Matrices &
Determinants
Purnima Kaul
#
Purnima Kaul
Director - Unacademy JEE/NEET
IIT-BHU B.Tech, M.Tech - Math & Computing
Taught 1 Million+ Students
CEO & Founder, Factovation
EdTech
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AIR-9 CENTA TPO - Challenger Math
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Matrices
Definition: Rectangular array of numbers.
15 6 ⇠ First row
10 2 ⇠ Second row
13 5 ⇠ Third row
↑ ↑
First Second
Column Column
Matrices
Order of Matrix
Notation, A = [aij] m×n
Order of Matrix
Construct matrix A = [aij] 2×3 , whose elements are given by aij = 2i - j.
If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
Special Types of Matrices
Row Matrix
Column Matrix
Special Types of Matrices
Null Matrix or Zero Matrix
Special Types of Matrices
Horizontal Matrix
Vertical Matrix
Square Matrix
Special Types of Matrices
Square Matrix
Square Matrix
In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aji are called
Conjugate Elements.
The elements a11, a22, a33,..........ann are called Diagonal Elements. The
line along which the diagonal elements lie is called “Principal or
leading” diagonal.
Trace (A) = Sum of elements along principal diagonal. Notation tr (A).
Types of Square Matrices
Square Matrix
Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix
Types of Square Matrices
Triangular Matrix
Upper triangular matrix Lower triangular Matrix
If aij = 0 ∀ i > j If aij = 0 ∀ i < j
Types of Square Matrices
Diagonal Matrix
Atleast aii ≠ 0 & aij = 0 if i ≠ j
Abbreviated as dia(d1, d2, d3…..dn)
Scalar matrix Unit Matrix
If d1 = d2 = d3 ….. = a ≠ 0 If d1 = d2 =...... = 1
Minimum number of zeros in an upper or lower triangular matrix of order n
x x x x x .... x
x x x x .... x
x x x .... x
x x .... x
x .... x
x
Verify if minimum number of cyphers in a diagonal/scalar/unit matrix of
order n = n (n - 1) and maximum number of cyphers = n2 - 1.
The number of all possible matrices of order 3 x 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is:
A. 27 B. 18 C. 81 D. 512
Algebra of Matrices
Adding/Subtracting
Multiplication by Scalar
Multiplying
Adding/Subtracting two Matrices
We can add/subtract two matrices only if they are of same
order.
Given A = and B = , find A + B
Properties
Order should be same
A+B=B+A (Commutative)
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associative)
tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B) (Square Matrix)
tr(A - B) = tr(A) - tr(B) (Square Matrix)
Properties
Additive Inverse
If A + B = O = B + A (order of A = order of B)
Then A and B are additive inverse of each other
If A + B = C + A ⇒ B=C
True / False
Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar:
If ;
k(A +B) = kA + kB
Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar:
Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar:
Note:
(i) If A is a square matrix then tr(kA) = k[tr(A)]
(ii) then A + A + A =
Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar:
Multiplication of a matrix
AB exist if, A = m x n & B = n x p
Multiplication of a matrices (Row by Column)
(1, 2) (2, 5) (3, 2)
(2, 1)
(3, 5)
Multiplication of a matrices (Row by Column)
Find .
(3, 2) (5, 1)
(2, 4)
(1, 5)
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Matrix multiplication is not Commutative
i.e. AB ≠ BA (in general).
In fact if AB is defined it is possible that BA is not defined or may have
different order.
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
If AB = O ⇏ A = O or B = O
E.g. ;
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
If A = O or B = O ⇒ AB = O
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
If AB = AC ⇏ B = C
But if B = C ⇒ AB = AC
Properties
In case AB = BA ⇒of Matrix
A and Multiplication
B commute each other
if AB = - BA then A and B anticommute each other.
E.g. A= and B= [ AB = BA ]
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Multiplication of diagonal matrices of the same order will be
commutative
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
For every square matrix A, there exist an identity matrix of the same
order such that
IA = AI = A where I is the unit matrix of the same order
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
If A, B & C are comfortable for the product AB & BC, then
(A . B) . C = A . (B . C)
Distributivity:
]
A (B + C) = AB + AC
(A + B) C = AC + BC
Positive integral powers of a square matrix
A2A = (AA)A = A(AA) = A3
Im = I for all m ∈ N
Am. An = Am+n and (Am)n = Amn
A0 = In, n being the order of A
Positive integral powers of a square matrix
Positive integral powers of a square matrix
Positive integral powers of a square matrix
Note that (A)0 is not defined if A is a null matrix.
If trace of a 2x2 square matrix A is 3 and trace of A3
Is -18, find the value of |A|.
Transpose of a Matrix
Transpose of a Matrix
Properties of Transpose
(1) (AT)T = A
(2) (A + B )T = AT + BT
(3) (A - B )T = AT - BT
(4) (kA)T = k(AT)
(5) (AB)T = BTAT
Properties of Transpose
If A = ,B=[1 3 -6 ], verify that (AB)’ = B’A’.
Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrix
If AT = A, then A is symmetric
If AT = -A, then A is skew symmetric
Examples
(1)
(2)
Observation:
(1)
(2)
Note: Diagonal elements of a Skew-symmetric = 0
Theorem 1
For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A’ is a
symmetric matrix and A - A’ is a skew symmetric matrix.
Theorem 2
Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric
and a skew symmetric matrix.
Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix.
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
1. If A is a symmetric matrix, then -A, kA, AT, An, A-1, BTAB are
also symmetric matrices, where n ∈ N, k ∈ R and B is a
square matrix of order that A.
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
2. If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then
(a) A2n is a symmetric matrix for n ∈ N,
(b) A2n + 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for n ∈ N,
(c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where k ∈ E,
(d) BTAB is also skew-symmetric matrix where B is a
square matrix of order that of A.
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
3. If A, B are two symmetric matrix, then
(a) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric matrix,
(b) AB - BA is a skew-symmetric matrix,
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB = BA.
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
4. If A, B are two skew symmetric matrix, then
(a) A ± B, AB - BA are skew-symmetric matrices,
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
If A, B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB - BA is a
A. Skew symmetric Matrix B. Symmetric Matrix
C. Zero Matrix D. Identity Matrix
If A1, A3,.........,A2n-1 are n skew symmetric matrices of same
order, then B =
A. Symmetric
B. Skew-symmetric
C. Neither symmetric nor skew symmetric Matrix
D. Data not adequate
Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3.
Statement-1: A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric matrices.
Statement-2: AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of A with B is
commutative.
JEE [2011]
A. Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a
correct explanation for Statement-1.
B. Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
C. Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
D. Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; is a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 x 3, non-zero, skew-symmetric
matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 x 3, non-zero, symmetric matrix.
Then which of the following matrices is (are) skew symmetric?
A. Y3Z4 - Z4Y3 B. X44 + Y44
JEE Adv. [2015]
C. X4Z3 - Z3X4 D. X23 + Y23
A. Y3Z4 - Z4Y3
B. X44 + Y44
D. X23 + Y23
C. X4Z3 - Z3X4
If P is a 3 x 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the transpose of P
and I is the 3 x 3 identity matrix, then there
exist a column matrix X= ≠ such that
JEE [2012]
A. PX = B. PX = Y
C. PX = 2X D. PX = -X
How many 3 x 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are there, for which the
sum of the diagonal entries of MTM is 5 ?
A. 126 B. 198
C. 162 D. 135
Types of Matrices
Orthogonal Matrix ATA = AAT = I
Idempotent Matrix A2 = A
Involutory Matrix A 2 = In
Nilpotent Matrix Ak = O
Periodic Matrix Ak+1 = A
Idempotent Matrix:
A square matrix is idempotent provide A2 = A.
For example if
An = A ∀ n ≥ 2, n є N
Idempotent Matrix:
For example if
Idempotent Matrix:
If Ap = 0, Ap-1 ≠ 0
Note that A3 = 0 but A2 ≠ 0 ⇒ index of nilpotency = 3
Nilpotent Matrix:
is a nilpotent matrix of index 2.
Periodic Matrix:
A square matrix which satisfies the relation AK+1 = A, for
some positive integer K
e.g. the matrix has the period 1
Periodic Matrix:
Note: Period of a square null matrix is not defined.
Period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
Involutory Matrix:
If A2 = I, the matrix is said to be an involutory matrix
e.g.
Orthogonal Matrices:
A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix, if
AAT = I = ATA
Prove that a square matrix A is involutory if and only if
(I - A) (I + A) = 0
Let the matrices
then find tr(A) + tr
If A is involutory than is _______?
A. Idempotent Matrix B. Nilpotent Matrix
C. Periodic Matrix D. Involutory Matrix
Determinants
Determinants are always Square Matrix
Scalar Value
Representation
Determinant value of 1 × 1 & 2 × 2
The value of is
A. 2a2 B. 0 C. -3 D. 3
The value of is
A. 2 B. -1 C. 0 D. cos2θ
Minors :
Minors :
Cofactor
Cij = (-1)i + j Mij
Determinant value of 3×3
Expanding w.r.t R1
Determinant value of 3×3
Expanding w.r.t R1
Determinant value of 3×3
Cofactor property
In a determinant the sum of the products of the element’s of
any row (column) with their corresponding co-factor’s is equal
to the value of determinant.
#Shortcut (Rule of Sarrus)
+ + +
a b c
a b c a b
e f g =
h i j e f g e f = afj + bgh + cei - hfc - iga - jeb
h i j h i
- - -
Determinant value of 3×3
Determine the determinant of 3x3 matrix below with Sarrus Rule
The value of is
A. 213 B. -231 C. 231 D. 39
Properties of Determinants
1. 丨 AT丨 = 丨 A丨
Properties of Determinants
Note: The value of a skew symmetric determinant of odd
order is zero.
Properties of Determinants
2. If any two rows ( or columns) of a determinant be
interchanged, the value of determinant is changed in sign
only.
Properties of Determinants
3. If row or columns are rotated in cyclic order then value of
determinant is unchanged
Properties of Determinants
Properties of Determinants
4. If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical,
then its value is zero.
Properties of Determinants
e.g. If and
Then D’ = KD
Properties of Determinants
Properties of Determinants
5. |kA| = kn |A|, where n is order of A.
Evaluate 102 18 36
1 3 36
17 3 6
Properties of Determinants
Find
Properties of Determinants
| AB | = |A| |B|
Properties of Determinants
If det(A) = 0, then A is known as singular matrix.
Elementary Transformation
The value of determinant remains same if we apply the
operation
Ri ⟶ Ri + kRi or Ci ⟶ Ci + kCi
Prove that
Let α and βbe the roots of the equation x2 + x + 1 = 0. Then for
y ≠ 0 in R,
JEE M 2019
is equal to:
A. y2(y - 1) B. y(y2 - 3) C. y3 D. y3 - 1
Special determinants
Special determinants
Special determinants
Special determinants
Special determinants
Special determinants
Prove that
Show that
Show that
Show that
Show that
Prove that
If x ≠ y ≠ z and = 0 then, find the value of xyz.
A. 1 B. -1 C. 2 D. None
Let a, b, c be positive and not all equal. Then the value
of the determinant is
A. +ve B. -ve C. 0 D. Can’t say
Which of the following values of 𝝰 satisfy the equation
A. -4 B. 9 C. -9 D. 4
(JEE Adv. 2015)
The value of the determinant
is _________
(JEE Adv.)
If a2 + b2 + c2 = -2 and
(JEE Adv. 2005)
then f(x) is a polynomial degree
A. 1 B. 0 C. 3 D. 2
Find value of
(2000 - 2 marks)
If = xn (where n ∈ N), find the value of n.
Adjoint of A
adjoint = (cofactor)T
Adjoint of A
Find the adjoint of the matrix.
Adjoint of A
Properties of Adjoint
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| In
Properties of Adjoint
Properties of Adjoint
|adj A| = |A|n-1
adj (AB) = (adj B).(adj A)
adj (kA) = kn-1 (adj A), (k 𝞊 R)
adj (adj A) = |A|n-2 A.
Let matrix A = where x, y, z 𝞊 N.
If | adj (adj (adj (adj A))) | = 232.316 then number of such matrix A is _______
If P = is the adjoint of a 3 ⨉ 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then
𝝰 is equal to
A. 4 B. 11
C. 5 D. 0
Let k be a positive real number and let
If det (adj A) + det(adj B) = 106. Then [k] is equal to
Definition: Inverse of A
A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there
exists a matrix B such that AB = I = BA
B is called the inverse of A and is denoted by A-1. Thus
A-1 = B ⇔ AB = I = BA.
Inverse of Matrix
Note: A-1 exists if A is non-singular.
Shortcut: Inverse of 2 x 2
If A =
Shortcut: Inverse of Diagonal matrix
Inverse of 3x3 matrix
Inverse of 3x3 matrix
Properties of Inverse
AA-1 = A-1A = I (A-1)-1 = A
(AT)-1 = (A-1)T
(AB)-1 = B-1 A-1
(Ak)-1 = (A-1)k = A-k, k 𝞊
N
Properties of Inverse
For Orthogonal Square matrix, A-1 = AT
Properties of Inverse
(AB)-1 may be equal to A-1B-1
Properties of Inverse
If A is a 3 x 3 non-singular matrix such that AA’ = A’A and B = A-1A’, the
BB’ equals:
A. B-1 B. (B-1)’
C. 1 + B D. I
(JEE M 2014)
Let M and N be two 3 x 3 non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such
that MN = NM. If PT denotes the transpose of P, then M2N2(MTN)-1(MN-1)T
is equal to
A. M2 B. -N2 JEE Adv (2011)
C. -M2 D. MN
Cramer’s rule
System Linear Equations
1 Determinant Method (Cramer’s Rule)
2 Matrix Method (Gauss- Jordan Method)
2 Equations 2 Variables
a1x + b 1y = c 1
⇒
a 2x + b 2y = c 2
2 Equations 2 Variables
a1x + b 1y = c 1
and
a 2x + b 2y = c 2
where
3x - y - 7 = 0
2x + 3y = 1
2x + 4y = 6
3x + 6y = 10
Unique
D≠0
Solution
D=0
No Solution
D1 and D2 ≠ 0
Infinite
D = D1 = D2 = 0
Solution
Important terms
i. Consistent: solution exists (unique or infinite solution)
ii. Inconsistent: solution does not exist (No solution)
iii. Homogeneous equations: constant terms are zero
iv. Trivial solution: all variables = zero i.e., x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
3 Variables 3 Equations
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
3 Variables 3 Equations
a1 b1 c1
D= a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
D1 = d2 b2 c2 D2 = a2 d2 c2 D3 = a2 b2 d2
d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
Homogeneous Linear Equations
a1x + b1y + c1z = 0
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0
D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
Homogeneous Linear Equations
If D ≠ 0 If D = 0
Trivial solution Non - Trivial solution
or
Infinite Solution
Matrix Method (Gauss-Jordan Method)
x+y+z=6
x-y+z=2
2x +y - z = 1
Matrix Method (Gauss-Jordan Method)
If |A| = 0
If |A| ≠ 0
Unique solution
(adj A).B ≠ 0 (adj A).B = 0
No solution Infinite solution
For what values of p and q the system of equations has
2x + py + 6z = 8
x + 2y + qz = 5
x + y + 3z = 4
i. Unique solution ii. No solution iii. Infinite solutions
2 p 6
D= 1 2 q = (p - 2)(q - 3)
1 1 3
8 p 6
D1 = 5 2 q = (p - 2)(4q - 15)
4 1 3
2 8 6
D2 = 1 5 q =0
1 4 3
2 P 8
D3 = 1 2 5 = (p - 2)
1 1 4
The system of linear equations
x+y+z=2
2x + 3y + 2z = 5
2x + 3y + (a2 - 1)z = a + 1
A. is inconsistent when a = 4
B. has a unique solution for |a| = √3 JEE M 2019 - 9 Jan (M)
C. has infinitely many solutions for a = 4
D. is inconsistent when |a| = √3
The system of linear equations
x + 𝛌y - z = 0
𝛌x - y - z = 0
x + y - 𝛌z = 0 JEE M 2016
has a non-trivial solution for
A. exactly two values of 𝛌
B. exactly three values of 𝛌
C. infinitely many value of 𝛌
D. exactly one value of 𝛌.
The set of all values of 𝛌 for which the system of linear equations
2x1 - 2x2 + x3 = 𝛌x1
2x1 - 3x2 + 2x3 = 𝛌x2
-x1 + 2x2 = 𝛌x3
has a non-trivial solution JEE M 2015
A. contains two elements
B. contains more than two elements
C. is an empty set
D. is a singleton
Consider the system of linear equations
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 3
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1
2010
the system has
A. exactly 3 solutions
B. a unique solution
C. No solution
D. Infinite number of solutions
The system of equations
𝝰x + y + z = 𝝰 - 1
x + 𝝰y + z = 𝝰 -1
x + y + 𝝰z = 𝝰 -1
has infinite solutions, if 𝝰 is 2005
A. -2 B. either -2 or 1
C. not -2 D. 1
If the system of linear equations
x + 2ay + az = 0, x + 3by + bz = 0, x + 4cy + cz = 0,
Has a non - zero solution, then a, b, c
A. satisfy a + 2b + 3c = 0 B. are in A.P
2003
C. are in G.P D. are in H.P
Let a, 𝝺, 𝛍, 𝟄 R. consider the system linear equations
ax + 2y = 𝝺
3x - 2y = 𝛍
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?
A. If a = -3, then the system has infinitely many solutions for all values of
𝝺 and 𝛍.
B. If a ≠ -3, then the system has a unique solution for all values of 𝝺 and
𝛍.
C. If 𝝺 + 𝛍 = 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions for a = -3
D. If 𝝺 + 𝛍 ≠ 0, then the system has no solution for a = -3
JEE Adv. 2016
Differentiation of Determinants
f1(x) f2(x) f3(x)
F(x) = g1(x) g2(x) g3(x)
h1(x) h2(x) h3(x)
If f(x), g(x), h(x) are quadratic polynomials, then prove that
f(x) g(x) h(x)
𝛟(x) = f’(x) g’(x) h’(x) is a constant
polynomialf’’(x) g’’(x) h’’(x)
x+a2 ab ac
If f(x) = ab x+b2 bc find f’(x)
ac bc x+c2
If ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e =
then the value of e, is
A. 0 B. -2
C. 3 D. 2
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