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Asce 15-98

Q: Explain the role and importance of compacting the outer bedding under the lower side areas of a pipe installation.

The outer bedding under the lower side areas must be compacted to at least the same requirements as for the lower side areas to ensure structural support and stability, maintaining the integrity of the pipe installation and preventing uneven settlement or displacement of the pipe .

Q: Explain the soil and compaction requirements for constructing the pipe haunches in Type 3 and Type 4 installations.

The pipe haunches for Type 3 and Type 4 installations should be constructed using specified soil and with compaction meeting project specifications. The maximum aggregate size used should not exceed 3 inches (75 mm), and placed soil should be deposited and compacted uniformly on each side of the pipe to prevent lateral displacement .

Q: What is the required minimum thickness of the fill over the top of a pipe for an unpaved and flexible pavement area according to the design standards?

The minimum fill, including flexible pavement thickness, over the top outside of the pipe for unpaved and flexible pavement areas shall be 1 ft (300 mm), or 1/8 of the inside diameter, whichever is greater .

Q: What limitations are set for the size of aggregates used in trench installations for bedding layers exceeding 6 inches?

For trench installations with bedding layers exceeding 6 inches (150 mm) in thickness, the maximum aggregate size is limited to 1.5 inches (38 mm).

Q: What are the implications of improper pipe orientation during installation, and how should it be corrected according to the guidelines?

Improper pipe orientation can lead to structural issues and misalignment. It should be avoided by ensuring proper pipe placement initially. If orientation errors occur, the pipe should be unjoined, its grade corrected, and then rejoined, prohibiting grade adjustments by exerting force on the pipe .

Q: Describe the requirements for reinforcement used in pipes with a single circular or single elliptical cage according to the standards.

For circular pipes reinforced with a single circular or single elliptical cage, the area of reinforcement must not be less than twice the basic required reinforcement area (A_si). This means A_r = 2 * A_si .

Q: How should radial tension reinforcement be calculated for a pipe, and what factors influence its required area?

Radial tension reinforcement area is influenced by factors such as the pipe's diameter, reinforcement stress, and specific factors like the crack control factor (F_cr). The required area must ensure support against radial tension forces for specific crack control and design yield strength conditions .

Q: Under what conditions is dewatering necessary at the pipe installation site, and what is its purpose?

Dewatering is necessary when surface water or groundwater conditions are present at the pipe installation site. Its purpose is to ensure a dry and stable environment for the proper construction of foundations and bedding, preventing soil migration and providing a stable support platform .

Q: How should unsuitable foundation material encountered during pipe installation be addressed according to the guidelines?

Unsuitable or unstable material encountered during pipe installation should be removed and the foundation should be stabilized. Over-excavated areas must be backfilled with approved materials compacted to at least the standard Proctor density specified for the bedding .

Q: Discuss the need for crack control in reinforced concrete pipes and how it is achieved according to design standards.

Crack control in reinforced concrete pipes is crucial to maintain structural integrity and durability. It is achieved by designing reinforcement to not exceed specific factors like the Crack Control Factor (F_cr) and ensuring reinforcement placement at prescribed distances from stress points. These measures limit crack width and distribute stress .

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STD.

ASCE 1 5 - E N G L 1796 = 0757bU0 0 0 3 4 7 4 b 47b

SPECIAL NOTICE
The material presented in this publication has been
prepared in accordance with recognized engineering
principles. This Standard and Commentary should not
be used without first securing competent advice with
respect to their suitability for any given application.
The publication of the material contained herein is not
intended as a representation or warranty on the part
of the American Society of Civil Engineers, or of any
other person named herein, that this information is
--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

suitable for any general or particular use or promises

freedom from infringement of any patent or patents.
Anyone making use of this information assumes ali
liability from such use.

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

American Society of Civil Engineers

Standard Practice for

Direct Design of
Buried Precast Concrete Pipe
Using Standard Installations
(SIDD)

ASCE
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Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

ASCE 15-98
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American Society of Civil Engineers

Standard Practice for Direct

Design of Buried Precast
Concrete Pipe Using Standard
Installations (SIDD)
, This document uses both Systeme International (SI) units and customary units.
i

Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers

1801 Alexander Bell Drive
Reston, Virginia 20191-4400

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

ABSTRACT
This publication, Standard Practice for Direct Design of Bur-
ied Precast Concrefe Pipe Using Standard Installations
(SIDD), (ASCE 15-98), is applicable to buried concrete pre-
cast pipe intended for the conveyance of sewage, industrial
waste, storm water, and drainage. The standard practice
covers the direct design method, manufacturing specification,
and standard installations. It is based on research and testing
over the past twenty years to develop a more rational design
procedure for the direct design of buried concrete pipe based
on engineering principles followed for the direct design of
other reinforced concrete members. The direct design method
is an improvement on the indirect design method based on
the three-edge bearing test which does not represent the soil
pressure distribution around an installed pipe. The soil pres-
sure distribution on a buried pipe depends on soil-pipe inter-
action, which in turn depends on the soil material and instal-
lation procedure. The direct design method provides the
procedure for determining the pressure distribution coeffi-
cients for the standard installations. Four types of standard
embankment installations and four types of standard trench
installations are covered in the standard. The limits state de-
sign procedure specified for the design of pipe is consistent
with the procedures outlined in Section 17 of the AASHTO
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. The commen-
tary provides supporting background data.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Standard practice for direct design of buried precast concrete
pipe using standard installations (SIDD)
p. cm.- (ASCE standards)
ISBN 0-7844-0471-2
1. Pipe, Concrete-Design-Data processing.
2. Precast concrete. 3. Soil-structure interaction.
I. American Society of Civil Engineers. Direct Design of
Buried Concrete Pipe Standards Committee.

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TA447 .S73 2000
621.8’672-dC21
00-038952

Photocopies. Authorization to photocopy material for internal

or personal use under circumstances not falling within the fair
use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by ASCE to
libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clear-
ance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, pro-
vided that the base fee of $8.00 per article plus $ 5 0 per page
is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
O1923. The identification for ASCE Books is 0-7844-0471-2/
00/$8.00 + $ 5 0 per page. Requests for special permission
or bulk copying should be addressed to Permissions & Copy-
right Dept., ASCE.

Copyright O 2000 by the American Society of Civil Enoineers.

All Riohts Reserved.
Libra6 of Congress Catalog Card No 00-038952
ISBN 0-7844-0471-2
Manufactured in the United States of America.

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

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STANDARDS
In April 1980, the Board of Direction approved ANSVASCE 12-91 Guideline for the Design of
ASCE Rules for Standards Committees to govern the Urban Subsurface Drainage
writing and maintenance of standards developed by ASCE 13-93 Standard Guidelines for Installation of
the Society. All such standards are developed by a Urban Subsurface Drainage
consensus standards process managed by the Man- ASCE 14-93 Standard Guidelines for Operation and
agement Group F (MGF), Codes and Standards. The Maintenance of Urban Subsurface Drainage
consensus process includes balloting by the balanced ASCE 15-98 Standard Practice for Direct Design of
standards committee made up of Society members Buried Precast Concrete Pipe Using Standard
and nonmembers, balloting by the membership of Installations (SIDD)
ASCE as a whole, and balloting by the public. All ASCE 16-95 Standard for Load and Resistance
standards are updated or reaffirmed by the same pro- Factor Design (LRFD) of Engineered Wood
cess at intervals not exceeding 5 years. Construction
The following Standards have been issued. ASCE 17-96 Air-Supported Structures
ASCE 18-96 Standard Guidelines for In-Process
ANSUASCE 1-82 N-725 Guideline for Design and Oxygen Transfer Testing
Analysis of Nuclear Safety Related Earth ASCE 19-96 Structural Applications of Steel Cables
Structures for Buildings
ANSYASCE 2-91 Measurement of Oxygen Transfer ASCE 20-96 Standard Guidelines for the Design and
in Clean Water Installation of Pile Foundations
ANSYASCE 3-91 Standard for the Structural Design ASCE 21-96 Automated People Mover Standards-
of Composite Slabs and ANSUASCE 9-91 Stan- Part 1
dard Practice for the Consmction and Inspection ASCE 21-98 Automated People Mover Standards-
of Composite Slabs Part 2
ASCE 4-98 Seismic Analysis of Safety-Related Nu- SEVASCE 23-97 Specification for Structural Steel
clear Structures Beams with Web Openings
Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures SEVASCE 24-98 Flood Resistant Design and
(AC1 530-99lASCE 5-99íïMS 402-99) and Construction
Specifications for Masonry Structures (AC1 ASCE 25-97 Earthquake-Actuated Automatic Gas
530.1-99lASCE 6-99/TMS 602-99) Shut-Off Devices
ASCE 7-98 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings ASCE 26-97 Standard Practice for Design of Buried
and Other Structures Precast Concrete Box Sections
ANSYASCE 8-90 Standard Specification for the ASCE 27-00 Standard Practice for Direct Design of
Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in Trenchless
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Members Construction
ANSYASCE 9-91 listed with ASCE 3-91 ASCE 28-00 Standard Practice for Direct Design of
ASCE 10-97 Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Precast Concrete Box Sections for Jacking in
Structures Trenchless Construction
SEVASCE 11-99 Guideline for Structural Condition
Assessment of Existing Buildings

...
I11

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

FOREWORD
The material presented in this publication has on the part of the American Society of Civil Engi-
been prepared in accordance with recognized engineers, or of any other person named herein, that this
neering principles. This Standard and Commentary information is suitable for any general or particular
should not be used without first securing competent use or promises freedom from infringement of any
advice with respect to their suitability for any given patent or patents. Anyone making use of this infor-
application. The publication of the material contained mation assumes ail liability from such use.
herein is not intended as a representation or warranty
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Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

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S T D - A S C E 15-ENGL 1778 0757b00 0034'IUL 585

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The American Society of Civil Engineers private practice.
(ASCE) acknowledges the work of the Direct Design The Standard was prepared through the consen-
of Buried Concrete Pipe Standards Committee of the sus standards process by balloting in compliance with
Management Group F, Codes and Standards. This procedures of ASCE's Management Group F, Codes
group comprises individuals from many backgrounds and Standards. Those individuals who serve on the
including: consulting engineering, research, construc- Standards Committee are:
tion industry, education, government, design and

Richard P. Baldewin Kenneth K. Kienow Mark W. Schumacher

Josiah W. Beakley Leonard L. Klein Ernest T. Selig
Mike Bealey John M. Kurdziel Daniel N. Short
Matthew J. Binder John O. Lane Balaram K. Singh
Joseph A. Bohinsky Kelley Lloyd Robert F. Spiekerman
Thomas K. Breitfuss J. Wayne MacLean Lee E. Stockton, Vice Chair
Leo Brooks Michael C. McVay Richard A. Swenson
Dennis L. Bunke Kenneth F. Miller Charles M. Taylor
Eric A. Carleton Wallace J. Munden Albert T. Tung
Oliver Delery, Jr. Michael Murphy Adrianus VanKampen, Secretary
Jeffrey I. Enyart Masanori Nagami, Chair Jack C. Williams
R. Hartley Field Charles R. Nelson James L. Withiam
Fouad H. Fouad John L. Niklaus Shig Yonaminea
Frank J. Heger David Nishimura Joseph P. Zicaro
James J. Hill James A. Nystrom
Iraj I. Kaspar Gerald R. Price
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vii

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

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~

S T D * A S C E 15-ENGL 1998 9 0759b00 003'4'402 '411 D

CONTENTS

PART I GENERAL .
1.0 scope ..................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Applicable Documents.............................................................................................. 1
2.1 ASTM ....................................................................................................... 1
2.2 AASHTO ................................................................................................... 1
3.0 Definitions .............................................................................................................. 2
4.0 Notations ................................................................................................................ 2
5.0 Summary of Practice ................................................................................................ 3

.
PART II DIRECT DESIGN METHOD USING STANDARD INSTALLATIONS
6.0 General .................................................................................................................. 8
7 .O Design Requirements................................................................................................ 8
8.0 Materials ................................................................................................................ 9
8.1 Concrete..................................................................................................... 9
8.2 Reinforcement ............................................................................................. 9
9.0 Loads..................................................................................................................... 9
9.1 Dead Loads ................................................................................................ 9
9.2 Live Loads ................................................................................................. 10
9.3 Intermittent Internal Hydrostatic Pressure......................................................... 10
10.0 Standard Installations................................................................................................ 10
11.0 Pressure Distribution and Stress Analysis..................................................................... 11
12.0 Reinforcement ......................................................................................................... 11
12.2 Minimum Reinforcement............................................................................... 11
12.3 Maximum Flexural Reinforcement .................................................................. 11
12.4 Crack Control ............................................................................................. 12
12.5 Shear Strength............................................................................................. 12
12.6 Stirrups ...................................................................................................... 13
12.7 Welds. Splices. and Development of Reinforcement .......................................... 14
13.0 Pipe Designation...................................................................................................... 14

.
PART III CONSTRUCTION OF SOILPRECAST CONCRETE PIPE SYSTEMS
14.0 General .................................................................................................................. 15
15.0 Safety .................................................................................................................... 15
16.0 Excavation.............................................................................................................. 15
17.0 Foundation.............................................................................................................. 15
18.0 Bedding ................................................................................................................. 15
19.0 Pipe Placement and Joining ....................................................................................... 16
20.0 Haunch .................................................................................................................. 16
21.0 Lower Side ............................................................................................................. 16
22.0 Overfill .................................................................................................................. 16
23 .O Sheathing Removal and Trench Shield Advancement..................................................... 17
24.0 Precast Concrete Appurtenances ................................................................................. 17
25.0 Minimum Cover for Construction Loads ..................................................................... 17

APPENDIX A: MANUFACTURING SPECIFICATION

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APPENDIX B: SI UNITS FOR NOTATION AND EQUATIONS

B1.O Scope..................................................................................................................... 19

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

B2.0 Standard Practice-SI Conversions ............................................................................ 19

12.0 Reinforcement ......................................................................................................... 20
12.1 ................................................................................................................. 20
12.2 Minimum Reinforcement............................................................................... 20
12.3 Maximum Flexural Reinforcement.................................................................. 20
12.3.1 Limited by radial tension ................................................................. 20
12.3.2 Limited by concrete compression ...................................................... 20
12.4 Crack Control ............................................................................................. 21
12.5 Shear Strength............................................................................................. 21
12.6 Stirrups ...................................................................................................... 22
12.6.2 Radial tension stirrups ..................................................................... 22
12.6.3 Shear stirrups ................................................................................. 22
12.6.4 Extent of stirrups .................................. :......................................... 22

COMMENTARY
PART I . GENERAL
C1.0 Scope..................................................................................................................... 23
C2.0 Applicable Documents .............................................................................................. 23
C2.1 ASTM Standards ..................................................................................................... 23
C3.0 Definitions ........................................... 1.................................................................. 23
C4.0 Notations ................................................................................................................ 23
(25.0 Summary of Practice ................................................................................................ 23
PART II. DESIGN
C6.0 General .................................................................................................................. 24
C7.0 Design Requirements................................................................................................ 25
C9.0 Loads..................................................................................................................... 26
c10.0 Standard Installations................................................................................................ 29
c11.0 Pressure Distribution ................................................................................................ 30
c12.0 Reinforcement ......................................................................................................... 31
C13.0 Pipe Designation...................................................................................................... 37
C18.0 Bedding ................................................................................................................. 37

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INDEX .............................................................................................................................. 39

LIST OF FIGURES
3.6- 1 Pipehnstallation terminology...................................................................................... 2
5.2-1 Standard embankment installations ............................................................................. 4
5.2-2 Standard trench installations ...................................................................................... 5
5.3-1 Arching coefficients and Heger earth pressure distribution .............................................. 7
18.1-1 Uniform pipe support ............................................................................................... 15

LIST OF TABLES
5.2- 1 Standard embankment installation soils and minimum compaction requirements ................ 6
5.2-2 Standard trench installation soils and minimum compaction requirements ......................... 6
10.2-1 Equivalent USCS and AASHTO soil classifications for SIDD soil designations................. 10
12.4-1 Crack control coefficients.......................................................................................... 12

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

Standard Practice for Direct Design of Buried Precast

Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations (SIDD)
PART I. GENERAL use of SI units is in accord with ASTM Practice
E 380. SI units expressed in parentheses and in Ap-
pendix B are supplied for information only and are
1.0 SCOPE not a part of this standard practice.

1.1 This standard practice covers the direct design of Note 1: Some of the applicable standards referenced
buried precast concrete pipe using Standard Installa- may have a double designation (AxxdAxxxM) or
tions manufactured in accordance with ASTM C separate inch-pound (English) and SI (metric) unit
1417, and the design and construction of the soiUpipe editions. Only the inch-pound unit edition of a stan-

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interaction system, intended for the conveyance of dard is listed in this practice. If the practice is used
sewage, industrial wastes, storm water, and drainage. in an SI unit design, the user should investigate
whether separate SI unit editions of the referenced
1.2 When buried, concrete pipe is part of a compos- standards are available.
ite system comprised of the pipe and the surrounding
soil envelope, which interact and contribute to the
2.0 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS
strength and structural behavior of the system.

1.3 Part II of this standard practice presents the

2.1 ASTM (AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
SIDD method for buried precast concrete pipe. SIDD
TESTING AND MATERIALS)
is a design and analysis method that accounts for the
interaction between the pipe and soil envelope in de-
2.1.1 C 822 Definitions of Concrete Pipe and Related
termining loads, pressure distributions, moment,
Products
thrust and shear in the pipe, and includes a procedure
for calculating the required reinforcement. 2.1.2 C 1417 Specifications for Manufacture of Rein-
forced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert
1.4 Part III of this standard practice presents con-
Pipe for Direct Design
struction requirements for precast concrete pipe de-
signed by the SIDD method.
2.1.3 D 2487 Classification of Soils for Engineering
1.5 This standard practice may be used as a reference Purposes
by the owner and the owner’s engineer in preparing
project specifications based on the SIDD method. 2.1.4 D 2488 Recommended Practice for Description
of Soils (Visual Manual and Procedure)
1.6 The design procedures given in this standard
practice are intended for use by engineers who are 2.1.5 D 698 Moisture-Density Relations of Soils and
familiar with the installation and pipe characteristics Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Using 5.5 lb Rammer and
that affect the structural behavior of buried concrete 12 in. Drop
pipe installations and the significance of the installa-
tion requirements associated with each Standard In- 2.1.6 D 1557 Moisture-Density Relations of Soils and
stallation type. Before applying the design procedures Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Using 10 lb Rammer and
given in Part II, the engineer should review the guid- 18 in. Drop
ance and requirements given in other sections of this
standard practice and its accompanying commentary. 2.1.7 E 380 Standard Practice for Use of the Interna-
tional System of Units (SI) the Modernized Metric
1.7 The values of dimensions and quantities are ex- System
pressed in inch-pound (English) units, which are to
be regarded as standard. English unit values are con- 2.2 AASHTO (AMERICAN ASSOCIATION
verted to SI unit values, which are presented in pa- OF STATE HIGHWAY AND
rentheses or a section following the English units. TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS)
For clarity, Appendix B repeats the notation and con-
tains the full translation of equations to SI units. The 2.2.1 Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

2.2.2 T 99 The Moisture-Density Relations of Soils 3.4 Orientation Angle: An angular tolerance as-
Using a 5.5-lb (2.5 kg) Rammer and a 12-in. sumed for the position of the top of the pipe during
(305 mm) Drop the design of a pipe requiring a specific installation
orientation because of the reinforcement cage config-
2.2.3 T 180 The Moisture-Density Relations of Soils uration or the positioning of stirrups.
Using a 10-lb (4.54 kg) Rammer and an 18-in.
(457 mm) Drop 3.5 Prism Load: Weight of column of earth over the
outside diameter of pipe.

3.0 DEFINITIONS 3.6 Fig. 3.6-1 illustrates the definitions and limits of
the terms foundation, subgrade, bedding, haunch,
3.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, lower side, sidefill, backfill or overfill, invert, crown,
see ASTM Definitions C 822. springline, top of pipe, and bottom of pipe as used in
this standard practice.
3.2 For terminology related to soil classifications, see
ASTM Classification D 2487 and ASTM Practice
D 2488. 4.0 NOTATIONS
3.3 For terminology and definition of terms relating
to structural design, see AASHTO Standard Specifi- A,T= area of tension reinforcement required in length
cation for Highway Bridges. b, in.*/ft (cm2/m)

.... .... ............................. ... .............. .. . ........

Overfill - SW, ML, OR CL

Haunch - see Table 5.2-1

r------ ----- Lower side - sea Table 5.2-1

Bedding - see Toble 5.2-1

loosely placed
Outer bedding
material and
compaction each
> uncompacted bedding
except for Type 4

ride, some Ø-
requirements
as haunch

FIGURE 3.6-1. Pipflnstallation Terminology

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Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

ASCE 15-98

A , = area of total inner cage reinforcement required h = overall thickness of member (wall thickness),
in length b, in.’/ft (cm’/m) in. (mm)
A, = area of total outer cage reinforcement required H = design height of earth above top of pipe, ft (m)
in length 6, h 2 / f t (cm’/m) i = coefficient for effect of axial force at service
A,, = area of stirrup reinforcement required to resist load stress,f,
radial tension forces, in.2/ft (cm2/m) in each 1, = total additional arc length beyond calculated
line of stirrups at circumferential spacing s, arc lengths requiring stirrups, in. (mm)
A, = area of stirrup reinforcement required to resist M,= service load bending moment acting on length
shear, in.*/ft (cm2/m)in each line of stirrups at 6, in.-lbdft (Nmm/m)
circumferential spacing s, M,,= factored moment acting on length 6, in.-lbdft
i?, = crack control coefficient for effect of spacing (Ndm)
and number of layers of reinforcement M,,= factored moment acting on length 6 as modi-
b = width of section that resists stress, in. (mm); fied for effects of compressive or tensile thrust,
taken as 12 in. (English units); taken as 1,OOO in.-lbdft (Nmm/m)
mm (SI units); and n = number of layers of reinforcement in a cage,
b = unit length of pipe, ft (m); taken as 1 ft 1 or 2
(English units); taken as 1 m (SI units) N,= axial thrust acting on length 6, service load
C, = crack control coefficient for type of condition (+ when compressive, - when ten-
reinforcement sile), lbs/ft (N/m)
d = distance from compression face to centroid of Nu= factored axial thrust acting on length 6 (+
tension reinforcement, in. (mm) when compressive, - when tensile), lbs/ft
Di = inside diameter of pipe, in. (mm) (Nlm)
O,,,= mean diameter of pipe, taken as 1 PL = the prism load (weight of the column of earth)
Do = outside diameter of pipe, in. (mm) over the pipe’s outside diameter and is calcu-
f: = design compressive strength of concrete, lated as: PL = [wDo/(12)][H + (0.107Do)/(12)],
lbdin.’ (MPa) lbdft (English units); PL = [wDo/(l,OOO)][H +
A = maximum service load stress of reinforcing (0.107D0)/(l,OOO)], N/m (SI units)
steel for crack control, lbs/in.2 (MPa) r = radius to centerline of pipe wall, in. (mm)
fu = maximum developable strength of stirrup mate- r, = radius of the inside reinforcement, in. (mm)
rial, lbdin.’ (MPa) su= circumferential spacing of stirrups, in. (mm)
f , = design yield strength of reinforcement, lbdin.2 sI = spacing of circumferential reinforcement, in.
(MPa) (mm)
F, = factor for effect of curvature on diagonal ten- fb = clear cover over reinforcement, in. (mm)
sion (shear) strength in curved components v b = basic shear strength of length b at critical sec-

F,, = crack width control factor for adjusting crack tion where M,,/(V,,d) = 3.0, lbslft (Nlm)
control relative to average maximum crack V, = nominal shear strength provided by concrete in
width of 0.01 in. (0.3 mm) at 1 in. (25 mm) length b, lbs/ft (N/m)
from the tension reinforcement when F,, = 1.0 Vu= factored shear force acting on length b, lbdft
Fd = factor for crack depth effect resulting in in- (N/m)
crease in diagonal tension (shear) strength with Vu,= factored shear force acting on length b at criti-
decreasing d cal section where M,,,/(V,,d)= 3.0, ibdft (N/m)
FN = coefficient for effect of thrust on shear w = unit weight of soil, lbs/ft3 (N/m3)
strength p = ratio of reinforcement area to concrete area
F, = factor for process and materials that affect the 4f= strength reduction factor for flexure
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radial tension strength of pipe &, = strength reduction factor for shear
F,, = factor for pipe size effect on radial tension 4r= strength reduction factor for radial tension
strength 8 = orientation angle, deg
FV= factor for crack depth effect resulting in in-
crease in diagonal tension (shear) strength with
5.0 SUMMARY OF PRACTICE
decreasing d
F , = factor for process and materials that affect the
5.1 The SIDD method accounts for the interaction
shear strength of pipe
between the pipe and soil envelope in determining

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

BURIED PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE USING STANDARD INSTALLATIONS

loads and distribution of earth pressure on a buried 5.4 The structural design of concrete pipe is based on
pipe. The loads and pressure distributions are used to a limits state design procedure that accounts for
calculate moment, t h s t and shear in the pipe wall, strength and serviceability criteria and is consistent
and required pipe reinforcement for the Standard with the procedures outlined in Section 17 of the
Installations. AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway
Bridges. The design criteria include: structural as-
5.2 The Standard Installations that are a part of this pects, such as flexure, thrust, shear and radial tension
standard practice, Figs. 5.2-1 and 5.2-2 and Tables strengths; handling and installation; and crack width
5.2-1 and 5.2-2, are based on the results of research control.
on pipe/soil interaction, together with evaluation of
current construction practice, equipment, procedures, 5.5 The design of a concrete pipe for a particular
--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

and experience. Standard Installation type is based on the assumption

that the specified design bedding and fill require-
5.3 Earth load effects are determined from the pres- ments will be achieved during construction of the
sure distribution coefficients for the Standard Installa- installation.
tions (see Fig. 5.3-1).

c
. . .. .
*

.. , ..
..
,.,. .. .,
_ .. . .

I
compucilvii IuLII

side, some / .-
requirements
os haunch

FIGURE 5.2-1. Standard Embankment Installations

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

Surface

Overfil

Springline

r-----' Lower Side

--
I

Bedding Bottom

Foundation or Subgrode 2
existinq soil or c o m p a c t e d fill)

FIGURE 5.2-2. Standard Trench Installations

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Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

BURIED PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE USING STANDARD INSTALLATIONS

TABLE 5.2-1. Standard Embankment Installation Soils and Minimum Compaction Requirements

Installation Haunch and Outer

Type Bedding Thickness Bedding Lower Side

Type 1 DJ24 minimum, not less than 3 in. (75 mm). If 95% sw 90% SW, 95% ML, or
rock foundation, use 0,112 minimum, not less 100% CL
than 6 in. (150 mm).
Type 2 DJ24 minimum, not less than 3 in. (75 mm). If 90% SW or 95% ML 85% SW, 90% ML, or
rock foundation, use DJ12 minimum, not less 95% CL
than 6 in. (150 mm).
Type 3 DJ24 minimum, not less than 3 in. (75 mm). If 85% SW, 90% ML, 85% SW, 90% ML, or
rock foundation, use DJ2 minimum, not less or 95% CL 95% CL
than 6 in. (1 50 mm).
5pe4 No bedding required, except if rock foundation, use No compaction No compaction required,
DJ12 minimum, not less than 6 in. (150 mm). required, except if except if CL, use
CL, use 85% CL 85% CL
Notes:
i. Compaction and soil symbols, ¡.e., 95% SW, refer to SW soil material with a minimum Standard Proctor compaction of 95%. See Table
10.2.1 for equivalent Modified Proctor values.
2. Soil in the outer bedding, haunch, and lower side zones, except within DJ3 from the pipe springline, shall be compacted to at least the same
compaction as the majority of soil in the overfill zone.
3. Subtrenches
3.1 A subtrench is defined as a trench with its top below finished grade by more than 0.1 H or, for roadways, its top is at an elevation lower
than 1 ft (0.3 m) below the bottom of the pavement base material.
3.2 The minimum width of a subtrench shall be 1.33 Do, or wider if required for adequate space to attain the specified compaction in the haunch
and bedding zones.
3.3 For subtrenches with walls of natural soil, any portion of the lower side zone in the subtrench wall shall be at least as firm as an equivalent
soil placed to the compaction requirements specified for the lower side zone and as firm as the majority of soil in the overfill zone or shall
be removed and replaced with soil compacted to the specified level.

TABLE 5.2-2. Standard Trench Installation Soils and Minimum Compaction Requirements

Installation Haunch and Outer

5Pe Bedding Thickness Bedding Lower Side

Type 1 DJ24 minimum, not less than 3 in. (75 mm). If 95% sw 90% SW, 95% ML, 100%
rock foundation, use DJ12 minimum, not less CL, or natural soils of
than 6 in. (150 mm). equal firmness
5pe 2 DJ24 minimum, not less than 3 in. (75 mm). If 90% SW or 95% ML 85% SW, 90% ML, 95% CL,
rock foundation, use DJ12 minimum, not less or natural soils of equal
than 6 in. (150 mm). firmness
Type 3 DJ24 minimum, not less than 3 in. (75 mm). If 85% SW, 90% ML, 85% SW, 90% ML, 95% CL,
rock foundation, use DJ2 minimum, not less or 95% CL or natural soils of equal
than 6 in. (150 mm). firmness
Type 4 No bedding required, except if rock foundation, use No compaction 85% SW, 90% ML, 95% CL,
DJ12 minimum, not less than 6 in. (150 mm). required, except if or natural soils of equal
CL, use 85% CL firmness
Notes:
1. Compaction and soil symbols, i.e., 95% SW, refer to SW soil material with minimum Standard Proctor compaction of 95%. See Table 10.2.1
for equivalent Modified Roctor values.
2. The trench top elevation shall be no lower than 0.1 H below finished grade or, for roadways, its top shall be no lower than an elevation of 1
ft (0.3 m) below the bottom of the pavement base material.
3. Earth loading shall be based on embankment conditions.
4. Soil in bedding and haunch zones shall be compacted to at least the same compaction as specified for the majority of soil in the backfill zone.
5. The trench width shall be wider than shown if required for adequate space to attain the specified compaction in the haunch and bedding zones.
6. For trench walls that are within 10" of vertical, the compaction or firmness of the soil in the trench walls and lower side zone need not be
considered.
7. For trench walls with greater than 10" slopes that consist of embankment, the lower side shall be compacted to at least the same compaction
as specified for the soil in the backfill zone.

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Typa VAF-HAF A l Ai W - - A4 AS A6 a b c e t u v

1 1.35 0.45 0.62 0.73 1.35 0.19 0.œ 0.10 1.40 0.40 0.10 0.00 0.05 0.80 0.80
2 1.40 0.40 0.05 0.55 1.40 0.1s 0.œ 0.17 1.45 040 0.1s 0.10 0.05 0.82 0.m
3 1.40 0.37 l.a 0.35 1.40 0.10 0.10 0.17 1.45 0.36 0.20 0.12 0.05 0.05 0.60
4 1.6 0.50 1.4s 0.00 1.45 0.00 0.11 o 1s 143 0.30 0.25 O00 . 0.90 .

NOTES:

1. VAF and HAF are veiucsl and honzontaiarchingfactors. These adñchts iepresent nondimensionaltotal veftkaland hdzontalloads cf~the pipe.
rsspecuvely. The actual veilical and horizaital eafth keds are WAF) x (PL) and (HA0 x (PL). respectively. where PL is the ptism load.

2. PL, the prism load, is the weight of the column of earlh wver over the pipe outsiüe diameter and is calculated as:

3. Ckeíîuients A l through A6 represent the integraïkm of nondimensimalverlicai and horizontal components of sdl pressure under the indicated
p o i t i of the component pressure diaprams (¡.e., aie area under the amponent pressure diagrams). The pressures are assumed to vary either
praboiicaliy or lineariy, as shown, with the nondimensimalmagnitudes at governing points represented by h,. 4. uh,. 6.a, and b. Nondimensional
horizontal and Vertical dimensions of component pressure regions are defined by c, d, e. uc. vd. and f coefficients.

4. d is calculated as (0.5-c-e).
h, is calculated as (i.5A1) I (c) ( 1 ~ ) .
hp is calailaîed as (1.W)I [(d) (l+v)+(2e)].

FIGURE 5.3-1. Arching Coefficients and Heger Earth Pressure Distribution

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

S T D - A S C E 35-ENGL 3978 = 0757b00 0034433 Li24 =

PART II. DIRECT DESIGN METHOD USING 7.1.8 Design live and surcharge loadings, if any.
STANDARD INSTALLATIONS (SIDD)
7.1.9 Design intermittent internal hydrostatic pres-
sures, if required.
6.0 GENERAL 7.1.10 Crack width control criteria.
--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

6.1 Design procedures and criteria shall conform to 7.1.11 Cement type, if different than ASTM C 1417.
applicable sections of this standard practice.
7.2 The following design criteria shall apply:

6.2 DESIGN SUBMITTALS 7.2.1 Load Factors

Dead and Earth Load Factor
6.2.1 The intent of this Practice is that the pipe be (Shear and Moment) 1.3
designed and detailed by the manufacturer in accor- Dead and Earth Load Factor (Thrust)
dance with criteria furnished by the owner. Shop Reinforcement design 1.o
drawings are to be submitted to the owner for review Concrete compression 1.3
and approval prior to manufacture (see Section C6.2).
Live Load Factor (Shear and Moment) 2.17
6.2.2 An alternative to Section 6.2.1 is that the owner Live Load Factor (Thrust) 1.3
provide the design to the pipe manufacturer for prep- Internal Pressure Load Factor (Thrust) 1.5
aration of shop drawings, which would be submitted
to the owner for approval. 7.2.2 Strength Reduction (Phi) Factors

6.2.3 If the owner prepares a design, the manufac- Flexure, + 0.95

turer may submit an alternate design to the owner for Radial Tension, +u 0.9
approval.
Diagonal Tension, 4, 0.9

7.2.3 Crack Control Factor

7.0 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (unless modified by the owner) 1.o

7.1 The owner shall establish the following design 7.2.4 Orientation Angle, 8 1O"
criteria and requirements:
7.2.5 Process and Material Factors
7.1.1 Intended use of pipeline.
Radial Tension 1.o
7.1.2 Pipe inside diameter, Di. Diagonal Tension 1.o

7.1.3 Pipeline plan and profile drawings with installa- 7.2.5.1 Process and material factors greater than 1.0
tion cross sections as required. may be used if substantiated by test data and ap-
proved by the owner. In no case shall the Process or
7.1.4 Design earth cover height above the top of the Material Factor exceed a maximum value of 1.2.
pipe, H (see Fig. 3.6-1).
7.3 The manufacturer shall submit the following
7.1.5 Allowable Standard Installation types. Types 1, manufacturing design data to the owner for approval.
2, 3, and 4 for either trench or embankment (Figs.
5.2-1 and 5.2-2, and Tables 5.2-1 and 5.2-2). 7.3.1 Pipe Wall Thickness

7.1.6 Soil data sufficient to determine in situ condi- 73.2 Concrete Strength
tions for allowable Standard Installations (including
73.3 Reinforcement
in situ soil classification) and overfill weight per
cubic foot (N/m3). specification,
reinforcement Type 1, 2, or 3 as shown in Table
7.1.7 Performance requirements for pipe joints. 12.4-1,

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

design yield strength, strength steel is being provided. The other require-
9 placement and design concrete cover, ments of the appropriate ASTM specifications listed
cross-sectional diameters, in Section 8.2.1 (A 82, A 496, A 185, or A 497) shall
spacing, be met by the higher minimum strength steels. The
cross-sectional area, yield strength shall not be taken greater than 86% of
description of longitudinal members, and the ultimate strength, or 80 ksi (560 Mpa), whichever
if stirrups used, developable stirrup design stress, is lower.
stirrup shape, placement, and anchorage details.
8.2.2.1 Sections 8.2.2 and 8.2.3 do not apply to wire
7.3.3.1 The yield strength and ultimate (tensile)
sizes having a nominal diameter of less than 0.080
strength of the tension reinforcement used for design
in. (2 mm) or nominal cross-sectional area of less
shall be as specified in Section 8.2.1, 8.2.2, or 8.2.3.
than 0.005 in.* (3 mm’).
7.3.3.2 Crack Control Coefficient, CI,values greater
8.2.3 The use of Grade 40 hot-rolled steel bars with
than those shown in Table 12.4-1 may be used if
strengths exceeding ASTM specification values may
substantiated by pipe test data and approved by the
be approved by the owner when the reinforcement
owner.
manufacturer’s mill test report certifies that higher
minimum yield and ultimate (tensile) strength steel is
7.3.3.3 The minimum design concrete cover over the
being provided. The allowable combinations of in-
reinforcement shall be 1 in. (25 mm) in pipe having
creased yieldultimate strength, in ksi, shall be 45/75
a wall thickness of 2 1/2 in. (63 mm) or greater and
(3 10/520), 50/80 (350/560), and 55/85 (380/590). The
3/4 in. (19 mm) in pipe having a wall thickness of
other requirements of ASTM Specification A 615
less than 2 112 in. (63 mm).
shall be met by the higher minimum-strength steel.
7.3.4 Process and Material Factors for radial tension
and shear (diagonal tension).
9.0 LOADS
73.5 Pipe-laying length and joint information.

9.1 DEAD LOADS

8.0 MATERIALS
9.1.1 The dead load of the pipe weight shall be con-
8.1 CONCRETE sidered in the design and based on a reinforced con-
crete density of 150 lbs/ft3 (24 kN/m3), unless other-
8.1.1 Concrete shall conform to the requirements of wise specified.
ASTM C 1417.
9.1.2 The earth load from the fill over the pipe shall
be based on the design soil unit weight (mass) speci-
8.2 REINFORCEMENT fied by the owner in Section 7.1.6, but not less than
110 lbs/ft3 (17.6 kN/m3), unless otherwise specified.
8.2.1 Reinforcement shall consist of cold-drawn steel
wire conforming to ASTM Specification A 82 or 9.1.3 For unpaved and flexible pavement areas, the
ASTM Specification A 496, or of cold-drawn steel minimum fill, including flexible pavement thickness,
welded wire fabric conforming to ASTM Specifica- over the top outside of the pipe shall be 1 ft (300
tion A 185 or ASTM Specification A 497, or of hot- mm), or 1/8 of the inside diameter, whichever is
rolled steel bars conforming to ASTM Specification greater. Under rigid pavements, the distance between
A 615. the top of the pipe and the bottom of the pavement
slab shall be a minimum of 6 in. (150 mm) of com-
8.2.2 The use of cold-drawn steel or cold-drawn steel pacted granular fill.
welded wire fabric with strengths exceeding ASTM
--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

specification values may be approved by the owner 9.1.4 The dead load of fluid in the pipe shall be
when the reinforcing manufacturer’s mill test report based on a unit weight of 62.4 Ibs/ft3 (10 kN/m3), un-
certifies a higher minimum yield and ultimate less otherwise specified.

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

BURIED PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE USING STANDARD INSTALLATIONS

9.2 LIVE LOADS tions are depicted in Figs. 5.2-1 to 5.2-2 and Tables
5.2-1 and 5.2-2. The Standard Installations are ranked
9.2.1 Truck loads shall be either the AASHTO HS- according to the bedding and embedment soil materi-
series or the AASHTO Interstate Design load. An im- als, and the required construction effort and quality
pact factor need not be added to AASHTO live loads control. The Type 1 installation requires the most ef-
on pipe installed in accordance with Section 9.1.3. fort and control, while the Type 4 installation re-
quires the least. Soil classifications are in accordance
9.2.2 Railroad loads shall be the AREA designated with ASTM Classification D 2487 and Practice
Cooper E-series. D 2488.

9.2.3 Aircraft or other live loads shall be as specified 10.2 The soil type and compaction requirements for
by the owner. the Standard Installations are presented in Figs. 5.2-1
and 5.2-2 and Tables 5.2-1 and 5.2-2. Table 10.2-1
relates the Standard Installations designated soils to
9.3 INTERMITTENT INTERNAL
the AASHTO and Unified Soil System Classifications
HYDROSTATIC PRlESSURE
categories.
9.3.1 Internal hydrostatic pressure caused by hydrau-
10.3 The soil types and compaction requirements for
lic surcharges or other temporary hydraulic conditions
the Standard Installations are defined as follows:
shall be as specified by the owner.
103.1 Soil Materials
10.0 STANDARD INSTALLATIONS
SW General category of well-graded sands, gravelly
10.1 The four types of Standard Embankment Instal- sands, little or no fines. Includes the USCS soil
lations and four types of Standard Trench Installa- types SW, SP, GW. and GP (see Table 10.2-1).

TABLE 10.2-1. Equivalent USCS and AASHTO Soil Classifications for SIDD Soil Designations

Representative Soil Types Percent Compaction

SIDD Soil uscs AASHTO Standard Proctor Modified Proctor
--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~

Gravelly sand (SW) sw, SP A l , A3 100 95

GW, GP 95 90
90 85
85 80
80 75
61 59
Sandy silt (ML) GM, SM, ML; also A2, A4 100 95
GC, SC with 95 90
less than 20% 90 85
passing #200 85 80
sieve 80 75
49 46
Silty clay (CL) CL, MH, GC, SC A5, A6 100 90
95 85
90 80
85 75
80 70
45 40
Silty Clay (CL) but CH A7 100 90
not allowed for 95 85
haunch or bedding 90 80
45 40

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

ASCE 15-98

ML General category of inorganic silts, fine sands, 12.2 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT

or clayey silts with slight plasticity. Includes the
USCS soil types GM, SM,ML, and GC,and 12.2.1 Equations (2) and (3) apply to circular pipe
SC with less than 20% passing the #200 sieve reinforced with double circular cages. The area of re-
(see Table 10.2-1). inforcement shall be not less than A,, where
CL General category of inorganic clays of low to
medium plasticity, gravelly clays, sandy clays, b
silty clays. Includes the USCS soil types CL, A, = - (Di + h)*/(f,) (2)
12
MH, GC,and SC. Also includes CH but not for
use in haunch or bedding (see Table 10.2-1).
where b = 12 in.

10.3.2 Compaction SpecUications 12.2.2 The area of reinforcement for the outside face
of pipe shall be not less than A,, where
Standard Proctor density-AASHTO T 99 or
ASTM D 698
Modified Proctor density-AASHTO T 180 or
ASTM D 1557
12.2.3 For circular pipe reinforced with a single cir-
cular or single elliptical cage, the area of reinforce-
ment shall be not less than A,, where
11.0 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION A N D
STRESS ANALYSIS A, = (4)

11.1 The pressure distributions on the pipe from ap-

plied loads and bedding reaction as determined from
soil-structure analyses for the Standard Installations 12.3 MAXIMUM FLEXURAL
are presented in Fig. 5.3-1. Also listed are the rela- REINFORCEMENT
tive dimensions and coefficients, based on a unit
prism load on the pipe. The use of the computer pro- 12.3.1 Limited by Radial Tension
gram SIDD simplifies the analysis of a pipe for the When stirrups are not used, the wall shall be de-
moments, thrusts, and shears caused by these pres- signed so that the flexural reinforcement required by
sure distributions. Alternatively, the moments, thrusts, Section 12.1 for the inside cage and/or elliptical cage
and shears at governing design locations for the loads at the top or bottom of the pipe does not exceed
specified in Section 9.0 may be obtained using the Asirna,where
coefficients given in Table C-3 in the Commentary
Section C11.O.

where b = 12 in.
12.0 REINFORCEMENT

12.1 Reinforcement for flexural strength shall be not F, = 1 + 0.00833 (72 - Di) (6)
less than A, where
for 12 in. I Di 5 72 in.

(144 - D,)’
F, =
26,000
+ 0.80 (7)

where for 72 in. < Di 9 144 in.

g = 0.85bff
b = 12 in. F, = 0.8 for Di> 144 in. (8)

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Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

BURIED PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE USING STANDARD INSTALLATIONS

12.3.2 Limited by Concrete Compression j 0.74 + 0.leld

The wall shall be designed so that the flexural
j,, = 0.9
tensile reinforcement required by Section 12.1 does
not exceed A, where
1
i=-
= ([ 5S(87,000 f,)
'O4 g'"] + - 0.î5Nu)/(f,) (9) 1 - j-d
e

M, h
e = - + d - -, in.
Ns 2

where if e/d < 1.15 crack control will not govern

b = 12 in.
gk,, = 0.85bfé B, = V S (15)
= 0.65 bf;
where
s, = spacing of circumferential reinforcement, in.
12.4 CRACK CONTROL n = 1 , when tension reinforcement is a single layer

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
n = 2, when tension reinforcement is made of multi-
12.4.1 Crack control is assumed to be at 1 in. (25 ple layers
mm) from the tension reinforcement. The Crack Con-
trol Factor, F,,, shall not exceed that specified, where
12.4.2 If the service load thrust, N,, is tensile rather
than compressive (this may occur in pipes subject
5)
M, + Ns(d

1
- to intermittent hydrostatic pressure), the quantity
B, (l.lMs - 0.6Nsd)shall be-used (with tensile N,
- Clbh2a
= 30,000 &4
.!, taken negative) in place of the quantity
( [ M , + N, (d - h/2)]/ij)in Equation (1 1).

CI = see Table 12.4-I 12.5 SHEAR STRENGTH

b = 12 in.
12.5.1 The area of reinforcement, A,, determined in
Sections 12.1 and 12.4 shall be checked for shear
strength adequacy so that the basic shear strength, V,,
is greater than the factored shear force, V,, at the
TABLE 12.4-1. Crack Control Coefficients critical section located where M,/V,d = 3.0 [see
Equation (22) for M J .
'Qpe of Reinforcement C,
1. Smooth wire 1 .o
Plain bars
2. Welded smooth wire fabric, 8 in. (200 nun) 1.5
maximum spacing of longitudinais
Welded deformed wire fabric where
Deformed wire
Note: 8 in. (200 mm) maximum spacing b = 12 in.
applies to welded smooth wire fabric only fC,, = 7,000psi
3. Deformed bars 1.9
Any reinforcement with stirrups anchored
thereto p = -A,
bd

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

ASCE 15-98

where 12.6.2 Radiai Tension Stirrups

b = 12 in.
pmu= 0.02

1.6
Fd = 0.8 +-d = 0.754,d
sumu (24)

12.6.3 Shear Stirrups

where
max Fd = 1.3, for pipe with two cages or a single
elliptical cage
max Fd = 1.4, for pipe through 36-in. diameter with a
single circular cage
fVw = J., or anchorage strength, whichever is less
d
F,= 1 2 -
2r

where
(+) = tension on the inside of the pipe
(-) = tension on the outside of the pipe

For compression thrust (+Nu):

where b = 12 in.
F,=l+-
N"
2,000bh 12.6.4 Extent of Stirrups

where b = 12 in. 12.6.4.1 When stirrups are required at the invert or

crown regions for shear strength or for shear and ra-
For tensile thrust (-Nu):
dial tension, they shall be spaced at s, along the in-
ner reinforcing and extend over a basic length on
FN=l+-
N
U each side of the invert or crown where Vu is greater
SOObh than V,, plus an additional minimum arc length 0.5 1,
from each end of the basic arc length to allow for in-
where b = 12 in. stallation variations up to the orientation angle, e,
where

M",= M "- N" [ (4h - d)

] (22) Te
I , = -(Di
180
+ 2tb) + h
12.5.2 If V, is less than Vu, stirrups shall be provided
(see Section 12.6). If stirrups are also required at the spnngline re-
gion (may occur in very high loading conditions),
they shall be spaced at su and shall extend around the
entire pipe circumference.
12.6 STIRRUPS
12.6.4.2 When stirrups are required for radial tension
12.6.1 If stirrups are required for radial tension by only they shall be spaced at su along the inner rein-
Section 12.3.1 or for shear by Section 12.5, they forcing and extend over a basic length on each side
shall meet the following requirements: of the invert or crown where the required A, is

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

BURIED PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE USING STANDARD iNSTALLATIONS

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

greater than the limiting value given by Equation (5), 12.7 WELDS, SPLICES, AND
plus an additional minimum arc length 0.5 1, from DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT
each end of the basic arc length to allow for installa-
tion variations up to the orientation angle 6. Welds, splices, and development of reinforcement
shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C 1417.
12.6.5 Stirrup Anchorage
Anchorage of both ends of the stirrup shall be
sufficient to develop the factored stress in the stirrup. 13.0 PIPE DESIGNATION
The maximum factored tensile stress in the stirrup
shall be the yield stress or the stress that can be de- 13.1 The pipe designation shall be in accordance
veloped by anchorage, whichever is less. with ASTM C 1417.

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

PART III. CONSTRUCTION OF SOIL/ 17.2 When unsuitable or unstable material is encoun-
PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE SYSTEMS tered, the foundation shall be stabilized.

17.3 Where groundwater and soil characteristics may

14.0 GENERAL conhibute to the migration of soil fines into or out of
foundation, bedding, sidefill, and backfill materials,
The precast concrete pipelsoil system shall be methods to prevent migration shall be provided.
constructed to conform to the requirements of Figs.
--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

5.2-1 and 5.2-2 and Tables 5.2-1 and 5.2-2, the crite- 17.4 Pipe installed over an unyielding foundation
ria and design developed in Parts I and II, and to line shall be cushioned so as to prevent blasting shock
and grade as designated on the plans. The owner is when future blasting is anticipated in the area.
advised to provide for or require adequate inspection
of the pipe installation at the constniction site.
18.0 BEDDING

15.0 SAFETY 18.1 The bedding shall be constructed as required for

the designated Standard Installation uniformly over
15.1 Safety requirements for construction shall be in the full length of the pipe barrel, to distribute the
accordance with the applicable federal, state, and lo- load-bearing reaction uniformly on the pipe barrel
cal regulations. over its full length, and to maintain the required pipe
grade. If placed in layers, the thickness of the layers
15.2 Open ends of installed pipe shall be covered shall be as required by the project plans and specifi-
during overnight or longer periods of suspended cations (see Fig. 18.1-1).
work to prevent access by animals, personnel, and
accumulation of soil and debris. Covers shall be 18.2 The bedding layers for Standard Installation
braced or fastened to prevent movement. These ï ) p s 1, 2, and 3 shall be placed to be as uniform as
covers need not be watertight. possible, but shall be loosely placed uncompacted
material under the middle third of the pipe prior to
Note 2: If the pipe is plugged watertight when placement of the pipe.
empty, the possibility of pipe flotation should be in-
vestigated, and, if necessary, appropriate measures 183 Except as provided in Section 18.4, the maxi-
shall be taken to prevent flotation. mum aggregate size for beddings shall not be greater
than 1 in. (25 mm) except if the bedding has a thick-
ness of 6 in. (150 mm) or greater, the maximum ag-
16.0 EXCAVATION gregate size shall not be greater than 1 1/2 in.
(38 mm).
16.1 When ledge rock, compacted rocky, or other un-
yielding foundation material is encountered, it shall 18.4 When in situ soils conforming to project specifi-
be removed at least to the requirements shown in cations are used in constructing the bedding for Type
Figs. 5.2-1 and 5.2-2 and Tables 5.2-1 and 5.2-2. Over- 3 and 4 installations, the maximum aggregate size
excavated areas shall be backfilled with approved shall not be greater than 3 in. (75 mm), or half the
materials and compacted to at least the Standard bedding thickness, whichever is less.
Proctor density specified for the bedding.

16.2 Where surface water or groundwater conditions

exist, the site and trench shall be dewatered.

17.0 FOUNDATION

17.1 The foundation shall be moderately firm to hard

in situ soil, stabilized soil, or compacted fill material. FIGURE 18.1-1. Uniform Pipe Support

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

S T D m A S C E 15-ENGL 1998 0759b00 003qLi19 715 m

BURIED PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE USING STANDARD INSTALLATIONS

18.5 Bell holes shall be excavated in the bedding 203 When in situ soils conforming to project specifi-
and/or foundation when installing pipe with expanded cations are used in constructing the pipe haunches for
bells so that the pipe is supported by the barrel (Fig. Type 3 and 4 installations, the maximum aggregate
18.1-1) and not by the bells. size shall not be greater than 3 in. (75 mrn).

18.6 Any outer bedding under the lower side areas 20.4 Placed soil shall be deposited and compacted to
shall be compacted to at least the same requirements the specified density uniformly on each side of the
as for the lower side areas. pipe to prevent lateral displacement of the pipe.

19.0 PIPE PLACEMENT AND JOINING

21.0 LOWER SIDE
19.1 Pipe shall be installed to the line and grade
shown on the project plans and specifications. Joining 21.1 The lower side shall be constructed using the
shall be in accordance with the pipe manufacturer’s specified soil type and the minimum compaction
recommendations. level required for the designated Standard Installa-
tion. If placed in layers, the thickness of the layers
Note 4: Where practical, work should be started at shall be as required by the project plans and specifi-
the lowest end of the pipeline and the pipe laid with cations.
the bell end upgrade.
21.2 The soil, if not in situ, shall be material con-
19.2 The top of the pipe section being laid shall be forming to the project specifications, and containing
positioned to the correct orientation (if required) and no debris, organic matter, frozen material, or large
then joined. stones with a diameter greater than one half the
thickness of the compacted layers being placed.
19.3 Adjustments in grade by exerting force on the
barrel of the pipe with excavating equipment or by 21.3 Placed soil shall be deposited and compacted to
lifting and dropping the pipe shall be prohibited. If the specified density uniformly on each side of the
the installed pipe section is not on grade, the pipe pipe to prevent lateral displacement of the pipe.
section shall be completely unjoined, the grade cor-
rected, and the pipe then rejoined.

22.0 OVERFILL
20.0 HAUNCH
22.1 Overfill shall be constructed as specified. If
20.1 The haunch shall be constmcted using the speci- placed in layers, the thickness of the layers shall be
fied soil type and the minimum compaction level re- as required by the project plans and specifications.
quired for the designated Standard Installation. It
shall be placed and compacted uniformly for the full 22.2 The soil shall be material conforming to the

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
length of the pipe barrel so as to distribute the load- project specifications, and containing no debris, or-
bearing reaction uniformly to the bedding over the ganic matter, frozen material, or large stones with a
full length of the pipe barrel. If placed in layers, the diameter greater than one half the thickness of the
thickness of the layers shall be as required by the compacted layers being placed.
project plans and specifications.
22.3 Placed soil shall be deposited and compacted to
20.2 Except as provided in Section 20.3, the maxi- the specified density uniformly on each side of the
mum aggregate size for the haunch shall not be pipe to prevent lateral displacement of the pipe.
greater than 1 in. (25 mrn) except if the bedding has
a thickness of 6 in. (150 mm) or greater, the maxi- 22.4 When impact or vibratory equipment is used for
mum aggregate size shall not be greater than 1 1/2 compaction, care shall be taken to avoid damaging
in. (38 mm). the pipe.

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

23.0 SHEATHING REMOVAL AND TRENCH same material and in the same manner as the precast
SHIELD ADVANCEMENT concrete pipeline to prevent differential settlement be-
tween pipe and fittings.
23.1 Unless sheathing is to be left in place, it shall
be pulled out in vertical increments to permit place- 25.0 MINIMUM COVER FOR
ment and compaction of fill material for the full CONSTRUCTION LOADS
width of the trench.
25.1 If the passage of construction equipment over an
23.2 When trench shields or boxes are moved, the installed pipeline is necessary during project con-
previously placed pipe shall not be disturbed. It may struction, compacted protective overfill in the form of
be necessary to restrain the installed pipe by use of a ramp shall be constructed to a minimum elevation
deadman anchors or other means. Voids in the sidefill of 3 ft (0.9 m) over the top of the pipe or to a height
that are created by movement of a shield or box shall such that the equipment loads on the pipe do not ex-
be filled and compacted. ceed the pipe design strength. In an embankment in-
stallation, the protective overfill shall extend a mini-
mum of one pipe diameter width or 3 ft (0.9 m),
24.0 PRECAST CONCRETE whichever is greater, beyond each side of the pipe to
APPURTENANCES prevent possible lateral displacement of the pipe. To
minimize impact, ramps with gradual slopes shall be
24.1 Manholes shall be installed in a manner that constructed to meet the existing grade of the equip-
will minimize differential settlement between the pipe ment route on either side of the protective overfill. If
and manhole. a large volume of construction traffic must cross an
installed pipe, the point of crossing shall be changed
24.2 Precast concrete fittings, such as tees and wyes, occasionally to minimize the possibility of lateral
shall be bedded, installed, and overfilled with the displacement.
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Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

Appendix A has been deleted. For information on materiais and manufacturer and plant testing, refer to
ASTM Standard Specifications C 1417 for Manufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain,
and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design.

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Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

APPENDIX B: SI UNITS FOR NOTATION b =unit length of pipe, ft (m) taken as 1 ft (En-
AND EQUATIONS glish units), and taken as 1 m (SI units)
C,= crack control coefficient for type of
B1.O SCOPE reinforcement
d = distance from compression face to centroid of
B1.l This appendix repeats the notation and contains tension reinforcement, in. (mm)
the full translation of equations contained in the stan- Di = inside diameter of pipe, in. (mm)
dard practice and Appendix A from English unit val- Do= outside diameter of pipe, in. (mm)
ues to SI unit values. In addition, English unit values fi = design compressive strength of concrete, lbd
in the text are converted to SI unit values, which are in.’ (MPa)
presented in parentheses. The values of dimensions fs = maximum service load stress of reinforcing
and quantities expressed in English (inch-pound) steel for crack control, lbdin.* (MPa)
units shall be regarded as standard. The SI unit val- f v = maximum developable strength of stirrup mate-
ues are supplied for information only and are not a rial, lbdin.* (MPa)
part of this standard practice. f , = design yield strength of reinforcement, lbdin?
(MW
Note 1: Some of the applicable standards referenced F, = factor for effect of curvature on diagonal ten-
may have a double designation (AXxx/AxxxM) or sion (shear) strength in curved components
separate inch-pound (English) and SI (metric) unit FCr= crack width control factor for adjusting crack
editions. Only the inch-pound unit edition of a stan- control relative to average maximum crack
dard is listed in this practice. If the practice is used width of 0.01 in. (0.3 mm), 1 in. (25 mm)
in an SI unit design, the user should investigate from the tension reinforcement when F,, = 1.0
whether separate SI unit editions of the referenced Fd = factor for crack depth effect resulting in in-
standards are available. crease in diagonal tension (shear) strength with
decreasing d
B1.2 The section and equation numbering systems FN= coefficient for effect of thrust on shear
used in the standard practice and Appendix A are strength
maintained in this appendix to facilitate comparisons. F, = factor for process and materials that affect the
radial tension strength of pipe
B2.0 STANDARD PRACTICE- F, = factor for pipe size effect on radial tension
SI CONVERSIONS strength
Fv= factor for crack depth effect resulting in in-
crease in diagonal tension (shear) strength with
4.0 NOTATIONS decreasing d
F , = factor for process and materials that affect the
shear strength of pipe
A, = area of tension reinforcement required in length
h = overall thickness of member (wall thickness),
6, in.’/ft (mm’/m)
in. (mm)
ASi= area of total inner cage reinforcement required H = design height of earui above top of pipe, ft (m)
in length 6, in.*/ft (mm’/m)
i = coefficient for effect of axial force at service
A,, = area of total outer cage reinforcement required
load stress,&
in length b, in.’/ft (mm’/m)
lo= total additional arc length beyond calculated
A, = area of stirrup reinforcement required to resist
arc lengths requiring stirrups, in. (mm)
radial tension forces, in?/ft (mm’/m) in each
M, = service load bending moment acting on length
line of stirrups at circumferential spacing s,
b, in-lbdft (Nmm/m)
A, = area of stirrup reinforcement required to resist
M u= factored moment acting on length b, in-lbdft
shear, in.’/ft (mm2/m)in each line of stirrups at
circumferential spacing s, (Ndm)
M,, = factored moment acting on length b as modi-
i?,= crack control coefficient for effect of spacing
fied for effects of compressive or tensile thrust,
and number of layers of reinforcement
in-lbdft (Nmm/m)
b = width of section that resists stress, in. (mm),
n = number of layers of reinforcement in a cage, 1
taken as 12 in. (English units), and taken as
or 2
1,ooO mm (SI units)

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

Provided by IHS under license with ASCE Licensee=Americas - Mexico - Monterrey/5947185076, User=Oviedo Assaf, Marco Anto
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 07/05/2016 09:39:27 MDT
N,= axial thrust acting on length b, service load b
condition (+ when compressive, - when ten- A, = -(Di + h)2/(44.2f,)
1,o00
sile), Ibs/ft (N/m)
Nu= factored axial thrust acting on length b (+
where b = 1,OOO mm.
when compressive, - when tensile), Ibs/ft (N/
m) 12.2.2 The area of reinforcement for the outside face
PL = PL denotes the prism load (weight of the col-
of pipe shall be not less than A,,, where
umn of earth) over the pipe's outside diameter
and is calculated as: PL = [wDd(l2)][H +
(0.107D0)/(12)], lbslft (English units); PL = A, = 0.6Asi (3)
[wDd(l,OOO)][H + (0.107Do)/(1,000)],N/m (SI
units) 12.2.3 For circular pipe reinforced with a single cir-
r = radius to centerline of pipe wall, in. (mm) cular or single elliptical cage, the area of reinforce-
r, = radius of the inside reinforcement, in. (mm) ment shall be not less than A,, where
s, = circumferential spacing of stirrups, in. (mm)
s, = spacing of circumferential reinforcement, in.
A, = 2Asi (4)
(mm)
f b = clear cover over reinforcement, in. (mm)

vb =basic shear strength of length b at critical sec-

tion where M,,,,/(V& = 3.0, lbs/ft (N/m) 12.3 MAXIMUM FLEXURAL
V, = nominal shear strength provided by concrete in REINFORCEMENT
length b, lbs/ft (N/m)
Vu= factored shear force acting on length b, lbs/ft 12.3.1 Limited by Radial Tension
1" When stirrups are not used, the wall shall be de-
V,, = factored shear force acting on length b at criti- signed so that the flexural reinforcement required by
cal section where M,J(V& = 3.0, lbs/ft (N/m) Section 12.1 for the inside cage and/or elliptical cage
w = unit weight of soil, lbs/ft? (N/m3) at the top or bottom of the pipe does not exceed
p = ratio of reinforcement area to concrete area A,,,,, where
4f = strength reduction factor for flexure
&, = strength reduction factor for shear
4, = strength reduction factor for radial tension
8 = orientation angle, deg

where b = 1,OOO mm
12.0 REINFORCEMENT

12.1 Reinforcement for flexural strength shall be not

less than A, where
for 300 mm 5 Di 5 1,800 mm

(3,600 -
F,, =
16,800,000
+ 0.8 (7)
where
g = 0.85 bfi, for 1,800 mm e Di 5 3,600 mm
b=1,000mm.
F, = 0.8 for Di > 3,600 mm (8)
12.2 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT
12.3.2 Limited by Concrete Compression
12.2.1 Equations (2) and (3) apply to circular pipe The wall shall be designed so that the flexural
reinforced with double circular cages. The area of re- tensile reinforcement required by Section 12.1 does
inforcement shall be not less than A,, where not exceed A,,, where

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Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

APPENDIX

n = 2, when tension reinforcement is made of multi-

ple layers

12.4.2 If the service load thrust, N,, is tensile rather

than compressive (this may occur in pipes subject to
intermittent hydrostatic pressure), the quantity (0.25
where M, - 0.00016 N,d)shall be used (with tensile N,
taken negative) in place of the quantity
b=l,OOo~ (t0.225 M, + 0.0027 N,(d - M2)]/ij)
gmpX = 0.85 bf: in Equation (11).
gh,=O.65 6fc

12.5 SHEAR STRENGTH

12.4 CRACK CONTROL
12.5.1 The area of reinforcement, A,, determined in
12.4.1 Crack control is assumed to be 1 in. (25 mm)
Sections 12.1 and 12.4, shall be checked for shear
from the tension reinforcement. The Crack Control
strength adequacy so that the basic shear strength, vb,
Factor, F,,, shall not exceed that specified, where
is greater than the factored shear force, Vu,,at the
critical section located where M,,IV,d = 3.0. See
Bi
Equation (22) for M,.
= 5,250 4,dA,

- (0.083C i b h 2 f i )

where
where
C , = see Table 12.4-1
b=l,ûOOmm b = 1,OOo mm
fi- = 48.3 MPa
j = 0.74 + 2.54 e/d
j,, = 0.9 p = - A*
bd

(13) where
b = 1,OOO mm
pmax= 0.02
Ms h
e = - + d - -, mm
Ns 2

if eld < 1.15 crack control will not govern

where
(15) max Fd = 1.3, for pipe with two cages or a single eí-
liptical cage
max Fd = 1.4, for pipe through 1,800-mm diameter
where with a single circular cage
sI= spacing of circumferential reinforcement, in.
(mm) d
F,=l+-
n = 1 , when tension reinforcement is a single layer 2r

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Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

where 4Vb
v, = -
(+) = tension on the inside of the pipe - ml
+ 1
VUd
--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(-) = tension on the outside of the pipe

For compressive thrust (+Nu): V , , = 0.1664,bfl

Nu where b = 1,ooO mm.

F,=l+-
14bh
12.6.4 Extent of Stirrups
where b = 1,ooO mm
12.6.4.1 When stirrups are required at the invert or
For tensile thrust (-Nu): crown regions for shear strength or for shear and ra-
dial tension, they shall be spaced at s, along the in-
Nu ner reinforcing and extend over a basic length on
FN= 1 +-
3.5bh each side of the invert or crown where Vu is greater
than V,,plus an additional minimum arc length 0.5 le
where b = 1,OOO mm from each end of the basic arc length to allow for in-
stallation variations up to the orientation angle, û,

Mn,=Mu - Nu[ ]
(412 - d ) where

me
le = -(Di
180
+ 2t,) + h
12.5.2 If V, is less than V,, stirrups shall be provided
(see Section 12.6).
If stirrups are also required at the springline region
(they may be required in very high loading condi-
tions), they shall be spaced at s, and shall extend
12.6 STIRRUPS around the entire pipe circumference.
12.6.1 If stirrups are required for radial tension by B12.6.4.2 When stirrups are required for radial ten-
Section 12.3.1 or for shear by Section 12.5, they sion only they shall be spaced at s, along the inner
shall meet the following requirements. reinforcing and extend over a basic length on each
side of the invert or crown where the required A, is
12.6.2 Radial Tension Stirrups greater than the limiting value given by Equation ( 5 ) ,
plus an additional minimum arc length 0.5 Ze from
l.ls,(M, - 0.45N&d) each end of the basic arc length to allow for installa-
A, = (23)
fJs4d tion variations up to the orientation angle 8.

f,- = f , or anchorage strength, whichever is less 12.6.5 Stirrup Anchorage

Anchorage of both ends of the stirrup shall be
su, = 0.75 4,d (24) sufficient to develop the factored stress in the stirrup.
The maximum factored tensile stress in the stimp
12.6.3 Shear Stirrups shall be the yield stress or the stress that can be de-
veloped by anchorage, whichever is less.

12.7 WELDS, SPLICES, AND

DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT
f,,, = f , or anchorage strength, whichever is less
Welds, splices, and development of reinforcement
su, = 0.754,d (26) shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C 1417.

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

COMMENTARY

(This Commentary is not a part of the Standard. practice only and may not always correspond to ordi-
It is included for information purposes.) nary usage.

PART I. GENERAL C4.0 NOTATIONS

For consistent application, it is necessary that no-

C1.0 SCOPE tations be defined where they have particular mean-
ings in the standard practice. The notations given are
The ASCE Standard Practice for Direct Design for use in application of this standard practice only
of Buried Precast Concrete Pipe Using Standard In- and may not always correspond to ordinary usage.
stallations (SIDD), hereinafter referred to as the stan-
dard practice, provides for the direct design of buried
precast concrete pipe of circular shape using Standard C5.0 SUMMARY OF PRACTICE
Installations.
Direct design requires determining the earth The SIDD Practice provides the engineer with
loads and pressure distributions on the pipe, based on guidance for the design of pipe-soil installations. The
soil properties and installation type, analysis to deter- essential features of the method are:
mine moments, thrusts and shears, and design to de- 1. Defines standard installations that permit practical
termine circumferential reinforcement. Analysis and options for selecting installation designs based on
design procedures are similar to those used for other the engineer’s perception of the needs of a partic-
reinforced concrete structures. ular project. Within these options, the defined
Indirect design procedures, where the effects of standard insîaiIations are based on the results of
earth load and pressure distributions for installation soil-structure interaction investigations that have
types are indirectly related to the three-edge bearing helped to define how the various soil zones con-
test strength, are not covered in this standard tribute to support of the pipe and where optimum
practice. benefits can be obtained from soils with specified
quantitative characteristics.
2. Defines loads and pressure distributions that have
C2.0 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS been idealized from the results of soil-structure in-
teraction analyses of the standard installations.
C2.1 ASTM STANDARDS 3. Defines strength and serviceability limits and pipe
design procedures that reflect the actual behavior
ASTM C 1417 has been developed as the manu- of reinforced concrete pipe subject to the design
facturing standard for pipe designed and installed in loads and their distributions on the pipe. These
accordance with this standard practice. The pipe de- procedures are based on current reinforced con-
signs and specifying of pipe in accordance with this crete strength and serviceability design concepts
standard practice are in terms of the required pipe re- and evaluations of many tests on pipe and similar
inforcement for a specific Standard Installation. Con- flexural components.
sequently, the three-edge bearing test and D-load Fig. C-1 shows how the amount of inside rein-
strength are not applicable. forcement required at the pipe invert typically varies
with the height of earth cover above the top of the
pipe (fill height) for pipe without stirrups. The results
C3.0 DEFINITIONS are shown in a general form for pipe with unspeci-
fied dimensions and concrete and steel materials in a
For consistent application, it is necessary that particular, but unspecified, standard installation type.
terms be defined where they have particular meanings The figure shows that flexural strength is the govern-
l in the standard practice. The definitions given or re- ing design criteria for the initial and largest portion
ferenced are for use in application of this standard of the range of fill heights that can be supported us-

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Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

Shear Control
Without Stirrups
With Stirrups

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Crack Control

Asi

k r a c k Control

Height o f E a r t h Cover

FIGURE C-l. Plot of Required Inside Reinforcing Area YS. Design Height of Earth Cover for vpical Design
with Surface Wheel Loads

ing concrete pipe without stirrups. Depending on the precast concrete pipe system design be reviewed by a
magnitude of the Crack Control Factor, F,, specified qualified engineer.
in the design criteria, as the fill height increases,
there may be a range of fill heights where crack con- C6.1 Although designs may be hand-calculated, the
trol requirements govern the amount of reinforce- microcomputer program SIDD (Reference Document
ment. Beyond this range, there is an additional small C2) will greatly facilitate designs and analyses. SIDD
range of fill heights that can be supported by pipe is an extension of the Federal Highway Administra-
without stirrups by increasing the inner circumferen- tion ( M A ) microcomputer program PIPECAR,
tial reinforcement substantially beyond the increases which is available from the Center for Microcomput-
that would be required for flexural strength or for ers in Transportation (McTrans), University of
crack control in order to meet the requirements for Florida.
shear strength without the use of stirrups. PIPECAR was developed by Simpson Gumpem
and Heger Inc. (SGH) for FHWA and uses Paris or
modified Olander coefficients to determine pressure
PART II. DESIGN distribution on the buried precast concrete pipe.
PIPECAR designs the pipe-reinforcement require-
ments to conform to the AASHTO direct design
C6.0 GENERAL method (document 2.2.1). SIDD was also developed
by SGH, but uses coefficients developed for four
It is not possible to predict all possible field situ- Standard Installations from an extensive series of de-
ations or to cover them in this standard practice and signs produced by the comprehensive finite element
commentary, therefore, it is imperative that the soiV computer program SPIDA to determine pressure dis-

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

COMMENTARY

tribution on the buried precast concrete pipe and de- diameters larger than 144 in. (3,600 mm) may be
signs the reinforcement requirements. available. When such sizes are required, the owner
should contact the manufacturers in the project area.
C6.2 The various manufacturers of concrete pipe use
individual methods and materials for manufacture.
Common variations are wall thickness, steel type, C7.23 Crack Control Factor
cage shape and fabrication method, concrete strength, Cracks are expected to occur in pipelines de-
laying length, and joint details. There are many dif- signed using this standard practice, just as cracks are
ferent combinations that will meet the requirements expected in most reinforced-concretestructures. The
of the Ractice. 0.01-in. (0.3-mm) crack was originally selected arbi-
This section clarifies that the pipe may be de- trarily as a test criterion and was then, and is now,
signed and detailed by either the owner or the manu- not intended as an indication of structurally distressed
facturer, in accordance with design requirements fur- or failed pipe in the installed condition. When maxi-
nished by the owner. When owners provide the pipe mum crack width exceeds 0.01 in. (0.3 mm), the
designs, it is suggested that they confer with local pipeline should be appraised, considering structural
pipe manufacturers regarding availability of pipe integrity, environmental conditions, and service life.
products. This type of cooperation will promote the Section 27.4.1 of the AASHTO bridge specification
most economical project design. provides guidance for acceptance and repair of cracks
in precast concrete culvert and storm drain pipe.

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Most pipe designs are controlled by ultimate
C7.0 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS flexure or ultimate shear. Fewer designs are con-
trolled by service load cracking (see Fig. C-i). De-
The SIDD method uses the single load factors pending on design criteria, crack control may govern
contained in the AASHTO specifications. "he use of a greater or lesser range of heights of earth cover.
smaller load factors for compressive thrust is conser- F,, the Crack Control Factor, defines the service
vative because compressive thrust reduces the re- load average maximum crack width limit at 1 in. (25
quired reinforcement. Overcompaction of bedding mm) from the tension reinforcement. If crack control
andor undercompaction of haunches or lower side governs the design, a Crack Control Factor of 1.0 in-
can increase moments and shear without increasing dicates that there is a 50% probability that cracks in
compressive thrust. excess of, but close to, 0.01 in. (0.3 mm) in width
Strength reduction (phi) factors are used to ac- will occur at the design service load.
count for possible variation in pipe strength due to If Equation (11) is rearranged to solve for the
manufacturing variables. area of steel required (AJ, it can be seen that F,, is a
divisor of the stress required for the desired crack
C7.1.2 Reinforced concrete pipe manufactured with width control. F,, of 1.1 will allow more 0.01-in. (0.3
the standard inside diameters listed in Table C-l. mm) cracks and some slightly larger cracks. F,, of
Diameters other than those shown in Table C-1 and 0.9 will restrict crack width and allow very few
0.01-in. (0.3 mm) cracks.
The crack control equations were developed from
TABLE C-l.Standard Designated tests on pipe with approximately 1 in. (25 mm) of
Inside Diameter cover on the tension reinforcement. Therefore, pipe
designed with more than 1 in. (25 mm) cover and a
in. in. (mm) in. (mm) F,, of 1.0 are predicted to reach a 0.01-in. (0.3 mm)
-
12 300 42 1,050 96 2,400 crack approximately 1 in. (25 mm) from the tension
15 315 48 1,200 102 2,550 steel and a wider crack at the surface of the concrete.
18 450 54 1,350 108 2,700 For pipe with more than 1 in. (25 mm) of cover
21 525 60 1,500 114 2,850 over the tension reinforcement, the crack width limit
24 600 66 1,650 120 3,000 at the surface of the concrete may be estimated rela-
27 675 72 1,800 126 3,150 tive to the calculated crack width limit at 1 in. (25
30 750 78 1,950 132 3,300
mm) from the tension reinforcement. The two crack
33 825 84 2,100 138 3,450
36 900 90 2,250 144 3,600
width limits may be assumed to be proportional to
their distance from the neutral axis. For this purpose

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

BURIED PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE USING STANDARD INSTALLATIONS

the neutral axis may be assumed to be at 3 d 8 from wall thicknesses 2 1/2 in. (63 mm) or greater, the re-
the compression face of the pipe wall. inforcement may be so placed that the design cover
When two or more layers of reinforcing are used over the circwnfaential reinforcement is 1 in. (25
to make a single line of tension reinforcement mm) from the inner surface of the pipe at the vertical
(n = 2), crack control is improved. However, because diameter and 1 in. (25 mm) from the outer surface of
there is insufficient information about cracking be- the pipe at the horizontal diameter. In pipe having
havior with more than two layers, it is recommended elliptical reinforcement with wall thickness less than
that no more than two layers be assumed for design, 2 1/2 in. (63 mm), the design cover over the circum-
even if more layers are used in the pipe. ferential reinforcement may be 3/4 in. (19 mm) at the
vertical and horizontal diameters. For allowable toler-
ances on minimum cover over reinforcement see Ap-
C7.2.4 Orientation Angle
pendix A.
When quadrant mats, stirrups, and/or elliptical
cages are used, the pipe requires orientation in the
ground with respect to its crown and invert. It is rec-
ommended that SIDD designs be based on the possi-
C9.0 LOADS
bility that the pipe may be misoriented (rotated) dur-
ing installation by 10" in either direction. This
Soiyprecast concrete pipe interaction systems are
assumed rotation tolerance is called the orientation
designed to have design strengths of all sections at
Angle.
least equal to the required strengths calculated for the
In some conditions, such as where the pipe is in-
factored loads.
stalled close to and parallel to the edge of a fill or in
a wide trench that runs perpendicular to a steep side
slope, or other cases where the loads may be applied C9.2.1 "ruck Loads
at an angle to the vertical, a circular cage design may AASHTO truck loads (see Fig. C-2) are consid-
be required. If stirrups are required in these special ered as applied by a tire print rather than a point
conditions, the pipe regions with stirrups may be load. Each tire print is assumed to be a 10%. (250
extended. mm) square, such that the print of a dual-tire assem-
bly is 10 by 20 in. (250 by 500 mm). In some cases,
--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

C7.2.5 Process and material factors are included in the Interstate Truck load may produce greater pipe
the equations and may be conservatively used with stresses than the HS-series.
values of 1.0. The processes and materials used by AASHTO specifications suggest that truck loads
some manufacturers may produce higher factors. If a may be ignored for burial depths greater than 8 ft
plant can demonstrate with appropriate test data that (2.4 m). For SIDD designs, truck loads should be
an increased factor for a series of sizes and designs is considered at all depths and not arbitrarily eliminated.
valid, the owner may allow higher values. Because of the cushioning effects of the fill and/or
pavement on pipe installed in accordance with Stan-
C73.3 Section A6.5.2, Welds, Splices, and Develop- dard Practice Section 9.1.3, an impact factor is not
ment of Circumferential Reinforcement,Appendix A required.
may conml when determining the yield strength to
be used in design. SIDD Live Load Factors for 'h~& Loads-In the
computer program SIDD,the live load factors are ap
C7.3.3.2 When using a single circular cage, a reason- plied with a single truck located anywhere on a road-
able design inside clear cover over the circumferen- way, irrespective of the number of lanes in the mad.
tial reinforcement is 0.4 times the wall thickness. In multiple-lane roadways, the maximum wheel
This provides adequate strength at the springiine. For loads on the trucks passing in adjacent lanes are as-
very thin walls, minimum concrete cover may con- sumed to be aligned at the same location in the cen-
trol. Any design inside cover may be used providing ter of four adjacent 1 2 4 (3.6 m) lanes. For this load
minimum cover and strength requirements are satis- case, the live load factor is reduced to the load factor
fied. In pipe having two lines of circular reinforce- used for dead and earth loads, effectively eliminating
ment, each line may be so placed that the design a live load overload factor for this exaemely unlikely
cover over the circumferential reinforcement is 1 in. case of up to four fully loaded trucks passing with
(25 mm). In pipe having elliptical reinforcement with maximum wheel loads at the same locations.

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

STDeASCE 15-ENGL 1398 0759b00 00339930 38b W

COMMENTARY

AASHTO HS 20 AASHTO HS 20 iz,ooo Ib. or

Iwd load
16.000 Ib.

o
4000 Ib. 4000 Ib. 4000 Ib «)o Ib.

o 7

c
16.000 Ib. 16.000 lb.

AASHTO
aliarnati load .

FIGURE C-3.Wheel Load Surface Contact Area

12.000lb. 12.000Ib. ' 16.000 Ib. 16.000 Ib.

The load and pressure distribution at the top of
HS20 and oliarnoh lwdr the pipe produced by the surface live load and the
pressure distribution applied to a buried pipe are de-
termined from that portion of the effective combined
uniform pressure area that extends over the outside
diameter of the pipe.
The effective length, i.,,of the buried pipe that
resists the applied live load calculated above is the
length that is subject to the effective combined uni-
form pressure area plus an additional length equal to
1.75 times 314 of the pipe outside diameter, split
FIGURE C-2. Live Load Spacing equally between each side of the pressure area as
shown in Fig. C-7.
The maximum pressure at the top of the pipe
caused by the rear axle of a single truck may be cal-
SIDD Distribution of h c k Live Loads through culated by dividing the critical wheel or axle load
Earth Fills-In the program SIDD,wheel loads are given in Tables C-2A or C-2B by the appropriate
uniformly distributed over a tire footprint at the sur- spread area. The spread area also gives the extent of
face of the pavement having dimensions as shown in the assumed pressure that acts on the top of the pipe.
Fig. C-3. The effects at the level of the top of a bur- Because the longitudinal stiffness of the pipe distrib-
ied pipe are uniformiy distributed over a rectangular utes the load effects on the pipe over an assumed
area with sides equal to 1 3/4 times the depth of fill length, Le, the effective pressure acting on a unit
plus the footprint dimensions as shown in Fig. C-4, length of pipe is the pressure on the top of the pipe
defined as the effective uniform pressure area at the times the ratio UL, (see Fig. C-7). The total load on
top of the pipe. a unit length of the pipe is the effective pressure
Overlapping pressures at the top of the buried times the outside diameter.
pipe from adjacent surface wheels are uniformly dis- The effective pressure and live load acting on a
tributed over the combined effective uniform pressure unit length of pipe for cases involving two or more
I area for each individual load as shown in Figs. C-5 trucks in adjacent lanes are obtained using a similar
and C-6. procedure, considering the overlapping spread areas.

27
--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

Wheel Load Area

FIGURE C-4. Distributed Load Areas Single Dual Wheel

Wheel Load Areas -

FIGURE C-5. Distributed Load Area Two HS U)Trucks Passing

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

COMMENTARY

Loac-J

Distributed Load Area

v-w
FIGURE C b . Distributed Load Area Alternate Loads in Passing Mode

This pressure is given in detail in Referenced Docu- tent hydraulic pressure loads of up to 50 ft (150 P a )
ment C2 (SiDD Users Manual). of water, including surge, are appropriate. intermittent
The supporting pressures under the pipe are as- internal pressure is often not considered in the design
--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

sumed to have the same distribution as those for calculations unless the pipeline system is specifically
earth load for each Standard Installation type. designed to surcharge as a working condition.

C9.3 Designs covered by this standard practice are

not intended to be used for pipe that will be subject
C10.0 STANDARD INSTALLATIONS
to continuous internal pressure. Designs for intermit-
The four Standard Installations were developed
from evaluations of present bedding specifications
and construction practices and discussions with expe-
rienced engineers, producers, and contractors. The in-
stallations and coefficients were developed for em-

TABLE C-2A. Critical Live Loads and Spread

Dimensions at the Top of the Pipe, English Units

H (ft) P (ibs) A u (ft2)

H < 2.48 16,000 (0.83 + 1.75H)(1.67 + 1.75H)

2.48 5 H < 4.10 32,000 (0.83 + 1.75H)(7.67 + 1.75H)
FIGURE C-7. Effective Supporting Length of Pipe
4.10 IH 48,000 (4.83 + 1.75H)(7.67 + 1.75H)

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

TABLE C-2B. Critical Live Loads and Spread 2 3/4 in. (70 mm) as a maximum.
Dimensions at the Top of the Pipe, SI Units
C11.4 Since the pressure distribution given in Table
3 is too complex to obtain closed form equations for
H < 0.76 7,250 (0.25 + 1.75H)(0.50 + 1.75H) the desired moments, thrusts, and shears, structurai
0.76 c H < 1.25 14,500 (0.25 + 1.75H)(2.34 + 1.75H) analysis for each installation type is performed using
1.25 < H 21,800 (1.48 + 1.75H)(2.34 + 1.75H) the computer program SIDD. The analysis is per-
formed using the stiffness method to obtain moments,
thrusts, and shears at 37 points in the pipe half
circumference.
bankment conditions and when used for trench In order to facilitate application of the SIDD
conditions will provide conservative designs. A con- Practice without using the SIDD computer program,
sequence of using the Standard Installations is that the moments, thrusts, and shears at points that govern
restrictions on trench width no longer apply. the design of the pipe wall may be reduced from the
The Standard Installations are defined in terms of results obtained in the SIDD computer analyses for
installation configuration and minimum compaction each of the four Standard Installation types to the
level of placed soils that must be provided in various form of nondimensional coefficients that are indepen-
locations around the pipe relative to the types of dent of pipe diameter and actual applied load. The
placed soils. Specific levels of minimum compaction nondimensional coefficients Cmi,Cni,and CVifor de-
are required. These are specified in terms of percent termining the stress resultants Mi, Ni, and V,, respec-
of Standard Proctor density (AASHTO Specification tively, at governing locations at the crown, invert,
T 99) (ASTM Method D 698). See Table 3 for springline and at the critical locations for shear in the
equivalent Modified Proctor densities (AASHTO invert and crown regions are given in Table C-3 for
Specification T 180) (ASTM Method D 1557). Ra- the above types of applied load. W o coefficients are
tional design of concrete pipe for the installed condi- given for live load. The coefficients with an L1 sub-
tion requires that soils are actually placed with the script are for a pipe with overfills greater than 1.75
minimum specified compaction. This sometimes re- Do and with uniformly distributed live load. The co-
quires control by field compaction testing. efficients with an L2 subscript are for a pipe with 1-
ft burial with relatively narrow load distribution over
the crown of the pipe. Coefficients for pipe having an
intermediate burial depth between 1 ft and 1.75 Do
C11.0 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
may be estimated between these two extremes. The
following equations define the relationship between
C11.1 The soil loads and pressure distributions for
the nondimensional coefficients and the actual mo-
each installation type are determined from the arch-
ments, thrusts, and shears caused by each of the
ing and pressure distribution factors for vertical and
types of total load described in Section 9 . The term
horizontal components of the loads and earth pressure
Wi in each of these equations represents the following
distributions around the pipe circumference. These
loads on the pipe: pipe weight, W,;vertical earth
nondimensional coefficients were obtained from pa-
load, We; fiuid load, W; and live load, W,.
rameter studies of the finite element soil/pipe installa-
tion models using the soil-structure interaction com-
puter program SPIDA.

C11.2 Earth load coefficients are based on an exten-

sive series of designs produced by the comprehensive
finite element computer program Soil Pipe Interaction
Design and Analysis (SPIDA) (see Referenced Docu- The vertical earth load, We, for each of the four Stan-
ment C 1 and Reference C 12). dard Installations is obtained from the prism earth
load, PL, as follows:
C113 Fig. 3 was developed for B wall thicknesses as
listed in ASTM Specification C76, but it is reasona- We = VAF X PL (C-4)
ble to use these values for walls ranging from DJ12
as a minimum to the greater of Di/6 or DJ12 + The prism earth load, PL, is:

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- COMMENTARY

TABLE C-3.1. Insíailation Type 1 Coefficients

Coefficients
~ ~

Location Load 5 P e em, cn, Cu,

Invert WP .225 .O77
we .o91 .188
w, .O88 -.445
WU .O75 .250
WU .165 -.O46
Crown WP .O79 - .O77
w
e .O83 .157
Wf .O57 -.187
WL, .O68 ,200
wu .236 .O46
Springline 90" WP -.O91 .249
we -.O77 .500
Wf -.o64 -.o68
wu -.o65 ,500
WU -.154 .5oo
Critical Shear Invert û, = 12" WP ,174 ,437
w, .219 .143
Wf -.408 .141
WLI .270 .150
Critical Shear Crown 0, = 159" WP -.O55 .O83
we .205 ,117
Wr -.176 .o62
WU .250 .loo

states design practice and evaluations of many tests

PL = w[H + 0.0089D0]Do
- (C-5) on pipe and slabs as a part of the American Concrete
12
Pipe Association's long-range research program. The
The critical location for shear is the location basis of these equations is explained in References 1,
where the ratio M,,/V,d = 3.0, as provided in Section 3, 4, 5, and 6. The reinforcement design equations
12. Measured from the invert, the angular location of are essentially the same as those given in Section 17
the critical section for shear, e,, varies slightly for of the AASHTO bridge specification, except for the
different combinations of the four basic load types. shear modification factor for compressive or tensile
The locations given in Table C-3 are locations where thrust, FN.FN was obtained from AC1 318, Building
earth load predominates. The location for this case is Code Requirement for Reinforced Concrete Design.
given because shear is much more likely to govern The equations in this section contain quantities such
the design for high fill heights where earth load is as A,, M,N,and V whose dimensions are taken for a
the predominant load, than for low fill heights where 12-in. (1,ooO mm) length of wall section. Thus, b
the effects of surface applied concentrated loads may should be taken equal to 12 in. (1,ooO mm) in all the
govern the design. No shear location is given for the equations containing b in this section, and all rein-
shallow burial live load case because normally shear forcement areas are calculated per foot (meter) of
strength is not a governing design criteria in such pipe length.
cases.

C12.0 REINFORCEMENT (212.1 FLEXURAL TENSION

The reinforcement design equations were devel- Equation ( I ) gives the minimum reinforcement to
oped based on accepted structural engineering limit limit the factored maximum tensile stress to the yield

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

TABLE C-33. Installation m e 2 Coefficients

Coefficients

Invert WP .227 .O77

W. .122 .169
w, .111 -.137
WLI .lo7 .205
WU ,189 -.O35
Crown WP .O79 -.O77
W. ,094 .126
Wf .O62 - .204
WLI .O80 .171
WU .241 .O35
Springline 90" WP -.O91 .249
We -.O90 soo
Wf -.O70 -.O68
WLI -.O78 .513
WU -.160 soo
Critical Shear Invert û, = 12.3" WP .177 .437
we .218 .198
Wf -.386 .193
WLI .256 .188
Critical Shear Crown û, = 157.3" wo -.O50 .O88
W. .185 .136
w, -.181 .O74
WLI .205 .137

strength. An alternative and more familiar form of breaking (ultimate tensile) strength of the wire. These
this equation is: tests demonstrate that welded wire fabric has enough
ductility to develop redistribution of moments up to
the "plastic hinge" capacity strain so that the wire
stress and strain at flexural failure reach the breaking
stress and strain. This provides an additional reserve
strength factor against flexural failure of at least 1.16
based on the provisions of Section 8.2.2 for weided
wire fabric. This may be considered to be an addi-
f,A* + N" tional factor of 0.86 against tensile rupture of the
a= reinforcing.
0.85bf:

These equations are the same as the equations

for flexural capacity given in other standards such as C12.2 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT
AC1 318, except that the coefficient 0.85 in Equation
(1b) is not reduced for concrete compressive strength Equations (2), (3), and (4)give the minimum re-
in excess of& = 4,000psi for precast concrete pipe. inforcement permitted regardless of other stnictural
Three-edge bearing tests on pipe with inner and requirements. Minimum reinforcement is specified to
outer reinforcing cages that failed in flexural tension, reduce the risk of ultimate structural failure of the
as reported in Referenced Document C1, show that pipe during handling or storage prior to and during
pipe reinforced with welded wire fabric develop the final placement. Equations (2), (3), and (4) are based
full ultimate moment capacity of the pipe wall at on yielding of the reinforcing steel. EQuations (2) and
crown, invert, and springlines, as determined by the (3) approximate the condition of a pipe supported on

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

TABLE C-3.3. Installation Q p e 3 Coefficients

Coefficients

Location Load 5 p e Crn, Cn, cy

Invert WP .230 .O77
we .150 .163
WS .133 -,425
WL I .136 .199
wu .211 -.O23
Crown WP .O79 -,077
we .lo3 .lo7
Wf .O68 -.215
WL I .o91 .149
w
L2 .247 .O23
Springline 90" WP - .o97 .271
w, -.lo3 .SOO
Wr -.O81 -.O63
WLI -.126 .497
wu -.155 .4%

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Critical Shear invert t9 = 12.7" WP .177 .437
we .224 .249
Wf -.363 .238
WLI .273 .224
Critical Shear Crown t9 = 156" w, -.o44 .o94
we .I73 .I50
Wf -.193 .O85
WLI .224 .124

a line bearing subject to its own weight increased by C12.3.2 Radiai Tension Limit
a factor of 2 after cracking at the invert, crown and Equation (5) gives the maximum flexural rein-
sides. The effective depth of the reinforcing is as- forcement area whose yield strength can be devel-
sumed to be 0.8 h. Equation (4) approximates the oped by the radiai tension strength of the concrete
same condition except that the pipe is subject to its surrounding the inner cage reinforcing at sections of
own weight increased by a factor of 2 1/2 and with maximum factored inside flexural tension (crown and
an effective depth of 0.5 h. invert). This is determined from the radial tension
stress produced by the tensile force in the convexly
curved circumferential reinforcement with a radius r,:
C12.3 MAXIMUM FLEXURAL
REINFORCEMENT WITHOUT STIRRUPS M u - 0.45NUd
t, = (C-5a)
OR TIES 12rsd

C12.3.1 General and the limiting radial tension strength t,, as deter-
The maximum tensile reinforcement that can be mined by tests of curved slabs and evaluations of
developed for resisting flexural tension in pipe with- three-edge bearing test strengths and long standing
out stirrups or ties is limited by the radial tension design practice for pipe:
strength of the concrete surrounding the curved inner
cage reinforcement and by the compressive strength t, = 1.2FvF,fi (C-5b)
at sections of maximum compression due to com-
bined ñexure and thrust. These limits to area of rein- F , is a size factor that increases the radial tension
forcement for flexural reinforcement obtained from strength to account for the decreased stress concen-
Equation ( 1 ) are explained in this section. tration effects from the decreasing flexural tension

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

Provided by IHS under license with ASCE Licensee=Americas - Mexico - Monterrey/5947185076, User=Oviedo Assaf, Marco Anto
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STDOASCE 15-ENGL 1778 0759b00 0031i437 730 =
BURIED PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE USING STANDARD INSTALLATIONS

TABLE C-3.4. Installation Type 4 Coefficients

Coefficients
Location had5Pe Cm, Cn, CU,

Invert WP .235 .O77

W. .191 .128
Wf .160 -.403

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WU .185 .152
WL2 .237 -.o04
Crown WP .O79 -.O77
we .118 .O79
Wf .O76 -.232
WLI .110 .114
wu .255 .o04
Springline 90" WP -.lo1 .287
We -.127 so4
Wf -.O95 -.O57
WLI -.121 .495
WL2 -.168 .492
Critical Shear Invert 0 = 14.4" WP .188 .431
we .211 .3w
Wf -.323 .284
WLI .229 .305
Critical Shear Crown 0 = 154.2" WP -.o44 .loo
we .151 .I69
Wf -.210 .O96
WL, .171 .152

forces in the curved circumferential reinforcing as further details. In this case, the resulting reinforce-
pipe size and reinforcement area decreases below 72 ment is the maxmum reinforcement area, A,,, that
in. diameter, and also because of fewer flexural can be stressed to the yield strength,&, without pro-
cracks, and the larger proportion of cover thickness ducing radial tension stresses €hat exceed the ultimate
relative to wall thickness in smaller pipe. Similarly, radial tension strength, t,.
radial tension strength is reduced by F, for pipe sizes
larger than 72 in. F,., is given by Equations (6) and C123.3 Compression Limit
(8). These are based on evaluations of three-edge Equation (9), the compression limit equation for
bearing strengths of pipe over the range of standard A,,, gives the flexural tensile reinforcement area
pipe diameter. that develops its yield strength when the flexural
F,p is a factor that accounts for the process and compression force in the concrete is 0.75 times the
materials used in a specific manufacturing plant that ultimate compressive strength, based on a rectanguiar
affect radial tension strength of pipe (see Section stress block. The limit is typically used in r e i n f d
7.2.5.1). (M.- 0.45Nud) is approximately equal to concrete design practice to ensure ductile behavior of
0.9br,Asif,d. Thus, flexural components.

(C-5c)
C12.4 CRACK CONTROL

Equation (5) is obtained by equating t, in Equation The Crack Control Factor, F, given by Equation
(C-5c) to t, in Equation (C-5b) and solving for Asif,. (11) is the calculated maximum crack width, in hun-
See Referenced Document C1 and Reference C5 for dredths of an inch (i.e., F,, = 1.0 indicates 0.01 in.)

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

determined using the mean of the 0.01-in. crack other standards, such as AC1 318 (see Reference
width measurements on many three-edge bearing test C15), generally give smaller crack width predictions
pipe (see Referenced Document C1 and Reference (i.e., less conservative) than Equation (11) for pipe
Có). The coefficient Bi given by Equation (15) is with the typical 2 in. spacing of welded wire fabric
modified from the coefficient Bo,in Referenced Doc- reinforcing when flexural reinforcement ratios, p, ap-
ument C1 by dropping the square on r, in the origi- proach higher flexural strengths where crack width
nal equation because SIDD defines the limiting crack control criteria often govern the required reinforce-
width to be at a location 1 in. beyond the reinforcing, ment area. Furthermore, when Equation (11) is put in
rather than at the surface. For the standard 1-in. the following form for calculating the steel stress at a
cover long used in pipe design standards, there is no crack width of 0.01 in., F,, decreases with increasing
modification in E, or in the calculated Fer. However, ratio, p, while the AC1 318 crack control criteria do
when larger covers are required, such as when sacrifi- not account for the very significant influence of p.
cial concrete is provided on the inside of the pipe, The steel stress at a crack width equal to 0.01 F,, is
Equation (15) reflects the crack control limit at 1 in. calculated as follows:
from the reinforcing cage.
The service load stress in Equation (11) may be
calculated based on reinforced concrete working
stress design procedures (see Reference C15). An ac-
ceptable approximation for calculatingfs for pipe sec-
tions subject to bedding moment and compressive
thnist is:
C12.5 SHEAR STRENGTH

M, + N, (d - 5) Equation (16) gives the basic shear (diagonal

tension) strength of pipe without stirrups for flexural
fs= As S4J-d cracked regions of the pipe.
A large number of tests on box sections, slabs,
j = 0.74 + O.le/d (12)
beams (without stirrups), and frames show that under
uniformly distributed loads, failure by diagonal ten-
= 0.9
jmax sion does not necessarily occur at the section of max-
imum shear, but typically at a section of high shear
1 where flexural cracks already exist. Evaluation of test
I = -
data on slab and frame type components with load
1 -jd
-
e distributions that simulate the distributions on buried
conduits led to the finding that the section where
M* h MIVd = 3.0 approximates the location of the critical
e=-+d-- in. section for failure by diagonal tension. Evaluations of
Ns 2'
shear strengths achieved in these tests and in many
three-edge bearing test (whose MIVd ratio approxi-
if eld < 1.15, crack control will not govern. mates 3.0), provide the basis for the equation for V,
The increased tensile effect of tensile axial thrust (see Referenced Document C1 and Reference C3).
combined with bedding requires the use of a different The tests show that increasing the reinforcement ra-
approximation for determining the combined effects tio, p, significantly increases the shear strength.
of flexural and axial tension on crack control than is Equation (18) for Fd gives a size factor based on
used when bedding is combined with compressive tests showing that greater relative shear strength is
axial thrust. An acceptable approximation for calcu- developed as wall thickness decreases, reflecting less
latingf, for pipe sections subject to bending moment stress concentration from flexural cracking, and a
and tensile thrust is: greater proportion of concrete cover to wall thick-
ness. This size factor is derived from three-edge bear-
1.1ìt4, - 0.6Nsd ing test results and previous design practice for three-
f,= (C-6)
AJ edge bearing strength (see Referenced Document CI
and Reference C3). The following limits to increases
The procedures for crack control limits used in in Fd apply for very small diameter pipes:

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

Provided by IHS under license with ASCE Licensee=Americas - Mexico - Monterrey/5947185076, User=Oviedo Assaf, Marco Anto
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 07/05/2016 09:39:27 MDT
STDiASCE L5-ENGL 1998 D 0759b00 OD3qr139 503 =
BURIED PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE USING STANDARD INSTALLATIONS

max Fd = 1.3 for pipe with two cages or a single (25). The maximum shear strength of the concrete
elliptical cage that can be used in combination with stirrup rein-
max F,, = 1.4 for pipe through 36 in. diameter with forcement strength is the concrete shear strength
a single circular cage given by Equation (26) or (27), whichever is less.
The latter strength is the strength given in AC1 318
Equation (19) for F, gives a curvature factor in- (see Reference C15).
dicating a small reduction in the shear strength of
members with convexly curved tensile reinforcement C12.6.4 Extent of Stirrups
that results from the combined effects of shear and Stirrups should extend over all regions where
radial tension in curved members (see Referenced concrete radial tension and/or shear stresses exceed
Document C1 and Reference C3). the design limits and at least to a point where Vu
Equations (20) and (21) for FN give thrust factors quais V,, plus half the thickness of the pipe wall, h.
that reflect the increase in shear strength produced by They should extend over an additional arc length, I,,
compressive thrust and the decrease that results from that accounts for a misorientation of the pipe by as
tensile thrust. These equations are the same as the much as the orientation angle, O. The angle O should
thrust factor equation used in prior practice for rein- not be taken less than a practical minimum of 10".A
forced concrete flexural members (see Reference positive means for locating the invert and crown in
C15). the field should be provided when circular pipe con-
Fvp is a factor that accounts for the process and tain stirrups, non-circular reinforcement, or cut-off re-
materials used in a specific pipe manufacturing plant inforcement (i .e., mats).
that affect the shear strength of pipe (see Section Equation (28) provides that stirrups must extend
7.2.5.1). beyond the theoretical point where they are no longer
needed for radial or diagonal tension strength by an
amount equal to 0.5 I,, or half the wall thickness plus
C12.6 STIRRUPS the arc length associated with the orientation angle,
to allow tolerance equal to the orientation angle for
When strength requirements exceed radial or di- placing a pipe invert in the correct position in a field
agonal tension limits, stirrups may be provided for installation.
increased resistance to radial tension produced by The shear strength at the theoretical cut-off
flexural tension in the curved inner cage reinforce- points where stirrups are no longer required is given
ment and to diagonal tension caused by shear. The by Equation (26). This shear strength may be larger
maximum spacing for both radial tension and shear is than V, if M,,,,IV, < 3.0.
limited by Equations (24) and (26) to s,, to pre-
clude formation of diagonal cracks between adjacent C12.6.5 Stirrups Anchorage
stirrups. When stirrups are used in the relatively thin
slabs or walls of the structural types covered in this
C12.6.2 Radial Tension Stirrups section, special arrangements may be employed to
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Stirrups are required for radial tension whenever achieve sufficient anchorage to develop the design
the reinforcement required for flexure [Equation (i)] strength of the stirrup, while ais0 facilitating efficient
exceeds the maximum reinforcement for radial ten- fabrication procedures in a precast concrete pipe
sion without stirrups given by Equation (5). The manufacturing plant. Tests have demonstrated that
maximum longitudinal spacing of stirrups in mem- some stirrups can develop their design strength if
bers with curvature that are subject to radial tension they are anchored around tension reinforcing at one
is the spacing between adjacent wires or bars. When end with their other end anchored in the compression
the concrete radial tension strength is exceeded, each side. These stirrup types do not have to be anchored
curved tension element requires a tie for the full ra- around reinforcement on the compression side. Be-
diai component of tensile force in the wire or bar. cause the details used with these stirnip types are not
covered by the anchorage provisions in typical rein-
C12.63 Shear Stirrups forced concrete design standards, their developable
Stirrups required for shear (diagonal tension) are anchorage strength should be determined h m p r o p e r
conservatively designed for both the excess shear and full-scale tests, preferably on components similar to
the full radiai tension forces as provided by Equation the component being designed to use them.

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

C12.7 WELDS, SPLICES, AND 1/3 the outside pipe diameter above the top of the
DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT pipe unless the project specificationsrequire compac-
tion in this area.
The minimum overlap lengths for lapped splices
which are not welded, as required by ASTM C 1417,
is based on AC1 3 18-95 with modifications appropri-
C25.0 MINIMUM COVER FOR
ate for reinforced concrete pipe.
CONSTRUCTION LOADS

C13.0 PIPE DESIGNATION C25.1 A graduai slope for ramps for equipment
crossings may be taken as 6 horizontal to 1 vertical.
C13.1 A typical marking for a 24-in. (600 mm) di-
ameter reinforced concrete pipe for a 'Qpe 2 Stan-
dard Installation and an earth cover of 2 ft (0.6 m) REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
through 12 ft (3.6 m) would be as follows:
[Ci] SPIDA: An Analysis and Design System for
English units D 24 T 2 H 2-12 Buried Concrete Pipe, E J. Heger, A. A. Lie-
SI units D 600 T 2 H 0.6-3.6 pins, and E. T. Selig, Transportation Research
Record 1008, 1985.
To further identify the pipe, ASTM C 1417 also re- [C2] User Instructions for SIDD, American Con-
quires the date of manufacture, name or trademark of crete Pipe Association, Vienna, Va.
manufacturer, plant identification, and, if applicable,
the top of the pipe marked.
REFERENCES

C18.0 BEDDING Design Method for Reinforced Concrete Pipe

and Box Sections, E J. Heger and T. J. Mc-
C18.2 A loosely placed uncompacted bedding layer Grath, Simpson Gumpertz and Heger, 1982.
under the middle third of the pipe reduces the reac- Finite-Element Modeling of Buried Concrete
tion forces near the invert of the pipe. A compacted Pipe Installation, E. T. Selig, M. C. McVay,
haunch and compacted bedding directly under the and C. S . Chang, Transportation Research
haunch increase the reaction forces on the pipe Record 878, 1982.
haunches. This combination reduces the magnitude of Shear Strength of Pipe, Box Sections and
the maximum moment, which is at the pipe invert. It Other One-way Flexural Members, E J. Heger
also tends to reduce the effects of shear. Conversely, and T. J. McGrath, AC1 Journal, Technical Pa-
compacted bedding directly under the invert increases per No. 79-45, November-December 1982.
the moment at the invert and increases the effects of Structural Design Method for Precast Rein-
shear. forced Concrete Pipe, E J. Heger, Transporta-
The bedding layer under the middle third of the tion Research Record 878, 1982.
pipe should be only firm enough to support the pipe Radial Tension Strength of Pipe and Other
on grade until the haunch material is compacted. Curved Flexural Members, E J. Heger and
When the backfill load is applied to the pipe, the T. J. McGrath, AC1 Journal, Technical Paper
pipe should settle slightly into the bedding and com- No. 80-5, January-February 1983.
pacted haunch material increasing support at the Crack Width Control in Design of Reinforced
haunches rather than the invert. The intent is to let Concrete Pipe and Box Sections, E J. Heger
the compacted haunch material support the pipe and and T. J. McGrath, AC1 Journal, Technical Pa-
maintain grade and alignment. per No. 81-16, March-April 1984.
StifSness of Flexurally Cracked Reinforced
C22.1 In order to reduce the load on the pipe, it is Concrete Pipe, E J. Heger and A. A. Liepins,
--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

I recommended that the soil immediately over the top AC1 Journal, Technical Paper No. 82-29,
of the pipe not be compacted for a depth of about May-June 1985.

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

[ClO] SPIDA: An Analysis and Design System for [C14] New Installation Designs for Buried Concreze
Buried Concrete Pipe, E J. Heger, A. A. Lie- Pipe, E J. Heger, ASCE Pipeline Infrastnicture
pins, and E. T. Selig, ASCE Advances in Un- Proceedings, 1988.
derground Pipeline Engineering Proceedings, [C15] Soil Parameters for Design of Buried Pipe-
1985. lines, E. T. Selig, ASCE Pipeline Infrastructure
[C1i ] Proportioning Reinforcementfor Buried Con- Proceedings, 1988.
crete Pipe, E J. Heger, ASCE Advances in [C16] Hyperbolic Parameters for Compacted Soil,
Underground Pipeline Engineering, 1985. E. T. Selig, Report to American Concrete Pipe
[C121 Buried Concrete Pipe Trench Installation Association, June 2, 1989.
Analysis, E. T. Selig and D.L. Packard, ASCE [C 171 Building Code Requirementsfor Reinforced Con-
Journal of Transportation Engineering, Volume crete, AC1 318, American Concrete Institute.
--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

113, No. 5 , September, 1987. [Cl81 Concrete Pipe Technology Handbook, Amen-
[C 131 Buried Concrete Pipe Embankment Installation can Concrete Pipe Association, 1993.
Analysis, E. T. Selig and D. L. Packard, ASCE [C 191 Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook, Work-
Journal of Transportation Engineering, Volume ing Stress Method, SP-3, 3rd Edition, Ameri-
113, No. 5 , September, 1987. can Concrete Institute, 1965.

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

Provided by IHS under license with ASCE Licensee=Americas - Mexico - Monterrey/5947185076, User=Oviedo Assaf, Marco Anto
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 07/05/2016 09:39:27 MDT
Aggregates, 15,16 Foundation, 15;defined with limits (figure 3.6-1). 2
Aircraft loads, 10
Appurtenances, precast concrete, 17 Grade, corrections to, 16
Arching coefficients (figure 5.3.1), 7 Gravel. See soil
Average, running, defined 18
Haunch, 16,37;defined with limits (figure 3.6-l),2;
Backfill, defined with limits (figure 3.6-l),2 embankment installation (figure 5.2-I),4;
Bedding, 15; defined with limits (figure 3.6-l),2; embankment installation (table 5.2-i),6;trench
embankment installation (figure 5.2-i),4; installation (figure 5.2-2),5;trench installation
embankment installation (table 5.2-l),6; (table 5.2-2),6
material, embankment installation (figure 5.2-i), Hydrostatic loads, 10
4;requirements, 15-16;thickness, embankment Hydrostatic pressure loads, 10
installation (table 5.2-l),6; thickness, trench
installation (table 5.2-2),6; trench installation Inspection requirements, 15
(figure 5.2-2),5;trench installation (table 5.2-2), Installation, 29-30; embankment installation (figure
6;uncompacted (figure 5.2-1).4 5.2-l),4;trench installation (figure 5.2-2),5
Bell holes, 16 Invert: defined with limits (figure 3.6-i),2;trench
installation (figure 5.2-2),5
Circumferential reinforcement, 26
Clay. See soil Load factors, 8
Compaction, 11, 16,37;embankment (table 5.2-1). 6; Load types, 30
trench (table 5.2-2). 6; embankment installation Loads, dead, 9,10.See aZso specific loads, e.g., soil
(figure 5.2-l),4 loads
Compression, limit of, 34 Loads, live, 10, 26-29. SIDD method, 25;spacing of
Concrete, 17 (figure C-2), 27;stress resultants, 8; top of pipe
Cover requirements for construction loads, 17,37 (table C-2A, English), 29;top of pipe (table C-
Covers, construction loads, 37 2B, SI Units), 30;See also specific loads, e.g.,
Covers for open pipe sections, 15 truck loads
Crack control, 9,12,25-26,35;coefficients (table Lower side, 16;defined with limits (figure 3.6-l),2;
7.3.3-1).11; factors, plotted (figure C-i),24 trench installation (figure 5.2-2),5
Crack Control Factor, 8, 25,34-35; formula 11,
English, 12,34;formula 11, SI Units, 21 Manhole installation, 17
Crown: defined with limits (figure 3.6-l),2;trench Manufacturing design and specifications, 8
(figure 5.2-2),5 Marking information, pipe, 37
Measurement units, 1
Definitions and terminology, 2.See also notations Moment, 8
Design requirements, 8
Drawings, shop, 8 Notations and definitions, 2-3, 19-20. See also
terminology
Earth loads, 4, 8, 9, 30-31;formula C-4, 30
Earth pressure, distribution (figure 5.3-1).7 Onentation angle, 2,8, 26;formula, 29,English, 13;
Embankment, standard: figure 5.2-1,4; table 5.2-1,6 formula, 29,SI Units, 22
Excavation, 15;line, embankment installation (figure Overfill, 16;defined with limits (figure 3.6-l),2;
5.2-l),4 embankment installation (figure 5.2-l),4; trench
installation (figure 5.2-2),5
Fill. See overfill; sidefill
Fill loads, 9 Passing loads, 26;figures C-2,C-5, C-6,27-29
Fittings, precast concrete, 17 Pavement loads, 9
Flexure, control of (figure C-1),24 Phi. See strength reduction factors
Flotation prevention, 15 Pipe: cushioning in installation, 15;design criteria, 4;
Fluid loads, 9 designation markings, 37; diameter, inside

39
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Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

standard (table C-l), 25; displacement, coefficients, Q p e 3 (table C-3.3), 33; installation
prevention of lateral, 16; flotation prevention, 15; coefficients, ‘ïjp 4 (table C-3.4), 34
joining, 16; open end covers, 15; support, Sidefill, defined with limits (figure 3.6-l), 2
uniform (figure 18.1-l), 15; top and bottom, Soil, 10-11, 15, 16; classifications (table 10.2-1), 10;
defined with limits (figure 3.6-l), 2 embankment installation (table 5.2-l), 6; trench
PIPECAR microcomputer system, 24 installation (table 5.2-2), 6
Pipe/soil system, 1, 15-17 Soil loads, 30
Pressure, 8, 10, 30; distribution (figure 5.3-l), 7 Spread dimensions, top of pipe: English (table C-2A),
Prism load, 2; formula C-5, 31 29; SI Units (table C-2B), 30
Springline: defined with limits (figure 3.6-l), 2;
Railroad loads, 10 trench installation (figure 5.2-2), 5
Reinforcement: concrete compression, limited by Standard, purpose of, 1
(formula 9, English), 12, 34; concrete Steel, specifications, 9-10
compression, limited by (formula 9, SI Units), Stirrups, 13-14, 22, 26, 36; radial tension (formula
21; concrete cover, minimum design, 9; for crack 23, English), 13; radial tension (formula 23, SI
control (table 7.3.3-l), 12; development of, 14; Units), 22; shear (formula 25, English), 13; shear
equations, 31; flexural, maximum (formula 5, (formula 25, SI Units), 22
English), 11, 33, 36; flexural, maximum (formula Strength reduction factors, 8, 24, 25
5, SI Units), 20; flexural strength (formula la, Stress resultants, 8, 30, 35
English), 32; flexural strength (formula 1, Subgrade, defined with limits (figure 3.6-l), 2
English), 11, 36; flexural tensile area (formula 9,
English), 34; at joint, 23; longitudinal, Tension: axial, 35; diagonal, 8. See also shear
specification, 23; minimum (formula 2, 3, 4, slrength; flexural, 8, 31-32, 35; radial, 8, 11,
English), 11, 32-33; minimum (formula 1, SI 20-21, 33-34, 36; reinforcement, 9
Units), 20; radial tension, limiting (formula 5, Terminology and definitions (figure 3.6-l), 2
English), 11, 33; radial tension, limiting (formula Thrust, 8, 33; compressive (formula 20, English), 13;

--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5, SI Units), 20; radial tension, limiting (formula compressive (formula 20, SI Units), 22; tensile
C-5a), 33; required vs. load area (figure C-l), (formula 21, English), 13; tensile (formula 21, SI
24; specifications, 8- 10; tension, 9 Units), 22
Reinforcement, types of: circumferential, 22, 26 Trench shields, removal of, 17
Trench, standard: figure 5.2-2, 5; table 5.2-2, 6
Safety requirements, 15 Truck loads, 10, 26-29; distributed area (figure C-4),
Sand. See soil 28; distributed area (figure C-6), 29
Shear, 8, 30; control of (figure C-1), 24
Shear strength, 35-36; formula 16, English, 12-13; Units of measurement: inch-pound (English), defined,
formula, 16,SI Units, 21 1; SI Units (metric), defined, 1
Sheathing removal, 17
SIDD method, I, 3-4, 8, 24-26, 30-31; installation Water, removal of, 15
coefficients, Type 1 (table C-3.1), 31; installation Wheel loads (figure C-3), 27
coefficients, Type 2 (table C-3.2), 32; installation Wire fabric, 9-10, 35

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

This revision of the ASCE Standard Practice for Direct Design of Buried Precast
Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations (SIDO) is a replacement of
ANSVASCE 15-93. This Standard focuses on the direct design of buried precast
concrete pipe using Standard Installations, and reviews the design and construc-
tion of the dVpipe interaction system that is used for the conveyance of sewage,
industrial wastes, storm water, and drainage.To account k r th8 interaction
between pipe and die m k p when determining loads, pmwre distributions,
msment, thfust, and s;RIsrrr, mvdume pr9bieww SJDD method for buried pm-

pnepanngm
ums based on the smo mmod.

Four types of standatd embankment--i and W t V p e a of standard

trench instailations am mvemd in the §tandard. The iimb slate Wgn prooe-
dure specified k r th design of pipe b consisW~twitti the prtxsdums outlined in
the AASHTO standard Speciscaitionsfor Highway Bridges. T h commentary pro-
vides supporting background data.
--`,`,```,`,``,`,,````,,,,,`````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ISBN 0-7844-0471-2

9 "7 8 O 7 8 4 " 4 0 4 7 1:

Copyright American Society of Civil Engineers

Common questions