12/10/2020
CE502 : DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE
(topic- 6 : Design of PLATE girder)
(girder /beam WITH SOLID WEB : IS800/Cl-8.6)
Online
PRESENTATION
by
Dr. Amiya K. Samanta
@ce.nitdgp.ac.in Professor
National Institute of Technology Department of Civil Engineering
Durgapur (Structural Engg. Laboratory)
Outline
Introduction
Plate Girder
details
Analysis Methods
& Design
Design Example
Summary
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INTRODUCTION
Plate girders are basically built-up I-beams.
Built-up section out of cut-plates or a combination
of rolled section with cover plates.
Plate girders are the options to support heavy
loads which can not be economically carried by
standard rolled sections.
INTRODUCTION
Why Plate Girder ? =Beam with thin web
Plate girder (deep flexural member with thin
web to carry heavier loads) provide flexibility to
the designer to choose components of
convenient /available size under certain
constraints.
Cover plates and the proportion f the section
across the length can be made variable based
n actual bending moment diagram.
Example : Railway bridges over culverts, Fly-
overs, gantry girders for heavy industries.
Plate girder with “thick web”= Rolled Section
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INTRODUCTION
1.
INTRODUCTION
1. Plate Girder with Bearing Stiffner
2. Plate Girder with End Panel :
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INTRODUCTION
Examples /Pictures :
INTRODUCTION
Examples /Pictures :
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INTRODUCTION
Examples /Pictures :
INTRODUCTION
Types of sections
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INTRODUCTION
Components of Plate Girder :
• Web plate
• Flange plate with or without cover plates
(with curtailment of cover plate)
• Bearing stiffeners or end post (EP)
• Intermediate transverse stiffeners (ITS)
• Longitudinal stiffeners (LS)
• Web splices
• Flange splices
• Connection between flange and the web
• End bearing or end connections
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INTRODUCTION
Components :
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INTRODUCTION
Components :
INTRODUCTION
Beam vs Plate Girder :
Plate Girder: A deep beam “with thin web”
“Slender” web problems are as follows :
1.Web buckling
2. Buckling of the compression flange due to
inadequate stiffness of the web
3. Buckling due to shear
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INTRODUCTION
Plate Girder vs Truss :
• The cost of fabrication is lower; however it is higher
compared to rolled steel sections. Also Erection is faster
and cheaper
• A plate girder is more easily painted than a truss girder,
of course truss girders are used for higher /longer span.
• Usually heavier than trusses for the same span and loads
• Truss girder requires larger number of connections are
required between webs and flanges
• Larger exposed wind area compared to a truss.
• Low torsional stiffness (box girders provide better
torsional stiffness)
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INTRODUCTION
Tension Field action & N-truss :
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INTRODUCTION
Basic design Consideration of Plate Girder :
• Any cross-section of a plate girder is normally
subjected to a combination of SF and BM.
• The primary function of the top and bottom
flange plates of the girder is to resist the axial
compressive and tensile forces arising from
the applied bending
• The primary function of the web plate is to
resist the applied shear force
INTRODUCTION
Basic design Consideration of Plate Girder :
• They are normally designed to support heavy loads over
long spans; so as to produce an efficient design with high
strength/weight ratio
• To optimize the flange thickness, the web depth (d) must
be made as large as possible. To reduce the self weight,
the web thickness ( tw) must also be reduced to a
minimum /thin.
• Due to this the web plate is often of slender proportions
and hence prone to buckling at relatively low values of
applied Shear Force Check for Min web Thickness (cl-
8,6,1) & Shear buckling (cl-8.4.2.2)
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INTRODUCTION
In general :
Design of Plate includes
(i) Check for min web thickness (Cl. 8.6.1.1)
(ii) Calculation of Flexural strength according to
thick or thin web
(iii) Check for shear buckling (either 1. Simple
post critical Method or 2. Tension Field Method)
(Cl. 8.4.2.2)
(iv) End Panel design, if required (cl-8.5)
(v) Design of stiffner, if required (Cl. 8.7)
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IS 800-2007
Minimum Web Thickness (Cl. 8.6.1.1) :
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IS 800-2007
Minimum Web Thickness (Cl. 8.6.1.1) :
IS 800-2007
Web Panel Subjected to Shear :
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IS 800-2007
Buckling of Web Plates in Shear
• Web buckling does not determine the
ultimate strength of a plate girder.
• Plate elements do not collapse when they
buckle; they possess a substantial post-
buckling Strength.
• For an efficient design, the designer should
consider the post-buckling strength into
account
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IS 800-2007
Buckling of Web Plates in Shear
As the applied
loading is
incrementally
increased, Web
plate will buckle
along direction of
compressive
diagonal -
corresponding
shear stress in
plate is “critical
shear stress”
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IS 800-2007
Shear Resistance of a Web
Critical shear stress in such a case is given by
IS 800-2007
Shear Buckling Check /design :
• The nominal shear strength of webs with or
without intermediate stiffeners as governed
by buckling may be evaluated using one of
the following methods:
1. Simple post-critical method
2. Tensile field theory
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IS 800-2007
Simple Post Critical Method
IS 800-2007
Simple Post Critical Method
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IS 800-2007
Tension Field Method :
IS 800-2007
Tension Field Method :
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IS 800-2007
Tension Field Method :
IS 800-2007
Stiffeners
• Intermediate Transverse Web Stiffener To improve
the buckling strength of slender web due to shear
• Load Carrying Stiffener To prevent local buckling
of the web due to concentrated loading
• Bearing Stiffener To prevent local crushing of the
web due to concentrated loading
• Torsion Stiffener To provide torsional restraint to
beams and girders at supports
• Diagonal Stiffener To provide local reinforcement
to a web under shear and bearing
• Tension Stiffener To transmit tensile forces applied
to a web through a flange
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IS 800-2007
Stiffeners
IS 800-2007
Intermediate Transverse Stiffener Design :
• Decide to provide stiffener on one side or both
sides
• Choose tq > tw ;
• outstand bs < 14tq also < b
• Check for minimum stiffness
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IS 800-2007
Effective Cross Section of Stiffeners
IS 800-2007
Longitudinal Stiffener :
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DESIGN
Design STEPs :
Step-1 : Calculate Mmax, Vmax for a given condition
of loading
Analyze and draw BMD & SFD for the given
loading diagram on plate girder along with s/w. Note
the values of Mmax & Vmax
Mdesign = Mf = Mmax * load factor
Vdesign = Vf = Vmax * load factor
DESIGN
Step-2 : Choice of Preliminary section
Considering section plastic (b=1.0) and laterally
supported (condition as supplied in the problem),
calculate Z p required = Md /( fy / m0)
a. For simply-supported & non-composite girder,
Assume 12<L/D<20
b. Width of Flange: b = 0.3*D (Approx)
c. Flange thickness: b/tf <8.4 ..welded section
c. Web thickness: d/tw<67 (thick) or d/tw>67 (thin)
Calculate Actual Z p provided.
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DESIGN
Step-3 : Check for Section Classification & Web
thick or thin. (As per Table-2 : IS 800-2007)
Step-4 : Check for design shear capacity (cl-8.4),
also identification of low shear /high shear.
Step-5 : Calculation of Moment Capacity.
Step-6 : Calculation of web buckling and or
crippling.
Step-7 : Check for need of stiffener (Bearing /Int
transverse).
Step-8 : Check for deflection
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Example problem
Design Example-1 :
A simply supported & laterally supported (non-
composite) plate girder having 20.0m span has
the following loading condition
1. Udl : wdl+s/w=2.0t/m, wll=1.0t/m
2. A pair of moving load, wheel load=15.0t
3. Wheel base = 2.0m
4. fy=250MPa,
Design the plate girder as
a. unstiffened plate girder with thick web &
b. with thin web.
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Example problem
Step 1 : Diagram
W dl+ll =3 t/m
Moving load=15.0t 2m
A B
20.0 m
• Factored udl = 1.5(2+1) = 4.5 t/m
• Factored Moving Load =1.5*15=22.5 t
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Example problem
Step 2 : To calculate SF (max.) :
W dl+ll =4.5 t/m
22.5.0t 2m
A B
20.0 m
• SF due to moving load = 22.5(1+18/20.0) = 42.75 t
• SF due to udl =4.5*20/2=45 t
• Vmax = 42.75+45 = 87.75 t
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Example problem
Step 3 To calculate BM (max.) :
W dl+ll =4.5 t/m
22.5.0t
0.5
2m
A B
CL
20.0 m
• RA = 22.5(9.5/20+11.5/20)= 23.63 t
• RB = 22.5*2-RA = 21.37
• Mmax = (21.37+45)*9.5-4.5*9.52/2 = 427.5 t-m
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Example problem
Step 4 To find trial secion :
=>To be designed as Laterally supported beam
• Zp= Md /( fy / m0) =1.1* 427.5x106/250 = 18810 x
103 mm3
Total Ze required = Zp /1.15 = 16356 cm3
Let us try with
Section Properties :
Depth of dw = 1300mm (L/d=20/1.3=15.4<20)
Width of flange b=350mm (b/d=350/1300=0.27)
Thickness of flange tf =40mm (b/tf=175/40=4.375)
Thickness of web tw =20mm (d/tw=1300/20=65
<67, So web thick)
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Example problem
• Flange PL 350x40 & Web PL 1300x20
• Section Modulus
1300x20
plastic ZP =[350*40*(650+40/2)+ dw
650*20*650/2]*2
= 27210 Cm3
CL
Section classification 350x40
• Flange Criteria :
b/tf=(350/2)/40=4.38<8.4
• Web Criteria : d/tw=1300/20=65<67
=>Hence the section is plastic
=>Also web thick /not susceptible
to web buckling
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Example problem
Step 5-Design Shear strength : (Section 8.4 /IS 800)
• Design shear strength Vd
= fy*h*tw /m0 3
= 250*1300*20/1.1*3
= 341.16 t
0.6 Vd = 0.6x341.16 = 204.7 t
Hence Factored Shear force Vf = 87.75 t
< 0.6 Vd
=> Low SF
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Example problem
Step 6- Design capacity :
• d/tw =65 <67 (cl-8.2.1)
=>Laterally supported beam with low SF &
Full plastic ‘Z’ effective
• Md =bZpfy/m < 1.2 ZeFy/ 1.1
• b= 1, Since the section is plastic
• Md= (1.0x27210x103x250)/1.1 = 618.4 t.m
< (1.2x……….x103x250)/1./1=……..
> Md = 427.5 t.m.
=>Hence ok.
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Example problem
Step 7- Check for web bearing /Crippling at Support :
• Fw =((b1+n2)*tw *fy)/m0
Cl. 8.7.4
b1=200 mm
• n2=2.5x( Root radius+ flange thickness)
=2.5x(0+40)= 100 mm (with dispersion is 1:2.5)
tw= 20 mm, fy=250 N/mm2
Fw= (200+100)x20x250 /1.10 = 136.4 t
> Vf=87.85 t
=>Hence the web is safe
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Example problem
Step 8- Check for web buckling at Support :
• Stiff Bearing length bl=200 mm
• Depth of web d= 1300 mm Cl. 8.7.3.1
• Slenderness ratio, r = (Ieff Web/Aeff Web)
= tw /2*3= 5.77 mm
Effective length of web is 0.7 times depth of web d
= deff/r= (0.7x 1300)/ 5.77 =157.7
fcd (Table 9c /IS 800) = 54.7 N/mm2
n1= 1300/2=650 mm, (b1+n1) = 200+650=850 mm
Ab= 850x20=17000 mm2
Buckling resistance= 54.7*17000=92.99 t
> Vf = 87.75 t
=>Hence the web is safe
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Example problem
Step 8A- Check for Bearing stiffener for point support :
(web crippling)
• Fw =((b1+n2)*tw *fy)/m0
• b1=0 mm
• n2=2.5x( Root radius+ flange thickness)
=2.5x(0+40)= 100 mm (with dispersion is 1:2.5)
• tw= 20 mm, fy=250 N/mm2
• Fw=(0+100)x20x250 /1.1= 45.45 t < Vf=87.85 t
=>Hence the web is not safe
& Bearing Stiffener is necessary.
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Example problem
Step 8B- Design of Bearing stiffener for point support :
Cl. 8.7.1.5
• Min bs =14 tq. =140 mm,
• Max bs =20 tq. =200 mm
• Provide 150x10 Bearing stiffener with 50mm on
LHS, considering tq=10mm
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Example problem
• Along web: 20 tw. =20*20=400 mm
• Provide 150x10 Bearing stiffener with 50mm on LHS,
considering tq=10mm
• Effective core Area =(400+50)*20+150*10*2
=12000 mm2
• MI=10*(150*2+20)3/12+(400+50-10)*203/ 12
=2760 Cm4
• Rad of gyration= ⁄ =47.96 mm
• ⁄ = 0.7*1300/47.96=18.97≈19.0
• Refer Tab-9(c) : fcd=224 MPa
Buckling resistance= 12000*224 N=268.8 t > Vf = 87.75 t
=>Hence the web is safe at support
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Example problem
Step 9 : Check for Deflection
• (total)= (udl)+ (pl)
(udl)= 5wl4/(384 EI)
=5*…….*50004/384*2x105*……….. x 104
=………mm
(pl)= …… mm (calculation next page)
(total)=…… mm
• Allowable (max)= L/240=83.3 mm
(total) <Allowable (max)
=>Hence Ok
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Example problem
Step 7 : Check for Deflection
• Rc = …………./EI
• Mmax
= 94.93*2.5-
63.3*1.25/2-
31.63*(1.25+1.25/3)
=145.05/EI
=145.03*1012/200000
*20458.4 x 104
=………..mm
Conjugate beam
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Example problem
Design Example-2 (1b) :
Design the plate girder as Laterally unsupported
beam with thin web.
Mmax = 427.5 t-m (factored)
Vmax = 87.75 t (factored)
Step 4 To find trial secion :
• Zp= Md /( fy / m0) = 1.1* 427.5x106/250
= 18810 x 103 mm3
Total Ze required = Zp /1.15 = 16356 cm3
Example problem
Let us try with
Section Properties :
Depth of dw = 1300mm (L/d=20/1.3=15.4<20)
Width of flange b=350mm (b/d=350/1300=0.27)
Thickness of flange tf =40mm (b/tf=175/40=4.375)
Thickness of web tw =12mm
(d/tw=1300/12=108.3 <67, So web thin)
Also d/tw<200, Min web thickness
from serviceability Requirement
as per cl. 8.6.1.1
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Example problem
• Flange PL 350x40 & Web PL 1300x12
• Section Modulus, plastic ZP
1300x12
=[350*40*(650+40/2)+ dw
650*12*650/2]*2 =23830 Cm3
Section classification CL
• Flange Criteria : 350x40
b/tf=(350/2)/40=4.38<8.4
=>Hence the section /Flange is plastic
• Web Criteria : d/tw=1300/12=108.3>67
=>Also web thin & susceptible to web buckling
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Example problem
Step 5-Design Shear strength : (Section 8.4 /IS 800)
• Design shear strength Vd
fy*h*tw 250*1300*12
= -------------- = ----------------- = 204.7 t
m0 3 1.1*3
0.6 Vd = 0.6x204.7 = 122.8 t
Factored Shear force Vf = 87.75 t
< 0.6 Vd
=> Low SF
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Example problem
Step 6- Design capacity :
• d/tw =108.3 >67 (cl-8.2.1)
=>Laterally supported beam with low SF & BM is
resisted by flanges only
• Md =bZpfy/m [b= 1, Since the section is plastic]
• Considering only flanges,
Revised ZP =[350*40*(650+40/2)]*2= 18760 Cm3
• Md= (1.0*18760x103*250)/1.1 = 426.4 t-m
< Md = 427.5 t.m.
=>Hence section to be revised.
Let flange width be 40mm
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Example problem
REVISED SECTION
• Flange PL 400x40 & Web PL
1300x12
1300x20 dw
• Section Modulus considering
flanges only CL
ZP =[400*40*(650+40/2)]*2 400x40
= 21440 Cm3
• Md= (1.0*21440x103*250)/1.1
= 487.3 t-m
< Md = 427.5 t.m.
=>Hence section okay
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Example problem
Step 7- Check for web bearing /Crippling at Support :
• Fw =((b1+n2)*tw *fy)/m0
Cl. 8.7.4
• Say, width of bearing b1=200 mm
• n2=2.5x( Root radius+ flange thickness)
=2.5x(0+40)= 100 mm (with dispersion is 1:2.5)
• tw= 20 mm, fy=250 N/mm2
Fw=(200+100)*12*250/1.10= 81.84 t < Vf=87.75 t
=>Hence the web is not safe at support with b1=200
& BEARING STIFFENER is necessary
With b=0 : Fw=(0+100)*12*250/1.10= 27.3 t > Vf=22.5
intermediate transverse stiffener not reqd.
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Example problem
Step 7A- Design of Bearing Stiffener :
be performed in line with design example-1
Step 7B- Check for Shear Resistance to Buckling :
• Since d/tw=1300/12=108.3>67 Cl. 8.7.4
web without stiffener
• Resistance to shear buckling of web be checked
with SIMPLE POST CRITICAL METHOD CL-8.4.2.2(a)
Elastic critical Shear Stress =
Kv=5.35 for stiffener at
Support only
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Example problem
Simple post critical method : Cl 8.4.2.2(a)
. ∗ ∗
• 𝜏 , = = 82.45 MPa
( . )( . )
• 𝜆 = =1.32
.( . )
• Shear Stress, 𝜏 = = 82.84
.( . )
= Shear resistance corresponding to web buckling
=
= 1300(12)*82.84 N = 129.2 t > Vf = 87.75 t
=>Hence the web is safe
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Example problem
Step 9 : Check for Deflection
• (total)= (udl)+ (pl)
(udl)= 5wl4/(384 EI)
=5*…….*50004/384*2x105*……….. x 104
=………mm
(pl)= …… mm (calculation to be done as done
for desogn example-1a & with revised MI only)
(total)=…… mm
• Allowable (max)= L/240=83.3 mm
(total) <Allowable (max)
=>Hence Ok
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Example problem
Step 7 : Check for Deflection
• Diagram will
remain unchanged
as loads are not
changing
• Mmax
= same as Desin
Example-1a
=………../EI
Conjugate beam
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Summary
This Topic /Chapter focusses on
1. A general discussion on behavior of plate girder
2. Since plate girders, transfers heavy loads over
higher spans, appropriate loading should be
understood and evaluated.
3. Relevant IS codes of Practice : Section-8
4. Methodology for evaluation of design strength of
such members, particularly for thin webs.
5. Design Example
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Expected Topic Outcome /Questions
This Topic /Chapter will attract sums solving
techniques for Learners from
1. Derivation of design strength /capacity of mainly
welded section under BM & SF.
2. Relevant IS code provisions.
3. Design Methodology of Such members as per IS800
Reference /Study Materials Resources
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/106/105106112/
2. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/105/105105162/
3. http://www.nptelvideos.in/2012/11/design-of-steel-
structures.html
4. https://india.oup.com/orcs/9780199460915/
5. Design of Steel Structures, LSM by N Subramanian
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