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Lecture Slides - Angle Modulation

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4 views

Lecture Slides - Angle Modulation

Uploaded by

htouheed.bee21seecs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 351 SPRING 2024

ANGLE MODULATION
PHASE-LOCKED LOOP
▪ Can be a whole course. The most important part of receiver.
▪ Definition: a closed-loop feedback control system that generates and
outputs a signal in relation to the frequency and phase of an input
("reference") signal
▪ A phase-locked loop circuit responds both to the frequency and
phase of the input signals, automatically raising or lowering the
frequency of a controlled oscillator until it is matched to the
reference in both frequency and phase.
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR (VCO)
▪ W(t)=wc+ce0(t), where wc is the free-running frequency
▪ Example
IDEAL MODEL
Si Sp So
▪ Model LPF

Sv
VCO

▪ Si=Acos(wct+1(t)), Sv=Avcos(wct+c(t))
▪ Sp=0.5AAv[sin(2wct+1+c)+sin(1-c)]
▪ So=0.5AAvsin(1-c)=AAv(1-c)

▪ Capture Range and Lock Range


PHASE AND FREQUENCY ACQUISITION
FM BASICS
▪ VHF (30M-300M) high-fidelity broadcast
▪ Wideband FM, (FM TV), narrow band FM (two-way radio)
▪ 1933 FM and angle modulation proposed by Armstrong, but
success by 1949.
▪ Digital: Frequency Shift Key (FSK), Phase Shift Key (BPSK, QPSK,
8PSK,…)
▪ AM/FM: Transverse wave/Longitudinal wave
ANGLE MODULATION VS. AM
▪ Summarize: properties of amplitude modulation
▪ Amplitude modulation is linear
▪ just move to new frequency band, spectrum shape does not change. No
new frequencies generated.
▪ Spectrum: S(f) is a translated version of M(f)
▪ Bandwidth ≤ 2W
▪ Properties of angle modulation
▪ They are nonlinear
▪ spectrum shape does change, new frequencies generated.

▪ S(f) is not just a translated version of M(f)


▪ Bandwidth is usually much larger than 2W
ANGLE MODULATION PRO/CON APPLICATION

▪ Why need angle modulation?


▪ Better noise reduction
▪ Improved system fidelity

▪ Disadvantages
▪ Low bandwidth efficiency
▪ Complex implementations

▪ Applications
▪ FM radio broadcast
▪ TV sound signal
▪ Two-way mobile radio
▪ Cellular radio
▪ Microwave and satellite communications
INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY
•Angle modulation has two forms
- Frequency modulation (FM): message is represented as the
variation of the instantaneous frequency of a carrier
- Phase modulation (PM): message is represented as the
variation of the instantaneous phase of a carrier

s(t ) = Ac cos i (t ) , 1 di (t )


fi (t ) =
where Ac : carrier amplitude, i (t ) : angle (phase) 2 dt

s (t ) = Ac cos  2 f ct +  (t ) 
where  (t ) is a function of message signal m(t ).
PHASE MODULATION
⚫ PM (phase modulation) signal

s (t ) = Ac cos  2 f ct + k p m(t ) 
 (t ) = k p m(t ), k p : phase sensitivity
k p dm(t )
instantanous frequency fi (t ) = f c +
2 dt
FREQUENCY MODULATION
▪ FM (frequency modulation) signal

s(t ) = Ac cos  2 f ct + 2 k f 
t

 0 m( ) d 
k f : frequency sensitivity
instantanous frequency f i (t ) = f c + k f m(t )
t
angle i (t ) = 2  f i ( ) d (Assume zero initial phase)
0
t
= 2 f c t + 2 k f 
0
m( )d
FM CHARACTERISTICS
⚫ Characteristics of FM signals
– Zero-crossings are not regular
– Envelope is constant
– FM and PM signals are similar
RELATIONS BETWEEN FM AND PM
t
FM of m(t )  PM of  m( )d
0

dm(t )
PM of m(t )  FM of
dt
FM/PM EXAMPLE (TIME/FREQUENCY)

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