Java Basic for Tester

Java OOP (II)

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Agenda

 Java Inheritance
 Java Method Overriding
 Java super Keyword
 Abstract Class & Method
 Java Interfaces
 Java Polymorphism
 Java Encapsulation

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Java Inheritance

Inheritance is one of the key features of OOP (Object-oriented

Programming) that allows us to define a new class from an existing class.

class Animal
{
// eat() method
// sleep() method
}
class Dog extends Animal
{
// bark() method
}
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Java Inheritance

Inheritance is one of the key features of OOP (Object-oriented

Programming) that allows us to define a new class from an existing class.

class Animal In Java, we use the extends keyword to

{ inherit from a class. Here, we have
// eat() method inherited the Dog class from the Animal
// sleep() method class.
}
class Dog extends Animal
{
// bark() method
}
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Java Inheritance

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Java Inheritance

Java Method overriding

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Java Inheritance

Types of
inheritance

Single Multilevel Hierarchical Multiple Hybrid

inheritance inheritance inheritance inheritance inheritance

Single inheritance - Class B extends from class A only.

Multilevel inheritance - Class B extends from class A; then class C extends from class B.
Hierarchical inheritance - Class A acts as the superclass for classes B, C, and D.
Multiple inheritance - Class C extends from interfaces A and B.
Hybrid inheritance - Mix of two or more types of inheritance.

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Java Inheritance

The most
important
use is the
reusability
of code.

Use
Inheritance
To achieve
runtime
polymorphis
m through
method
overriding

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Java Method Overriding

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 Java Method Overriding

• Both the superclass and the subclass must have the

Rule 1 same method name, the same return type and the
same parameter list.

• We cannot override the method declared as final

Rule 2
and static.

• We should always override abstract methods of the

Rule 3
superclass.

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Java super

The super keyword in Java is used in subclasses to access superclass

members (attributes, constructors and methods).

• To call methods of the superclass that is overridden in

Uses of super keyword

1
the subclass.

• To access attributes (fields) of the superclass if both

2 superclass and subclass have attributes with the same
name.

• To explicitly call superclass no-arg (default) or

3 parameterized constructor from the subclass
constructor.
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Java super

Access Overridden Methods of the superclass

If methods with the
same name are defined
in both superclass and
subclass, the method in
the subclass overrides
the method in the
superclass. This is
called method
overriding.

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Java super

super to Call Superclass Method

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Java Abstract Class and Abstract Methods

Java Abstract Class

An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated (we cannot create
objects of an abstract class). In Java, we use the abstract keyword to
declare an abstract class.

abstract class Animal {

//attributes and methods
}

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Java Abstract Class and Abstract Methods

Java Abstract Method

We use the same keyword abstract to create abstract methods. An abstract
method is declared without an implementation.

abstract void makeSound();

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Java Abstract Class and Abstract Methods

An abstract class can contain both abstract and non-abstract methods.

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Java Abstract Class and Abstract Methods

Inheritance of Abstract Class

An abstract class cannot be instantiated. To access the members of an
abstract class, we must inherit it.

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Java Abstract Class and Abstract Methods

Overriding of Abstract Methods

In Java, it is mandatory to
override abstract methods of the
superclass in the subclass. It is
because the subclass inherits
abstract methods of the
superclass.
Since our subclass includes
abstract methods, we need to
override them.

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Java Abstract Class and Abstract Methods

Why Java Abstraction?

Abstraction is an important concept of object-oriented programming.

Abstraction only shows the needed information and all the unnecessary
details are kept hidden. This allows us to manage complexity by omitting or
hiding details with a simpler, higher-level idea.

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 Java Abstract Class and Abstract Methods

We use the keyword to create abstract classes and methods.

An abstract method doesn't have any implementation (method body).

A class containing abstract methods should also be abstract.

Key Points We cannot create objects of an abstract class.

To implement features of an abstract class, we inherit subclasses from it and create objects of the subclass.

A subclass must override all abstract methods of an abstract class. However, if the subclass is declared abstract,
it's not mandatory to override abstract methods.

We can access the static attributes and methods of an abstract class using the reference of the abstract class.

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Java Interface

In Java, an interface defines a set of specifications that other classes must

implement.

An interface can include abstract methods and constants.

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 Java Interface
Like abstract classes, we cannot create objects of interfaces. However, we
can implement interfaces in other classes. In Java, we use the implements
keyword to implement interfaces.

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Java Interface

Why use Interfaces?

1. Interfaces provide specifications that a class (which implements it)

must follow.
2. Similar to abstract classes, interfaces help us to achieve abstraction in
Java.
3. Interfaces are also used to achieve multiple inheritance in Java. If a
subclass is inherited from two or more classes, it's multiple inheritance.

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 Java Polymorphism

Polymorphism is an important concept of object-oriented programming. It

simply means more than one form. That is, the same entity (method or
operator or object) behaves differently in different scenarios.

Types of
Polymorphism

Run-time Compile-time
Overriding Polymorphism Polymorphism Overloading

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Java Polymorphism

Run-time Polymorphism
In Java, run-time polymorphism can be achieved through method overriding.

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Java Polymorphism

Compile-time Polymorphism
The compile-time polymorphism can be achieved through method overloading and
operator overloading in Java.

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Java Polymorphism

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Java Encapsulation

Encapsulation is one of the key features of object-oriented programing.

Encapsulation refers to the bundling of fields and methods inside a single
class.

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Java Encapsulation

Java Data Hiding

protected - visible
public - visible from private - visible from default - visible within
within the package, and
anywhere. only within the class the package
among its subclasses

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Java Encapsulation

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Java Encapsulation

Why Encapsulation?

1. In Java, encapsulation helps us to keep related fields and methods

together, which makes our code cleaner and easy to read.

2. It helps to control the modification of our data fields.

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Thank you

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