A REPORT ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION

INTERVENTION OF MALA VILLAGE

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO :

NAME – PRASUN KUMAR DEY DR. JAYANTA KUMAR CHATTERJEE

BAG ( SEM – VIII ) – 26 PALLI SIKSHA BHAVANA(INSTITUTE OF

AGRICULTURE)
VISVA-BHARATI, SRINIKETAN
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all those who gave me the possibility
to complete this report. Special thanks to my teacher and course guide Dr. Jayanta Kumar
Chatterjee whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in writing
this project.
I offer thanks to my Village facilitator Mr. Totun Ghosh and all the farmers for helping me out
in the process.
Lastly I want to thank my group members for helping me finalizing the report.
Introduction :
Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) programme gives us the opportunity to understand the
rural life and to work and interact with them. Study of Human behaviour is the main focus of the
programme. It is necessary to motivate the farmers to adapt to new methods of cultivation to
improve their standards and mode of life. The overall objective of RAWE programme is to bring
possible development of rural people. It is achieved by means of bringing desirable changes among
the rural communities. Since, adoption of new idea is a complex process, awareness, interest, trials
and adoption of new ideas among the farming communities should be carried out effectively and
systematically. Adoption is also influenced by age, sex, and level of education of the farmers. The
youths of today are the citizens of tomorrow. The progress and prosperity of a state and country
depends to a large extend on the training and discipline of the youths.

Animal husbandry i.e. livestock and poultry rearing is the real backbone of Indian Agriculture. It
generates over 30–35 % of total farm level outputs. Contributes about 15 % of the total house hold
income (both cash and kind together) of farmers. It provides many critical inputs like manures so
essential for the farmers, who can not afford to buy fertilizer due to non availability of can in hand,
through recycling at farm level itself. It provided nutritional security to a vast majority of farmers
by way of milk and animal proteins so essential for balance growth and health of the family
members. In most cases animal husbandry utilizes inputs in kind, that as it is would not have
fetched any cash to the family. It is only the labor input contributed by the family that enables
generation of outputs. In terms of efficiency of resource use, both natural and manmade the animal
husbandry activities are most the resource efficient biological production systems. In many places
or for that matter in over 70 % farm situations, animal husbandry is a great shield against the risk
associated with farming.
Objectives of this Study :

 To know population of livestocks and poultry birds in Mala village.

 To study know the various practices of raring of livestock.
 To know the marketing of different livestock products.
 To know the cost and income of the villagers in livestock rearing.

General Information about the Farmer :

SL No. Name of the Land Family Occupation Livestock

Farmer holding members and Poultry
1. Laltu Ghosh 7 Bigha 6 Agriculture Cow , Goat ,
Duck ,
buffalo

Particulars Strength of the Livestock Name of the Breed

Cow

1. Adult cow 3 Desi , one jersey

2. Heifer 1 Desi

3. Breeding bull -

4. Bullock -

Goat

1.Young stock 5 Black Bengal

2. Adult Stock 2 Black Bengal

3. Adult Buck 1 Black Bengal

4.Adult Doe 1 Black Bengal

Poultry

1.Hen 2 Leghorn

Cost Structure Amount Remarks

Total cost of the Livestock Rs.1, 50,000 approx Including cow and goats

Cost of Dairy Structure Rs. 10,000 Kacha floor with thatched roof

Total Rs. 1,60,000 approx

Daily expenses ( Maintenance and feeding ) :

SL. Particulars Poultry

No. Cow
Quantity Amount
Quantity Amount
( Rs.)
(Rs.)

1. Labour requirement 0.5 man - day 100 0.10man day 40

2. Concentrates ( kg ) 2.5 70 0.70 35

3. Green Roughages - - - -

4. Dry Roughages - - - -

5. Mineral matters - - - -

6. Medical aids including Monthly 10 per - 10

vaccination check up day
 7. Daily expenses ( total ) 180 85

Animal Production and Distribution:

1. Daily milk production & utilization-

Date No. of Milk Home consumption Sale Name Income
cows in produced Whole Utilized for of (Rs.)
milk (liters) milk making Selling
products agency
19/04/22 3 15 4.5 1.5 9 Local 280/-
people
20/04/22 3 12 4 - 8 Local 250/-
people
21/04/22 3 16 4.5 2.5 9 Local 280/-
people

Cows in Cow shed Goats ( Black Bengal )

 Use of Cow dung cake as fuel

Suggestions and Recommendations to Farmers :

1.Cow Sheds :

 Cow sheds can be arranged in a single row if the numbers of cows are small. Say less than
10 or in a double row if the herd is a large one. Ordinarily, not more than 80 to 100 cows
should be placed in one building. In double row housing, the stable should be so arranged
that the cows face out (tails-to-tail system) or face in (head-to-head system) as preferred.

 Floor: The inside floor of the barn should be of some impervious material which can be
easily kept clean and dry and is not slippery. Paving with bricks can also serve one’s
purpose. Grooved cement concrete floor is still better. The surface of the cowshed should
be laid with a gradient of 1" to 1 14" from manger to excreta channel. An overall floor
space of 65 to 70 sq.ft. per adult cow should be satisfactory.
 Walls: The inside of the walls should have a smooth hard· finish of cement, which will not
allow any lodgment of dust and moisture. Comers should be round. For plains, dwarf walls
about 4 to 5 feet in height and roofs supported by masonry work or iron pillars will be best
or more suitable. The open space in between supporting pillars will serve for light and air
circulation.

Interaction with Farmer

 Roof: Roof of the barn may be of asbestos sheet or tiles. Corrugated iron sheets have the
disadvantage of making extreme fluctuations in the inside temperature of the barn in
different seasons. However, iron sheets with aluminum painted tops to reflect sunrays
bottoms provided with wooden insulated ceilings can also achieve the objective. A height
of 8 feet at the sides and 15 feet at the ridge will be sufficient to give the necessary air
space to the cows. An adult cow requires at least about 800 cubic feet of air space under
tropical conditions. To make ventilation more effective a continuous ventilation is
considered most desirable.
 Manger: Cement concrete continuous manger with removable partitions is the best from
the point of view of durability and cleanliness. A height of 1 '-4" for a high front manger
and 6" to 9" for a low front manger is considered sufficient. Low front mangers are more
comfortable for cattle but high front. mangers prevent feed wastage. The height at the back
 of the manger should be kept at 2'-6" to 3". An overall width of 2' to 2 1/2' is sufficient for
a good manger.
 Alleys: The central walk should have a width of 5'-6' exclusive of gutters when cows face
out, and 4'-5' when they face in. The feed alley, in case of a face out system should be 4'
wide, and the central walk should show a slope of 1" from the centre towards the two
gutters running parallel to each other, thus forming a crown at the centre.
 Manure gutter: The manure gutter should be wide enough to hold all dung without getting
blocked, and be easy to clean/ Suitable dimensions are 2" width with a cross-fall of !" away
from standing. The gutter should have a gradient of 1" for every 10' length. This will permit
a free flow of liquid excreta.
 Doors: The doors of a single range cowshed should be 5" wide with a height of 7', and
double row shed the width should not be less than 8" to 9'. All doors of the barn should lie
flat against the external wall when fully open.
 Calving Boxes: Allowing cows to calve in the milking cowshed is highly undesirable and
objectionable. It leads to insanitary in milk production and spread of disease like
contagious abortion in the herd. Special accommodation in the form of loose-boxes
enclosed from all sides with a door should be furnished to all parturient cows. It should
have an area of about 100 to 150sq.ft. With ample soft bedding, it should be provided with
sufficient ventilation through windows and ridge vent.
 Isolation Boxes: Animals suffering from infectious disease must be segregated soon from
the rest of the herd. Loose boxes of about 150sq.ft are very suitable for this purpose. They
should be situated at some distance from the other barns. Every isolation box should be
self-contained and should have separate connection to the drainage disposal system.

2.sanitization in Dairy Farm :

 Sanitation is necessary in the dairy farm houses for eliminations of all micro organisms
that are capable of causing disease in the animals. The presence of organisms in the animal
shed contaminates the milk produced thus reducing its self life, milk produced in an
unclean environment is likely to transmit diseases which affect human health: Dry
floorings keeps the houses dry and protects from foot injury. Similarly the presence of flies
and other insects in the dairy farm area are not only , disturbs the animals but also spreads
deadly diseases to the animals.
  Sunlight is the most potent and powerful sanitizer which destroy most of the disease
producing organism. Disinfection of animal sheds means making these free from disease
producing bacteria and is mainly-carried out by sprinkling chemical agents such as
bleaching powder, Iodine and lodophor, sodium carbonate, Washing soda, Slaked Lime
(Calcium hydroxide), Quick Lime (Calcium oxide) and phenol.

3.Care of Pregnant Cow :

Before Parturition :

 Turning cow into a loose box : To isolate from other animals, animal of advance pregnancy
must be separated into calving box which must be cleaned and properly disinfected, bedded
with clean, soft & absorbent litter.

 Guarding Against Milk Fever: In advanced pregnancy stage high yielding & first calves
are susceptible to Milk fever. To avoid it, provide enough minerals especially calcium by
bone meal in daily diet. Give large doses of Vitamin D about a week period to calving.

 Avoid Milking : Prior to parturition this is likely to delay parturition by few hours.Watch
for parturition signs : Signs to know primary stage of parturition which are udder become
large and distended, depressed or hollow appearance on either side of tail head, vulva
enlarged in size, thick mucus discharge from vulva, and uneasiness of the animal.

During Parturition :

 Dilation Phase : Consists of the acts Let down & get ups, uneasiness due to labour pain,
observe these acts from safe distance without making disturbances to animal.
 Parturition period : In normal case, period is of 2-3 hrs while in first calving 4-5 hrs or
more. Observe from safe distance without disturbing. Pregnant animals should be watched
carefully, particularly during the last stages of pregnancy to avoid abortion due to fights or
other physical trauma.

4.Care of the Calves :

 Immediately after birth remove any mucous or phlegm from those nose and mouth.

 Normally the cow licks the calf immediately after the birth. This helps to dry off the calf
and helps in stimulating breathing and circulation.
  When the cow does not lick or in cold climate, rub and dry the calf with a dry cloth or
gunny bag for stimulating breeding and circulation.

 Provide artificial respiration by compression and relaxing the chest with hands

 The naval should be tied about 2-5 cm away from the body and make a cut 1cm below the
ligature and apply tincture Iodine or boric acid or any antiseptics.

 Remove the wet bedding from the pen and keep the stall very clean and dry in condition.

 The birth weight of the calf should be recorded.

 Wash the cow’s udder and teats preferably with chlorine solution and dry. Allow the calf
to suckle the first milk of the mother cow i.e., Colostrum.

5.Feeding of the Calves :

 Feed colostrum i.e., the first milk of the cow for the first 3 days. The colostrum
is thick and viscous. It contains higher proportions of Vitamin A and proteins.
 The proteins are immune globulin which gives protection against many
diseases.
 Colostrum contains antitrypsin which avoids digestion of immunoglobulin in
the stomach and is absorbed as it is. Feed milk twice a day and for weak calves
feed thrice a day.
 The limit of liquid milk feeding is 10 % of it’s body weight with a maximum
of 5-6 liters per day and continue liquid milk feeding for 6-8 weeks. Over
feeding causes ‘Calf Scours’.
 The milk replacers can be given to replace whole milk. Give calf starter after
one month of age. Provide good quality green fodder and hay from 4th month
afterward.

6.Vaccination of the Livestock : Proper vaccination should be done to the animals at

appropriate age in order to prevent the occurrence of diseases. Vaccination schedule for 1st dose
in cattle and buffaloes is-

 Foot & Mouth Disease 2M Once in 6M Mar – Apr Aug – Sep

 Rinder Pest 6M Once in a year Jan – Feb
 Hemorrhagic Septigaemia 5M Once in a year May – June
 Black-Quarter (Black-leg) 7M Once in a year May – June
  Anthrax 6M Once in a year Aug–Sep
 Brucellosis 4.6M Once in a life period Aug
 Theileriasis After 4 M Once in a year Aug

7.Financial Assistance :

For more financial assistance and encouragement for livestock farming I suggested some
government schemes especially the DEDS scheme. The department of Animal Husbandry,
dairying and fisheries has implemented Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS)
for generating self-employment opportunities in the dairy sector, covering activities such as
enhancement of milk production , procurement ,preservation ,transportation ,processing and
marketing of milk by providing back ended capital subsidy for bankable projects. The scheme is
being implemented by National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD). The
main gains from this scheme are –

 To promote setting up of modern dairy farms for production of clean

milk
 To encouage heifer calf rearing, thereby conserving good breeding
stock

 To bring structural changes in the unorganized sector so that initial processing of milk
can be taken up at the village level
itself

 To upgrade the quality and traditional technology to handle milk on a commercial

scale

 To generate self-employment and provide infrastructure mainly for unorganised sector

Feedbacks From the Farmer :

From the above discussions, my farmer was found interested and expressed his curiosity and
satisfaction in learning about new things especially vaccination. He expressed his gratitude to us
for helping him in knowing about the diseases as well as healthcare of livestock’s. He also said
that he will start rearing livestock in future. Moreover, he was very interested in learning about
quality improvement of livestock feed which he could use for livestock in order to keep healthy
and fit for agricultural purposes regarding economic income and as long as the condition permits
he will try to follow the management practice of the animal.

Conclusion :
The survey of different livestock in the Mala village their rearing, vaccination , food, egg
production, milk production, different special practices, farmers annual expenditure and income
actually gave practical idea about how the dairy and poultry unit are run, operating procedure etc.
Actually they are resource poor farmer. They mainly do the farming and livestock management is
their subsidiary income. There are sever constraints and that has to be overcome. For these
constraints the production is very less. Actually farmers are also not aware of different modern
raring technology and different govt. schemes. Lack of training programme about the livestock
management also hampers their interest. They don’t use the smart phone, in smart phones different
apps are there for the animal rearing and management developed by govt. of India and that’s why
they are not aware of different modern raring technology. They have be convinced for the usage
of digital platform for livestock management and from that app they will also be able to know
daily milk rate, fodder rate, vaccine rat and other required things. Thus the development of that
Mala in the aspect of livestock management will be done.