Irwin and Rippe's Intensive Care Medicine

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> Front of Book > Editors

Editors
Richard S. Irwin MD, Master FCCP
Professor of Medicine and Nursing
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Chair, Critical Care Operations
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Craig M. Lilly MD, FCCP

Professor of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Surgery
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Vice Chair, Critical Care Operations
Director, Tele-ICU Program
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Paul H. Mayo MD, FCCP

Academic Director Critical Care
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
Department of Medicine
Northwell Health LIJ/NSUH Medical Center
Professor of Clinical Medicine
Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
Hempstead, New York

James M. Rippe MD
Founder and Director
Rippe Lifestyle Institute
Shrewsbury, Massachusetts

Section Editors
Neil Aronin, MD
Chief, Division of Endocrinology
Professor, University of Massachusetts Medical School
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Steven B. Bird, MD
Professor
Department of Emergency Medicine
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Mitchell Cahan, MD, MBA, FACS

Associate Professor of Surgery
Director of Acute Care Surgery
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Akshay S. Desai, MD, MPH

Associate Physician, Advanced Heart Disease Section
Cardiovascular Division,
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

David A. Drachman, MD
(deceased)
Professor of Neurology
Chairman Emeritus
Department of Neurology
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Timothy A. Emhoff, MD, FACS

Chief Trauma and Surgical Critical Care
Department of Surgery
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Pang-Yen Fan, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Robert W. Finberg, MD
Richard M. Haidack Professor Medicine
Professor, Microbiology & Physiological Systems
Chair, Department of Medicine
University of Massachusetts Medical School
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Patrick F. Fogarty, MD
Rare Disease, Global Product Development/Medical Affairs
Pfizer, Inc
Collegeville, Pennsylvania

Joseph J. Frassica, MD
Head, Phillips Research the Americas
Chief Medical Officer, Phillips North America
Professor, The Practice Institute for Medical Engineering and
Science
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Senior Consultant, Pediatric Critical Care
Massachusetts General Hospital for Children
Boston, Massachusetts

Neil A. Halpern, MD, MCCM, FACP, FCCP

Professor of Clinical Medicine
Professor of Medicine in Clinical Anesthesiology
Weill Cornell Medical College
Director, Critical Care Center
Chief, Critical Care Medicine Service
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
New York, New York

David M. Harlan, MD
William and Doris Krupp Professor of Medicine
Co-Director, Diabetes Center of Excellence
Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Diabetes
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Kennon Heard, MD
Professor of Emergency Medicine
Department of Emergency Medicine
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Aurora, Colorado
Stephen O. Heard, MD
Professor of Anesthesiology and Surgery
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
UMass Memorial Medical Center
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Richard S. Irwin, MD, Master FCCP

Professor of Medicine and Nursing
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Chair, Critical Care Operations
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Stephanie M. Levine, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care
University of Texas Health Center, San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas

Nancy Y. N. Liu, MD
Clinical Associate Professor
University of Massachusetts Medical School
UMass Memorial Medical Center-Memorial Campus
Worcester, Massachusetts

J. Mark Madison, MD
Professor of Medicine and Microbiology
and Physiological Systems
Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and
Critical Care Medicine
Department of Medicine
UMass Memorial Medical Center
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Lawrence C. Mohr Jr, MD, ScD, FACP, FCCP

Professor of Medicine, Biometry and Epidemiology
Director, Environmental Biosciences Program
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, South Carolina
David A. Morrow, MD, MPH
Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Directory, Levine Cardiac Intensive Care Unit
Division of Cardiovascular
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

Dominic J. Nompleggi, MD
Chief, Gastroenterology
Associate Professor
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Patrick T. O'Gara, MD
Watkins Family Distinguished Chair in Cardiology
Division of Cardiovascular
Department of Medicine
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

David Paydarfar, MD
Professor, Chair of Neurology
Interim Co-Director
Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences
General Neurology
Dell Medical School at The University of Texas
Austin, Texas

John Querques, MD
Chief, Inpatient Services
Department of Pyschology
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts

Jennifer E. Reidy, MD, MS, FAAHPM

Co-Chief, Division of Palliative Care
Department of Medicine and Family Medicine
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Assistant Professor
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts
James M. Rippe, MD
Founder and Director
Rippe Lifestyle Institute
Shrewsbury, Massachusetts

Todd W. Sarge, MD
Director, Critical Care
Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts

Luke Yip, MD
Denver HealthRocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center
Department of Medicine, Section of Medical Toxicology
Denver, Colorado

Contributors List
Cynthia K. Aaron, MD, FACMT, FACEP
Program Director, Medical Toxicology
Regional Poison Center
Children's Hospital of Michigan
Detroit, Michigan

Gregory A. Abrahamian, MD
Surgical Director of Kidney Transplantation
University Transplant Center
University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas

Konstantin Abramov, MD, MHL

Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of Renal Medicine
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Christopher D. Adams, PharmD

Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacy
Robert Wood Johnson University at Somerset
Somerville, New Jersey
Sumera R. Ahmad, MD
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care
Department of Medicine
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Alfred Aleguas Jr, BS Pharm, PharmD, DABAT, FAACT

Managing Director
Florida Poison Information Center-Trauma
Tampa General Hospital
Tampa, Florida

Gilman B. Allen, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Medicine
Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care
University of Vermont Medical Center
Burlington, Vermont

Jennifer E. Allen, MD
Palliative Medicine Consultant
Department of Oacis Services
Lehigh Valley Health Network
Allentown, Pennsylvania

Diana C. Anderson, MD, MArch

Founder, Dochitect
Physician, American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM)
Architect, American College of Healthcare Architects (ACHA)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Gustavo Guillermo Angaramo, MD

Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Director of Perianesthesia Unit
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Luis F. Angel, MD
Professor, Department of Medicine
Professor, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Medical Director, Lung Transplantation
NYU Langone Health
New York

Kevin E. Anger, PharmD

Pharmacy Supervisor
Department of Pharmacy
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

Derek C. Angus, MD
Distinguished Professor and Mitchell P. Fink Endowed Chair
Department of Critical Care Medicine
University of Pittsburg School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Robert Arntfield, MD
Associate Professor of Critical Care
Western University
Department of Critical Care
London Health Sciences Centre
London, Ontario

Neil Aronin, MD
Chief, Division of Endocrinology
Professor, University of Massachusetts Medical School
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Seth M. Arum, MD
Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine/Endocrinology
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Samuel J. Asirvatham, MD
Consultant
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Division of Pediatric Cardiology
Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering
Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics
Medical Director, Electrophysiology Laboratory
Director of Strategic Collaborations
Center for Innovation, Program Director
Electrophysiology Fellowship Program
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota

Philip J. Ayvazian, MD
Department of Urology
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Riad Azar, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Washington University School of Medicine
Gastroenterology Division
Department of Internal Medicine
Barnes-Jewish Hospital- North Campus
St. Louis, Missouri

Ednan K. Bajwa, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

Jerry P. Balikian, MD
Professor
Thoracic Imaging
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Ian M. Ball, MD, MSc(Epi), FACEP, FCCP, FRCPC

Assistant Professor
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Division of Critical Care Medicine
Western University
Critical Care Trauma Center
London Health Sciences Center
London, Ontario, Canada

Julia Baltz, MD
Chief Resident
Dermatology Residency Program
Department of Medicine
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Stephen L. Barnes, MD, FACS

Professor and Chief, Acute Care Surgery
Department of Surgery
University of Missouri Hospital and Clinics
Columbia, Missouri

Ribal Bassil, MD
Chief Resident
Department of Neurology
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

David M. Bebinger, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Robert W. Belknap, MD
Director, Denver Metro TB Program
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases
Denver Health and Hospital Authority
Denver, Colorado

Isabelita R. Bella, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology
Department of Neurology
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Emanuelle A. Bellaguarda, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Medicine Gastroenterology, Hepatology
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois

Michael C. Bennett, MD
Instructor of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Gastroenterology
Washington University
Barnes-Jewish Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri

Hannah Bensimhon, MD
Chief Resident Physician
Department of Medicine
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Andrew C. Bernard, MD
Professor, Chief of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery
Department of Surgery
University of Kentucky Healthcare
Lexington, Kentucky

Kristen Berrebi, MD
Division of Dermatology
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Mary T. Bessesen, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
University of Colorado Denver
Chief, Infectious Diseases
Department of Internal Medicine
VA-Eastern Colorado Healthcare System
Denver, Colorado

Michael C. Beuhler, MD
Medical Director, Carolinas Poison Center
Department of Emergency Medicine
Carolinas Medical Center
Charlotte, North Carolina

Bonnie J. Bidinger, MD
Rheumatologist
Division of Rheumatology
Milford Regional Medical Center
Mendon, Massachusetts

Christine L. Bielick, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Medicine
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Steven B. Bird, MD
Professor
Department of Emergency Medicine
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Luke Bisoski, MD
Emergency Medicine Specialist
Sinai-Grace Hospital
Detroit, Michigan

Bruce R. Bistrian, MD
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Chief, Clinical Nutrition
Department of Medicine
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts

Robert M. Black, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Director, Division of Renal Medicine
Department of Renal Medicine
St. Vincent Hospital
Worcester, Massachusetts

Marc P. Bonaca, MD, MPH

Medical Director
Aortic Center
Assistant Professor
Department of Medicine
Division of Vascular Medicine and Cardiology
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

Naomi F. Botkin, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Cardiology
University of Massachusetts Medical School
UMass Memorial Medical Center
55 Lake Avenue North
Worcester, Massachusetts

Adel Bozorgzadeh, MD, FACS

Professor of Surgery
Chief, Division of Organ Transplantation
Department of Surgery
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Suzanne F. Bradley, MD
Professor, Department of Internal Medicine
Medical Services, Division of Infectious Diseases
Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System
University of Michigan Medical School
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Brian Buchanan, BSc (Hon), MD, FRCPC

Clinical Lecturer
Department of Critical Care Medicine
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta

Jennie A. Buchanan, MD
Denver Health & Hospital Authority Staff Physician
Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center Staff Physician
Associate Professor University of Colorado Department of
Emergency Medicine
Denver, Colorado

Keith K. Burkhart, MD
Division of Applied Regulatory Science
Office of Clinical Pharmacology Office of Translational
Science Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
United States Food and Drug Administration
Silver Spring, Maryland

Mitchell Cahan, MD, MBA, FACS

Associate Professor of Surgery
Director of Acute Care Surgery
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Brian T. Callahan, MD
Medical Director
Surgical Services
Emerson Hospital
Concord, Massachusetts

Alexis P. Calloway, MD
Physician, Digestive Healthcare of Georgia, PC
Department of Gastroenterology
Piedmont Atlanta Hospital
Atlanta, Georgia

Christine Campbell-Reardon, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Boston University School of Medicine
Boston Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts

Jason P. Caplan, MD
Professor and Chair of Psychiatry
Department of Psychiatry
Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix
Phoenix, Arizona

Raphael A. Carandang, MD
Assistant Professor
Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology and Surgery
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Vascular and Critical Care Neurology
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts
Paul A. Carpenter, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Clinical Research Division
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Seattle, Washington

James E. Carroll Jr, MD, FACS

Assistant Professor of Surgery
Department of Surgery
Division of General and Laparoscopic Surgery
UMass Memorial Medical Center
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Karen C. Carroll, MD
Professor of Pathology
Department of Pathology
Division of Medical Microbiology
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
John Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland

Benjamin E. Cassell, MD
Fellow
Division of Gastroenterology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri

Richard Castriotta, MD
Professor and Director
Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Pulmonary and Sleep
McGovern Medical School
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Houston, Texas

David R. Cave, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts
Kelly L. Cervellione, MA, Mphil
Director, Department of Clinical Research
Jamaica Hospital Medical Center
Jamaica, New York

David A. Chad, MD
Associate Professor of Neurology
Department of Neurology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Neuromuscular Diagnostic Center
Boston, Massachusetts

Steven Y. Chang, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles, California

Sarah H. Cheeseman, MD
Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics and Microbiology, and
Physiological Systems
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Annabel A. Chen-Tournoux, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Cardiology
Jewish General Hospital
Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Sonia Nagy Chimienti, MD

Vice Provost for Student Life and Campus Enrollment
Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine
Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

William K.Chiang, MD
Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine
NYU School of Medicine
Bellevue Hospital Center
New York, New York

Eunpi Cho, MD
Hematology/Oncology Fellow
Department of Medicine
University of Washington
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Seattle, Washington

Eric S. Christenson, MD
Medical Oncology Clinical Fellow
Department of Medical Oncology
Johns Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland

Felicia C. Chu, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Neurology
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Mary Dawn T. Co, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Christopher M. Coleman, MD
Post Doctoral Fellow
Microbiology and Immunology
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland

Nancy A. Collop, MD
Emory Sleep Disorders Center
Wesley Woods Health Center
Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia

Brandon Colvin, MD
General Surgery Resident
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Laura S. Connelly-Smith, MBBCh, DM

Assistant Clinical Professor
Division of Hematology
School of Medicine
University of Washington
Assistant Medical Director of Apheresis and Cellular Therapy
Seattle Cancer Care Alliance
Seattle, Washington

Sara E. Cosgrove, MD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Infectious Disease
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland

Filippo Cremonini, MD, PhD, MSc

Professor of Gastroenterology, Italian Ministry of University
(MIUR)
Las Vegas Gastroenterology
Las Vegas, Nevada

Gerard Criner, MD, FACP, FACCP

Chairman, Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery
Temple University
Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Ruy J. Cruz Jr, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Surgery
Surgical Director, Intestinal Rehabilitation and Transplant
Center
Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Hongyi Cui, MD, PhD, FACS

Clinical Associate Professor of Surgery
Department of Surgery
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Armagan Dagal, MD, FRCA

Associate Professor
Service Chief of Spine and Orthopaedic Anesthesia Services
Enhanced PeriOperative Care (EPOC)Program Co-Medical
Director
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Department of Orthopedics and Sport Medicine
Department of Neurological Surgery (Adj.)
Harborview Medical Center
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington

Seth T. Dahlberg, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine and Radiology
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Department of Cardiology
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Jennifer S. Daly, MD
Professor of Medicine, Microbiology and Physiological Systems
Department of Medicine
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Lloyd E. Damon, MD
Professor of Clinical Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Hematology-Oncology
University of California
San Francisco, California

Raul E. Davaro, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Konrad L. Davis, MD, FCCP, FCCM

Associate Professor of Medicine
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences
Naval Medical Center San Diego
San Diego, California

James A. de Lemos, MD
Professor
Department of Medicine
UT Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas

Gregory J. Della Rocca, MD, PhD, FACS

Associate Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Missouri
Missouri Orthopaedic Institute
Columbia, Missouri

Mario De Pinto, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Anesthesiology
University of California
San Francisco, California

G. William Dec, MD
Roman W. DeSanctis Professor of Medicine
Division of Cardiology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts

Jeremy R. Degrado, PharmD

Clinical Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

Elizabeth R. DeGrush, DO
Resident Physician
Department of Neurology and Psychiatry
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts
Paul F. Dellaripa, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Staff Physician
Department of Rheumatology
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

Thomas G. Deloughery, MD, MACP, FAWN

Professor of Medicine, Pathology, and Pediatrics
Department of Hematology
Oregon Health & Sciences University
Portland, Oregon

Deborah M. DeMarco, MD, FACP

Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Senior Associate Dean of Clinical Affairs
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Mark Dershwitz, MD, PhD

Professor of Anesthesiology and Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology
Department of Anesthesiology
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Asha V. Devereaux, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine
UCSD-Pulmonary Division
San Diego, California
Clinical Pulmonologist
Department of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine
Disaster Medicine Consultant
Sharp Coronado Hospital
Coronado, California

Christopher R. DeWitt, MD
Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine and Consulting
Medical Toxicologist
Department of Emergency Medicine and British Columbia
Drug and Poison Centre
University of British Columbia
Saint Paul's Hospital
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Abduljabbar Dheyab, MD
Fellow
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care
Department of Medicine
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Kate H. Dinh, MD, MS

Resident
Department of Surgery
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts

Christian P. DiPaola, MD
Assistant Professor
Spine Surgery Division
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation
Department of Radiation Oncology
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Peter Doelken, MD
Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine
Pulmonary Medicine
Albany Medical Center
Albany, New York

Jon D. Dorfman, MD, FACS

Assistant Professor of Surgery
Department of Surgery
Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care
UMass Memorial Medical Center—University Campus
Worcester, Massachusetts

Robert P. Dowsett, BMBS, GDipClinEd, FACEM

Senior Lecturer (Assessment)
Department of Medical Education
Melbourne Medical School