of manganese along with other
products is formed. Identify compounds A to D and also the
reactions involved.

A-R Questions:
54. Assertion(A):Actinoids form relatively less stable complexes as
compared to lanthanoids.
Reason(R):Actnoids can utilize their 5f orbitals along with 6d orbitals
in bonding but lanthanoids do not use their 4f orbitals for bonding.
55. Assertion(A):Mercury is not considered as a transition element.
Reason(R):Mercury is a liquid.
56. Assertion(A):In dichromate ion, all the Cr-O bond lengths are
equal.
Reason(R): In dichromate ion, all the O-Cr-O bond angles are equal.
57. Assertion(A): E0 for Mn3+ is more positive than for Cr3+/Cr2+.
Reason(R):The 3rd ionization energy of Mn is larger than that of Cr.
58. Assertion(A): K2Cr2O7 is used as primary standard in vol. analysis.
Reason(R): It has a good solubility in water.
59. Assertion(A): Mn shows a maxium oxidation state of +5.
Reason(R): Mn has 5 electrons in the 3d subshell.
60. Assertion(A): MnO is basic but Mn2O7 is acidic.
Reason(R): Higher the oxidation state of a transition metal in its
oxide, greater is the acidic character.
61. Assertion(A): The metal of 4d and 5d transition series have
greater enthalpy of atomization than the corresponding elements
of the 3d series.
Reason(R): The metal metal bonding in 4d and 5d series are
stronger than those in 3d series.
62. Assertion(A): Lanthanides show a limited number of oxidation
states whereas actinoids show a larger no of oxidation states.
Reason(R): Energy gap between 4f, 5d and 6s sub shells is small
whereas that between 5f, 6d and 7s subshells is large.
63. Assertion(A):Transition metals and their compounds are found to
be good catalysts in many processes.
29 | P a g e
 Reason(R): In presence of catalyst the reaction proceeds a new path
with lower activation energy and hence is faster.
64. Assertion(A): Chemistry of all the lanthanoids are quite similar.
Reason(R):The change in the size of lanthanoids is very small from
La to Lu.
65. Assertion(A): The electronic configuration of actinide elements are
not known with certainity.
Reason(R): Actinides have more energy gap between 5f and 6d
orbitals.
66. Assertion(A): Zn2+ salts are white while Ni2+ salts are blue.
Reason(R):Zinc is not a transition element.

67. Answer the following questions on the basis of the figure given
below:

i)Which element in 3d series have lowest enthalpy of atomization and

which have highest enthalpy of atomization
ii)Why do metals of 2nd and 3rd transition series have greater enthalpy of
atomization.
iii)Why are enthalpy of atomization of transition metals are very high?
68. The ion having maximum no of unpaired electron is:
a) Cr3+ b) Co3+ c) Mn3+ d) Fe3+

69. Which among the following element doesn’t have ns1 configuration?
a) Cr b) Tc c) Pd d)Ag

70. The correct order of decreasing second ionization enthalpy of Ti, V, Cr and
Mn is :

a.Cr> Mn > V >Ti b. V > Mn > Cr >Ti c. Mn> Cr>Ti>V d. Ti>V>Cr>Mn

71. Which among the following element have lowest melting point?

a)Pt b)Au c)Ag d)Cu

30 | P a g e
72.Which among the following ion is not diamanetic :

a. Cu(I) b. Hg(I) c. Pt(II) d. Cu(II)

73.Which among the following ion is most stable?

a)Ag+ b)Cu+ c)Au+ d)none of these

74. Which among the following is coloured due to charge transfer spectra?

a) CuO b)MnO2 c) Cu2O d) None of these

75. Which of the following gives yellow colour when alkali is added?

(a) KMnO4 solution (b) K2CrO4 solution

(c) K2MnO4 solution (d) K2Cr2O7 solution

76. Among the lanthanide having +4 oxidation state , which one is stable both in
solid state as well as in aqueous solution.

(a)Ce4+ (b)Sm4+ (c) Tb4+ (d) Dy4+

77. The correct product formed when faintly alkaline KMnO4 reacts with KI
solution is

(a) I2 (b) KIO3 (c) KIO4 (d)MnI2

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