Prepared by: Elcris Timbal

Introduction

A computer network is a group of computer systems and other

computing hardware devices that are linked together through
communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing
among a wide range of users. Networks may be classified according to a wide
variety of characteristics such as medium used to transport the data,
communications protocol used, scale, topology, organizational scope, etc.
Introduction

Modern connected nodes

 Introduction

One of the most punctual precedents of a computer network was a

system of communicating computers that worked as a major aspect of the
U.S military’s Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) radar network. In
1969, the University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research
Institute, the University of California at Santa Barbara and the University of
Utah were associated as a major aspect of the Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET) venture. It is this system that developed to
become what we currently called “Internet”.
Networks are used to:

Enable file sharing over the

system.

Enable different clients

to share hardware
resources like a printer
Allow for the sharing of
or scanner.
software or working projects
on a remote network.
Facilitate communication by
means of email, video
conferencing, texting, and Make data easier to
so on. access and keep up
among network clients.
 Personal Area Metropolitan
Network (PAN) Area Network
(MAP)
EXAMPLE
OF VARIOUS
NETWORK
SCALES
Local Area Campus Area
Network Network, Campus
(LAN) Network, Controller
Area Network,
Corporate Area
Network and often
Cluster Area Network
or CAN
 Virtual
Storage Area Private
Network (SAN) Network
EXAMPLE (VPN)
OF VARIOUS
NETWORK
SCALES
Wide Area The Internet
Network
(WAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)

A small network constrained to a small

geographical area. An example of a
LAN would be a computer network
within a building.
• Operate within a small
geographical area.
• Allow multi-access to high-transfer
speed media.
• Control network privacy under a
local administration.
• Provide full-time availability to
local services.
 Personal Area Network (PAN)

• A computer network used for

communication among computer devices,
including smartphone and tablet, in
proximity to an individual’s body.
• The reach of a PAN is typically a few
meters.
• PANs can be used for communication
among the personal devices themselves
(intrapersonal communication), or for
connecting to a higher level network and
the Internet.
• Using Lenovo ShareIt app across devices
is great instance of PAN network.
Campus Area Network, Campus Network,
Controller Area Network, Corporate Area
Network and often Cluster Area Network or CAN
✓ It is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area
networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area.
✓ The networking equipment (switches, routers) and transmission media
(optical fiber, copper plant, Cat5 cabling etc.) are almost entirely owned
by the campus tenant/owner: an enterprise, university, government etc.
✓ It can be taken as the metropolitan network that has the specific
settings at the small area just like a computer lab in the university.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAP)

➢ A metropolitan area network

(MAP) is a hybrid between a
LAN and a WAN.
➢ Like a WAN, it connects two or
more LANs in the same
geographic area.
➢ A MAN, for example, might
connect two different buildings
or offices in the same
city/municipality.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

✓ A computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network whose
communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries).
✓ This is in contrast with personal area networks (PANs), local area network (LANs),
campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs) which are
usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city)
respectively.
✓ Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public
networks, such as the telephone system.
✓ They can also be connected through leased lines or satellites.
✓ The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Storage Area Network (SAN)
➢ A dedicated storage network that provides
access to consolidated, block level storage.
➢ SANs are used primarily to make storage
devices (such as disk arrays, tape libraries, and
optical jukeboxes) accessible to servers so that
the devices appear as locally attached to the
operating system.
➢ A SAN typically has its own network of storage
devices that are generally not accessible
through the regular network by regular devices.
The Internet
❑ A global system of interconnected computer
networks that use the standard Internet
Protocol Suite (TPC/IP) to serve billions of
users worldwide.
❑ It is a network of networks that consists of
millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks, of local
to global scope, that are linked by a broad
array of electronic, wireless and optical
networking technologies.
The Internet
❑ The Internet can also be defined as a
worldwide interconnection of computers and
computer networks that facilitate the sharing
or exchange of information among users.
❑ The Internet carries a vast range of
information resources and services, such as
the inter-linked hypertext documents of the
World Wide Web (WWW) and the
infrastructure to support electronic mail etc.
Virtual Private Network (VPN)

A VPN is a private network that is constructed within a public network

infrastructure such as global Internet. A telecommuter can access he network
of the company headquarters through the Internet by building a secure
tunnel between the telecommuter’s PC and a VPN router in the
headquarters. It is a mechanism for providing secure, reliable transport over
Internet. VPNs are frequently used by remote workers or companies with
remote offices to share private data and network resources.
Category of Network
 Server-Based Network

The term Client/Server refers to the concept of sharing the work involved in
processing data between the client computer and the most powerful server
computer.

The client/server network is the most efficient way to provide:

➢ Databases and management of applications such as Spreadsheets,
Accounting, Communications and Document management.
➢ Network management.
➢ Centralized file storage.
Server-Based Network
 Peer To Peer Network

➢ There are no dedicated servers or

hierarchy among the computers.
➢ All of the computers are equal and
therefore known as peers.
➢ In peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, each
computer acts as both a server and a
client. Examples of P2P software
include Skype and BitTorrent.
 Computer Communication Protocol

Inside the TPC/IP standard, there are several protocols for handling data
communication:

❖ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) communication between applications

❖ UDP (User Diagram Protocol) simple communication between applications
❖ IP (Internet Protocol) communication between computers
❖ ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) for errors and statistics
❖ DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) for dynamic addressing
 TCP is for communication between applications.

❖ If one application wants to communicate with another via TCP, it sends a

communication request. This request must be sent to an exact address. After a

“handshake” between the two applications, TCP will set up a “full-duplex”

communication between the two applications.

❖ The “full-duplex” communication will occupy the communication line between the

two computers until it closed by one of the two applications.

❖ UDP is very similar to TCP, but simpler and less reliable.

 IP is Connection-Less

❖ IP is for communication between computers.

❖ IP is a “connection-less” communication protocol.

❖ IP does not occupy the communication line between two computers. IP reduces the

need for network lines. Each line can be used for communication between many

different computers at the same time.

❖ With IP, messages (or other data) are broken up into small independent “packets”

and sent between computers via the Internet.

❖ IP is responsible for “routing” each packet to the correct destination.

 IP Routers

❖ When an IP packet is sent from a computer, it arrives at an IP router.

❖ The IP router is responsible for “routing” the packet to the correct destination,

directly or via another router.

❖ The path the packet will follow might be different from other packets of the same

communication. The router is responsible for the right addressing, depending on

traffic volume, errors in the network, or other parameters.

❖ Communicating via IP is like sending a long letter as a large number of small

postcards, each finding its own (often different) way to the receiver.
 TCP/IP

❖ TCP/IP is TCP and IP working together.

❖ TCP takes care of the communication between your application software (i.e. your

browser) and your network software.

❖ IP takes care of the communication with other computers.

❖ TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP v before they are sent, and for

assembling the packets when they arrive.

❖ IP is responsible for sending the packets to the correct destination.

 TPC/IP Addressing

IP Addresses

❖ Each computer must have an IP address before it can connect to the Internet.

❖ Each IP packet must have an address before it can be sent to another computer.

❖ This is an IP address: 31.13.95.36

❖ This might be the same IP address: www.facebook.com

 An IP Address Contains 4 set of Numbers.

❖ Each computers must have a unique IP address.

❖ This is your IP address: 123.19.56.205
❖ TCP/IP uses four numbers to address a computer. The numbers are always between 0
and 255.
❖ IP addresses are normally written as four numbers separate by a period, like this:
192.168.1.50

32 Bits = 4 Bytes

TCP/IP uses 32 bits addressing. One computer byte is 8 bits. So TCP/IP uses 4 computer
bytes. A computer byte can contain 256 different values:
00000000, 00000001, 00000010, 00000011, 00000100, 0000110, 00000111,
00001000 …….and all the way up to 11111111.