Internship Report on

ROBOTICS

An internship report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the department

For the award degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

DARLA CHANTI SAI DEEPTHI-21021A0450

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada

University college of engineering Kakinada(A)
Kakinada-533003, Andhra Pradesh, India
2021-2025
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Internship report entitled “BHARAT

ELECTRONICS LIMITED” was prepared and presented by THOMMANDRU
SWAROOPA RANI(21025A0460) of B. Tech, 7th semester, in Electronics and
Communication Engineering in partial fulfillment of the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, during the academic year
2023-2024.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

 DECLARATION

I Swaroopa Rani Thommandru the student of IV BTech in Electronics and

Communication Engineering at University College of Engineering, kakinada here
by declare that this internship has been carried out at BHARAT ELECTRONICS
LIMITED , Machilipatnam for a period of one month and the report has been
submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement of B. Tech curriculum.

Place: Kakinada
Date:

THOMMANDRU SWAROOPA RANI - 21025A0460

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THE COMPANY 5

ABOUT THERMAL IMAGING 9

HISTORY 12

WORKING 14

APPLICATIONS 19

CONCLUSION 23

REFERENCE 24

CERTIFICATE 25
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep gratitude and regards to N.Rajesh, our intern guide and
engineer of Bharat Electronics Limited(BEL), Machilipatnam. We are extremely
thankful and indebted to him for sharing expertise, sincere and valuable guidance
and encouragement extended to us.

We heart-fully thank the employees of BEL, Machilipatnam for their

constant support, encouragement and guidance in successful completion of this
internship.

We are pleased to thank Dr.N.Balaji, head of the department, Electronics and

communication Engineering, UCEK, JNTUK, Kakinada and Dr. M.H.M. Krishna
Prasad, Principal, UCEK, JNTUK, Kakinada who have rendered their constant
encouragement and valuable suggestions in making the project successful.

We take this opportunity to thank all the Professors and faculty members in
the department for their teachings and academic support and thanks to Technical
staff and Non-Teaching staff in the department for their support.
About Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL):

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is a Navratna PSU under the Ministry of

Defence, Government of India. It manufactures state-of-the-art electronic products
and systems for the Army, Navy and the Air Force. BEL has also diversified into
various areas like homeland security solutions, smart cities, e-governance
solutions, space electronics including satellite integration, energy storage products
including e-vehicle charging stations, solar, network & cyber security, railways &
metro solutions, airport solutions, Electronic Voting Machines, telecom products,
passive night vision devices, medical electronics, composites and software
solutions.

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) was established in 1954 under the Ministry of
Defence to meet the specialized electronic needs of the Indian Defence. Today,
BEL has grown into a multi-product, multi- technology, multi-unit conglomerate
empowering the nation’s armed forces to guard the country’s frontiers with state-
of-the-art products and systems in the areas of Radars & Fire Control Systems,
Missile Systems, Communication & C4I systems, Electronic Warfare & Avionics,
Naval Systems & Antisubmarine Warfare Systems, Electro Optics, Tank
Electronics & Gun Upgrades, and Strategic Components.
BEL is among the elite group of Public Sector Undertakings, which has been
conferred the Navratna status. The growth of the company mirrors the advances in
defense electronics in India. BEL has achieved many milestones over the years.
The Akash Air Defence Weapon System is a shining example of BEL’s indigenous
design, development and manufacturing drive. The Coastal Surveillance System
developed for strengthening surveillance of India’s over-7,500-km-long coastline
is being offered to friendly countries. BEL has made giant strides in Radars with
the induction of Weapon Locating Radar and 3D Tactical Control Radar.
BEL aims to increase its non-defence share in the overall business. Some of the
areas the company is focussing on include solutions for the Civil Aviation sector,
Anti Drone Systems, Satellite Assembly & Integration, Solar, Railway & Metro
solutions, Network & Cyber Security solutions, Energy Storage products for
Electric Vehicles, Homeland Security & Smart Cities, Medical Electronics,
Artificial Intelligence, etc.
BEL is fast expanding its global presence. All-out efforts are being made to tap
new export markets across the globe. In a bid to develop new markets in the Indian
Ocean Region (IOR) and friendly foreign countries (FFCs), BEL has
operationalised overseas marketing offices in Oman, Vietnam, Sri Lanka. BEL has
also expanded its Singapore and New York Regional Offices to handle marketing
activities. The company has identified Exports & Offsets as one of its thrust areas.

ELECTRONIC MANUFACTURING SERVICES (EMS):

BEL has identified electronic manufacturing services (EMS) as one of the major
thrust areas. BEL offers services on Build to Spec as well as Build to Print basis.
With state-of-the-art infrastructure and a highly trained workforce at its 9 Units,
BEL offers EMS for both domestic and international customers in the following
areas:
PCB assembly (SMT, Through Hole, BGA) and testing: BEL has set up an
exclusive Mass Manufacturing Facility and achieved proficiency in assembly of a
wide variety of circuit board designs including Surface Mount Technology (SMT),
Mixed Technology and Plated/Pin Through Hole Technology (PTH).
Precision Machining and Fabrication: BEL has the expertise to manufacture high-
precision machined and fabricated parts at its state-of-the-art facilities which are
equipped with the latest CNC and special-purpose machines. Products
manufactured include chassis, enclosures, panels, brackets, rack mounts, card cage
flanges and covers, large and medium modular frames and precision-machined
parts for the electronic, computer, and electrical products being used in
commercial, defense, aerospace and telecommunication industries.
Opto-electronics components and assemblies: BEL offers cost-effective services
for design and manufacture of optical and opto-electronic products and
components operating in the UV, Visible and IR spectrum. Optical components
include lenses, prisms, mirrors, windows, wedges, etc and optical assemblies
include Objective Assembly, Eyepiece Assembly, Collimator Assembly and
Imaging Assembly.

Microwave Integrated Circuit Assemblies: BEL manufactures a variety of

microwave components and sub-systems using microchip technology which are
required for a wide range of applications in communication and radar systems,
including airborne and space related sub-systems. The facility is also qualified for
the manufacture of C-Band Receivers for satellite systems.
Super Components Modules: BEL manufactures a variety of super components
modules.
Cable assemblies and wiring harnesses: BEL specializes in the manufacture of
cable assemblies and builds custom wiring harnesses for electronic equipment for
various applications.
Design and manufacturing of professional grade transformers, coils and sub-
assemblies: BEL manufactures a wide range of transformers, coils, chokes and
sub-assemblies that meet the stringent specifications of the defense forces.
Antennae manufacturing: BEL is engaged in the development and production of
various types of antennas for use in radars, communications, TV broadcasting,
satellite communication, etc. The R&D and production efforts are supported by a
well-equipped microwave testing laboratory and a microwave outdoor antenna test
range. There is also a facility to produce thin film MIC components, which are
extensively used in phased array antennas.
 Thermal Imaging

Thermal imaging is a sophisticated and non-invasive technique that utilizes

infrared technology to detect heat emissions from various objects. This process
converts the infrared energy, which is invisible to the human eye, into a visible
light display. The infrared (IR) energy, or thermal energy, is emitted by all objects
above absolute zero temperature, and the variations in these emissions form the
basis of thermal imaging.

In industrial settings, thermal imaging is a crucial component of preventive

maintenance strategies. By enabling the detection of abnormal heat patterns, such
as those caused by overloads or impending equipment failures, thermal imaging
can significantly enhance operational efficiency and safety.

Thermal imaging is a powerful, versatile, and proactive technology that has found
indispensable applications in various industries. By providing a clear picture of
thermal anomalies, it helps in early detection of potential problems, maximizing
operational efficiency, safety, and cost savings.
Thermal Image:
A thermal image, or thermogram, is the visual output produced by thermal imaging
processes. Thermal images are captured using a specialized device, often referred
to as a thermal camera or infrared camera. A thermal image is distinctly different
from a traditional photograph. While a conventional photograph captures visible
light reflected from objects, a thermal image represents varying levels of infrared
radiation emitted by the objects.

The interpretation of a thermal image is facilitated by a color palette, where each

color represents a specific range of temperatures. For instance, shades of blue often
indicate cooler temperatures, while shades of red signify hotter areas. Thus, a
thermal image provides a detailed temperature map of the surveyed area,
highlighting hotspots and potential anomalies that may need further investigation.

Thermal Imaging Device:

A thermal imaging device, such as a thermal imager or infrared imager, detects the
infrared radiation or heat emitted by objects. Based on these detections, it creates a
'thermal profile' or heat map of the area in focus.

Thermal imagers can detect:

● Overheating and circuit overload issues in electrical and mechanical
systems.
● Building inefficiencies such as heat loss due to poor insulation, air leaks in
HVAC systems, and water leaks within structures.
● Detection of pests or rodents within concealed areas and identification of
trespassers in security applications.
● Human or animal presence in search and rescue operations and hot spot
detection in forest fire management.
● Identification of structural defects in construction and engineering.
● Detection of health issues in medical and veterinary applications, and
thermal pattern analysis in geological and environmental studies.
Industrial Inspections
In the context of industrial inspections, a thermal imaging camera is a valuable tool
for detecting overheated components, insulation failures, and other potential
problems that may not be visible to the naked eye. Thermal imagers can identify
hot spots in electrical installations, highlighting areas at risk of overheating or fire.

Building Maintenance
In building maintenance, thermal imaging devices are used for detecting heat
losses due to poor insulation or air leaks, thereby identifying opportunities for
improving energy efficiency. They also find applications in detecting water leaks
within walls or beneath floors.

Security
For security applications, thermal cameras can detect the presence of intruders in
low light or adverse weather conditions by picking up their heat signatures.

In essence, a thermal imaging device can detect and visualize heat anomalies that
could indicate a range of potential issues, from equipment malfunctions to security
threats. By doing so, it plays an invaluable role in preventive maintenance,
proactive troubleshooting, and efficient resource management.
 HISTORY

It is unclear the origins of thermal imaging. There have been numerous accounts of
thermal imaging by other names from the 1800’s but no confirmed inventor. The
thermal imaging cameras used today are based on technology that was originally
developed for the military. In 1929, Hungarian physicist Kálmán Tihanyi invented
the infrared-sensitive (night vision) electronic television camera for anti-aircraft
defense in Britain. The first American thermographic cameras developed were
infrared line scanners. Thermal imaging in its present form was originally
developed for military use during the Korean War

Discovery and research of infrared radiation

Infrared was discovered in 1800 by Sir William Herschel as a form of radiation

beyond red light. These "infrared rays" (infra is the Latin prefix for "below") were
used mainly for thermal measurement. There are four basic laws of IR radiation:
Kirchoff's laws of thermal radiation, Stefan-Boltzmann law, Planck’s law and
Wien's Displacement law. The development of detectors was mainly focused on
the use of thermometers and bolometers until world war I. A significant step in the
development of detectors occurred in 1829, when Leopoldo Nobili, using the
Seebeck effect, created the first known thermocouple, fabricating an improved
thermometer, a crude thermopile. He described this instrument to Macedonio
Melloni. Initially, they jointly developed a greatly improved instrument.
Subsequently, Melloni worked alone, creating an instrument in 1833 that could
detect a person 10 meters away. The next significant step in improving detectors
was the bolometer, invented in 1880 by Samuel Pierpont Langley and his assistant
Charles Greeley Abbot continued to make improvements in this instrument. By
1901, it could detect radiation from a cow from 400 meters away and was sensitive
to differences in temperature of one hundred thousandths (0.00001 C) of a degree
Celsius. The first commercial thermal imaging camera was sold in 1965 for high
voltage power line inspections.
The first advanced application of IR technology in the civil section may have been
a device to detect the presence of icebergs and steamships using a mirror and
thermopile, patented in 1913. This was soon outdone by the first accurate IR
iceberg detector, which did not use thermopiles, patented in 1914 by R.D.
Parker.This was followed by G.A. Barker's proposal to use the IR system to detect
forest fires in 1934. The technique was not genuinely industrialized until it was
used to analyze heating uniformity in hot steel strips in 1935.

First thermographic camera

In 1929, Hungarian physicist Kalman Tihanyi invented the infrared-sensitive

electronic television camera for anti-aircraft defense in Britain. The first American
thermographic camera developed was an infrared line scanner. This was created by
the US military and Texas Instruments in 1947and took one hour to produce a
single image. While several approaches were investigated to improve the speed
and accuracy of the technology, one of the most crucial factors dealt with scanning
an image, which the AGA Company was able to commercialize using a cooled
photoconductor.
The first infrared linescan system was the British Yellow Duckling of the mid-
1950s. This used a continuously rotating mirror and detector, with Y-axis scanning
by the motion of the carrier aircraft. Although unsuccessful in its intended
application of submarine tracking by wake detection, it was applied to land-based
surveillance and became the foundation of military IR linescan.
This work was further developed at the ROyal signals and Radar Establishment in
the UK when they discovered that mercury cadmium telluride was a
photoconductor that required much less cooling. Honeywell in the United States
also developed arrays of detectors that could cool at a lower temperature, but they
scanned mechanically. This method had several disadvantages which could be
overcome using an electronic scanning system. In 1969 Michael Francis Tompsett
at English electric Valve Company in the UK patented a camera that scanned pyro-
electronically and which reached a high level of performance after several other
breakthroughs during the 1970s.Tompsett also proposed an idea for solid-state
thermal-imaging arrays, which eventually led to modern hybridized single-crystal-
slice imaging devices

WORKING

Thermal imaging allows you to see an object’s heat radiating off itself. Thermal
cameras more or less record the temperature of various objects in the frame, and
then assign each temperature a shade of a color, which lets you see how much heat
is radiating compared to objects around it.

Thermal Cameras detect temperature by recognizing and capturing different levels

of infrared light. This light is invisible to the naked eye, but can be felt as heat if
the intensity is high enough. All objects emit some kind of infrared radiation, and
it’s one of the ways that heat is transferred. The hotter an object is, the more
infrared radiation it produces. Thermal cameras can see this radiation and convert
it to an image that we can then see with our eyes.

The thermal camera has internal measuring devices that capture infrared radiation,
called microbolometers, and each pixel has one. From there, the microbolometer
records the temperature and then assigns that pixel to an appropriate color, which
then shows the findings on the camera screen.
Thermal imaging operates on a simple yet effective principle: all objects emit
infrared energy as a function of their temperature. This form of energy, invisible to
the human eye, can be detected and translated into a visual image by a thermal
imaging system. Here's a step-by-step look at the process:
1. The thermal camera, equipped with an infrared detector, captures the
infrared radiation emitted from all objects in its field of view.
2. The captured radiation data is then processed by the camera's built-in
software. An optical system focused infrared energy to a sensor array, or
detector chip, with thousands of pixels in a grid.
3. The software translates the data into an image, known as a thermal image or
thermogram, representing the temperature variations of the scene.
4. Each temperature value is assigned a different color. Typically, warmer
areas are represented in red, and cooler areas are shown in blue. A matrix of
colors corresponding to temperatures is sent to the camera display as a
picture.
5. Leading thermal and infrared cameras from manufacturers like Fluke give
you the power to then edit, transfer, store, and analyze your thermal images.

Infrared Thermal Imaging Camera:

An infrared thermal imaging camera, often referred to as a thermal camera or an

infrared camera, is a device that creates an image using infrared radiation.
Unlike conventional cameras that create pictures using visible light, thermal
cameras operate in the long-wavelength infrared spectrum, which extends up to
14,000 nanometers.

A thermal camera works by detecting the heat emitted by objects and converting it
into an electronic signal. This signal is then processed to produce a thermal image
on a video monitor. The camera can also perform temperature calculations, making
it a versatile tool for any application that requires accurate temperature readings.
From diagnosing electrical issues to identifying insulation gaps in buildings,
infrared thermal imaging cameras are invaluable in many professional fields.

Working of Infrared Cameras:

All objects emit infrared energy, known as a heat signature. An infrared camera
(also known as a thermal imager) detects and measures the infrared energy of
objects. The camera converts that infrared data into an electronic image that shows
the apparent surface temperature of the object being measured.

An infrared camera contains an optical system that focuses infrared energy onto a
special detector chip (sensor array) that contains thousands of detector pixels
arranged in a grid.

Each pixel in the sensor array reacts to the infrared energy focused on it and
produces an electronic signal. The camera processor takes the signal from each
pixel and applies a mathematical calculation to it to create a color map of the
apparent temperature of the object. Each temperature value is assigned a different
color. The resulting matrix of colors is sent to memory and to the camera’s display
as a temperature picture (thermal image) of that object.

Many infrared cameras also include a visible light camera that automatically
captures a standard digital image with each pull of the trigger. By blending these
images it is easier to correlate problem areas in your infrared image with the actual
equipment or area you are inspecting.
IR-Fusion technology (exclusive to Fluke) combines a visible light image with an
infrared thermal image with pixel-for-pixel alignment. You can vary the intensity
of the visible light image and the infrared image to more clearly see the problem in
the infrared image or locate it within the visible light image.

Beyond basic thermal imaging capabilities, you can find infrared cameras with a
wide range of additional features that automate functions, allow voice annotations,
enhance resolution, record and stream video of the images, and support analysis
and reporting.

Types of Thermal Imagers:

Thermal imagers fall into two main categories: cooled and uncooled.
● Cooled thermal imagers are high-performance devices that operate within a
vacuum-sealed case and are cryogenically cooled. This cooling enhances
their sensitivity, allowing them to detect temperature differences as tiny as
0.02°C. While these imagers offer superior performance, they are expensive
and typically reserved for specialized applications like scientific research
and military operations.
● Uncooled thermal imagers, on the other hand, operate at ambient
temperature and are significantly more affordable than their cooled
counterparts. They are engineered to detect temperature differences as small
as 0.2°C and are robust enough for everyday use. From routine industrial
inspections to security surveillance, uncooled thermal imagers are the go-to
choice for a wide variety of applications.

Thermography:

Thermography, often associated with thermal imaging, is a technique that uses

infrared technology to detect and visualize variations in temperature. This method
relies on the principle that all objects emit thermal energy, which can be captured
and represented as a thermal image.
Thermal energy refers to the infrared radiation emitted by objects based on their
temperature. The amount of this energy that an object emits is determined by its
emissivity, which varies according to the material's properties.

Thermography can be classified as either passive or active. Passive thermography

involves observing an object's naturally emitted thermal energy. It's commonly
used in applications like surveillance or monitoring electrical systems. Active
thermography, on the other hand, involves applying a heat source to the object
being inspected. This method is particularly useful in detecting subsurface defects
in materials.

Choosing the Best Thermal Imager:

Selecting the right thermal camera or thermal imager depends largely on your
specific needs and applications. Here are a few factors to consider:

Resolution: Higher resolution cameras provide clearer, more detailed thermal

images. A thermal imaging camera with a high resolution can detect small
temperature differences, making it ideal for tasks that require a high level of
accuracy.

Sensitivity: The sensitivity of a thermal camera is its ability to detect minimal

differences in temperature. If you need to capture subtle thermal variations, choose
a camera with high thermal sensitivity.

Field of View (FOV): The FOV determines the area that the thermal camera can
capture at any given time. A wide FOV is beneficial for scanning large areas
quickly, while a narrow FOV is better suited for focusing on small, specific areas.

Functionality: Consider what additional features might be useful, such as the

ability to record video, capture multiple images simultaneously, or connect to other
devices for data sharing.
 APPLICATIONS

Thermal imaging cameras have migrated into other fields and have found many
uses.

● Electrical maintenance uses for thermal imaging are extensive. For

example, power line technicians use thermal imaging to locate and pinpoint
joints and parts that are at risk of overheating as they’re already emitting
more heat than the stronger sections. They can also help spot loose
connections or devices that are starting to fail.
● Plumbers use thermal imagers to inspect sites of possible leaks, mainly
through walls and pipes. Since the devices can be used at a distance, they’re
ideal for finding potential problems in equipment that is either hard to reach
or might otherwise pose safety issues to workers. Mechanical and building
construction technicians who work with thermal insulation use
imaging to quickly identify leaks, which is important to maintain efficient
temperature regulation in a building. At a glance, they can analyze a
building’s structure and spot faults. Heat loss from walls, HVAC equipment,
doors and windows are common thermal performance issues that are easily
picked up by a thermal imager.

● Animal and Pest management is a field which has a surprising number of

uses for thermal imagers. They can help spot pests or animals in dark roof
areas without having to climb up into them, and they can detect potential
termite activity. Also, they’re commonly used to more easily conduct
wildlife surveys in a totally non-invasive, non-intrusive manner.
● Transport navigation gets significant benefits from thermal imaging,
particularly when traveling at night. For example, maritime navigation uses
it for clearly seeing other vessels, people and obstructions during the night
while out at sea. In recent years, cars have begun incorporating infrared
cameras to alert drivers of people or animals beyond streetlights or the reach
of their headlights.

● Healthcare and medicine also have practical uses, such as to spot fevers
and temperature anomalies. This has proven to be especially important in
airports where these thermal imaging cameras can quickly and accurately
scan all incoming or outgoing passengers for higher temperatures, which
was crucial during recent outbreaks of diseases like SARS and Ebola.
Additionally, thermal imagers have been proven to help diagnose a range of
disorders associated with the neck, back and limbs, as well as circulatory
problems.
● Fire-fighters use thermal imaging to help them see through smoke,
particularly in rescue missions when they’re searching for people in an
otherwise obscured and dangerous environment. They also use thermal
cameras for rapid identification of spot fires, so they can intervene before
they spread.

● Police and law enforcement agencies incorporate thermal imagers into their
surveillance equipment, used for locating suspects especially at night, as
well as to investigate crime scenes and also for search and rescue operations.
They’re superior to night-vision devices, as they don’t require any ambient
light and are unaffected by bright lights, which is essential for tactical
missions
 ● Science and research are undoubtedly sectors that draw significant benefits
from using thermal imagers, for accurate and precise visualizations of heat
patterns such as the dark side of the moon.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our internship at Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) provided us with

valuable insights into the world of thermal imaging and its diverse applications.
BEL, a Navratna PSU under the Ministry of Defence, plays a pivotal role in
manufacturing state-of-the-art electronic products, including thermal imaging
devices, for various sectors.

During our internship, we had the opportunity to work closely with experienced
professionals and engineers at BEL, Machilipatnam, gaining hands-on experience
in the field of Opto-electronic Devices.

Our exposure to thermal imaging applications, especially in the context of

industrial inspections, building maintenance, security, and public safety,
highlighted the versatility and effectiveness of this technology. The ability of
thermal imaging to detect temperature variations and anomalies proved to be a
crucial tool in preventive maintenance, troubleshooting, and efficient resource
management.

REFERENCES:

[1]https://bel-india.in/