Differentiation Formulas Integration Formulas

Z
d
k=0 (1) dx = x + C (1)
dx
d
[f (x) ± g(x)] = f 0 (x) ± g 0 (x) xn+1
Z
(2)
dx xn dx = +C (2)
n+1
d
[k · f (x)] = k · f 0 (x) (3) Z
dx
dx = ln |x| + C (3)
d x
[f (x)g(x)] = f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x) (4)
dx Z

d f (x)

g(x)f 0 (x) − f (x)g 0 (x) ex dx = ex + C (4)
= 2 (5)
dx g(x) [g(x)] Z
1 x
d ax dx = a +C (5)
f (g(x)) = f 0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x) (6) ln a
dx Z
d n ln x dx = x ln x − x + C (6)
x = nxn−1 (7)
dx
d
Z
sin x = cos x (8) sin x dx = − cos x + C (7)
dx
d Z
cos x = − sin x (9)
dx cos x dx = sin x + C (8)
d
tan x = sec2 x (10) Z
dx tan x dx = − ln | cos x| + C (9)
d
cot x = − csc2 x (11)
dx Z
d cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C (10)
sec x = sec x tan x (12)
dx Z
d sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C (11)
csc x = − csc x cot x (13)
dx
d x
Z
e = ex (14) csc x dx = − ln | csc x + cot x| + C (12)
dx
d x
a = ax ln a
Z
(15)
dx sec2 x dx = tan x + C (13)
d 1
ln |x| = (16) Z
dx x csc2 x dx = − cot x + C (14)
d 1
sin−1 x = √ (17)
dx 1 − x2 Z
sec x tan x dx = sec x + C (15)
d −1
cos−1 x = √ (18)
dx 1 − x2 Z
d 1 csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C (16)
tan−1 x = 2 (19)
dx x +1 Z
dx x
d −1 √ = sin−1 + C (17)
cot−1 x = 2 (20) a2 − x2 a
dx x +1
Z
d 1 dx 1 x
sec−1 x = √ (21) = tan−1 + C (18)
dx |x| x2 − 1 a2 + x2 a a
d −1 Z
dx 1 |x|
csc−1 x = √ (22) √ = sec−1 +C (19)
dx |x| x2 − 1 2
x x −a2 a a
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Limits and Derivatives Formulas

1. Limits Power rule
Properties d n
if lim f ( x) = l and lim g ( x) = m , then dx
( )
x = nx n −1
x→a x→a
Chain rule
lim [ f ( x ) ± g ( x)] = l ± m d
x→a
dx
( )
f ( g ( x ) ) = f ′ ( g ( x) ) g ′( x)
lim [ f ( x) ⋅ g ( x) ] = l ⋅ m
x→a
Common Derivatives
f ( x) l
lim = where m ≠ 0 d
x →a g ( x) m (c) = 0
dx
lim c ⋅ f ( x) = c ⋅ l
x →a d
( x) = 1
1 1 dx
lim = where l ≠ 0
x →a f ( x) l d
( sin x ) = cos x
dx
Formulas
d
 1
n ( cos x ) = − sin x
lim 1 +  = e dx
x →∞
 n d 1
1 ( tan x ) = 2 = sec2 x
dx cos x
lim (1 + n ) n = e
x →∞
d
sin x ( sec x ) = sec x tan x
lim =1 dx
x→ 0 x d
tan x ( csc x ) = − csc cot x
lim =1 dx
x→ 0 x d 1
cos x − 1 ( cot x ) = − 2 = − csc2 x
lim =0 dx sin x
x→ 0 x d 1
x −a n n
dx
(
sin −1 x = )
lim = na n −1 1 − x2
x→a x − a
d 1
an −1 dx
( )
cos −1 x = −
lim = ln a 1 − x2
x→ 0 x
d 1
dx
( )
tan −1 x =
1 + x2
2. Common Derivatives
d x
Basic Properties and Formulas dx
( )
a = a x ln a

( cf )′ = cf ′( x) d x
( )
e = ex
dx
(f ± g )′ = f ′( x) + g ′( x) d 1
( ln x ) = , x > 0
Product rule dx x
d 1
( f ⋅ g )′ = f ′ ⋅ g + f ⋅ g′ ( ln x ) = , x ≠ 0
dx x
Quotient rule
d 1
 f ′ f ′ ⋅ g − f ⋅ g ′
( log a x ) = , x>0
dx x ln a
  =
g  g2
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3. Higher-order Derivatives
Definitions and properties
Second derivative
d  dy  d 2 y
f ′′ =  −
dx  dx  dx 2
Higher-Order derivative

f( ) = f(
n
( n −1)
)′
( n)
= f ( ) + g(
n n)
(f + g)
(n)
= f ( ) − g(
n n)
(f − g)
Leibniz’s Formulas

( f ⋅ g )′′ = f ′′ ⋅ g + 2 f ′ ⋅ g ′ + f .g ′′

( f ⋅ g )′′′ = f ′′′ ⋅ g + 3 f ′′ ⋅ g ′ + 3 f ′ ⋅ g ′′ + f ⋅ g ′′′

n ( n − 1)
( f ⋅ g )(
n)
= f ( ) g + nf (
n −1)
f(
n − 2)
g ′′ + ... + fg (
n n)
g+
1⋅ 2
Important Formulas
(n) m!
(x ) m
=
( m − n )!
x m−n

(n)
(x ) n
= n!
n −1
(n) ( −1) ( n − 1)!
( log a x ) =
x n ⋅ ln a
n −1
(n) ( −1) ( n − 1)!
( ln x ) =
xn
( n)
( a ) = a ln a
x x n

( ) n
(e ) = e
x x

( ) n
( a ) = m a ln
mx n mx n
a

 nπ 
( sin x )( )
n
= sin  x + 
 2 
 nπ 
( cos x )( )
n
= cos  x + 
 2 
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Integration Formulas
1. Common Integrals Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Indefinite Integral ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x + C
Method of substitution
x n +1 x n +1
∫ x ln x dx =
n
ln x − +C
∫ f ( g ( x)) g ′( x)dx = ∫ f (u )du n +1 ( n + 1)
2

Integration by parts
∫e
x
dx = e x + C
∫ f ( x) g ′( x)dx = f ( x) g ( x) − ∫ g ( x) f ′( x)dx
bx
∫ b dx =
x
Integrals of Rational and Irrational Functions +C
ln b
x n +1
∫ x dx =
n
+C ∫ sinh x dx = cosh x + C
n +1
1 ∫ cosh x dx = sinh x + C
∫ x dx = ln x + C
∫ c dx = cx + C
x2
∫ xdx = 2
+C

x3
∫ x dx =
2
+C
3
1 1
∫ x2 dx = − x + C
2x x
∫ xdx =
3
+C

1
∫1+ x 2
dx = arctan x + C

1
∫ 1 − x2
dx = arcsin x + C

Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
∫ tan x dx = ln sec x + C
∫ sec x dx = ln tan x + sec x + C
1
∫ sin ( x − sin x cos x ) + C
2
x dx =
2
1
∫ cos x dx = 2 ( x + sin x cos x ) + C
2

∫ tan
2
x dx = tan x − x + C

∫ sec
2
x dx = tan x + C
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2. Integrals of Rational Functions

Integrals involving ax + b

( ax + b )n + 1
n
∫ ( ax + b ) dx = a ( n + 1) ( for n ≠ −1)
1 1
∫ ax + b dx = a ln ax + b
a ( n + 1) x − b
∫ x ( ax + b )
n
dx = 2
( ax + b )n+1 ( for n ≠ −1, n ≠ −2 )
a ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
x x b
∫ ax + b dx = a − a 2 ln ax + b
x b 1
∫ ( ax + b )2 dx = a 2 ( ax + b ) + a 2 ln ax + b
x a (1 − n ) x − b
∫ ( ax + b )n dx = a 2 ( n − 1)( n − 2)( ax + b )n−1 ( for n ≠ −1, n ≠ −2 )

1  ( ax + b ) 
2
x2
∫ ax + b dx =  − 2b ( ax + b ) + b 2
ln ax + b 
a3  2 
 
x2 1  b2 
∫ ( ax + b )2 dx = 3  ax + b − 2b ln ax + b −
a 

ax + b 

x2 1  2b b2 
∫ ( ax + b )3 dx =  ln ax + b + − 
a3  ax + b 2 ( ax + b )2 
 

1  ( ax + b ) 
3−n 2− n 1−n
x2 2b ( a + b ) b2 ( ax + b )
∫ ( ax + b ) n dx = − + −  ( for n ≠ 1, 2,3)
a3  n−3 n−2 n −1 
 
1 1 ax + b
∫ x ( ax + b ) dx = − b ln x
1 1 a ax + b
∫ x 2 ( ax + b ) dx = − bx + b2 ln x

1  1 1 2 ax + b 
∫ x 2 ( ax + b )2 dx = − a  2 + 2 − 3 ln
 b ( a + xb ) ab x b x


 
Integrals involving ax2 + bx + c
1 1 x
∫ x 2 + a 2 dx = a arctg a
1 a−x
 2a ln a + x for x < a
1
∫ x2 − a 2 dx =  1 x − a
 ln for x > a
 2a x + a
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 2 2ax + b
 arctan for 4ac − b 2 > 0
2
 4ac − b 4ac − b 2

1  2 2ax + b − b 2 − 4 ac
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx =  2 ln for 4ac − b 2 < 0
 b − 4ac 2 ax + b + b 2 − 4ac

− 2 for 4ac − b 2 = 0
 2ax + b

x 1 b dx
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx = 2a ln ax ∫
2
+ bx + c − 2
2 a ax + bx + c
m 2 2an − bm 2ax + b
 ln ax + bx + c + arctan for 4ac − b 2 > 0
 2 a a 4ac − b 2
4ac − b 2

mx + n 
m 2an − bm 2ax + b
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx =  2a ln ax + bx + c + a b2 − 4ac arctanh b2 − 4ac for 4ac − b < 0
2 2


m 2an − bm
 ln ax 2 + bx + c − for 4ac − b 2 = 0
 2a a ( 2 ax + b )

1 2ax + b ( 2 n − 3 ) 2a 1
∫ n
dx = n−1
+
2 ∫
( n − 1) ( 4ac − b ) ( ax 2 + bx + c )n−1
dx
( ax 2
+ bx + c ) ( n − 1) ( 4ac − b2 )( ax 2 + bx + c )
1 1 x2 b 1
∫x dx = ln 2 − ∫ 2 dx
( ax 2
+ bx + c ) 2c ax + bx + c 2c ax + bx + c

3. Integrals of Exponential Functions

ecx
∫ xe dx =
cx
( cx − 1)
c2
cx  x 2x 2 
2

∫
2 cx
x e dx = e 
 c c 2 + c3 
−
 
1 n cx n n −1 cx
∫x x e − ∫ x e dx
n cx
e dx =
c c
i
ecx ∞ cx
( )
∫ x dx = ln x + ∑ i ⋅ i!
i =1

1 cx
∫e
cx
ln xdx = e ln x + Ei ( cx )
c
ecx
∫ e sin bxdx =
cx
( c sin bx − b cos bx )
c 2 + b2
ecx
∫ e cos bxdx =
cx
( c cos bx + b sin bx )
c 2 + b2
ecx sin n −1 x n ( n − 1)
∫ e sin xdx = ∫e sin n −2 dx
cx n cx
2 2
( c sin x − n cos bx ) + 2 2
c +n c +n
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4. Integrals of Logarithmic Functions

∫ ln cxdx = x ln cx − x
b
∫ ln(ax + b)dx = x ln(ax + b) − x + a ln(ax + b)
2 2
∫ ( ln x ) dx = x ( ln x ) − 2 x ln x + 2 x
n n n −1
∫ ( ln cx ) dx = x ( ln cx ) − n∫ ( ln cx ) dx
i
dx ( )
∞ ln x

∫ ln x = ln ln x + ln x + ∑
n =2 i ⋅ i !

dx x 1 dx
∫ ( ln x )n =−
( n − 1)( ln x ) n −1
+
n − 1 ∫ ( ln x )n −1
( for n ≠ 1)

 
m +1  ln x 1

∫
m
x ln xdx = x − ( for m ≠ 1)
 m + 1 ( m + 1) 2 
 
n
n x m+1 ( ln x ) n n −1
∫ x ( ln x ) ∫
m
dx = − x m ( ln x ) dx ( for m ≠ 1)
m +1 m +1

( ln x )n ( ln x )n+1
∫ x
dx =
n +1
( for n ≠ 1)
2
ln x n ln x n ( )
∫ x dx = 2n ( for n ≠ 0 )
ln x ln x 1
∫ xm dx = − ( m − 1) xm−1 − ( m − 1)2 xm−1 ( for m ≠ 1)

( ln x )n ( ln x )n n ( ln x )n−1
∫ xm
dx = −
( m − 1) x m−1 m − 1 ∫ x m
+ dx ( for m ≠ 1)
dx
∫ x ln x = ln ln x
dx ∞
( n − 1)i ( ln x )i
∫ xn ln x = ln ln x + ∑
i
( −1)
i =1 i ⋅ i!
dx 1
∫ x ( ln x )n =−
( n − 1)( ln x )n−1
( for n ≠ 1)
x
∫ ln ( x ) ( )
+ a 2 dx = x ln x 2 + a 2 − 2 x + 2a tan −1
2
a
x
∫ sin ( ln x ) dx = 2 ( sin ( ln x ) − cos ( ln x ) )
x
∫ cos ( ln x ) dx = 2 ( sin ( ln x ) + cos ( ln x ) )
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5. Integrals of Trig. Functions

∫ sin xdx = − cos x cos x
∫ sin 2 x dx = − sin x
1

∫ cos xdx = − sin x cos 2 x x

x 1 ∫ sin x dx = ln tan 2 + cos x
∫ sin
2
xdx =
− sin 2 x
2 4
∫ cot
2
xdx = − cot x − x
x 1
∫ cos xdx = 2 + 4 sin 2 x
2
dx
∫ sin x cos x = ln tan x
1
∫ sin xdx = 3 cos x − cos x
3 3
dx 1 x π
1 3
∫ sin 2 x cos x = − sin x + ln tan  2 + 4 
∫ cos xdx = sin x − 3 sin x
3

dx 1 x
dx x ∫ sin x cos2 x = cos x + ln tan 2
∫ sin x xdx = ln tan 2 dx
dx x π ∫ sin 2 x cos2 x = tan x − cot x
∫ cos x xdx = ln tan  2 + 4  sin( m + n) x sin( m − n) x
dx
∫sin mxsin nxdx = − 2( m+ n) +
2( m − n)
m2 ≠ n2
∫ sin 2 x xdx = − cot x
cos ( m + n) x cos ( m − n) x
dx ∫sin mxcos nxdx = − 2( m + n) − m2 ≠ n2
∫ cos2 x xdx = tan x 2( m − n)
sin ( m + n) x sin ( m − n) x
dx cos x 1 x
∫ sin 3 x = − 2sin 2 x + 2 ln tan 2 ∫ cos mxcos nxdx = 2( m + n) +
2( m − n)
m2 ≠ n2

dx sin x 1 x π cos n +1 x
∫ cos3 x = 2 cos2 x + 2 ln tan  2 + 4  ∫ sin x cos xdx = −
n

n +1
1 sin n +1 x
∫ sin x cos xdx =
n
∫ sin x cos xdx = − 4 cos 2 x n +1
1 3
∫ sin x cos xdx = 3 sin x
2 ∫ arcsin xdx = x arcsin x + 1 − x2

1 ∫ arccos xdx = x arccos x − 1 − x2

∫ sin x cos xdx = − 3 cos x
2 3

1
∫ arctan xdx = x arctan x − 2 ln ( x )
2
+1
x 1
∫ sin x cos xdx = 8 − 32 sin 4 x
2 2

1
∫ arc cot xdx = x arc cot x + 2 ln ( x )
2
+1
∫ tan xdx = − ln cos x
sin x 1
∫ cos2
x
dx =
cos x
sin 2 x x π 
∫ cos x dx = ln tan  2 + 4  − sin x
∫ tan xdx = tan x − x
2

∫ cot xdx = ln sin x

 INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

Definition, Basic Theorems on Integration, Some Standard Formulae, Method of Integration,

Integration of Rational Functions, Integration of Irrational Functions, Some Integrals of
Different Expressions of

DEFINITION

If is derivative of , then is primitive or anti derivative or integration of . So

differentiation and integration are inverse to each other.
For example

where is constant of integration.

BASIC THEOREMS ON INTEGRATION

If are two functions of a variable and is a constant, then

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

SOME STANDARD FORMULAE

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

(x)

(xi)

(xii)

(xiii)
(xiv)

(xv)

(xvi)

(xvii)

(xviii)

(xix)

(xx)

(xxi)

(xxii)

(xxiii)

(xxiv)

(xxv)

(xxvi)

(xxvii)

(xxviii)
 SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example.

Solution.

Example.

Solution.

Example.

Solution.

METHOD OF INTEGRATION
Integration by Substitution
(a) When integrand is the product of two factors such that one is the derivative of the other i.e,

In this case we put to convert it into a standard integral.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example.

Solution. Let

(b) When integrand is a function of function

i.e.
Here we put so that and in that case the integrand is reduced to .

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example.

Solution. Let

(c) Integral of a function of the form (

Here put and convert it into standard integral. Obviously if

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example.
Solution.

(d) Some standard forms of integrals

The following three forms are very useful to write integral directly.

(i) (provided
(ii)

(iii)

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example.

Solution.

Example.

Solution. Let

Example.
Solution. Let

(e) Integral of the form

Putting and , we get

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example.

Solution.

Example.

Solution.
(f) Standard Substitution
Following standard substitution will be useful-

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example.

Solution.

Example.

Solution. Let then

(a) Integration by Parts

If and are the differentiable functions of , then
i.e. Integral of the product of two functions

first function integral of second function [derivative of first) (Integral of second) ]

(i) How to choose Ist and IInd function: If two functions are of different types take that function
as Ist which comes first in the word ILATE, where I stands for inverse circular function, L stands
for logarithmic function, A stands for algebraic functions, stands for trigonometric and for
exponential functions.
(ii) For the integration of logarithmic or inverse trigonometric functions alone, take unity (1) as
the second function

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example. Evaluate

Solution.

(b) If the integral is of the form then by breaking this integral into two
integrals, integrate one integral by parts and keep other integral as it is, By doing so, we get -

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example. Evaluate

Solution.
This is of the form
(c) If the integral is of the form then by breaking this integral into two
integrals integrate one integral by parts and keep other integral as it is, by doing so, we get

SOLVED EXAMPLES

INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

(a) When denominator can be factorized (Using partial fractions)
If denominator of a rational algebraic function can be factorized, then its integral can easily be
obtained by splitting it into partial fractions. The following two standard integrals may be so
obtained

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example.

Solution.

Example.

Solution.
(b) When denominator can not be factorized
In this case integral may be in the form

For first integral we express its denominator in the form and use the previous
results.
For second integral we express its numerator in the form (derivative of ) and then
we integral it easily.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example.

Solution.

Example.

Solution.

(c) Integral of rational functions containing only even powers of

To find integral of such functions, first we divide numerator and denominator by , then
express as and as a function of . Following examples illustrate it.
SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example.

Solution.

Example.

Solution.

INTEGRATION OF IRRATIONAL FUNCTIONS

If any one term in and is irrational then it is made rational by suitable substitution. Also if
integral is of the form

then we integrate it by expressing

Also for integrals of the form

first we express in the form

and then proceed as usual with standard forms.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example.

Solution.

Example.

Solution.
(a) Integration of the Trigonometrical Functions

(i) ,

(ii)

(iii) ,

(iv) .

For their integration we multiply and divide by and then put .

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example. Evaluate

Solution. (Dividing Num and Den by )

(b) (i)

(ii)

(iii) ,

(iv) .

For such types of integration first we express them in terms of by replacing

and and the put .

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example.

Solution.

(c) (i) ,

(ii) ,

(iii) ,
For their integration we first express as follows :
derivative of

Then integral

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example.

Solution. Let

SOME INTEGRALS OF DIFFERENT EXPRESSIONS OF EX

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example.

Solution. Here

Example.

Solution. Here

Let , then
 DEFINITE INTEGRAL
ININTEGRAL
Definition, Properties of Definite Integration, Important Integrals, Summation of Series by
Integration, Important
Points
DEFINITION
Let be a continuous function defined on a closed interval and

then

or

is called definite integral of within limits and . The interval is called range of
integration. Every definite integral has a unique value.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example.

Solution.

Example.

Solution.
Example.

Solution.

Example. .

Solution.

Example.

Solution.

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRATION

1
Here is a dummy variable, it can be replaced by any other variable .

2
i.e. the interchange of limits of a definite integral changes only its sign.

3
Generally this of property is used when the integrand has two or more rules in the
integration interval.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example. If then evaluate

Solution.
Example.

Evaluate
Solution.

4
With the help of above property following integrals can be obtained.

•
•

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example.

Solution.
Example.
Solution.

Example.

Solution.

This property is generally used when integrand is either even or odd function of

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example. is equal to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Solution. Here

Example. is equal to
(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 0
(4) none of these

Solution. Here

&

6.
It is generally used to make half the upper limit.

7.
(if , and
In particular

(a)
(where is a periodic function with period T)

(b)
if

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example.

Solution.

8.

Application:

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example. Evaluate :

Solution.

In particular [a is any constant independent of ]

or

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example. Solution.
IMPORTANT INTEGRALS
(i) Walli's formula

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example. Evaluate

Solution.

Example. Evaluate

Solution.

(ii)
where is called gamma function
OR

(if and both are not simultaneously even positive integers)

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example. Evaluate .
Solution. Using gamma function formula

SUMMATION OF SERIES BY INTEGRATION

For finding sum of an infinite series with the help of definite integration, following formula is
used-

The following method is used to solve the questions on summation of series.

(i) After writing ( th or rth term of the series, express it in the form . Therefore the
given series will take the form

(ii) Now writing in place of , in place of , we get the integral in place of

above series.
(iii) The lower limit of this integral
where is taken corresponding of first term of the series and upper limit

where is taken corresponding to the last term.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example. Evaluate
Solution.

Example. Find the value of

Solution. Here
Therefore given series

IMPORTANT POINTS

If and , then , e.g.

If and , then , e.g,

If and , then , e.g,

, where denotes greatest integer of .