GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Philippine Commission on Women defined Gender and Development as the development
perspective and process that is participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from violence,
respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination and actualization of human potentials.
Gender and Development (GAD) approach focuses on the socially constructed basis of
differences between and women and emphasizes the need to challenge existing gender roles and
relations.
GAD was developed in the 1980's as an alternative to the Women in Development (WID)
approach. Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not concerned specifically with women, but with the way
in which a society assigns roles, responsibilities and expectations to both women and men. GAD applies
gender analysis to uncover the ways in which men and women work together, presenting results in
neutral terms of economics and efficiency.
The World Bank was one of the first international organizations to recognize the need for
Women in development, appointing a WID Adviser in 1977. In 1984 the bank mandated that its
programs consider womens' issues. In 1994 the bank issued a policy paper on Gender and Development,
reflecting current thinking disparities on the Subject. This policy aims to address policy and institutional
constraints that maintain between the genders and thus limit the effectiveness of development programs.
Gender and Development (GAD) is concerned with Women and her specific roles,
responsibilities and expectations in the society. It also analyzes the nature of Women's contribution
within the context of work done both inside and outside the household and reflects the public/private
dichotomy that undervalues the work done by women in the home. (http://www.sbma.com/ gender-and-
development-program)
GAD focuses on the principle that development is for all. Everyone in society, female or male,
has the right to equal opportunities to achieve a full and satisfying life.
It does not define the following:
1. Not a war of the sexes
2. Not anti-Male 3. Both women and men are victims although women more than men.
4. Both have a stake in the struggle for gender equality.
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT RELATED LAWS AND ISSUANCES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Philippine Plan for Gender and Development, 1995-2025
National Plan that addresses provides and pursues full equality and development for men and
women. Approved and adopted by former President Fidel V. Ramos as Executive No. 273, on
September 8, 1995, it is the successor of the Philippine Development Plan for Women, 1989-1992
adopted by Executive No. 348 of February 17, 1989.
Republic Act No. 9710 (Magna Carta of Women)
Approved on August 14, 2009, which mandates for non-discriminatory and pro-gender equality
and equity measures to enable women's participation in the formulation, implementation and evaluation
of policies and plan for national, regional and local development.
Memorandum Circular No. 2011 - 01 dated on October 21, 2011
Addressing to all Government Departments including their attached agencies, offices, bureaus,
State Universities and Colleges (SUCs), Government- Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs)
and all Other government instrumentalities as their guidelines and all and procedures for the
establishment, strengthening and institutionalization of the Gender And Development (GAD) Focal
Point System (GFPS).
Republic Act 7877 - Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995.
It is an “Act Declaring Sexual Harassment unlawful in the Employment, Education or Training
environment, and for other purposes" was approved on February 14, 1995 and became effective on
March 5.1995.
Republic Act 9262 - Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004.
It protects the family and its members particularly women and children from violence and threats
to their personal safety and security."
Republic Act 7192 - Women in Development and Nation Building Act.
The Act provides guidance and measures that will mobilize and enhance participation of women
in the development process in ways equal to that of men.
Memorandum Circular No, 48 Series of 2013
Directing all concerned government agencies to adopt the Gender Equality Guidelines in the
development their respective Media Policies and Implementing of Programs in order to promote gender
mainstreaming.
Republic Act 10354
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 or the RH Law. It is a law in
the Philippines. which guarantee guarantees universal access to methods on contraception, fertility
control, sexual education, and maternal care.
1987 Philippine Constitution (Article II Sec. 14)
The State recognizes the role of women in nation building and shall promote the
FUNDAMENTAL EQUALITY before the law of women and men.
SEX AND GENDER: HOW DO THEY DIFFER?
"An extremely important part of an individual’s identity and one that begins at least at birth, is
gender.”
-Dr. Kenneth Cushner, 2012
It is more than just knowing that you are male or female. Identification of sex is usually clearly
internalized by the age of 3 but begins around the age of 18 months.
Gender refers to the specific set of characteristics that identifies the social behaviour of women and men
and the relationship between them. Gender alludes not simply to women or men but the relationship
between them and the way it is socially constructed. Since gender biases exist and these biases prevent
people from attaining their full potentials, development is impeded.
SEX GENDER
Categorized as male or female Masculinity and femininity
Biological Socially, culturally and historically determined
Fixed at birth Learned through socialization
Does not change across time and space Varies over time and space
Equally valued Unequally valued (masculinity as the norm)
Gender identity / gender role includes knowledge of a large set of rules and expectations for what boy
and girls should wear, how they should speak and act, and their place' in the overall structure of the
society.
It can be affected by:
1. Race - each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics.
2. Ethnicity- the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural
tradition.
3. Social Class - a division of a society based on Social and economic status; upper class, new
money, middle class, working class, working poor, and poverty level.
4. Religion - a particular system of faith and worship.
5. Geographical Region - a demarcated area of the Earth
COMMON MYTHS ABOUT GENDER
1. If a father does the household work, he is considered as under the saya."
2. Men are better leaders and administrators than women.
3. It is the woman's fault if she is being harassed Sexually when she is wearing skimpy clothing.
4. It is not proper proper for a girl to say "I love you first to a boy.
5. The mother should be the only one responsible for child-rearing and parenting.
GENDER STEREOTYPES INVOLVES THE DIFFERENTIATIONS
Attributed by a given culture to women and men, in the following aspects:
1. Gender stereotype in SOCIAL ROLES between men and women
Men Women
Provides financially for the family Takes care of the house and children
Works as managers, construction builders or Works as a nurse, teacher, secretary
engineers
Portrayed as leaders Portrayed as followers
2. Gender stereotype in CAPACITIES between men and women
Men Women
Good in math and science Good in arts and less intellectual pursuits
Physically strong Physically weaker and fragile
Firm decision makers Wishy - washy or fickle minded in decision
making
3. Gender stereotype in TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS between men and women
Men Women
Active Passive
Aloof Loving
Aggressive Peaceful
Independent Dependent
Brave Fearful
AREAS OR CHANNEL OF SOCIALIZATION
According to Dr. Ralph G. Perrino (2000), family, school, peers, mass media, public opinion,
and religion play a major role in the socialization and, ultimately. The education process. Each of us
proceeds through life in a manner that we often believe is under our immediate control and influence. It
seems logical that the actions that take and the impact of those actions is based upon a series of logical,
rational, decisions selected and filtered by choice, not chance.
Although this seems a reasonable manner in which to assess one's lot in life, it is far from reality,
particularly in the area of education. One of the most dramatic impacts on a child's education is that of
the Socialization process.
1. Family
2. Church
3. Mass Media
4. School
5. Peers
A. FAMILY
In the context of human society, a family (from Latin: familia) is a group of people related either
by consanguinity ( by recognized birth), affinity ( by marriage or other relationship), or co- residence
(relatives and servants). it is also known as the basis unit for raising children. In most societies, the
family is the principal institution for the socialization of children. ( family, lovetoknow.com).
TWO TYPES OF FAMILY
1. Immediate family- may 1nclude spouses. parents, brothers, sisters, sons, and daughters
2. Extended family - may include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews, nieces, and siblings
in-law. Sometimes these are also considered members of the immediate family. depending on an
individual's specific relationship with them.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF FAMILY STRUCTURES
1. Matrifocal Family - this kind of family occurs commonly where women have the resources to
rear their children by themselves or where men are more mobile than women; opposite of patrifocal
family.
2. Patriarchal Family - is a family in which the father is considered head of household; this is true
regardless of which parent is the primary breadwinner (in a household with a working mom and stay-at-
home dad: also known as father - centered family or father dominated family; opposite of matriarchal
family.
3. Conjugal Family / Nuclear Family / Single Family- a traditional form of family that includes
only the husband, the wife, and unmarried children who are not of age.
4. Avuncular Family - a family composed of a grandparent, a brother, his sister, and her children
5. Childless Family - is sometimes the forgotten family," as it does not meet the traditional
standards set by society. Childless families consist of a husband and wife living and working together.
Many childless families take on the responsibility of pet ownership or have extensive contact with their
nieces and nephews as a substitute for having their own children.
6. Extended Family - family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents,
aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household.
7. Family Of Choice | Chosen Family - is common within the LGBT community, both in
academic literature and in colloquial vocabulary. It refers to the group of people in an individual's life
that satisfies the typical role of family as a support system.
8. Blended Family or Stepfamily - describes families with mixed parents: one or both parents
remarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family.
9. Monogamous Family - In this case, an individual has only one (official) partner during their
lifetime or at any one time.
10. Polygamous Family - a family composed of a marriage that includes more than two partners
(polygamous).
a. Polygamy - a man is married to more than one wife at a time which is common in some parts of
Middle East and Africa and is often associated with Islam;
b. Polyandry - when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time; traditionally
practiced in areas of the Himalayan mountains, among Tibetans in Nepal, in parts of China and in parts
of northern India.
c. Fraternal Polyandry - where two or more brothers are married to the same wife.
d. Polyamory - If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives; group or conjoint marriage.
B. CHURCH / RELIGION
It is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems and worldviews that relate humanity to
spirituality and moral values. The practice of a religion may also include rituals, sermons,
commemoration or veneration of a deity, gods or goddesses, sacrifices, festivals, feasts. trance,
initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, prayer, music, art, dance, public service
or other aspects of human culture.
Gender roles in Christianity vary considerably today as they have during the last two millennia. This is
especially true with regards to marriage and ministry.
EFFECTS OF RELIGION
1. Regular attendance at religious services is linked to healthy, stable family life, strong marriages, and
wel1-behaved children.
2. Religious worship also leads to a reduction in the incidence of domestic abuse, crime, substance abuse,
and addiction.
3. In addition, religious practice can physical and mental health, longevity, education attainment.
C. MASS MEDIA
These are diversified media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass
communication. It has an immense impact on young minds. With the advent of the Internet, television
now has a partner in the role of visual stimulant of young minds. The culture portrayed by the mass
media emphasizes glamour, sexual satisfaction and promiscuity, comedic vulgarity, violence, and
immediate gratification of needs.
The organizations that control these technologies, such as television stations or publishing companies,
are also known as the mass media.
EFFECTS OF MASS MEDIA IN SOCIALIZATION
1. Media s sexualization of young female celebrities
2. Video games that promote violence and negative stereotypes.
3. Music lyrics and music videos that promote negative stereotypes and violence
4. Sex stereotypes in kid's TV program
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MASS MEDIA
1. Broadcast Media - such as radio, recorded music, film and television transmit their information
electronically.
2. Print Media - use a physical object such as book, pamphlet or comics, to a newspaper, distribute
their information.
3. Outdoor Media - is a form of mass media that comprises billboards, signs or placards placed
inside and outside of commercial buildings sports stadiums, shops and buses. Other outdoor media
include flying billboards (signs in tow of airplanes), blimps, and skywriting.
4. Public Speaking and Event Organising - Can also be considered as forms of mass media.
5. Digital Media - comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication. Internet media
provides many mass media services, such as email, websites, blogs, and internet based radio and
television.
D. SCHOOL
It is an institution for educating children, any institution at which instruction is given in particular
discipline, a group of people. It is an artificial institution set up for the purpose of socialization and
cultural transmission. The school can be regarded as formally constituted community as opposed to
mutual communities.
HOW THE SCHOOL PERFORMS THE FUNCTION OF SOCIALIZATION?
1. Through the curriculum, the school in a formal way provides the child with:
a. Knowledge of basic intellectual skills such as reading, writing, verbal expression,
quantitative and other cognitive abilities,
b. Education teaches languages and allows people communicate with each other according
to positions in society.
c. Cultural achievements of one's society.
d. Opportunities to acquire social and vocational abilities which are necessary in order to make one
a social, useful and economically productive member of the society.
e. Gender roles as perceived as suitable roles by the society.
2. Educational systems socialize students to become members of society, to play meaningful roles
in
the complex network of independent positions.
3. Education helps in shaping values and attitudes to the needs of the contemporary society.
4 Education widens the mental horizons of pupils and teaches them new ways of looking at
themselves and their society.
5 Education offers young people opportunities for intellectual, emotional and social growth. Thus
education can be influential in promoting new values and stimulating adaptation of changing conditions.
6. Informally and especially through social clubs, the school enables the child to learn a number of
other social roles and skills which are also important for his/ her overall development as member of
society.
a. Education teaches the laws, traditions and norms of the community, the rights that individuals
will enjoy and the responsibilities that they will undertake.
b. Education teaches how one is to behave toward his/ her play- mates and adults.
c. Education teaches how to share things and ideas.
d. Education teaches how to compete responsibly
e. Schooling teaches how to cooperate
f. Schooling instils the community's pattern of respect; thus how to relate to others well and
obey rules.
g. Schooling enables one to internalize the culture of one's society.
h. Education leads toward humanitarian attitudes. For example, college graduates are expected to
be more tolerant than (high school graduates in their attitudes toward ethnic and social groups.
E. PEER GROUPS
These are both social group and primary group of people who have similar interests (homophily),
age background, or social status. The members of this group are likely to influence the person's beliefs
and behaviour. Peer groups contain hierarchies and distinct patterns of behavior.
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF PEER GROUPS
1. Serve as a source of information
2. Teach gender roles
3. Serve as a practicing venue to adulthood
4. Teach unity & collective behaviour in life
5. Identity formation - is a developmental process where a person acquires a sense of self.
NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES (DISADVANTAGES) OF PEER GROUPS INFLUENCE
1. Peer pressure - often used to describe instances where an individual feels indirectly pressured
into changing his/her behavior to match that of his/her peers. Taking up smoking and underage drinking
are two of the best known examples.
2. Future problems
3. Risk behaviors
4. Aggression and pro - social behaviour
5. Sexual promiscuity.
