WHAT ARE

FUNCTIONS?
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS, VERTICAL
LINE TEST, PIECEWISE FUNCTION
LESSON OUTLINE
What are relations?

What are functions?

The Vertical Line Test

Real-life presentation of functions

Piecewise Function
LET'S RECALL
AND ANALYZE!
y
12

10

Do you still remember how to fill in the 8

table of values based on a given graph? 6

4
Complete the table of values below.
2

x
x
2 4 6 8 10 12

y
LET'S RECALL ANSWER
KEY

AND ANALYZE!
y
12

10

Do you still remember how to fill in the 8

table of values based on a given graph? 6

4
Complete the table of values below.
2

x
x 2 4 6 8 8
2 4 6 8 10 12

y 2 4 6 8 10
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of the lesson, you'll be able to:
• Recall the concepts of relations and
functions
• Defines and explain functional
relationship as a mathematical model of
situation; and
• Represent real-life situations using
functions, including piece-wise
function.
 A relation is a set of ordered pairs that

WHAT ARE represent a relationship.

The set of all first elements of the ordered

RELATIONS? pairs is called the domain of the relation, and

the set of all second elements is called the
range.

Example:
Names and their age are a
set of ordered pairs that
we could put into a table. Name Alex Jude Arlo Casey

Age 9 12 11 11
WHAT IS A FUNCTION?
• A function is a special type of
relation where each input only has
one output.
• Functions are a way of connecting
input values to their corresponding
output values.
• The relation is a function if, for every
x-value, there is exactly one y-
value.
 WHAT IS A FUNCTION?
Functions are a way of connecting input values to
their corresponding output values.
Example:
Ordering a coffee for $5

Pay $5, and you get 1 coffee.

Pay $10, and you'll get 2 coffees, and
so on.
The input affects the output in a predictable way.
• A relation is a rule that • A function is a relation where
relates values from a set of each element in the domain is
values (called the domain) to related to only one value in the
a second set of values range by some rule.
(called the range).
• The elements of the domain • The elements of the domain can
can be imagined as input to a be imagined as input to a
machine that applies a rule so
machine that applies a rule
that each input corresponds to
to these inputs to generate only one output.
one or more outputs.
• A relation is also a set of • A function is a set of ordered
pairs (x, y) such that no two
ordered pairs (x, y). ordered pairs have the same
x-value but different y-values.
To further understand the function,
let’s study the following.

Given the following ordered pairs,

which relations are functions?
A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}

B = {(3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}

C = {(1,0), (0, 1, (-1,0), (0,-1)}

D = {(a,b), (b, c), (c,d), (a,d)}

 TRY THIS!
Is this relation a function?

x -6 -3 2 7 9 9 10

y -18 -16 -15 -2 -4 11 -9

 TRY THIS!
Is this relation a function?

x -6 -3 2 7 9 9 10

y -18 -16 -15 -2 -4 11 -9

ANSWER: This is not a function because the x-value,

9, corresponds to two different y-values, -4
and 11.
 TRY THIS!
Is this relation a function?

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

y 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
 TRY THIS!
Is this relation a function?

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

y 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

ANSWER: This is a function because the x-value.

corresponds to exactly one y-values.
 TRY THIS!
Is this relation a function?

x 0 -1 4 2 -1

y 3 4 0 -1 1
 TRY THIS!
Is this relation a function?

x 0 -1 4 2 -1

y 3 4 0 -1 1

ANSWER: This is not a function because the x-value,

-1, corresponds to two different y-values, 4
and 1.
We can also identify a function given
a diagram. On the following mapping
diagrams, which do you think
represent functions?
GRAPHING A FUNCTION USING
THE TABLE OF VALUES
Given the equation y = 2x.

Step 1:
Construct the table of values.
Do this by substituting values of x to y=2x.

x -1 0 1 2

y
GRAPHING A FUNCTION USING
THE TABLE OF VALUES
Given the equation y = 2x.

Step 1:
Construct the table of values.
Do this by substituting values of x to y=2x.

x -1 0 1 2

y -2 0 2 4
GRAPHING A FUNCTION USING
THE TABLE OF VALUES
Step 2:
Plot the points.
y
Given the equation y = 2x.

Step 1:
4
Construct the table of values.
Do this by substituting values of x to y=2x. x
3

x -1 0 1 2 1

-1 0 1 2

y -2 0 2 4 -1

-2
Notice that for every value of x, there is only one value of y.
GRAPHING A FUNCTION USING
THE TABLE OF VALUES
Step 2:
Plot the points.
y
Given the equation y = 2x.

Step 1:
4
Construct the table of values.
Do this by substituting values of x to y=2x. x
3

x -1 0 1 2 1

-1 0 1 2

y -2 0 2 4 -1

-2
Notice that for every value of x, there is only one value of y.
VERTICAL
LINE TEST 5

Use the vertical line test to check 2

whether a graph of a relation is a 1

function. -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
If a vertical line, drawn anywhere -2
on the graph, can touch the graph -3
only once, then it is a function. -4

-5
VERTICAL
LINE TEST 5

If a vertical line, drawn anywhere 2

on the graph, can touch the graph 1

more than once, then the relation -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

is not a function. -1

-2

-3

-4

-5
USING THE VERTICAL LINE TEST, CAN YOU IDENTIFY THE
GRAPH/S OF FUNCTION?
 In Mathematics, we can
represent functions in
different ways. It can be
represented through words,
tables, mappings,
equations, and graphs.
FUNCTIONS AS REPRESENTATIONS
OF REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS
• Monogamous marriage
• Nationality
Remember: Under RA 9225 only
those naturally born Filipinos who
have become naturalized citizens of
another country can have dual
citizenship.
• Religion
 Functions as representations of
real-life situations
1. Give a function C that can represent
the cost of buying x meals, if one meal
costs P40.

Solution:
Since each meal costs P40, then the
cost function is C(x) = 40x.
2. If distance (D) is a function of time
(t), give a function D that can represent
the distance a car travels in t time, if
every hour the car travels 60
kilometers.

Solution:
Since every hour, the car travels 60
kilometers, therefore the distance
function is given by 𝑫(𝒕) = 𝟔𝟎𝒕
PIECEWISE FUNCTION
There are functions that requires
more than one formula in order to
obtain the given output. There are
instances when we need to describe
situations in which a rule or
relationship changes as the input
value crosses certain boundaries. In
this case, we need to apply the
piecewise function.
PIECEWISE FUNCTION
a function in which more than one
formula is used to define the output. Each
formula has its own domain, and the
domain of the function is the union of all
these smaller domains. We notate this
idea like this:
LOOK AT THESE EXAMPLES!
1. A user is charged ₱300.00 monthly
for a particular mobile plan, which
includes 100 free text messages.
Messages in excess of 100 are
charged ₱1.00 each. Represent the
monthly cost for text messaging
using the function t(m), where m is
the number of messages sent in a
month.
LOOK AT THESE EXAMPLES!
2. A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the
first 4 kilometers, and each additional
integer kilometer adds P1.50 to the
fare. Use a piecewise function to
represent the jeepney fare in terms of
the distance (d) in kilometers.
LOOK AT THESE EXAMPLES!
3. A certain chocolate bar costs
₱35.00 per piece. However, if
you buy more than 10 pieces
they will mark down the price to
₱32.00 per piece. Use a
piecewise function to represent
the cost in terms of the number
of chocolate bars bought.
LOOK AT THESE EXAMPLES!
4. A school’s fair committee wants
to sell t-shirts for their school fair.
They found a supplier that sells t-
shirts at a price of P175.00 per
piece but can charge P15,000 for a
bulk order of 100 shirts and P125.00
for each excess t-shirt after that.
Use a piecewise function to
represent the cost in terms of the
LOOK AT THESE EXAMPLES!
5. The fee to park in the parking lot
of a shopping mall costs P40.00 for
the first two hours and an extra
P10.00 for each hour (or a fraction
of it) after that. If you park for more
than twelve hours, you instead pay
a flat rate of P200.00. Represent
your parking fee using the function
p(t) where t is the number of hours
 READ EACH SITUATION CAREFULLY TO SOLVE EACH PROBLEM.
WRITE YOUR ANSWER ON A SEPARATE SHEET OF YOUR PAPER.
Independent Practice 1
1. A person is earning ₱750.00 per day to do a certain job. Express the total
salary S as a function of the number n of days that the person works.
2. Xandria rides through a jeepney which charges ₱ 8.00 for the first 4
kilometers
and additional ₱0.50 for each additional kilometer. Express the jeepney fare
(F) as function of the number of kilometers (d) that Xandria pays for the ride.
Answer:
1. S(n) = _________ (Hint: Think of the operation needed in order to obtain the
total salary?)
2. F(d) = __________ (Hint: Aside from the usual fare charge, don’t forget to
include in the equation the additional fare charge for the exceeding
distance)
READ EACH SITUATION CAREFULLY TO SOLVE EACH PROBLEM.
WRITE YOUR ANSWER ON A SEPARATE SHEET OF YOUR PAPER.
1. A computer shop charges ₱15.00 in every hour of
computer rental. Represent your computer rental fee
(R) using the function R(t) where t is the number of
hours you spent on the computer.
2. A tricycle ride costs ₱10.00 for the first 2 kilometers,
and each additional kilometer adds ₱8.00 to the fare.
Use a piecewise function to represent the tricycle fare
in terms of the distance d in kilometers.
3. A parking fee at SM Lucena costs ₱25.00 for the first
two hours and an extra ₱5.00 for each hour of
extension. If you park for more than twelve hours, you
instead pay a flat rate of ₱100.00. Represent your
parking fee using the function p(t) where t is the
number of hours you parked in the mall.
4. A van rental charges ₱5,500.00 flat rate for a whole-
day tour in CALABARZON of 5 passengers and each
additional passenger added ₱500.00 to the tour fare.
Express a piecewise function to show to represent the
van rental in terms number of passenger n.
5. An internet company charges ₱500.00 for the first
30 GB used in a month. Every exceeding GB will then
cost ₱30.00 But if the customer reach a total of 50 GB
and above, a flat rate of ₱1,000.00 will be charged
instead. Write a piecewise function C(g) that
represents the charge according to GB used?
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
HOPE YOU LEARN
SOMETHING :)
CLOSET COLORS!
Select 10 clothing items from your closet.
Create a mapping diagram to record the
colors to each of the clothing you have.
Share your findings with
Then, find out if the information you
the class next session.
collected represents a function or not.