mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;

Njrpaj; ju epHzaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;

kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug;
gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ)

fhiuf;Fb - 630003

njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;

,sq;fiy tuyhW

%d;whkhz;L - Mwhk; gUtk;

jhs;: 108 62

,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;f tuyhW

fp.gp. 1885 Kjy; 1947 tiu
DR.P.VELAYUTHARAJA
Assistant Professor, Department of History, Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi-630003

Work Order No.AU/DDE/DE12-27/Preparation and Printing of Course Materials/2020 Dated 12.08.2020 Copies – 1800
 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;f tuyhW
(fp.gp. 1885Kjy; 1947 tiu)

nghUslf;fk;
mwpKfk;

njhFjp - I

myF 1
Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rp kw;Wk;
1857Mk; Mz;Lg; Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk; (gf;fk; 1-14)
1.0 mwpKfk;
1.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
1.2 Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rp
1.3 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; Njhd;w fhuzq;fs;
1.4 1857 Mk; Mz;Lg; Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk;
1.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdh tpilfs;
1.6 RUf;fk;
1.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
1.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
1.9 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

myF – 2
1885 Mk; Mz;bw;F Ke;ija rq;fq;fs; fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk;-
gk;gha; rq;fk;- nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk; (gf;fk; 14-22)
2.0 mwpKfk;
2.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
2.2 fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk;
2.3 gk;gha; rq;fk;
2.4 nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk;
2.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
2.6 RUf;fk;
2.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
2.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
2.9 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

myF – 3
1885 Mk; Mz;bw;F Ke;ija rq;fq;fs;
nrd;id kfh[d rq;fk;- gk;gha; uh[jhdpf; fofk;-
Njrpa vOr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; (gf;fk; 22-31)
3.0 mwpKfk;
3.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
3.2 nrd;id kfh[d rq;fk;
3.3 gk;gha; uh[jhdpf; fofk;
3.4 Njrpa vOr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
3.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
3.6 RUf;fk;
3.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
3.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
3.9 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

njhFjp – II

myF - 4
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; - Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs; - V.X.`pA+k;>
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p> lgps;A+.rp. ghdu;[p> tp[auhfthr;rhupahu; (gf;fk; 32-51)
4.0 mwpKfk;
4.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
4.2 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; - Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs;
4.3 Muk;gfhy Njrpathjpfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; jpl;lq;fs;
4.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
4.5 RUf;fk;
4.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
4.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
4.8 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

myF – 5
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kf;fpakhd mku;Tfs;. (gf;fk; 51-69)
5.0 mwpKfk;
5.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
5.2 Kf;fpa mku;Tfspd; gl;bay;
5.3 Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs;
5.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
5.5 RUf;fk;
5.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
5.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
5.8 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

myF – 6
kpjthjpfs;: Nfhupf;iffs; kw;Wk; rhjidfs; (gf;fk; 70-79)
6.0 mwpKfk;
6.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
6.2 kpjthjpfs;
6.3 kpjthjpfspd; rhjidfs;
6.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
6.5 RUf;fk;
6.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
6.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
6.8 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

myF – 7
jPtputhjpfs; (gf;fk; 80-103)
7.0 mwpKfk;
7.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
7.2 jPtputhjj;jpd; vOr;rp kw;Wk; fhuzq;fs;
7.3 Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs;
7.4 ghyfq;fhju jpyfu;
7.4.1 gpgpd;re;jpughy;
7.4.2. yhyh y[gjpuha;
7.5 RNjrp ,af;fk;
7.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
7.7 RUf;fk;
7.8 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
7.9 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
7.10 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

njhFjp - III

myF – 8
K];ypk; yPf; cUthf;fk; kw;Wk;
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhe;jpapd; gq;F (gf;fk; 104-122)
8.0 mwpKfk;
8.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
8.2 K];ypk; yPf; cUthf;fk;
8.3 R+uj; gpsT
8.4 jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
8.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
8.6 RUf;fk;
8.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
8.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
8.9 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

myF- 9
fhe;jp[p kw;Wk; ntF[d ,af;fk; –
uTyl; rj;jpahfpufk; (gf;fk; 123-140)
9.0 mwpKfk;
9.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
9.2 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,e;jpah
9.3 fhe;jp[p kw;Wk; ntF[d ,af;fk;
9.4 nusyl; rj;jpahfpufk;
9.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
9.6 RUf;fk;
9.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
9.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
9.8 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

myF – 10
[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy - xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; –
nrsup - nrsuh rk;gtk; (gf;fk; 141-159)
10.0 mwpKfk;
10.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
10.2 [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy
10.3 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
10.4 nrsup - nrsuh rk;gtk;
10.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
10.6 RUf;fk;
10.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
10.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
10.9 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

njhFjp IV : ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l

,af;fq;fspd; NkNyhl;lk; (1923 - 1947) Kf;fpag; gpur;rpidfs;

myF – 11
Rauh[;af; fl;rp- irkd; fkp\d; mwpf;if- NeU mwpf;if – [pd;dhtpd;
14 mk;rf; Nfhl;ghLfs; - G+uzRauh[;aj; jPu;khdk; (gf;fk; 160-177)
11.0 mwpKfk;
11.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
11.2 Rauh[;af; fl;rp
11.3 irkd; fkp\d;
11.4 NeU mwpf;if
11.5 [pd;dhtpd; 14 mk;rf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
11.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
11.7 RUf;fk;
11.8 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
11.9 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
11.10 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

myF – 12
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;> jz;b ahj;jpiu (gf;fk; 177-186)
12.0 mwpKfk;
12.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
12.2 rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;
12.3 jz;b ahj;jpiu
12.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
12.5 RUf;fk;
12.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
12.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
12.8 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

myF – 13
tl;lNkir khehLfs; kw;Wk; fpupg;]; J}Jf;FO (gf;fk; 187-207)
13.0 mwpKfk;
13.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
13.2 tl;lNkir khehLfs;
13.2.1 G+dh xg;ge;jk;
13.3 1935Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk;
13.4 jdpegu; rj;jpahfpufk;
13.5 fpupg;]; J}Jf;FO
13.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
13.7 RUf;fk;
13.8 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
13. Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
13.10 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

myF - 14

nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;- ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; –

mikr;ruit gzp jpl;lk;- Neub eltbf;if ehs; –
kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; - ,e;jpag; gpuptpid (gf;fk; 208-239)
14.0 mwpKfk;
14.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
14.2 nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;
14.3 ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk;
14.4 mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO
14.4.1 Neub eltbf;if ehs;
14.5 kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;
14.6 ,e;jpag; gpuptpid
14.7 Kf;fpa MSikfs;
14.8 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
14.9 RUf;fk;
14.10 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
14.11 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
14.12 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;
 mwpKfk;
1857 Kjy; 1947 tiuapyhd fhyfl;lk; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy;
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. tu;j;jf Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf INuhg;gpau;fspd;
tUif gpd;du; fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy;
Mq;fpNyau;fs;> lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;> Nghu;j;JfPrpau;fs; kw;Wk;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs;. Mq;fpNyau;fspd; fPo; Ml;rpapy;> ,e;jpah jdJ
nghUshjhu tsq;fSf;fhf mjpf mstpy; Ruz;lg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;>
mtu;fspd; Ml;rp r%f> fy;tp> tzpf kw;Wk; gy;NtW
rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;Fk; toptFj;jJ. ,jpy; Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUk;
,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUk; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpj;jd. gy;NtW
fhuzpfSk; ,e;jpau;fspilNa Njrpa czu;itj; J}z;bd. ,e;jpa
Rje;jpu ,af;fk; gy;NtW murpay; mikg;Gfis cs;slf;fpaJ>
mtu;fs; midtUk; ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpia KbTf;F
nfhz;LtUtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf gy;NtW Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuu;fs;

jq;fshy; ,ad;w mstpy; Nghuhbdu;.,Wjpahf> ,e;jpah Mf];l; 15>
1947 ,y; Rje;jpukile;J Fbaurhf khwpaJ. [dtup 26> 1950
md;W ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; mky;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y;>
fp.gp.1885 Kjy; fp.gp.1947 tiuapyhd ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd;
tuyhiw tpsf;FfpwJ. ,e;E}y; gjpdhd;F myFfshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xU mwpKfj;Jld; njhlq;Fk; myF> mijj; njhlu;e;J Nehf;fq;fs;

Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. tpupthd cs;slf;fk; gpd;du;
vspikahd Mdhy; tpsf;fkhd Kiwapy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
khztu;fs; ghlj;ij Gupe;J nfhz;lij Nrhjpf;f Nfs;tpfSk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfspd; gl;baYld; $ba xU
ghlr; RUf;fk; kw;Wk; xt;nthU myfpd; KbtpYk; Ra kjpg;gPl;Lf;
Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfSk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Njrpak; kw;Wk; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rp

myF 1

Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rp kw;Wk; 1857Mk; Mz;Lg;

Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk; fl;likg;G
1.0 mwpKfk;
1.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
1.2 Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rp
1.3 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; Njhd;w fhuzq;fs;
1.4 1857 Mk; Mz;Lg; Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk;
1.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdh tpilfs;
1.6 RUf;fk;
1.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
1.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
1.9 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

1.0 mwpKfk;

,e;jpahtpy;> 1857y; ele;j fpsu;r;rp ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa

czu;t vOg;gpa xU Kf;fpa epfo;thf ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;jpahitg; nghWj;jtiu Njrpak; vd;gJ gpupl;b\;
Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; vjpu;kiw tpisthFk;. Mq;fpy vjpu;g;Ng ,e;jpa
Njrpakhf tbntLj;jJ. me;epaUf;F mbikg;gl;bUe;j
kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jpaNghJ Njrpak; gpwe;jJ.
Jtf;fj;jpy; fhydp Mjpf;f vjpu;g;Ng Njrpaj;jpd; ,ay;ghf
,Ue;jJ. gpd; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpia ,k;kz;zpy; ,Ue;J
mfw;Wtjw;Fk; mJ fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.,e;j myF
Njrpathjj;jpd; jd;ikia tpthjpf;fpwJ.NkYk; 1857 Mk;
Mz;Lf; fpsu;r;rpapd; fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; jhf;fk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk;
tpupthf tpthjpf;fpwJ. Njrpathjj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;F fhuzkhd
fhuzpfis ,e;j myF tpsf;FfpwJ.
1.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

• Njrpak; vd;w fUj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;jy;

• rpg;gha;g; Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;

• 1857 fyfj;jpd; jhf;fk; gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpj;jy;

1.2 Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rp

Njrpak; vd;gJ Njrj;ijg;gw;wpa jd;Dzu;r;rp tpopg;ghFk;.

mJ kdpjNdhL cld;gpwe;j gz;gy;y. mtdJ ,ay;ghd
kdepiyAk; my;y. Njrpak; vd;gJ kdpjd; tpUk;gp tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; czu;r;rpahFk;.

murpay;>nghUshjhu>,d>nkhop>fyhr;rhu> rKjha rka

R+o;epiyfs; xU ehl;L kf;fis Njrpa czu;T nfhs;sr;
nra;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpak; vd;gJ Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf
mtu;fspd; vNjr;rjpfhu Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf fpsu;e;njOe;j xU
khngUk; epfo;thf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,J xNu ehspy; epfo;T
my;y. khwhf rpwpJ rpwpjhf kf;fs; kdq;fspy; fhydp
Mjpf;fj;jpd; mlf;FKiwia gw;wp tpijj;J gpd; mJ
Mq;fpNyaiu ehl;il tpl;L tpul;Lk; Rje;jpug;Nghuhf
cUntLj;jJ.

1.3 1857 Mk; Mz;Lg; Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

Kjy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug;Nghu; vd;W tPu rtu;ff

; huhy;
tu;zpf;fg;gl;l 1857 Mk; Mz;Lg; Gul;rp ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Xu; jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Mq;fpy murpd;
mlf;FKiwfshy; Gife;J nfhz;bUe;j kf;fspd; Gul;rp uhZt
tPuu;fs; %yk; khngUk; Gul;rpahf ntbj;jJ.

2
murpay; fhuzq;fs;

ly;n`srp gpuGtpd; thuprpog;Gf; nfhs;if

1857 Mk; Mz;Lg; Gul;rp ftu;du; n[duy; fhdpq; gpuGtpd;

fhyj;jpy; ele;jhYk; mjw;F mbj;jskpl;ltu; ly;n`srp gpuGNt
Mthu;. mtu; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa mtfhrpapypf; nfhs;if vd;Dk;
ehL gpbf;Fk; nfhs;ifNa ,e;jpa muru;fsplk; Xu; mr;r czu;it
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.thuprpd;ikiaf; fhuzk; $wp mtu; jdJ epy
mgfupg;Gf; nfhs;ifia nray;gLj;jpdhu;. ,J ,e;jpa
muru;fspilNa ghJfhg;gpd;ikiaAk; gaj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpd.
Fwpg;ghf ehdhrh`pg; > yl;Rkpgha;> jhe;jpahNjhg;> gfJ}u;\h
Nghd;Nwhu; Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdpahy; mtkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. gP\;th
,uz;lhk; gh[puhtpd; kfDf;F Xa;Tf;fhy Cjpak; mspf;f
kWj;jJ kuhl;baupd; kdijg; Gz;gLj;jpaJ.Kfyhag; Nguuriu
mg;gjtpapypUe;J tpyfr; nra;jJ Kfkjpaupd; kdijg;
Gz;glr;nrajJ. [hd;rp> rjhuh> ehf;G+u; Nghd;w ehLfs; fk;ngdp
Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.

me;epa Ml;rp

,e;jpahit E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Mz;Lfs; Mg;fhdpaUk;>

Kfyhau;fSk; ,e;jpahit Ml;rp nra;jhYk; mtu;fs;
,e;jpahtpNyNa jq;fp Ml;rp nra;jdu;. ,e;jpahtpd; eyDf;fhf
,e;jpahtpy; epiyahfj; jq;fp ghLgl;lhu;fs;. Mdhy;
tu;j;jfu;fshf ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j Mq;fpNyau;fs; Ml;rpahsu;fshf
khwp jq;fs; jha; ehl;bw;fhf ,e;jpahtpd; tsj;ij Ruz;bdhu;fs;.

rKjhaf; fhuzq;fs;
mtkjpg;G

Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,e;jpa kf;fisf; fPo;j;jukhff; fUjp mtu;fis

,opTgLj;jpdu;. nghJ ,lq;fspy; kf;fs; kupahijf; Fiwthf
elj;jg;gl;lhu;fs;. ngz;fSk; mtkhdg;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;.
Mq;fpNyaupd; fyhr;rhuKk;> gz;ghLk; ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;NlhL
xj;Jg; Nghfhj fhuzj;jhy; Mz;fpNyaupd;kPJ ,aw;ifahfNt

3
,e;jpau;fSf;F ntWg;Gzu;T mjpfupj;jJ.jq;fspd; r%fg;
gof;ftof;fq;fspy; Mq;fpNyau; jiyapLtij ,e;jpau;fs;
tpUk;gtpy;iy.,jdhy; ,e;jpau;fSf;Fk; Mq;fpNyau;fSf;Fk;
Kuz;ghLfs; mjpfupj;jd.

Mq;fpNyar; rl;lq;fs;

Mq;fpNyau;fs; nfhz;Lte;j r%f rPu;jpUj;j rl;lq;fs;

,e;jpag;goikthjpfshy; vjpu;f;fg;gl;ld. cld;fl;il VWk;
tof;fj;ijj; jil nra;jNghJ kf;fs; murhq;fj;ij
re;Njfpj;jdu;. jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F nrhj;Jupik toq;fpa rl;lj;ij
,e;Jf;fs; rl;lj;Jf;F Gwk;ghdnjd;W kf;fs; vjpu;j;jdu;. mJNghy
tpjit kWkzr; rl;lj;ijAk; kf;fs; vjpu;j;jdu;. rKjhaj;jpy;
INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;ijg; GFj;j Mq;fpNyau; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l
Kaw;rp ,e;jpau;fspilNa mr;rj;ijAk; mtek;gpf;ifiaAk;
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

rkaf; fhuzq;fs;

1813 Mk; Mz;Lg;gl;lar; rl;lk; fpwpj;jt rkag; gpur;rhufu;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; jq;Fjilapd;wp jq;fs; rkag; gzpia nra;a
toptFj;jJ. fpwp];jt rkaj;ij gug;GtijNa fk;ngdp
mYtyu;fs; jq;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopyhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. gy
Neuq;fspy; kjg; gpur;rhuf; $l;lq;fs; khtl;l Ml;rpj;jiytu;fspd;
Mjutpy; eilngw;wd. kUj;jt tpLjpfspYk;> uhZtj;jpYk; $l
fpwp];jtkjg; gpur;rhuk; jPtpukhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.,e;Jf;fspd;
nja;tq;fisAk;> rka ek;gpf;iffisAk; Nfyp nra;J
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpur;rhuKk;> ntspaplg;gl;l Gj;jfq;fSk;
kf;fspilNa nfhe;jspg;ig Vw;gLj;jpd.

Mq;fpNyaupd; ghugl;rkhd ePjpKiw

ehl;by; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j ePjpkd;wq;fs; %yk; rkj;Jtj;ijg;

GFj;jpajhf Mq;fpNyau; ngUikg;gl;lhYk;> Mq;fpy mYtyu;fs;
ePjpkd;wj;jPu;g;Gfspy; jiyapl;lhu;fs;. rhjhuz tof;FfSf;Ff; $l
[kPd;jhu;fisf;$l ifJ nra;J ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Ff;

4
nfhz;Lte;jhu;fs;. tof;FfSf;F Jupjkhf ePjp toq;fg;gltpy;iy.
nry;te;ju;fSf;F rhjfkhf ePjp toq;fg;gl;lJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
epytpa ,e;j ghugl;rk; kf;fs; mjpUg;jp mila fhuzkhf
,Ue;jJ.

,uhZtf; fhuzq;fs;

Mq;fpNyau;fs; jq;fsJ uhZt typikahy;jhd; mtu;fsJ

Ml;rpiaAk; Mjpf;fj;ijAk; ,e;jpahtpy; epiyehl;bdu;. Mdhy;
Mg;fd; Nghupy; Mq;fpyg;gilfs; mile;j Njhy;tp Mq;fpy
uhZtj;ijAk; Njhw;fbf;fKbAk; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ.
,e;jpar; rpg;gha;fs; jq;fsJ Fiwe;j Cjpak;> gjtp cau;tpw;fhd
tha;g;gpd;ik> gpw FiwAila gzpepiyfs; gw;wp ngupJk;
mjpUg;jpAw;wpUe;jdu;.rpwg;Gr; rYiffs; vJTkpd;wpj; njhiy
J}uq;fspy; gzpahw;Wtij mtu;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy. fly; jhz;b
mDg;gg;gLtij Nky;rhjp rpg;gha;fs; ntWj;jdu;. jpwikAld;
gzpahw;wpa ,e;jpa uhZt mjpfhupfSf;F Nghjpa gjtp
cau;Tfs; mspf;fg;glhikahy; mtu;fSk; kdepiwtpd;wp
,Ue;jdu;. rpg;gha;fSk;>mjpfhupfSk; jq;fspilNa
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kjg;gpur;rhuj;jhYk;> kjkhw;w Kaw;rpfshYk;
rpdKw;wdu;.

cldbf;fhuzk;

1856 ,y; ,e;jpa uhZtj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Gjpa vd;gy

P ;L
uf Jg;ghf;fpfs; rpg;gha; Gul;rpf;F cldbf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
vd;gy
P ;L Jg;ghf;fpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Njhl;lhf;fs; gR>gd;wpapd;
nfhOg;Gf; fyitahy; G+rg;gl;Ls;sd vd;w tje;jp uhZt
rpg;gha;fspilNa Ntfkhfg; gutpaJ. Njhl;lhtpd; Edpghfj;ij
gy;yhy; fbj;j gpwNf mij cgNahfg;gLj;jKbAk; vd;gjhy;
,e;J kw;Wk; K];ypk; rpg;gha;fs; mUtUg;NghL ntWj;jdu;. vdNt
,e;j Njhl;lhf;fis rpg;gha;fs; cgNahfpf;f kWj;jdu;. 1857 ,y;
khu;r; 29 ,y; guf;G+upy;gzpGupe;j kq;fs;ghz;Nl vd;w gpuhkz
rpg;gha; Xu; Mq;fpy mjpfhupiaf; nfhd;whu;. vdNt me;jg;

5
gilg;gpupT fiyf;fg;gl;L mjpypUe;j giltPuu;fs; midtUk;
jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;.

fpsu;rr
; papd; Nghf;F

by;ypiaf; ifg;gw;wpa Nghu;tuP u;fs; ,uz;lhk; gfJ}u;\hit mjd;

Nguuruhf mwptpj;jdu;. Mq;fpNyau; by;ypia ,oe;jJ mtu;fspd;
kjpg;ig ntFthff; Fiwj;jJ. ehd;F khjq;fs; Gul;rp rpg;gha;fs;
trkpUe;j by;ypia Mq;fpyj; jsgjp [hd; epf;fy;rd;
ifg;gw;wpdhu;. Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l ,uz;lhk; gfJ}u;\h uq;$Df;F
ehLflj;jg;gl;lhu;. by;ypia kPl;l Ie;J ehl;fspy; yf;NdhTk;
Mq;fpNyau; trkhdJ. kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; fpsu;rr
; pia mlf;Fk;
nghWg;G ru; `f;Nuhrplk; tplg;gl;lJ. uhzp yl;Rkpgha;>
jhe;jpahNjhNg> fz;thu;rpq; Mfpa %tuJ $l;L vjpu;g;ig Nuh];
re;jpf;f Neu;e;jJ. Fthypaiuf; ifg;gw;wpa fpsu;rr
; pf;fhuu;fs;
ehdhrhfpg;ig Ng\;thfthfg; gpufldg;gLj;jpdu;.
Mq;fpNyag;gilfs; uhzp yf;\;kpghiaj; Njhw;fbj;J
Fthypaiuf; ifg;gw;wpdu;. ehdhrhfpg; Neghsj;Jf;Fj; jg;gp
Xbdhu;.

Gul;rpapd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

rpg;gha;g; Gul;rp Njhy;tpaila gy fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;jd.

Kjyhtjhf ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fSf;fpilNa nghJthd Fwpf;Nfhs;
vJTkpy;iy. ,uz;lhtjhf Gul;rpapy; <Lgl;l rpg;gha;fSf;F
jf;f>jpwikahd jiyik mikatpy;iy.,e;Jf;fs; ehdhrhfpg;
kw;Wk; [hd;rpuhzp yf;\;kpgha; jiyikapYk;> ,];yhkpau;fs;
Kfyhag; Nguuru; jiyikapYk; fpsu;rr
; p nra;jdu;. ,tu;fshy;
fyff;fhuu;fspilNa xOq;ifAk;>fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; Vw;gLj;j
,aytpy;iy.

%d;whtjhf ed;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l fpsu;r;rpj; jpl;lk; jiytu;fsplk;

vJTkpy;iy. fpsu;rr
; pfs; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; ntt;NtW
Neuq;fspy; elj;jg;gl;ld. ,e;jpahtpy; xt;nthU gFjpapYk;
gy;NtW nkhopfisg; NgRk; gpuptpdu; tho;e;J te;jdu;. Kfyhau;
fhyj;jpy; Ml;rp nkhopahd ghurPf nkhopiaAk;> Mq;fpNyau;

6
Ml;rp nkhopahd Mq;fpyj;ijAk; mtu;fs; fw;ftpy;iy. vdNt
Gul;rpiag; gw;wpa nra;jpfis rupahd Kiwapy; kf;fsplk;
nfhz;L Nru;f;ftpy;iy. NkYk; fk;ngdp gilf;F vy;yh
,lq;fspYk; ,Ue;J MAj cjtpfs; fpilj;jd. ,J jtpu
fg;gw;gilAk; Gul;rpia mlf;fg; gad;gl;lJ. fk;ngdpapy; rpwe;j
gilj; jiytu;fs; jq;fs; jpwikahy; ,g;Gul;rpia vspjpy;
mlf;fpdu;. [hd; yhud;];> n`d;wp yhud;];> epf;fy;rd; >
N`t;yhf;> `f;Nuh]; Nghd;w jpwik gilj;j jsgjpfs; fk;ngdpg;
gilg;gpuptpy; gzpahw;wpdhu;.

Gul;rpapd;NghJ gjtpapypUe;j ftu;du; n[duyhd fhdpq; gpuG

epjhdkhfTk;> je;jpukhfTk; ele;Jnfhz;lhu;. rpy ,sturu;fSf;F
thf;FWjp nfhLj;jhd;> gyUf;F gupRg; nghUl;fs; nfhLj;jhd;
rpyUf;F ehL nfhLj;jhd; jd trg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;. ePjp
epahkw;w gopf;Fg;gop vd;lu; Kiwiaf; fz;bj;Jk; vjpu;j;Jk;
te;jhu;. ,jdhy; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; md;igAk; MjuitAk; ngw
Kbe;jJ. ,jdhNyNa mtUf;F fhUz;a fhdpq; vd;w gl;lKk;
fpilj;jJ.ehl;bd; gy ghfq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; tUk; jfty;fs; je;jp
Kiw %ykhf Mk;fpy jsgjpfSf;F clDf;Fld;
njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; mjw;Fj; jFe;jgb mtu;fs;
eltbf;iffis khw;wpf;nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.gy ,e;jpa muru;fs;
Gul;rpahsu;fSf;FMjuT mspf;fhjNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;
Mq;fpNyau; gf;fk; Nru;e;J nfhz;L Gul;rpia mlf;f
Mq;fpNyaUf;F cjtpdu;.

1.4 1857 Mk; Mz;Lg; Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk;

Mq;fpNyaupd; mlf;FKiwAk; Mjpf;ff; nfhs;ifAk; ,e;jpa

Ml;rpahsu;fspilNaAk; kf;fspilNaAk; kdf;frg;igAk;
ntWg;igAk; Vw;gLj;jpd. 1857 Mk; Mz;by; ele;j rpg;gha;fspd;
Gul;rp ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; xU jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,g;Gul;rp ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rp Kiwapy; xU khw;wj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. 1857 fpsu;r;rpapd; gy;NtW tpisTfis
gpd;tUkhW RUf;fkhff; $wyhk;:

7
• 1857 Mk; Mz;bd; fpsu;rr
; p gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd;
Kbitf; Fwpj;jJ. 1858 Mk; Mz;L tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzpahy;
ntspaplg;gl;l gpufldk; ,e;jpahtpy; fk;ngdp Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;Lte;J Neubahd gpupl;b\; Ml;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
khepyq;fs; ,dp ,izf;fg;glhJ vd;w cWjpnkhopia mJ
mwptpj;jJ. ep[hk;> uh[Gj;jpu > kuhj;jh kw;Wk; rPf;fpaj;
jiytu;fs; jq;fs; tpRthrj;jpw;fhf ghuhl;lg;gl;L ntFkjp
mspf;fg;gl;ldu;.

•,uhZtj;jpy; cs;s INuhg;gpau;fspd; vz;zpf;if 40>000 j;jpy;

,Ue;J 65>000 Mf cau;j;jg;gl;lJ. NkYk; ,e;jpa tPuu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if 2.38 yl;rj;jpypUe;J 1.4 yl;rkhf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
yl;rk;. tq;fhs ,uhZtj;jpy; ,e;jpa kw;Wk; Mq;fpy tPuu;fspd;
tpfpjk; 1:2 MfTk;> nrd;idapy; 1:3 MfTk; MdJ.

•Mq;fpNyau;fSf;Fk; ,e;jpau;fSf;Fkhd kdf; frg;G NkYk;

mjpupj;jJ.

•ePjpj;Jiw rPu;jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;L xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; xU

cau; ePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

•1857 Mk; Mz;L fpsu;rr

; pf;Fg; gpwF> gpupj;jhdpau;fs; gpupj;jhSk;
nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpdu;.rPf;fpaj; gpupT> [hl; gpupT> $u;f;fhg; gpupT
vd ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fs; gpupf;fg;gl;ldu;.

•thuprpog;Gf; Nfhl;ghL jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;lJ.

•Mf];l; 1858 ,y;> gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk; xU rl;lj;ij

epiwNtw;wpaJ. mjw;F “,e;jpahtpy; kpfr; rpwe;j murp
cz;lhf;Ftjw;fhd rl;lk;( Act for the better
Government of India) vdg; ngau;. gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,e;jpah gpupl;b\; murpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. 15 Ngu;
nfhz;l fTd;rpy; ,e;jpahTf;fhd khepyr; nrayhsu;
(Secretary of State of India) jiyikapy; ,e;jpah
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd; gpupl;b\; ftu;du; n[duYf;Fk;

8
,g;NghJ it];uha; vd gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. kd;dupd;
gpujpepjpahfTk; mtu; ,Ue;jhu;.

•,g;Gul;rpapd; tpisthf fk;ngdpapd; epjp epiyik kpfTk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. tuT nryTj; jpl;lq;fs; gw;whf;FiwahfNt
,Ue;jd.,jdhy; murhq;fr; nryTfs;> gilr; nryTfs;
Fiwf;fg;gl;ld. fpsu;r;rpia mlf;fpajw;fhd nkhj;jr; nryitAk;
,e;jpau;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;.

•fpsu;rr
; papy; K];yPk;fs; jPtpukhfg; gq;Nfw;wdu; vd;gjw;fhf
mtu;fs; fLikahf elj;jg;gl;ldu;. mjdhy; mtu;fsJ
Kd;Ndw;wk; jilg;gl;lJ.

•1857 Mk; Mz;bd; fpsu;rr

; p kf;fspilNa Njrpathjj;jpd;
tpiuthd tsu;rr
; pf;F toptFj;jJ.vOj;jwpT ngw;w ,e;jpau;fs;
gy;NtW murpay; rq;fq;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jhu;fs;. fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk; (1866)> G+dh ru;t[dpf; rgh (1867)>
,e;jpa yPf; (1875)> ,e;jpa rq;fk; (1876)> nkl;uh]; kfh[d; rgh
(1884) kw;Wk; ghk;Ng gpurpnld;rp mNrhrpNa\d; (1885)> kw;Wk;
,Wjpahf ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (1885) Mfpait Njrpa
tsu;rr
; papd; tpisthFk;.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1.tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzpapd; gpufldk; ve;j Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ?

2.ftu;du; n[duy; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhu;?

1.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk;

tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;

1.1858

2.itrpuha;

1.6 RUf;fk;

9
•Njrpak; vd;gJ kdpjd; tpUk;gp tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
czu;r;rpahFk;.

•murpay;>nghUshjhu>,d>nkhop>fyhr;rhu> rKjha rka

R+o;epiyfs; xU ehl;L kf;fis Njrpa czu;T nfhs;sr;
nra;fpwJ.

•gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd; xUkpj;j tpisthy; ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa

,af;fk; Njhd;wpaJ.

•Mq;fpNyau; ,e;jpau;fis ,opthf elj;jpaJk;> ,e;jpag;

nghUshjhuk; rPu;Fiye;jJk; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wj;ijj;
JupJgLj;jpd.

•1857 Mk; Mz;by; ele;j rpg;gha;fspd; Gul;rp ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy;

xU jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,g;Gul;rp ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rp
Kiwapy; xU khw;wj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.

•Mq;fpy murpd; mlf;FKiwfshy; Gife;J nfhz;bUe;j

kf;fspd; Gul;rp uhZt tPuu;fs; %yk; khngUk; Gul;rpahf
ntbj;jJ.

•ly;n`srp gpuG mwpKfg;gLj;jpa mtfhrpapypf; nfhs;if vd;Dk;

ehL gpbf;Fk; nfhs;ifNa ,e;jpa muru;fsplk; Xu; mr;r czu;it
Vw;gLj;jpaJ

•thuprpd;ikiaf; fhuzk; $wp mtu; jdJ epy mgfupg;Gf;

nfhs;ifia nray;gLj;jpdhu;

•tu;j;jfu;fshf ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j Mq;fpNyau;fs;

Ml;rpahsu;fshf khwp jq;fs; jha; ehl;bw;fhf ,e;jpahtpd;
tsj;ij Ruz;bdhu;fs;.

•Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,e;jpa kf;fisf; fPo;j;jukhff; fUjp mtu;fis

,opTgLj;jpdu;. nghJ ,lq;fspy; kf;fs; kupahijf; Fiwthf
elj;jg;gl;lhu;fs;. ngz;fSk; mtkhdg;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;.

10
•Mq;fpNyau;fs; nfhz;Lte;j r%f rPu;jpUj;j rl;lq;fs;
,e;jpag;goikthjpfshy; vjpu;f;fg;gl;ld.

•cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fj;ijj; jil nra;jNghJ kf;fs;

murhq;fj;ij re;Njfpj;jdu;.

•1813 Mk; Mz;Lg;gl;lar; rl;lk; fpwpj;jt rkag; gpur;rhufu;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; jq;Fjilapd;wp jq;fs; rkag; gzpia nra;a
toptFj;jJ.

•fpwp];jt rkaj;ij gug;GtijNa fk;ngdp mYtyu;fs; jq;fspd;

Kf;fpaj; njhopyhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

•,e;Jf;fspd; nja;tq;fisAk;> rka ek;gpf;iffisAk; Nfyp

nra;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpur;rhuKk;> ntspaplg;gl;l Gj;jfq;fSk;
kf;fspilNa nfhe;jspg;ig Vw;gLj;jpd.

•nry;te;ju;fSf;F rhjfkhf ePjp toq;fg;gl;lJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpy;

epytpa ,e;j ghugl;rk; kf;fs; mjpUg;jp mila fhuzkhf
,Ue;jJ.

•Mg;fd; Nghupy; Mq;fpyg;gilfs; mile;j Njhy;tp Mq;fpy

uhZtj;ijAk; Njhw;fbf;fKbAk; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ.

•,e;jpar; rpg;gha;fs; jq;fsJ Fiwe;j Cjpak;> gjtp

cau;tpw;fhd tha;g;gpd;ik> gpw FiwAila gzpepiyfs; gw;wp
ngupJk; mjpUg;jpAw;wpUe;jdu;

•vd;gy
P ;L Jg;ghf;fpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Njhl;lhf;fs; gR>gd;wpapd;
nfhOg;Gf; fyitahy; G+rg;gl;Ls;sd vd;w tje;jp uhZt
rpg;gha;fspilNa Ntfkhfg; gutpaJ.

•vd;gy
P ;L Jg;ghf;fpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Njhl;lhf;fs; gR>gd;wpapd;
nfhOg;Gf; fyitahy; G+rg;gl;Ls;sd vd;w tje;jp uhZt
rpg;gha;fspilNa Ntfkhfg; gutpaJ.

11
•Mq;fpNyag;gilfs; uhzp yf;\;kpghiaj; Njhw;fbj;J
Fthypaiuf; ifg;gw;wpdu;. ehdhrhfpg; Neghsj;Jf;Fj; jg;gp
Xbdhu;.

•rpg;gha;g; Gul;rp Njhy;tpaila gy fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;jd.,e;jpa

rpg;gha;fSf;fpilNa nghJthd Fwpf;Nfhs; vJTkpy;iy.

•fk;ngdp gilf;F vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; ,Ue;J MAj cjtpfs;

fpilj;jd. ,J jtpu fg;gw;gilAk; Gul;rpia mlf;fg; gad;gl;lJ.

•1858 Mk; Mz;L tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzpahy; ntspaplg;gl;l

gpufldk; ,e;jpahtpy; fk;ngdp Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;J
Neubahd gpupl;b\; Ml;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.

•15 Ngu; nfhz;l fTd;rpy; ,e;jpahTf;fhd khepyr; nrayhsu;

(Secretary of State of India) jiyikapy; ,e;jpah
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd; gpupl;b\; ftu;du; n[duYf;Fk;
,g;NghJ it];uha; vd gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

•,g;Gul;rpapd; tpisthf fk;ngdpapd; epjp epiyik kpfTk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. tuT nryTj; jpl;lq;fs; gw;whf;FiwahfNt
,Ue;jd.

•1857 Mk; Mz;bd; fpsu;rr

; p kf;fspilNa Njrpathjj;jpd;
tpiuthd tsu;rr
; pf;F toptFj;jJ.vOj;jwpT ngw;w ,e;jpau;fs;
gy;NtW murpay; rq;fq;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jhu;fs;.

•,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; 1885Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

1.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

Njrpathjk; : ,J xU fUj;jpay; ,af;fk; vd

tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

12
me;epaUf;Fmbikg;gl;bUe;jkf;fspilNatpopg;Gzu;it
Vw;gLj;jpaNghJ Njrpak; gpwe;jJ

mtfhrpapypf; nfhs;if : ly;n`srp gpuGthy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l thupog;Gf; nfhs;if

1.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;

1.tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzpapd; gpufldk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

2.rpg;gha;f; fyfj;jpw;fhd murpay; fuzq;fs; ahit?

3.1857 Mk; Mz;Lg; Gul;rpapd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fis tptup.

neLtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. 1857 Mk; Mz;Lg; Gul;rpapd; jhf;fj;jpid tptup

1.9 NkYk; gbf;f

1.,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010

2.f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018

3.nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.

G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id > 2010

4.,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016

5.[t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij> miyfs;

ntspaPl;lfk;> nrd;id> 2013

13
 myF – 2
1885 Mk; Mz;bw;F Ke;ija rq;fq;fs;
fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk;- gk;gha; rq;fk;- nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk;

fl;likg;G
2.0 mwpKfk;
2.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
2.2 fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk;
2.3 gk;gha; rq;fk;
2.4 nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk;
2.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
2.6 RUf;fk;
2.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
2.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
2.9 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

2.0 mwpKfk;
19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; gy murpay; rq;fq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld. mit gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F rthy;
tpLj;jd.Mq;fpNyau;fs; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Clfkhf Mq;fpyk;
gad;gLj;Jtij cWjp nra;jjhy; mit ,e;jpahtpd; Kfj;ijNa
khw;wp mikj;jd. ,J Njrpathjk;> [dehafk; kw;Wk; murpay;
cupikfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tf;F
toptFj;jJ.INuhg;gpag; gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fj;jhy; tpise;j
kdkhw;wk;; gpuk;kh rkh[k;> gpuhu;j;jdh rkh[k;> Mupa rkh[k;>
uhkfpU\;zh ,af;fk; Mfpa kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fq;fshy; nfhz;L
tug;gl;l rKjha rka rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;> njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;r;rp>
NtY}u;f; fpsu;r;rp> Mq;fpy Ml;rpf;nfjpuhd cs;ehl;L vjpu;g;Gfs;
Mfpatw;wpd; tpisTfs; ,it ahTk; ,e;jpa Njrpak; cUthf

14
toptFj;jd. ,jd; tpisthf gy murpay; rhu;e;j mikg;Gfs;
1885 f;F Kd; epWtg;gl;ld. gq;fgh\h gpufhrpf rig> [kPd;jhup
rq;fk;> tq;fhs gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk; > gpupl;b\; ,e;jpad;
mNrhrpNa\d; kw;Wk; ,e;jpah yPf;. gk;gha; fofk;>
nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk; kw;Wk; nrd;id khfh[d rq;fk; Mfpait
KiwNa fy;fj;jh> gk;gha; kw;Wk; nrd;id uh[jhdpfspy;
Jtq;fg;gl;ld.

2.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

•gk;gha; uh[jhdpapy; Njhd;wpa mikg;Gfs;
•gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fj;jpd; nray;ghLfs;
•nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fj;jpd; gzpfs;

2.2 fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk;

gpupl;b\; Mjpf;fk; kiwKfkhfTk; NeubahfTk; mtu;fSf;F

Vjpuhd mikg;Gfs; cUthff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. Mq;fpNyau;fs;
,e;jpahtpd; fy;tp Kiwapy; gapw;W nkhopahf Mq;fpyj;ij
fl;lhahkhf;fpdhu;fs;. Mdhy; Mq;fpyk; fw;w ,e;jpau;fs;
,jd;%yk; Njrpathjk;> kf;fshl;rp> murpay; cupikfs;
Nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;Wf;nfhz;L Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F vjpuhfj;
jpUk;gpdhu;fs;. 1836 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpwF mjpf murpay;
mikg;Gfs; Njhd;w Muk;gpj;jd. 1866 ,y;> jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
yz;ldpy; fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fj;ij Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. ,e;j rq;fj;jpd;
Nehf;fk;> ,e;jpa eyid Nkk;gLj;j gpupl;b\huplk; mOj;jj;ij
vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. rpwpJ fhyk; fopj;J> ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW
efuq;fspy; mjd; fpisfisj; jpwe;jhu;.

tq;fhsj;jpy; murpay; rq;fq;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; r%f-murpay; rPu;jpUj;jj;ijj; njhlq;fpa Kjy;
,e;jpaj; jiytu; uh[h uhk;Nkhfd; uha; Mthu;. mtu; Nkw;fj;jpa
rpe;jidfshy; ngupJk; <u;ff
; g;gl;lhu;. cynfq;fpYk; cs;s

15
gpugykhd ,af;fq;fis mtu; Mjupj;jhu;.1821,y;>
murpayikg;gpw;Fl;gl;l murhq;fk; ];ngapdpy; epWtg;gl;lij
uhk;Nkhfd; uha; fy;fj;jhtpy; nfhz;lhbdhu;. uhk;Nkhfd; uha;
gj;jpupif Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; rptpy; ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw cau;
gjtpfspy; ,e;jpau;fis epakpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhupdhu;.
,j;jifa Nehf;fq;fisAila murpay; mikg;Gfis
xUq;fikf;Fk; gzpapy; uh[h uhk; Nkhfd;uhapd; Mjuthsu;fs;
<Lgl;ldu;.

gq;fgh\h gpufhrpf rgh

uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uhapd; Mjuthsu;fshy; 1836-y; „gq;fgh\h
gpufhrpf rgh‟ cUthdJ. mg;NghJ Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Kjy;
murpay; rhu;e;j rq;fk; vd;W ,J miof;fg;gl;lJ. murhq;fj;jpd;
nfhs;if kw;Wk; epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW jiyg;Gfspy; ,J
ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ. murf;F kDf;fs; mDg;gp gpur;ridfSf;F
jPu;T fhz Kw;gl;lJ. murpd; epu;thff; FiwghLfisf;
fz;bj;jJ.

tq;fhs epyr; Rthd;jhu;fs; rq;fk;

fy;fj;jh kw;Wk; mjd; Rw;W tl;lhug; gFjpfspy; cs;s
epyr;Rthd;jhu;fshy; 1837 ,y; Jtf;fg;gl;l ,af;fNk tq;fhs
epyr; Rthd;jhu;fs; rq;fk; MFk;. rhjp>rka> ,d NtWghbd;wp
epyj;jpd; cupikahsu;fs; ,jpy; cWg;gpdu;fshf Nru;j;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,r;rq;fj;jpd; $l;lq;fs; tq;fj;jpd; gy
gFjpfspy; elj;jg;gl;ld.murpayikg;gpw;Fl;gl;l topfspd; %yk;
jq;fspd; gpur;ridfSf;F jPu;Tfhz ,tu;fs; Kw;gl;ldu;.

tq;fhs gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk;

,e;j rq;fk; Vg;uy; 1843 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jr; rq;fj;jpd;
Nehf;fk; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; cz;ikahd epiy njhlu;ghd
jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy; kw;Wk; gug;Gjy;> kw;Wk; mikjpahd
kw;Wk; rl;lg;G+u;tkhd jd;ikf;fhd gpw topfisg; gad;gLj;jp
kf;fs; eyidg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;> epahakhd cupikfis
epiyehl;lTk; MFk;. ];fhl;yhe;jpd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuuhd

16
[hu;[; jhk;rd; Jthuf; ehj; jh$Uld; ,ize;J ,e;jpahtpy;
,t;tikg;G Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhu;. Nkiyehl;L Kiwapy;
mikf;fg;gl;l Xu; murpay; mikg;G tq;fhs gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa
rq;fkhFk;.

gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk;

epy cupikahsupd; Njhy;tp fhuzkhf tq;fhs epyr;
Rthd;jhu;fs; rq;fk; kw;Wk; tq;fhs gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk;
Mfpa > ,uz;L rq;fq;fSk; 1851 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; 29 Mk;
Njjp ,izf;fg;gl;L gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j rq;fk; epyg;gpuGj;Jt cWg;gpdu;fshy; Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;jg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; ,e;j rq;fj;jpd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fkhf
epyg;gpuGj;Jt tu;f;fj;jpd; eyd;fis ghJfhg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpah yPf;
1875 brk;gu; 23,y; rprpu; Fkhu; Nfh]; ,e;j rq;fj;ij epWtpdhu;.
,e;j rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; kf;fspilNa Njrpa czu;it
Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,e;j rq;fk; murpay; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;Jtij
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lJ. fpof;fpe;jpa kf;fspilNa murpay;
czu;T Vw;gl;ljw;F ,e;j mikg;G fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.
tq;fj;Jf;F ntspNa murpay; rhu;e;j mikg;GfNshL njhlu;ig
Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; jPtpuf; ftdk; nrYj;jpa Kjy; mikg;G ,e;jpah
yPf; MFk;.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1.tq;fhs epyr;Rthd;jhu;fs; rq;fk; ve;j Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ?

2.ve;j ,U rq;fq;fis ,izj;J gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk;

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ?

gk;ghapy; murpay; rq;fq;fs;

2.3 gk;gha; fofk;

gk;gha; fofk; > gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk; Kiwapy; 26 Mf];l;
1852 ,y; fy;fj;jhtpy; epWtg;gl;lJ.,e;jpag; gpujpepjpAk; mjpy;

17
,lk;ngw Ntz;Lnkd ,J typAWj;jpaJ. cau; Nritfspy;
,Ue;J ,e;jpau;fis tpyf;Fjy;> kw;Wk; Mlk;gukhd nryTfs;
vd;w nfhs;ifia rq;fk; fz;bj;jJ. 1853 ,y; gk;gha; fofk;
,e;jpa epu;thf eilKiwiaf; fLikahf tpku;rpj;Jk;> Gjpa rl;l
kd;wq;fis mikf;f typAWj;jpAk; gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
xU tpz;zg;gj;ij mDg;gpaJ. mt;tpz;zg;gk; ,yz;ldpy; ngupa
gugug;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j rq;fk; ePz;l fhyk; ePbf;ftpy;iy.

nrd;idapy; murpay; rq;fq;fs;

2.4 nrd;id thrpfs; rq;fk;

,J1852>gpg;utup 26 md;W fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s
gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fj;jpd; fpisahf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. rp.Vfhk;gu
Kjypahu; mjd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. fp. yf;\;kduhR nrl;b>
gp.mg;ghrhkp gps;is Nghd;Nwhu; mjd; Kf;fpa cWg;gpdu;fshf
,Ue;jdu;. Nkw;fj;jpa Kiwapy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Jtf;fg;gl;l
Kjy; murpay; mikg;G ,JthFk;.tupFiwg;G>tup tR+ypg;Gf;
nfhLikia jsu;j;Jjy;>ghijfs;> ghyq;fs;> ePu;g;ghrdg; gzpfs;>
fy;tp Mfpatw;iw tpupTgLj;Jjy;> epu;thfj;ijAk;>
ePjpj;JiwiaAk; rPu;jpUj;Jjy; Mfpait gw;wpAk; ,r;rq;fk;
NghuhbaJ. 1853 ,d; rhrdr; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;G
nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F kD mDg;gpaJ. ,J
gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk; kw;Wk; gk;gha; fofk; Nghd;w mikg;Gfs;
itj;j Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> nrd;idthrpfs;
rq;fk; gpugykhftpy;iy.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

3.G+dh fofk; vt;thW ngau; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ?

4.G+dh ru;t[dpf; rigapd; Kf;fpaj; jiytu;fs; ahu;?

5.nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk; Jtf;fg;gl;lNghJ mjd; jiytuhf

,Ue;jtu; ahu;?

18
2.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk;
tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;

1. 1837
2. tq;fhs epyr; Rthd;jhu;fs; rq;fk; kw;Wk; tq;fhs gpupl;b\;
,e;jpa rq;fk;
3. G+dh ru;t[dpf; rig
4. uhdNl> Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy> jpyfu;
5. rp.Vfhk;gu Kjypahu;

2.6 RUf;fk;

• 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; gy murpay; rq;fq;fs;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld. mit gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F rthy;
tpLj;jd.

• rKjha rka rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;> njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsu;rr

; p> NtY}u;f;
fpsu;rr
; p> Mq;fpy Ml;rpf;nfjpuhd cs;ehl;L vjpu;g;Gfs;
Mfpatw;wpd; tpisTfs; ,it ahTk; ,e;jpa Njrpak; cUthf
toptFj;jd.

• ,jd; tpisthf gy murpay; rhu;e;j mikg;Gfs; 1885 f;F Kd;

epWtg;gl;ld.

• ,e;jpahtpy; r%f-murpay; rPu;jpUj;jj;ijj; njhlq;fpa Kjy;

,e;jpaj; jiytu; uh[h uhk;Nkhfd; uha; Mthu;.

• uhk;Nkhfd; uha; gj;jpupif Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; rptpy; ePjpkd;wq;fs;

kw;Wk; gpw cau; gjtpfspy; ,e;jpau;fis epakpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Nfhupdhu;.

• 1866 ,y;> jhjhgha; nesNuh[p yz;ldpy; fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fj;ij

Vw;ghL nra;jhu;.

19
• uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uhapd; Mjuthsu;fshy; 1836-y; „gq;fgh\h
gpufhrpf rgh‟ cUthdJ. mg;NghJ Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Kjy;
murpay; rhu;e;j rq;fk; vd;W ,J miof;fg;gl;lJ.

• fy;fj;jh kw;Wk; mjd; Rw;W tl;lhug; gFjpfspy; cs;s

epyr;Rthd;jhu;fshy; 1837 ,y; Jtf;fg;gl;l ,af;fNk tq;fhs
epyr; Rthd;jhu;fs; rq;fk; MFk;.

• ,r;rq;fj;jpd; $l;lq;fs; tq;fj;jpd; gy gFjpfspy; elj;jg;gl;ld.

murpayikg;gpw;Fl;gl;l topfspd; %yk; jq;fspd; gpur;ridfSf;F
jPu;Tfhz ,tu;fs; Kw;gl;ldu;.

• tq;fhs gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk; Vg;uy; 1843 ,y;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ];fhl;yhe;jpd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuuhd [hu;[; jhk;rd;

Jthuf; ehj; jh$Uld; ,ize;J ,e;jpahtpy; ,t;tikg;G
Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhu;.

•Nkiyehl;L Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;l Xu; murpay; mikg;G

tq;fhs gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fkhFk;.

• 1875 brk;gu; 23 ,y; rprpu; Fkhu; Nfh]; ,e;jpah yPf; vd;w

rq;fj;ij epWtpdhu;. ,e;j rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; kf;fspilNa Njrpa
czu;it Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;.

• gk;gha; fofk; > gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk; Kiwapy; 26 Mf];l;

1852 ,y; fy;fj;jhtpy; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpag; gpujpepjpAk; mjpy;
,lk;ngw Ntz;Lnkd ,J typAWj;jpaJ.

• gk;gha; fofj;ij Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L Jtf;fg;gl;l Xu;

mikg;Ng G+dh fofk; MFk;. ,J 1867,y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

• %d;whz;LfSf;F gpd; ,t;tikg;G G+dh ru;t[dpf; rig

vdg;ngau; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;L nray;gl;lJ.

20
• .nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk; 1852>gpg;utup 26 md;W fy;fj;jhtpy;
cs;s gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fj;jpd; fpisahf mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
rp.Vfhk;gu Kjypahu; mjd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

• ,J gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk; kw;Wk; gk;gha; fofk; Nghd;w

mikg;Gfs; itj;j Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk; gpugykhftpy;iy.

2.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

gq;fgh\h gpufhrpf rgh: uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uhapd; Mjuthsu;fshy;

1836-y; cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;G MFk;.

,e;jpah yPf;: rprpu; Fkhu; Nfh]; vd;gtuhy; 1875 brk;gu; 23,y;

,e;j rq;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

[hu;[; jhk;rd;: ];fhl;yhe;jpd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuu;

2.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;
1. epyr;Rthd;jhu; rq;fj;jpd; gzp ahJ?
2. ,e;jpaf;fofj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?
3. nrd;id kfh[d rig gw;wp eP mwptJ ahJ?

neLtpil tpdhf;fs;
1. G+dh ru;t[dpf; rig gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fj;jpd; gzpfis tpsf;Ff.

2.9 NkYk; gbf;f

1. ,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010

2. f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018

21
3. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.
G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id > 2010

4. ,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016

5. [t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij>

miyfs; ntspaPll
; fk;> nrd;id> 2013

myF – 3

1885 Mk; Mz;bw;F Ke;ija rq;fq;fs;

nrd;id kfh[d rq;fk;- gk;gha; uh[jhdpf; fofk;- Njrpa

vOr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

fl;likg;G
3.0 mwpKfk;
3.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
3.2 nrd;id kfh[d rq;fk;
3.3 gk;gha; uh[jhdpf; fofk;
3.4 Njrpa vOr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
3.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
3.6 RUf;fk;
3.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
3.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
3.9 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

3.0 mwpKfk;

,e;jpa Njrpa tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; nrd;id khf[d rq;fKk;>

gk;gha; khfhz rq;fKk; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpj;jd. mit ,e;jpa
kf;fspd; Fiwfis tpz;zg;gq;fs; %yk; mq;fpyk; murplk;
vLj;Jr; nrd;wd. mJNghy ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; Njhd;Wtjw;F

22
gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; mzptFj;J epd;wd. mjw;F KO Kjw;
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ ,e;jpau;fs; midtUk; xNu Filapd;fPo;
Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lNj.,jd; fhuzkhf ,e;jpau;fpilNa murpay;
xw;Wik ntspg;gl;lJ. ,J rpwpJ rpwpjhf mjpfupj;J Njrpa
,af;fkhf khwpaJ.

3.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

•gk;gha; uh[jhdpapy; Njhd;wpa mikg;Gfs;
•Njrpa vOr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

3.2 nrd;id kfh[d rig

1884 Nk 16 Mk; ehs; nrd;id kfh[d rq;fk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

,jd; jiytuhf nuq;ifa ehALTk;> nrayu;fshf
tp[auhfthr;rhupAk;> mde;jhr;rhu;YTk; nghWg;G tfpj;jdu;.,r;rig
murhq;f rhu;gw;w fw;Nwhiu cWg;gpdu;fshff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. gpw
mikg;GfNshL ,ize;J ,r;rig nrag;gl;lJ. upg;gd; gpuGtpw;F
ele;j ghuhl;Lf; $l;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;f xU FOitAk; gk;gha;f;F
mDg;gpaJ. nrd;idapy; ,uz;L khehLfs; nrd;id kfh[d
rigahy; elj;jg;gl;ld. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; $l;lk;
gk;ghapy; eilngw;wNghJ mjpy; gq;Nfw;f jdJ gpujpepjpfisAk;
,r;rig mDg;gpaJ.

3.3 gk;gha; uh[jhdpf; fofk;

gk;gha; uh[jhdpf; fofk; 1885 [dtup 31Mk; ehs; gf;UjPd;

jpahg;rp kw;Wk; ngNuh\h Nkj;jh MfpNahuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
kf;fspd; gpur;ridfis nghJf;$l;lq;fs;> jPu;khdq;fs;>
tpz;zg;gq;fs; %yk; muRf;F vLj;Jiuj;jJ. Njrpa je;jp
rq;fj;ij mikg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rr
; pia Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
,e;jpaf;fofk;> nrd;id kfh[d rig> G+dh ru;t[dpf; rig
Mfpatw;NwhL Nru;e;J gk;gha; uh[jhdpf; fofk; gpupl;b\;

23
thf;fhsu;fSf;F ,e;jpa epiy gw;wp KiwaPL nra;jJ.%d;W
J}Jf; FOf;fis ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F mDg;gpaJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpu]; gk;ghapy; $Ltjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis gk;gha; uh[jhdpf;
fofNk Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

G+dh ru;t[dpf; rig

gk;gha; fofj;ij Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L Jtf;fg;gl;l Xu;

mikg;Ng G+dh fofk; MFk;. ,J 1867,y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
%d;whz;LfSf;F gpd; ,t;tikg;G G+dh ru;t[dpf; rig
vdg;ngau; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;L nray;gl;lJ. kf;fSf;Fk;
murpw;Fk; ,ilNa xU njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;JtijNa ,J
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.gk;ghapy; 1872 kw;Wk; 1876 Mk;
Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;l gQ;rj;jpd;NghJ ,r;rig epthuzg;gzpfspy;
<Lgl;lJ. uhdNl> Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy> jpyfu; Nghd;Nwhu;
,t;tikg;gpd; Kf;fpaj; jiytu;fs; Mtu;.

,e;jpaf; fofk;

1876 [_iy 26 ,y; fy;fj;jhtpy; RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[pahy; ,e;j

mikg;G Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gykpf;f nghJkf;fs;
fUj;ij cUthf;FtJ kw;Wk; ,e;J K];ypk;fSf;fpilNa
,zf;fkhd el;Gwit Vw;gLj;JtijAk; ,J Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpag; nghJg; gzpj;Jiwj; Nju;T vOJtjw;fhd
cr;r taJ tuk;ig 21ypUe;J 19 Mff; Fwpj;j Mq;fpy murpd;
eltbf;iff;nfjpuhf Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlf;fp RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p
,e;jpah KOtJk; Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;jhu;. ,e;jpaf; fofk; jdJ
Kjy; Njrpa khehl;il 1883 brk;gu; 29> 30 Mfpa Njjpfspy;
elj;jpaJ. 1885 ,y; gk;ghapy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; $ba
mNj ehspy; ,e;jpaf; fofk; jd; ,uz;lhtJ khehl;il
elj;jpaJ.

24
3.4 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; Njhd;w fhuzq;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; Njrpak; vd;w fUj;J Kisj;J>Nt&d;wp mJ xU

,af;fkhf cUntLj;jJ. gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd; xUkpj;j
tpisthy; ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa ,af;fk; Njhd;wpaJ. Mq;fpy
Mjpf;fj;jpd; gpbapy; ,e;jpah rpf;fp jtpj;jNghJ > ,e;jpah ekJ
ehL> ehnky;yhk; ,e;jpau; vd;w czu;T kf;fsplk; jiyJ}f;fpaJ.
Mq;fpNyau; ,e;jpau;fis ,opthf elj;jpaJk;> ,e;jpag;
nghUshjhuk; rPu;Fiye;jJk; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wj;ijj;
JupJgLj;jpd.

Mq;fpNyau;fspd; epu;thf Kiw

fhydp Mjpf;f Ml;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpd; epu;thfk; KOtJk; xNu

Filapd;fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; ehl;bd; gy gFjp
kf;fspilNa nghUshjhu> murpay; njhlu;Gfs; Vw;g;gl;ld.
Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rp ehl;L kf;fspilNa murpay; xw;Wikia
Vw;gLj;jp ehd; midtUk; ,e;jpau; vd;w czu;itAk;> jhk;
md;fpNyauplj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;ltu;fs; vd;w vz;zj;ijAk;
tpijj;jJ.

Mq;fpyf; fy;tpKiw Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk;

Mq;fpyf;fy;tp Kiw ,e;jpau;fspd; Njrpa vOr;rpf;F Kf;fpa

fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ. Mq;fpyf;fy;tpapd; %yk; MNuhg;ghtpd;
Kw;Nghf;Ff; fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;jpa kf;fisr;
nrd;wile;jd.Nkiyehl;L mwpQu;fshd thy;Nlu;> &Nrh> u];fpd;>
jhk]; fhu;iyy;> [hd; ];Ltu;l; kpy; Nghd;Nwhupd; fUj;Jf;fis
kf;fs; tpUk;gpg; gbj;jdu;. ,jdhy; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; kdq;fspy;
khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

INuhg;gpaj; njhlu;G

,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd; %yk; INuhg;gpa

ehLfSld; ,e;jpau;fSf;F njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;jpau;fs;
INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F nrd;W fy;tp fw;W mtu;fspd; murpay;>
fyhr;rhuk; gw;wp KOikahfj; njupe;Jnfhz;ldu;. Fwpg;ghf

25
INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; epytpa Njrpa czu;T ,e;jpau;fisj;
J}z;baJ. Fwpg;ghf gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapd; tpisthf cUthd
Rje;jpuk;>rkj;Jtk;>rNfhjuj;Jtk; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;jpa
,isQu;fspilNa vOr;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

jfty; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp

,e;jpau;fspilNa Njrpa czu;T jiyJ}f;f jfty; njhopy;El;g

tsu;rr
; pAk; xU fhuzkhFk;. Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; Vw;g;gl;l tsu;rr
; papd;
fhuzkhf ehl;by; xU gFjpapy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU gFjpf;F
vspjhf nrd;W tu Kbe;jJ. Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpapy; mikf;fg;gl;l
,Ug;Gg; ghijfs; uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jJ. jghy; je;jpj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;rr
; pAk; kf;fs;
jq;fSf;Fs; njhlu;G nfhs;s tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpj; je;jd.,J
kf;fspilNa Njrpa czu;T tuf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd.

r%f rka tpopg;Gzu;T

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa r%f

rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs; kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jpdhu;fs;.
uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; > Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp> Rthkp
tpNtfhde;ju;> Nfrt; re;jpunrd;> NjNte;jpuehj; jh$u;> <];tu
re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu;> lhf;lu; md;dpngrd;l; Nghd;Nwhu; ,e;jpahtpd;
gok; ngUikfis kf;fsplk; vLj;Jf;$wp mjd;%yk; mtu;fsplk;
Njrpa czu;it tsu;j;jhu;fs;. mtu;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa gpuk;kh
rkh[k;> gpuhu;j;jdh rkh[k;> Mupa rkh[k;> uhkfpU\;zh ,af;fk;>
gpuk;kQhd rig Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; kf;fsplk; ,Ue;j %l
ek;gpf;iffisg; Nghf;fp mtu;fsplk; kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpd.

nra;jpj;jhs;fspd; gq;F

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapy; Mq;fpyj;jpYk;> tl;lhu nkhopapYk; gy;NtW

nra;j;jpj; jhs;fSk;>,jo;fSk; Njhd;wp Njrpaf; fUj;Jf;fis
kf;fspd; kdq;fspy; tpijj;jd. jp `pe;J> RNjrkpj;jpud;> Nfrup>
jpuhtpld;> [];b];> Me;jpu gpufhrpfh> kuhl;lh> mkpu;j g[hu;
gj;jpupfh> ghk;Ng rkhr;rhu; Nghd;w gj;jpupiffs; Njrpaf;

26
fUj;Jfisj; jhq;fp ntspte;jd. ,g; gj;jpupiffspy; ,e;jpa
Njrpaj; jiytu;fshd kfhj;kh fhe;jp> [tfu;yhy; NeU> jpyfu;>
ugPe;jpuehj; jh$u;> mutpe;jNfh\;> gpgpd; re;jpughy;> t.c. rpjk;guk;
gps;is> Rg;ukzpa ghujpahu; > gq;fpk; re;jpu rl;lu;[p Nghd;Nwhu;
vOjpa ghly;fSk;> fl;LiufSk; kf;fsplk; Njr tpLjiyiag;
gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jpd. ,g; gj;jpupiffs; Mq;fpy
murpd; nghUshjhu Ruz;liyAk;> jtwhd epu;thfj;ijAk;
kf;fSf;F ntspr;rk; Nghl;Lf; fhz;gpj;jd.

Gjpa tu;f;fg; gpuptpdupd; gq;F

nra;jp> rhiyg; Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wKk;

njhopw;rhiyfspd; trjpAk; r%fj;jpy; eLj;ju tu;f;fj;jpdu; vd;w
Gjpa gpuptpdu; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf mike;jd.,jpy;> tpahghupfs;>
tq;fpahsu;fs;>epyr;Rthd;jhu;fs;> nry;te;ju;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; ,lk;
ngw;wpUe;jdu;. Mq;fpNyau;fspd; nghUshjhu Ruz;lyhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,tu;fs; tl;lhu mstpy; gy mikg;Gfis
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L Mq;fpNya Ml;rpia vjpu;f;fj; Jzpe;jdu;.
,tu;fspd; mikg;GfshdJ gk;gha;> nrd;id> fy;fj;jh Nghd;w
efuq;fspy; kl;Lky;yhJ ehL KOtJk; kf;fspilNa kpfg; ngupa
vOr;rpia Vw;gLj;jpd.

ntspehl;L tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk;

Mq;fpy fhydp Mjpf;ff; nfhs;ifia vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhba

,e;jpau;fSf;F ntspehLfspy; ele;j tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd.Fwpg;ghf Mq;fpy Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf
eilngw;w mnkupf;f tpLjiyg; NghUk;> G+u;Nghd; tk;r
nfhLq;Nfhyhl;rpf;F vjpuhf eilngw;w gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpAk; gbj;j
,e;jpau;fis kpfTk; ftu;e;jd.NkYk; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by;
INuhg;ghtpy; gy ehLfspy; ele;j tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fSk;>
Gul;rpfSk; ,e;jpau;fspd; kdq;fspYk; Gul;rp vz;zj;ijj;
J}z;bd.

27
ypl;ld; gpuGtpd; mlf;FKiwf; nfhs;if

,e;jpahtpd; itrpuhahf ,Ue;j ypl;ld; gpuGtpd; mlf;FKiwf;

nfhs;iffs; ,e;jpau;fspd; Njrpa vOr;rpia mjpfg;gLj;jpd.
,e;jpah twl;rpapd; gpbapy; rpf;fpj; jtpj;jNghJ mtu; Mg;fDld;
Nghupy; <Lgl;L muRg; gzj;ij tPzbj;jhu;. NkYk; mtu;
Mlk;gukhf elj;jpa nly;yp ju;ghUk; muR fUT+yj;ijf; fhyp
nra;jJ. vupfpd;w neUg;gpy; vz;nza; Cw;WtJ Nghy 1878 ,y;
mtu; nfhz;Lte;j jha;nkhop gj;jpupifr; rl;lk; gj;jpupiffspd;
Rje;jpuj;ijg; gwpj;jJ. NkYk; mtu; ,aw;wpa MAjr; rl;lk;
,e;jpau;fs; MAjk; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; cupikiag; gwpj;jJ.
,e;jpau;fs; nghJg;gzpj; Nju;T vOJtjw;fhd taJ tuk;ig
21ypUe;J 19 Mf Fiwj;jJ gbj;j ,isQu;fs; kj;jpapy;
Nfhgj;ij %l;baJ.

,y;gu;l; kNrhjh

1880 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa itrpuhahf ,Ue;j upg;gd; gpuG

,e;jpau;fspd; vjpu;g;ig rk;ghjpj;j jha; nkhopg; gj;jpupifr;
rl;lj;ij js;Sgb nra;jhu;. NkYk; ,e;jpau;fSf;F
rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;j vz;zpa mtu; 1883 ,y; ,y;gu;l;
kNrhjhit mwpKfk; nra;jhu;. ,jd;%yk; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l xU
INuhg;gpaiu ,e;jpa ePjpgjpfs; tprhupj;J jPu;g;G toq;f mjpfhuk;
mspj;jJ. INuhg;gpa ePjpgjpfSf;F ,izahf ,e;jpa
ePjpgjpfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l ,e;j cupikia Mq;fpNyau;fs;
vjpu;j;jdu;. Mq;fpNyau;fspd; vjpu;g;Gf;F gzpe;J ,k;kNrhjh
Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F rhjfkhf khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J
,e;jpau;fspilNa nfhe;jspg;ig Vw;gLj;jp muRf;F vjpuhf kf;fs;
Nghuhlf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1.MAjr; rl;lk; ve;j Mz;L nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ?
2.MAjf; rl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; ahu;?
3.,y;gu;l; kNrhjh ahuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?

28
3.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk;
tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;

1. 1878
2.itrpuha; ypl;ld; gpuG
3.itrpuha; upg;gd; gpuG

3.6 RUf;fk;

• 1876 [_iy 26 ,y; fy;fj;jhtpy; RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[pahy;

,e;jpaf; fofk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ,e;jpahtpy; gykpf;f nghJkf;fs; fUj;ij cUthf;FtJ kw;Wk;

,e;J K];ypk;fSf;fpilNa ,zf;fkhd el;Gwit
Vw;gLj;JtijAk; ,J Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

• fhydp Mjpf;f Ml;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpd; epu;thfk; KOtJk; xNu

Filapd;fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

• Mq;fpyf;fy;tp Kiw ,e;jpau;fspd; Njrpa vOr;rpf;F Kf;fpa

fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ. Mq;fpyf;fy;tpapd; %yk; MNuhg;ghtpd;
Kw;Nghf;Ff; fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;jpa kf;fisr; nrd;wile;jd.

• ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd; %yk; INuhg;gpa

ehLfSld; ,e;jpau;fSf;F njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ.

• jghy; je;jpj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpAk; kf;fs; jq;fSf;Fs;

njhlu;G nfhs;s tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpj; je;jd.,J kf;fspilNa
Njrpa czu;T tuf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd.

• gpuk;kh rkh[k;> gpuhu;j;jdh rkh[k;> Mupa rkh[k;> uhkfpU\;zh

,af;fk;> gpuk;kQhd rig Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; kf;fsplk; ,Ue;j
%l ek;gpf;iffisg; Nghf;fp mtu;fsplk; kWkyu;rr
; pia
Vw;gLj;jpd.

29
• gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapy; Mq;fpyj;jpYk;> tl;lhu nkhopapYk; gy;NtW
nra;j;jpj; jhs;fSk;>,jo;fSk; Njhd;wp Njrpaf; fUj;Jf;fis
kf;fspd; kdq;fspy; tpijj;jd.

• Mq;fpNyau;fspd; nghUshjhu Ruz;lyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l eLj;ju

kf;fs; tl;lhu mstpy; gy mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L
Mq;fpNya Ml;rpia vjpu;f;fj; Jzpe;jdu;.

• Mq;fpy Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf eilngw;w mnkupf;f

tpLjiyg; NghUk;> G+u;Nghd; tk;r nfhLq;Nfhyhl;rpf;F vjpuhf
eilngw;w gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpAk; gbj;j ,e;jpau;fis kpfTk;
ftu;e;jd.

• NkYk; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; gy ehLfspy;

ele;j tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fSk;> Gul;rpfSk; ,e;jpau;fspd;
kdq;fspYk; Gul;rp vz;zj;ijj; J}z;bd.

• ,e;jpahtpd; itrpuhahf ,Ue;j ypl;ld; gpuGtpd; mlf;FKiwf;

nfhs;iffs; ,e;jpau;fspd; Njrpa vOr;rpia mjpfg;gLj;jpd.

• 1878 ,y; mtu; nfhz;Lte;j jha;nkhop gj;jpupifr; rl;lk;

gj;jpupiffspd; Rje;jpuj;ijg; gwpj;jJ. NkYk; mtu; ,aw;wpa
MAjr; rl;lk; ,e;jpau;fs; MAjk; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
cupikiag; gwpj;jJ.

• Mq;fpNyau;fspd; vjpu;g;Gf;F gzpe;J ,y;gu;l; kNrhjh

Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F rhjfkhf khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J
,e;jpau;fspilNa nfhe;jspg;ig Vw;gLj;jp muRf;F vjpuhf kf;fs;
Nghuhlf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.

3.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

• G+dh fofk; : gk;gha; fofj;ij Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L

G+dhtpy; Jtf;fg;gl;l murpay; ,af;fkhFk;.

30
• thy;Nlu; : gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;l mwpQu;. ,tu; vOjpa
fl;Liufs; %yk; vOr;rp ngw;w kf;fs; Gul;rpapy; <Lgl;ldu;.

• gpufldk; : gpufldk; vd;gJ nfhs;iffis tpsf;ff;$ba

mwpf;ifahFk;.

• ftu;du; n[duy; : ,tu; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp

Ml;rpapy; epu;thfj;ij ftdpj;J te;j mjpfhup Mthu;.,tu;
jiyik MSeu; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.

3.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;

1.jha;nkhopg; gj;jpupifr; rl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?

2.MAjr; rl;lk; gw;wp eP mwptJ ahJ?
3.,y;gu;l; kNrhjhtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?

neLtpil tpdhf;fs;

1.,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fisg;

gl;baypLf.

3.9 NkYk; gbf;f

1.,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010
2.f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l
tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018
3.nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.
G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id > 2010
4.,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016
5.[t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij> miyfs;
ntspaPl;lfk;> nrd;id> 2013

31
 njhFjp – II
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; fhq;fpu]pd; gpsT

myF - IV

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; - Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;

Nfhl;ghLfs;- V.X.`pA+k;> jhjhgha; nesNuh[p> lgps;A+.rp.
ghdu;[p> tp[auhfthr;rhupahu;
fl;likg;G
4.0 mwpKfk;
4.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
4.2 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; - Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs;
4.3 Muk;gfhy Njrpathjpfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; jpl;lq;fs;
4.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
4.5 RUf;fk;
4.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
4.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
4.8 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

4.0 mwpKfk;
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; 1885 Mk; Mz;L
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. gy fhuzpfs; mjd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F
toptFj;jd. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; rhjp> kjk;> nkhop Nghd;w
NtWghbd;wp kf;fis xUq;fpizf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; epWtg;gl;lJ.
mjd; ];jhgdj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> fhq;fpu]; rpy murpay;> nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; epu;thf Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpu]pd; gy Kf;fpa cWg;gpdu;fs; Njrpa czu;it
tsu;g;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jdu;. ,e;j myF ,e;j
cWg;gpdu;fspd; gq;F gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpf;Fk;.

32
4.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fk; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; gy;NtW cWg;gpdu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gfis

tpsf;Fjy;

rp.tp[auhfthr;rhupahupd; gq;fspg;ig Muha;jy;

jhjhgha; nesNuh[papd; nry;tj;jpd; tbfhy; Nfhl;ghl;il mwpjy;

4.2 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; - Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;

Nfhl;ghLfs;

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; gyupd; Kaw;rpahy; cUthdJ.

ehL KOtJk; gy murpay; rq;fq;fspd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk;
Njrgf;jp kw;Wk; Njrpathj fUj;Jf;fspd; guty; Mfpait ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; mbj;jsj;ij jahu; nra;jd. ,J 1885 ,y;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ vt;thW Njhd;wpaJ> mjid
cUthf;fpatu; ahu;> mjDila cz;ikahd Nehf;fk; vd;d
vd;gdtw;wpy; mwpQu;fspilNa fUj;J NtWghL cs;sJ. kf;fs;
jq;fs; vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> midj;J kf;fSk;
<LgLk; Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lj;ijg; gutyhf mikf;Fk; nghUl;Lk;>
nghJ kf;fspilNa murpay; czu;itg; gug;gTk; xU
midj;jpe;jpa mikg;G mtrpak; vd;gij murpay; tpopg;G
nfhz;l ,e;jpau; njspthf czuiyapdu;.V.X. `pA+k; mjd;
mbj;jsj;ij mikj;jhu;. fhq;fpurpd; Njhw;wk; ,ay;ghdJ.
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW
,lq;fspy; Jtf;fg;gl;l murpay; rhu;e;j mikg;Gfspd; jtpu;ff
;
Kbahj ,aw;ifahd tpisNt fhq;fpurpd; Njhw;wkhFk;.Mq;fpNya
Ml;rpapd; ru;thjpfhuk;> mij vjpu;j;J ele;j murpay; fpsu;rr
; pfs;>
,e;jpa kWkyu;r;rp> ,e;jpah KOtJk; Njhd;wpa gpuhe;jpa

33
mikg;Gfs; Mfpait fhq;fpu]; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd R+o;epiyia
cUthf;fpd. fhq;fpurpd; tuyhw;iw vOjpa gl;lhgp rPjhuhikah
“,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuirj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ahu; vd;gJ njspthf
,y;iy. 1877 ,y; $ba ju;ghu; myJ fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w
gd;dhl;L fz;fhl;rpNa fhq;fpu]; Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;” vd;fpwhu;.

lg;upd; gpuGtpd; gq;F

“fhq;fpurpd; Qhdf;Foe;ij” vd;W fUjg;gLk; ,e;jpa

itrpuha; lg;upd; gpuGNt fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;jpd; fhuzfu;j;jh vd;W
yhyh y[gjpuha; fUjpdhu;. murhq;fj;Jf;Fk; kf;fSf;FkpilNa
xU ,izg;Gg; ghykhf ,Uf;ff;$ba Njrpa mikg;ig
mikf;FkhW lg;upd; gpuG jd;id fye;jhNyhrpj;j V.X. `pA+kplk;
$wpajhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. me;j MNyhridapd;gbNa `pA+k;
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuirj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu; vdr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

V.X.`pA+kpd; gq;F

Myd; Mf;Nltpad; `pA+k;jhd; fhq;fpu]; Njhd;Wtjw;F

KOf;fhuzk; vdf; fUjpa lgps;A.rp. ghdu;[p `pA+ik fhq;fpurpd;
je;ij vd tu;zpj;jhu;. ,e;jpa muRg;gzpapy; ,Ue;j `pA+k;
murhq;f rhu;gw;w Mjhuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpahtpy; 1857
,y; Vw;gl;l fpsu;rr
; piatpl Nkhrkhd nfhe;jspg;G Vw;glf;$Lk;
vd;W mwpe;J> mj;jifa Mgj;ijj; jtpu;ff
; Nt fhq;fpuirj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jhu; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. kf;fspd; rPw;wj;Jf;Fj; jf;f
tbfhyikg;gNj gpupl;b\; Nguurpd; eyDf;F cfe;jJ vd;Wzu;e;j
`pAk; fhq;fpuirj; Jtf;fpdhu;. NkYk; mj;jifa mikg;G
,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;sJ Nghd;w murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghd
vjpu;f;fl;rpahf nrayglyhnkd;Wk;> murhq;fr;
rhu;gw;NwhUf;FkpilNa ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhnkd;Wk; `pA+k;
fhq;fpuirj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;.

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; cWg;gpdu;fspy;

Kf;fpakhdtu;fs; ngNuh];\h Nkj;jh> lgps;A+.rp. ghdu;[p>
Mde;jNkhfd; Ngh];> gj;UjPd; jpahg;[p> RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p>

34
kw;Wk; nuhNk\; re;jpu jj; MfpNahu; Mtu;.Ke;ija rq;fq;fs;
vJTk; jq;fs; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhf KOikahd Rje;jpuj;ij
nfhz;bUf;fhjjhy;> ,e;j rq;fk; kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;J NtWgl;lJ.
fhq;fpu]; rpy Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jJ> mij murpay;>
epu;thf kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; vd %d;W gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

(i) murpay; Nfhupf;iffs;

• cr;r fTd;rpy; kw;Wk; cs;Shu; rl;l Nkyitf;F mjpf

mjpfhuk;
• tuT-nryTj; jpl;lk; kPjhd tpthjk; rigahy; elj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
• gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; kw;Wk; Nrk;gu;]; M/g; fhku;]; Nghd;w
cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; %yk; rigapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
Ntz;Lk;
• gQ;rhg;> mtj; (NWP) kw;Wk; tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw
khfhzk; (NWFP) Mfpatw;wpy; rl;lkd;wj;ij cUthf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

(ii) nghUshjhu Nfhupf;iffs;

1855 kw;Wk; 1905f;F ,ilapy; fhq;fpu]; mku;Tfspy; gy

jPu;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld
,jw;fhd jPu;khdq;fs;:
• epy tUtha; Fiwg;G
• tptrha tq;fpfis epWTjy;
• tPl;Lf; fl;lzk; kw;Wk; uhZtr; nryT Fiwg;G
• epahakw;w fl;lzq;fs; kw;Wk; fyhy; tupfis Kbj;jy;
• ,e;jpahtpd; tWik kw;Wk; gQ;rq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s
fhuzq;fis Muha;jy;
• njhopy;El;g fy;tpf;F mjpf epjp toq;Fjy;
• ,e;jpa njhopy;fspd; tsu;r;rp
• ntspehLfspy; ,e;jpaf; $ypfSf;F rpwe;j rpfpr;ir

35
 • goq;Fbapdu; fhLfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; tdr;
rl;lq;fspy; khw;wk;

(iii) epu;thf Nfhupf;iffs;

• ,e;jpahtpYk; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; Irpv]; Nju;T elj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
• ,e;jpa jd;dhu;tg; gilapy; mjpfupg;G nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
• epu;thfj;jpd; jug;gpy; ,e;jpaj; Njitfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ
• epu;thf mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J ePjpj;Jiwiag; gpupj;jy; kw;Wk;
[_up %yk; tprhuizia ePl;bj;jy;
• ,e;jpau;fSf;F uhZtj;jpy; cau; gjtpfs;

fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fq;fs;
fhq;fpu]pd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk;> kf;fs; xNu Njrj;ijr;
Nru;e;jtu;fs; vd;W czu itg;gjhFk;. Mdhy; rhjp> kjk;> kjk;>
ghuk;gupak;> nkhop Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
gd;Kfj;jd;ik ,ij fbdkhd gzpahf khw;wpaJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
mJ rhj;jpakpy;yhj xd;whf ,y;iy. ngNuh];\h Nkj;jh>
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p> Nf.b. njyhq; kw;Wk; bd;\h thr;rh
MfpNahu; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; mku;tpy; fye;J
nfhz;ldu;.. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; mku;tpd; jiytu;
lgps;A.rp.ghdu;[p tFj;j fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

• ehl;Lf;fhf ciof;Fk; kf;fspilNa jdpg;gl;l

neUf;fj;ijAk; el;igAk; Cf;Ftpj;jy;

• ,dk;> kjk; kw;Wk; khfhzq;fs; njhlu;ghd jtwhd

vz;zq;fis el;GuPjpahd njhlu;G %yk; xopj;jy;
• Njrpa xw;Wik czu;Tfis xUq;fpizj;jy;

• ehl;bd; Kf;fpag; gpur;rpidfspy; gbj;j ,e;jpau;fspd;

mjpfhuG+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fisg; gjpT nra;jy;

• nghJ eyDf;fhf nray;gLk; Kiwfisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

• murpay; gapw;rp kw;Wk; nghJ fUj;J cUthf;Fjy;

• kDf;fs; %yk; murhq;fj;jpd; Kd; kf;fs; Nfhupf;iffis

cUthf;fp Kd;itj;jy;

36
• itrpuha;> ftu;du; MfpNahuJ Ml;rpf;FOf;fis tpupTgLj;jp
mtw;wpy; ,e;jpau;fSf;F mjpf ,lq;fisf; nfhLj;jy;

• uhZtr; nryTfisf; Fiwj;jy;

• ,e;jpa tptfhur; nrayu; gjtpia ePf;fy;

• ,e;jpa epu;thfj;ijg;gw;wp kjpg;gPL nra;a xU uhay; fkp\id

epakpj;jy;
• nghJg;gzpj; Nju;Tfis ,q;fpyhe;jpYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk; xNu
rkaj;jpy; elj;Jjy;

• nghJg;gzpfspy; ,e;jpau;fSf;F mjpf ,lq;fis xJf;Fjy;

• Ml;rpj;JiwapypUe;J ePjpj;Jiwiag; gpupj;jy;

• Jizf; Nfs;tpfis vOg;gTk;> tuTnryTj; jpl;lj;ij

tpthjpf;fTk; cupikngw;w gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lkd;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jjy;

• kpjkhd tupfs;

• el;Gwthd NghyP];

• gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpag; gpujpepjpfSf;F ,lkspj;jy;

• gj;jpupifr; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;

• fpuhk tq;fpfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;

• cg;Gtupiaf; Fiwj;jy;

• nghJthf kf;fspd; nghUshjhu epiyia cau;j;Jjy;

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ve;j Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ?
2. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; VNjDk; ,uz;L nghUshjhu
Nfhupf;iffis gl;baypLq;fs;.
3. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; jiytu; ahu;?

4.3 Muk;gfhy Njrpathjpfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; jpl;lq;fs;

1. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p (1825-1917): mtu; “,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk;

kdpju;” vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]{ld;

37
mjd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj njhlu;Gilatu; kw;Wk; %d;W Kiw
mjd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. 1886> 1893 kw;Wk; 1906. ypguy;
fl;rpapd; rPl;by; `T]; M/g; fhkd;]; cWg;gpduhd Kjy;
,e;jpau;. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; jq;fpapUe;j fhyj;jpy;> 1855 Kjy; 1869
tiu> yz;ld; ,e;jpad; mNrhrpNa\d; kw;Wk; fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk;
%yk; ,e;jpa tptfhuq;fs; Fwpj;J gpupl;b\; nghJkf;fSf;Ff;
fy;tp mspj;jhu;. nesNuh[p vOjpa tWik kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy;
gpupl;b\; my;yhj Ml;rp vd;w Gj;jfk; 1901 ,y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
,e;j Gj;jfj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J gpupl;lDf;F nry;tk;
ntspNawpaNj ,e;jpahtpy; tsu;e;J tUk; tWikf;F fhuzk;
vd;gij ep&gpf;Fk; Gs;sptptuq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

2. ngNuh];\h Nkj;jh (1845-1915): mtu; gk;ghapy; xU eLj;ju

tu;f;f ghu;rp FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. gk;gha; uh[jhdpf; fofk;
kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; epWtdu;fspy; xUtu;. mtu;
RNjrpapd; Kd;NdhbahfTk; ,Ue;jhu; kw;Wk; 1913 ,y; Gfo;ngw;w
ghk;Ng f;Nuhdpf;fps; vd;w gj;jpupifiaAk; elj;jpdhu;.

3. RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p (1848-1925): mtu; xU rpwe;j jiytu;. 1871

,y; Irpv]; Nju;tpy; Nju;r;rp ngw;W rpy;n`l;by; cjtp
kh[p];jpNul;lhf jdJ tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
murhq;fj;Jldhd xUfUj;J NtWghL mtiu Ntiyia tpl;L
ntspNaw toptFj;jJ. mtu; 1876 ,y; ,e;jpa rq;fj;ij
epWtpdhu;. 1883 ,y;> mtu; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
Kd;Ndhbahd xU Njrpa khehl;ilf; $l;bdhu;. ,uz;L Kiw
fhq;fpu]; mku;TfSf;F jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. mtu; 1918 ,y;
,e;jpa Njrpa ypguy; $l;likg;gpd; Kjy; jiytuhf
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu; kw;Wk; 1921 ,y; tq;fhsj;jpy; mikr;ruhdhu;.

4. gFUjpd; jpahg;[p (1844-1906): gk;gha; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Kjy;

,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Mthu;> NkYk; 1882 ,y; gk;gha; rl;lkd;wf;
FOtpw;F gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lhu;. gk;gha; uh[jhdpf; fofk; kw;Wk;
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; epWtdu;fspy; ,tUk; xUtu;. 1887 ,y;
nrd;idapy; ele;j %d;whtJ fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; mtu;
jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; r%f

38
rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fSf;fhf K];ypk;fSf;F cjtpatu;>
nrayhsuhfTk; gpd;du; gk;gha; mQ;Rkd; I-,];yhkpd;
jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. ngz;fspd; fy;tpf;fhf fLikahf
ghLgl;lhu;.

5. cNk\; re;ju; ghdu;[p (1844-1906): tq;fhs rl;l rigapy;

fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;ijg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpdhu;. mtu; 1885
,y; gk;ghapy; Kjy; fhq;fpu]; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; 1902
,y; ,e;jpahit tpl;L gpuptp fTd;rpy; Kd; gapw;rp ngw
,q;fpyhe;jpy; FbNawpdhu;. yz;ldpy; cs;s fhq;fpu]pd; gpupl;b\;
fkpl;b kw;Wk; mjd; gj;jpupifahd „,e;jpah‟ Mfpatw;wpw;F mtu;
epjpaspj;jhu;.

6. kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah (1861-1946): myfhghj;jpy; gpwe;J

gbj;jtu;. mtu; xU tof;fwpQuhfTk;> jpwikahd ehlhSkd;w
cWg;gpduhfTk; jdJ tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;. mtu; gy
Kiw khfhz kw;Wk; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wq;fspy; cWg;gpduhf
,Ue;jhu;. mtu; cs;ehl;L jahupg;Gfspd; gad;ghl;il Cf;Ftpj;jhu;
kw;Wk; 1907 ,y; myfhghj;jpy; ,e;jpa njhopy;Jiw khehL kw;Wk;
cj;jug;gpuNjr njhopy;Jiw rq;fj;ij Vw;ghL nra;tjpy;
cjtpdhu;. 1926 ,y;> mtu; jdJ nrhe;j Njrpathj fl;rpia
Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. gdhu]; ,e;J gy;fiyf;fofj;ijAk; epWtp mjd;
JizNte;juhf gy Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpdhu;.

7. Nj[; gfJ}u; rg;U (1872-1949): mtu; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy;

epGzj;Jtk; ngw;w xU kdrhl;rp kw;Wk; ntw;wpfukhd tof;fwpQu;
Mthu;. gdhu]py; kj;jpa ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upiaf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;>
khstpahTld; ,ize;J gdhu]; ,e;J gy;fiyf;fofj;ij
epWtTk; jpUkjp ngrd;l; mtu;fSf;F cjtpdhu;. mtu; N`hk;
&y; ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ murpaypy; Eioe;jhu; kw;Wk; 1928 ,d;
NeU fkpl;b mwpf;ifia jahupg;gjpy; <Lgl;lhu;. mtu; tl;l Nkir
khehLfspYk; gq;Nfw;whu;.

8. Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy (1866-1915): mtu; kfhNjtpd; rPlu;

kfhuh\;buhtpd; rhf;uB]; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltu; Nfhtpe;j; uhdNl.

39
uhdNl epWtpa nlf;fhd; fy;tpr; rq;fj;jpy; Nru;e;jhu;. G+dh
ru;t[dpf; rghtpd; fhyhz;L ,jioj; jpUj;jpdhu;. 1909 ,d;
kpz;Nlh-Nkhu;yp rPu;jpUj;jq;fis cUthf;Ftjpy;> mtu;
mjpfhug;G+u;tkhfTk;> mjpfhug;G+u;tkw;w tifapYk; ngUk; gq;F
tfpj;jhu;. mtuJ nfhs;iffs; fhe;jp[piaf; ftu;e;jd> mtu;
NfhfNytpd; khztuhf khwpdhu;. 1905 Mk; Mz;by;> mtu; Njrpa
kp\dupfSf;F gapw;rp mspg;gjw;Fk;> ,e;jpa kf;fspd;
cz;ikahd eyd;fis murpayikg;G topfspy; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk;
„,e;jpa Copau; rq;fj;jpw;‟f;F mbj;jsk; mikj;jhu;.

fhrpehj; jpupk;gf; njyhq; (1850-1893): mtu; ghk;Ng gpurpnld;rp

mNrhrpNa\dpd; xU ,iz epWtdu;.fhq;fpui] epWtp mjd;
Kjy; nrayhsuhf Md Kd;dzp kdpju;fspy; ,tUk; xUtu;.
mtu; r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fspy; jPtpukhf ,Ue;jhu;. NkYk; Njrpa
r%f khehl;bd; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. gpd; cau; ePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpahf nghWg;G tfpj;jhu;.

11. uh\;ng`hup Nfh]; (1845-1921): rl;lg; gl;lk; ngw;w gpwF>

fy;fj;jh cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;fwpQuhfg; gjpT nra;jhu;. mtu;
1889 ,y; tq;fhs rl;lkd;wf; FOtpd; cWg;gpduhdhu;. 1906 ,y;
fy;fj;jh mku;tpy; fhq;fpu]pd; tuNtw;Gf; FOtpd; jiytuhf
,Ue;jhu;. 1907 ,y; fhq;fpu]pd; R+uj; $l;lj;jpw;Fj;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. gpd;du; fhq;fpu]hy;
,q;fpyhe;Jf;F mjd; fUj;ij gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpw;F
Kd;itf;f mDg;gg;gl;lhu;.

rp.tp[auhfthr;rhupahu;

Nryk; rp. tp[auhfthr;rhupahu;> gpugykhf mwpag;gl;ltu;> 1852

[_d; 18 md;W> jkpo;ehl;bd;> nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lj;jpy;> nghd;
tpise;j fsj;J}upy; xU kuGtop itzt gpuhkz FLk;gj;jpy;
gpwe;jhu;. mtuJ je;ij xU GNuhfpjuhfTk;> kjf; nfhs;iffspy;
%o;fpatuhfTk; ,Ug;gjhy;> kuGfspd;gb jdJ kfid tsu;f;f
Mu;tkhf ,Ue;jhu;. rpWtajpNyNa> tp[auhfthr;rhupahu; jdJ
fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s Ntj ghlrhiyf;F mDg;gg;gl;L> Ntjq;fis

40
kdg;ghlk; nra;Ak; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; tsu;f;fg;gl;lhu;. ,JNt
mtUf;Fg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ey;y ,lkhf mike;jJ.

mtuJ gd;dpuz;lhk; tajpy;> nrd;id gr;irag;gh

cau;epiyg; gs;spapy; Nru;e;jNghJ mtuJ Mq;fpyf; fy;tp
njhlq;fpaJ. mtu; 1870 ,y; gs;spg;gbg;ig epiwT nra;jhu;. gpd;
mtu; 1875 ,y; nkl;uh]; gpurpnld;rp fy;Y}upapy; gl;lk; ngw;whu;.
rl;lj; Nju;tpy; Njwpa mtu; 1881 ,y; gapw;rp nra;aj;
njhlq;fpdhu;. mtu; xU jpwikahd tof;fwpQuhfTk;> Nryj;jpy;
tof;fwpQu; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. 1882 ,y;> mtu; Nryj;jpy;
gapw;rpia Muk;gpj;j rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; xU ,e;J K];ypk; fytuk;
Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;j fytuj;jpy; tp[auhfthr;rhupahu; rk;ge;jg;gl;L
mtu; kPJ Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; Rkj;jg;gl;ld. mtu; Fw;wr;rhl;il
risf;fhky; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nghuhb ,Wjpapy; fhakpd;wp ntspNa
te;jhu;. 1882 Mk; Mz;L Nryk; fytuj;jpy; rpf;fpatu;fSf;fhd
tof;Fg; NghuhLtJ tp[auhfthr;rhupahiu xNu ,utpy;
gpugykhf;fpaJ. mtu; 'Nryj;jpd; ehafd;' kw;Wk;
'njd;dpe;jpahtpd; rpq;fk;'. vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

1885 ,y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; njhlq;fg;gl;lNghJ rpwg;G

miog;ghsu;fspy; xUtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpu]pd; epWtdu; V.X.`pA+kpd; neUq;fpa ez;gu; Mthu;. mtu;
fhq;fpu]pd; gk;gha; mku;tpy; fye;J nfhz;lhu; kw;Wk; 1887 ,y;
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; murpayikg;ig cUthf;fpa FOtpd;
cWg;gpdu;fspy; xUtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. md;wpypUe;J
tp[auhfthr;rhupahu; jPtpu Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuuhdhu;. mtuJ
MNyhridfSk; jiyikj;JtKk; Muk;g fhy
fhq;fpu];fhuu;fshy; ngupJk; tpUk;gg;gl;lJ.

1895 ,y;> mtu; 1901 tiu 6 Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpa nkl;uh];

rl;l kd;wj;jpw;Fj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1913 ,y;> mtu; 1916 tiu
mtu; ,ize;jpUe;j ,k;gPupay; ny[p];Nyl;bt; fTd;rpYf;Fj;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. mg;NghJ gpu;fd;n`l; gpuG ,e;jpahtpd;
khepyr; nrayuhf ,Ue;jNghJ ,e;jpau;fshy; ,e;jpahtpw;fhd
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij cUthf;f KbAkh vd;W rthy;

41
tpLj;jhu;. ,ij vjpu;nfhz;l tp[auhfthr;rhupahu; me;jr; rthiy
Vw;W ,e;jpahTf;fhd Rauh[;[pa murpayikg;ig cUthf;fpdhu;.

kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; tUifAld;> fhq;fpu]; mzpfspy; gioa

kpjthjpfSf;Fk; Gjpa jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa gpsT Vw;gl;lJ.
Kd;djhf> kpjthjpfspd; fUj;Jf;fs; mtiu <u;ff
; tpy;iy.
fhq;fpu]pd; R+uj; gpsTf;Fg; gpwF mtu; jPtpu fl;rpg; gzpfspy;
,Ue;J xJq;fp ,Ue;jhu;> gpd;du; kfhj;khtpd; nra;jpia vLj;Jr;
nry;y ,ul;bg;G tPupaj;Jld; ,ize;jhu;. mtuJ murpay;
tho;f;ifapd; cr;rf;fl;lk; te;jJ. 1920 Mk; Mz;by; ehf;G+upy;
eilngw;w ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehl;bw;F mtu; jiyik
jhq;fj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;> mq;F fhe;jp[papd; td;Kiwaw;w
xj;Jioahik %yk; G+uz Rauh[;ak; vd;w thjq;fs;
tpthjpf;fg;gl;L Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

1929 ,y; ehL KOtJk; Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;j irkd; fkp\Df;F

vjpuhd vjpu;g;gpy; Kd;dzpapy; mtu; ,Ue;jhu;. ,e;jpahtpw;fhd
murpayikg;ig cUthf;f Nkhjpyhy; NeU jiyikapy; $ba
FOtpy; mtu; jPtpukhf gq;Nfw;whu;. gy mk;rq;fspy;>
tp[auhfthr;rhupahu; jdJ fhyj;ij tpl kpfTk; Kw;Nghf;fhd
rpe;jid cilatuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ngz;fSf;fhd gUtkiljYf;Fg;
gpe;ija jpUkzj;ijAk;> kfSf;Fj; jd; je;ijapd; nrhj;jpy;
gq;F ngWtjw;fhd cupikiaAk; mtu; thjpl;lhu;. ,e;J
rl;lj;ijg; gw;wpa ve;jg; Ngr;Rk; jilnra;ag;gl;l Neuj;jpy;
mjw;Fj; Njitahd khw;wj;ij mtu; Mjupj;jhu;.

mtu; jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdupd; ghJfhtyuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mjw;fhd

,af;fj;jpd; nrd;id fpisapd; ,uz;L Jizj; jiytu;fspy;
,tUk; xUtu;. kfhj;kh fhe;jp mjd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;; kw;w
Jizj; jiytu; [p. f];J}up uq;f Iaq;fhu;Mthu;. mtu;
njhz;Z}w;wpuz;L taJ tiu tho;e;jhu;. njd;dpe;jpahtpd;
jiyikg; gjtp> rp.uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupf;Ff; ifkhwpr; nrd;whYk;>
nkl;uh]; ,jo;fSf;Fj; jdJ tof;fkhd gq;fspg;Gfs; %yk;

42
nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tp\aq;fspy; mt;tg;NghJ
MNyhridfis toq;Ftjpy; jpUg;jp mile;jhu;.

mtuJ ePz;l tho;f;if Vfhjpgj;jpak; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu kw;Wk;

r%f neUf;fbfSf;F vjpuhd ,iltplhj Nghuhl;lj;jpd; fhykhf
,Ue;jJ. Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;ghsuhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mtu; ,e;jpahtpy;
cs;s mjd; gpujpepjpfs; rpyUld; tho;ehs; KOtJk; el;igg;
gfpu;e;J nfhz;lhu;. mtu; 1944 Vg;uy; 19,y; ,we;jNghJ
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; rpq;fj;jpd; Fuy; mikjpahdJ. mtuJ
kiwTf;Fg; gpwF> mtuJ kjpg;Gkpf;f Nrfupg;Gfs; epidT E}yfk;
kw;Wk; tpupTiu kz;lgq;fspy; rpwg;ghff; fl;lg;gl;L mtUf;Fg;
ngauplg;gl;lJ.

jhjhgha; nesNuh[papd; tbfhy; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; nghUshjhu

Njrpathjk;

,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu tuyhW jhkjkhfj; Jtq;fpaJ.,J 19

Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; ghjpapy; fhydpj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; kPjhd tpku;rdq;fSld; njhlq;fpaJ. 1850
fspy;> fhydpj;Jtj;jpd; nghUshjhu jhf;fk; Fwpj;J fhu;y;
khu;f;]; njhlu;r;rpahd fl;Liufis vOjpdhu;. mtu; 1860 fspy;
jdJ E}yhd %yjdj;jpy; jdJ tpku;rdq;fis NkYk;
tsu;j;jhu;. ,e;jpa vOj;jhsu;fspy;> kfhNjt; Nfhtpe;j; uhdNl
fhydpj;Jtj;jpd; tpku;rdkhf nghUshjhuk; gw;wpa jdJ
fl;Liufis ntspapl;lhu;.

fhydpj;Jtj;jpd; kPjhd kpff; fLikahd jhf;Fjy; jhjhgha;

nesNuh[papd; “tWik kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; my;yhj
Ml;rp” MFk;> ,jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; tWik Kf;fpakhf gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;jhy; rk;gskhfTk;> Xa;T+jpakhfTk; Nrkpg;ghfTk;
nry;tj;ij ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F ntspNaw;wpaJ %yk;
Vw;gl;lJ vd;W thjpl;lhu;. Kjy; ,e;jpa Irpv]; mYtyuhd
Mu;.rp. jj;> gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu tuyhw;iw
ntspapl;lhu;. kw;w mwpQu;fshd [pgp N[h\p kw;Wk; g;upj;tp];

43
re;jpu Nu Nghd;w nghUshjhu ty;Yeu;fs;> gpupl;b\; fhyj;jpy;
,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;jpd; tuyhw;iw vOjpdhu;fs;.

,e;jpahtpy; nghUshjhu Njrpathjk; Kjypy; 19 Mk;

E}w;whz;by; nry;tj;jpd; tbfhy; Nfhl;ghl;bd; ntspaPl;bd; NghJ
njhlq;fpaJ. nry;tj;jpd; tbfhy; vd;gJ ,e;jpa Njrj;jpd;
nry;tk;> kjpg;Gkpf;f nghUl;fspd; tbtj;jpy; ehl;bw;F ntspNa
Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;lijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. NkYk; ,e;j Vw;Wkjp
tof;fkhd Vw;Wkjp my;y> ,jdhy; ,e;jpahTf;F ve;j gyDk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy.

nry;tj;jpd; tbfhy; Nfhl;ghL Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk;

kdpju; vd;W ed;F mwpag;gl;l jhjhgha; eTNuh[pahy;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ. gUj;jp tpahghupahfTk; ,Ue;j rpwe;j
mwpT[Ptpahd mtu; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; epWtdu;fspy;
xUtuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.

,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk; kdpju; 1825 ,y; gpwe;jhu;. 1867 Mk;

Mz;by; mtu; vOjpa fl;Liuapy; nry;tj;jpd; tbfhy;
Nfhl;ghl;il vOjp ,e;jpahtpd; nry;tk; vt;thW
ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwJ vd mk;gyg;gLj;jpdhu;.mNj Mz;L Nk 2 Mk;
Njjp> jhjhgha; eNuh[p mtu;fs; fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fj;jpd; xU
$l;lj;jpw;F miof;fg;gl;ljhy;> mq;F ,e;jf; fl;Liuiag;
gbj;jhu;. gpupl;b\; epu;thfpfspd; ve;j tpku;rdq;fSf;Fk;
gag;glhky; mtu; jdJ fUj;ij tpiuthf Kd;itj;jhu;. mtuJ
nrhe;j thu;j;ijfspy;> ',e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdj;jpy;
fpl;lj;jl;l ehd;fpy; xU gq;F ehl;il tpl;L ntspNaWfpwJ>
NkYk; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; tsq;fspy; Nru;f;fg;gLfpwJ.' jhjhgha;
nesNuh[papd; $w;Wg;gb> gpd;tUk; nghUl;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J
nry;tj;ij ntspNaw;w cjtpaJ. :

• gpupl;ldpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; filfis muR

nfhs;Kjy; nra;jy;.

44
• gpupl;b\; Copau;fspd; Efu;Tf;fhf gpupl;b\; nghUl;fis
thq;Ftjw;Fk;> mtu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; nghUl;fis
thq;Ftjw;Fk; gzk; mDg;Gjy;.

• ngUk;ghyhd Copau;fSk; epWtdj;jpd; gzpahsu;fSk;

Nrkpg;Gg; gzj;ij mDg;gp nrhe;j ehl;by; KjyPL nra;tij
tpUk;Gjy;.

• INuhg;gpa Copau;fs; jq;fs; FLk;gq;fspd; Mjutpw;fhfTk;

Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpf;fhfTk; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F gzk; mDg;GtJ
fhydpj;Jt Ml;rp Kiwapd; mk;rkhf cs;sJ .

• gpupl;ldpy; cs;s nghJf; flDf;fhd tl;bf; fl;lzk;.

vdNt> Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,e;jpahitAk; ,e;jpag; nghUsh
jhuj;ijAk; ,uz;L nfhs;if Nehf;fq;fSld; Ml;rp nra;jdu;:

• tsu;e;J tUk; gpupl;b\; njhopw;rhiyfSf;F ,e;jpahtpy;

,Ue;J %yg;nghUl;fis ngWjy; kw;Wk;>

• gue;j ,e;jpar; re;ijfspy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; jahupf;fg;gl;l

nghUl;fis tpw;f.

,e;j Nehf;fq;fis mila Mq;fpNyau;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l

nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:

• czTg; gapu;fspd; cw;gj;jpapy; ,Ue;J gUj;jp> rzy;>

vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; Nghd;w tzpfg; gapu;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;F
khWkhW ,e;jpa tptrhapfis gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;
fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ.

• gpupl;b\; murhy; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;l epy tUtha; Kiwapd;

tpisthf> ,e;jpa tptrhapfs; jq;fs; tzpfg; gapu;fspd;
ngUk;gFjpia cs;Shu; re;ijapy; tpw;f Ntz;ba fl;lhak;
Vw;gl;lJ> mJ ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

• gpupl;b\; nfhs;ifapd; fhuzkhf> ,e;jpa iftpidg;

nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Fbirj; njhopy;fs; fpl;lj;jl;l mope;jd.

45
Mq;fpNyau;fs; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNya murpd; nghUshjhuf;
nfhs;ifapd; tpisthf

,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk;> gpd;jq;fpa kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd tptrhag;

nghUshjhukhfr; rPuope;jJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; Raeyj;jpw;fhf
,e;jpahitg; gad;gLj;JtNj gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if
kw;Wk; eltbf;iffspd; xNu Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

jhjhgha; eTNuh[pahy; 1870 Mk; Mz;by; vOjg;gl;l ',e;jpahtpd;

Njitfs; kw;Wk; topKiwfs;' kw;Wk; ',e;jpahtpd; tu;j;jfk;'
vd;w fl;Liufspy; jdJ fUj;ij NkYk; tpupTgLj;jpdhu;.
jhjhgha; eTNuh[papd; thu;j;ijfspy; Mq;fpy Ml;rp
nfhs;isabg;gjhfTk;>mePjpahdjhfTk;> ru;thjpfhukpf;fjhfTk;>
mopTfukhdjfTk; ,Ue;jJ.

jhjhgha; jdJ gpur;rhuj;ijj; njhlq;fpaTld;> gy jiytu;fs;>

rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; mtiug; gpd;gw;wj;
njhlq;fpdu;. gpugykhd Njrpathjpahd Nfhtpe;j; uhdNl ,Nj
Nghd;w jiyg;Gfspy; tpupTiufis toq;fj; njhlq;fpdhu;. ehl;bd;
Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy; %d;wpy; xU gq;if Mq;fpNyau;fs; VNjh xU
tifapy; ntspNaw;Wfpd;wdu; vdf; $wpdhu;. kw;nwhU gpugy
vOj;jhsu; uNk\; re;jpu jj; ,e;j jiyg;gpy; xU Gj;jfj;ij
vOjpdhu;. ,e;j Gj;jfj;jpw;F ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu tuyhW
vd;W ngauplg;gl;lJ.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

4. V.X `pA+k; ve;j Mz;L tq;fhsg; nghJg;gzpapy; Nru;e;jhu;?

5. “tWik kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; my;yhj Ml;rp” vd;w

Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatu; ahu;?
6. ghk;Ng FNuhdpf;fpis epWtpatu; ahu;?

7. „njd;dpe;jpahtpd; rpq;fk;‟ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?

8. ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu tuyhW vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatu;
ahu;?

46
4.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk;
tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
1. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; 1885 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

2. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; nghUshjhu Nfhupf;iffs; fPNo

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd:
• epy tUtha; Fiwg;G
• tptrha tq;fpfis epWTjy;

3. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; jiytu; W.C ghdu;[p Mthu;.

4. V.X `pA+k; 1849 ,y; tq;fhsg; nghJg;gzpapy; Nru;e;jhu;.

5. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

6.ngNuh];\h Nkj;jh 1913 ,y; Gfo;ngw;w ghk;Ng FNuhdpf;fpis

epWtpdhu;.

7.Nryk; rp. tp[auhfthr;rhupahu ;„njd;dpe;jpahtpd;rpq;fk;‟ vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

8. uNk\; re;jpu jj; ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu tuyhW vd;w

Gj;jfj;ij vOjpdhu;.

4.5 RUf;fk;
• ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; gyupd; Kaw;rpahy; cUthdJ. ehL
KOtJk; gy murpay; rq;fq;fspd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk;
Njrgf;jp kw;Wk; Njrpathj fUj;Jf;fspd; guty; Mfpait
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; mbj;jsj;ij jahu; nra;jd. ,J
1885 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

• Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; ru;thjpfhuk;> mjp vjpu;j;J ele;j

murpay; fpsu;r;rpfs;> ,e;jpa kWkyu;rr
; p> ,e;jpah KOtJk;
Njhd;wpa gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs; Mfpait fhq;fpu];
Njhd;Wtjw;fhd R+o;epiyia cUthf;fpd.

47
• fhq;fpurpd; Qhdf;Foe;ij” vd;W fUjg;gLk; ,e;jpa itrpuha;
lg;upd; gpuGNt fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;jpd; fhuzfu;j;jh vd;W yhyh
y[gjpuha; fUjpdhu;.

• Myd; Mf;Nltpad; `pA+k;jhd; fhq;fpu]; Njhd;Wtjw;F

KOf;fhuzk; vdf; fUjpa lgps;A.rp. ghdu;[p `pA+ik
fhq;fpurpd; je;ij vd tu;zpj;jhu;.

• ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; cWg;gpdu;fspy; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;

ngNuh];\h Nkj;jh> lgps;A+.rp. ghdu;[p> Mde;jNkhfd; Ngh];>
gj;UjPd; jpahg;[p> RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p> kw;Wk; nuhNk\; re;jpu
jj; MfpNahu; Mtu;.

• fhq;fpu]; rpy Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jJ> mij murpay;>

epu;thf kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; vd %d;W gpupTfshfg;
gpupf;fyhk;.

• tuT-nryTj; jpl;lk; kPjhd tpthjk; rigahy; elj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk;

• gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; kw;Wk; Nrk;gu;]; M/g; fhku;]; Nghd;w

cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; %yk; rigapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Ntz;Lk;

• 1855 kw;Wk; 1905f;F ,ilapy; fhq;fpu]; mku;Tfspy; gy

jPu;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. ,jw;fhd jPu;khdq;fshtd; epy
tUtha; Fiwg;G>tptrha tq;fpfis epWTjy;> tPl;Lf; fl;lzk;
kw;Wk; uhZtr; nryT Fiwg;G> epahakw;w fl;lzq;fs; kw;Wk;
fyhy; tupfis Kbj;jy;.

• epu;thf Nfhupf;iffs;; ,e;jpahtpYk; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; Irpv];

Nju;T elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpa jd;dhu;tg; gilapy;
mjpfupg;G nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

• fhq;fpu]pd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk;> kf;fs; xNu Njrj;ijr;

Nru;e;jtu;fs; vd;W czu itg;gjhFk;. Mdhy; rhjp> kjk;>
kjk;> ghuk;gupak;> nkhop Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;

48
 ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s gd;Kfj;jd;ik ,ij fbdkhd gzpahf
khw;wpaJ.

• ,e;jpa tptfhur; nrayu; gjtpia ePf;fy;

• ,e;jpa epu;thfj;ijg;gw;wp kjpg;gPL nra;a xU uhay;

fkp\id epakpj;jy;

• nghJg;gzpj; Nju;Tfis ,q;fpyhe;jpYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk; xNu

rkaj;jpy; elj;Jjy;

• nghJg;gzpfspy; ,e;jpau;fSf;F mjpf ,lq;fis xJf;Fjy;

• Ml;rpj;JiwapypUe;J ePjpj;Jiwiag; gpupj;jy;

• jhjhgha; nesNuh[p (1825-1917): mtu; “,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk;

kdpju;” vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpu]{ld; mjd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj njhlu;Gilatu;
kw;Wk; %d;W Kiw mjd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

• ngNuh];\h Nkj;jh (1845-1915): mtu; gk;ghapy; xU eLj;ju

tu;f;f ghu;rp FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. gk;gha; uh[jhdpf; fofk;
kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; epWtdu;fspy; xUtu;.

• RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p (1848-1925): mtu; xU rpwe;j jiytu;.

1871 ,y; Irpv]; Nju;tpy; Nju;r;rp ngw;W rpy;n`l;by; cjtp
kh[p];jpNul;lhf jdJ tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;.

• Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy (1866-1915): mtu; kfhNjtpd; rPlu;

kfhuh\;buhtpd; rhf;uB]; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltu; Nfhtpe;j;
uhdNl. uhdNl epWtpa nlf;fhd; fy;tpr; rq;fj;jpy; Nru;e;jhu;.

• tp[auhfthr;rhupahu; jPtpu Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuuhdhu;.

mtuJ MNyhridfSk; jiyikj;JtKk; Muk;g fhy
fhq;fpu];fhuu;fshy; ngupJk; tpUk;gg;gl;lJ.

• nry;tj;jpd; tbfhy; Nfhl;ghL Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk;

kdpju; vd;W ed;F mwpag;gl;l jhjhgha; eTNuh[pahy;

49
 Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ. gUj;jp tpahghupahfTk; ,Ue;j rpwe;j
mwpT[Ptpahd mtu; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; epWtdu;fspy;
xUtuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.

• jhjhgha; jdJ gpur;rhuj;ijj; njhlq;fpaTld;> gy

jiytu;fs;> rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs;
mtiug; gpd;gw;wj; njhlq;fpdu;.

4.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

• gl;n[l;: ,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F> ngUk;ghYk; xU
tUlj;jpw;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk; epjpj; jpl;lkhFk;.

• fl;lzq;fs;: ,J nghUl;fspd; ,wf;Fkjp my;yJ

Vw;Wkjpapd; kPJ murhq;fj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; tupahFk;.

• gpujpepjpfs; FO: ,J xU ngupa FOit

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;j Fwpg;ghf xU $l;lk; my;yJ
rl;lkd;wj;jpy;Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; FOthFk;.

• jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;Gfs;: ,e;jpahtpy; jPz;lj;jfhjtu;fs;

vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; kpff; Fiwe;j rhjpfisr; Nru;e;jtu;fisf;
Fwpf;f ,e;j thu;j;ij gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

4.7 Ra kjpg;gL
P Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
FWtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]hy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l murpay;

Nfhupf;iffs; vd;d?

2. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fq;fs; vd;d?

3. jhjhgha; nesNuh[papd; gq;fspg;G gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig

vOJ.

4. rp.tp[auhfthr;rhupahu; Vd; „njd;dpe;jpahtpd; rpq;fk;‟ vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhu;?

50
5. Mq;fpNyau;fshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l nghUshjhuf;
nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; ahit?

neLtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; cUthf;fk; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kf;fpa cWg;gpdu;fspd;

gq;fspg;ig Muha;f.

3. rp.tp[auhfthr;rhupahupd; murpay; gq;fspg;Gfis myrTk;.

4. jhjhgha; nesNuh[papd; nry;tj;jpd; tbfhy; Nfhl;ghl;il

tpupthf tpthjpf;fTk;.

4.8 NkYk; gbf;f

1. ,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010

2. f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018

3. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.

G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk;
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id > 2010

4. ,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016

5. [t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij>

miyfs; ntspaPll
; fk;> nrd;id> 2013

51
 myF – 5

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kf;fpakhd mku;Tfs;.

fl;likg;G
5.0 mwpKfk;
5.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
5.2 Kf;fpa mku;Tfspd; gl;bay;
5.3 Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs;
5.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
5.5 RUf;fk;
5.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
5.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
5.8 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

5.0 mwpKfk;

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; mku;T 1885 Mk; Mz;L W.C

ghdu;[papd; jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ. mjd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg;
gpwF> gy;NtW kjq;fisr; Nru;e;j gy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f MSikfs;
fhq;fpu]pd; khehLfis jiyik jhq;fp elj;jpdu;. ,e;j
khehLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> mq;F vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfspd; %yk;
ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,k;khehl;by; jdpj; Nju;jy; Kiw njhlu;ghd
KbT Kjy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; tiu gy;NtW Kf;fpa
KbTfs; MNyhrpf;fg;gl;L vLf;fg;gl;ld. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;
fhq;fpurpd; Kf;fpa mku;Tfspy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfs; Fwpj;J
,e;j gpupT tpupthf tpthjpf;Fk;.

5.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

52
• ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; rpy Kf;fpakhd jiytu;fspd;
gq;fspg;igg; gw;wp mwpayhk;

• ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; rpy Kf;fpakhd mku;Tfisj;

njupe;J nfhs;syhk;.

5.2 Kf;fpa mku;Tfspd; gl;bay;

Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kf;fpakhd

mku;Tfspd; gl;bay; kw;Wk; mku;Tf;F jiyik jhq;fpa
jiytu;fspd; ngau;fs; gpd;tUkhW.

• Kjy; mku;T: 1885 ,y; gk;ghapy; eilngw;wJ. jiytu;:

lgps;A+.rp. ghdu;[p

• ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; cUthf;fk;

• ,uz;lhtJ mku;T: 1886 ,y; fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;wJ.

jiytu;: jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

• %d;whtJ mku;T: 1887 ,y; nrd;idapy; eilngw;wJ.

jiytu;: iraj; gj;UjPd; jpahg;[p> Kjy; K];ypk; jiytu;.

• ehd;fhtJ mku;T: 1888y; myfhghj;jpy; eilngw;wJ. jiytu;:

[hu;[; A+y;> Kjy; Mq;fpNya jiytu;.

• 1896: fy;fj;jh. jiytu;: u`pk;Jy;yh rahdp

• Njrpag; ghly; „te;Nj khjuk;‟ Kjy; Kiwahf utPe;jpuehj;

jh$uhy; ghlg;gl;lJ.

• 1899: yf;Ndh. jiytu;: nuhNk\; re;jpu jj;.

• epy tUthia epue;ju epu;zak; nra;a Ntz;Lk;

• 1901: fy;fj;jh. jiytu;: jpd;\h ,.thr;rh fhe;jp[p Kjy;

Kiwahf fhq;fpu]; Nkilapy; Njhd;wpdhu;

• 1905: ngdhu];. jiytu;: Nfhghy; fpup\d; NfhfNy

53
murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhd RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; Kiwahd gpufldk;

• 1906: fy;fj;jh. jiytu;: jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

• ehd;F jPu;khdq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ: Rauh[;ak; (Ra muR)>

Gwf;fzpg;G ,af;fk;> RNjrp kw;Wk; Njrpa fy;tp

• 1907: R+uj;. jiytu;: uh\; gp`hup Nfh\; fhq;fpu]py; gpsT-

kpjthjpfs; kw;Wk; jPtputhjpfs;

• mku;tpd; xj;jpitg;G

• 1910: myfhghj;. jiytu;: ru; tpy;ypak; ntlu;gu;d;

• vk;.V. [pd;dh 1909 Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd; %yk;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l jdp thf;fhsu; Kiwia kWj;jhu;

• 1911: fy;fj;jh. jiytu;: gp.vd;. jhu;

• fhq;fpu]; mku;tpy; Kjd;Kiwahf [dfdkd ghlg;gl;lJ

• 1915: gk;gha;. jiytu;: ru; v];.gp. rpd;`h

• fhq;fpu]pd; murpayikg;G> jPtputhjg; gpuptpd; gpujpepjpfis

mDkjpf;f khw;wg;gl;lJ

• 1916: yf;Ndh. jiytu;: V.rp.k[{k;jhu;

• fhq;fpu]pd; kpjthjpfs; kw;Wk; jPtputhjpfs; Mfpa ,U

gpupTfSf;F ,ilapyhd xw;Wik

• murpay; fUj;njhw;Wikia cUthf;f fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];ypk;

yPf; ,ilNa yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhdJ

• 1917: fy;fj;jh. jiytu;: md;dp ngrd;l>; fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy;

ngz; jiytu;

• 1918 (rpwg;G mku;T): gk;gha;. jiytu;: iraj; `rd; ,khk;

• ru;r;irf;Fupa khz;NlF-nrk;];/Nghu;l; rPu;jpUj;jj; jpl;lj;ijg;

gw;wp tpthjpf;f ,e;j mku;T $l;lg;gl;lJ.

54
• 1919: mkpu;jru];. jiytu;: Nkhjpyhy; NeU

• fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpw;F fhq;fpu]; MjuT mspj;jJ

• 1920 (rpwg;G mku;T): fy;fj;jh. jiytu;: yhyh y[gjp uha;

• kfhj;kh fhe;jp xj;Jioahik jPu;khdj;ij Kd;itj;jhu;

• 1920: ehf;G+u;. jiytu;: rp.tp[auhfthr;rhupahu;

• fhq;fpu]pd; nraw;FOf;fis nkhopthup mbg;gilapy;

kWrPuikg;G nra;jy;

• vk;.V.[pd;dh ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawpdhu;

• 1922: fah. jiytu;: rp.Mu;.jh];

• CR jh]; kw;Wk; gpw jiytu;fs; ,e;jpa Njrpa

fhq;fpurpypUe;J gpupe;jdu;

• ];tuh[; fl;rp cUthf;fk;

• 1924: ngy;fhk;. jiytu;: vk;.Nf. fhe;jp

• kfhj;kh fhe;jp jiyikapy; kl;LNk mku;T

• 1925: fhd;G+u;. jiytu;: rNuh[pdp ehAL> Kjy; ,e;jpa ngz;

jiytu; 1927: nkl;uh];. jiytu;: lhf;lu; vk;.V.md;rhup

• rPdh> <uhd; kw;Wk; nkrgNlhkpahtpy; ,e;jpag; gilfisg;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpuhf jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

• irkd; fkp\d; Gwf;fzpg;Gf;F vjpuhf jPu;khdk;

epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ

• G+u;zh ];tuh[; kPjhd jPu;khdj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ

• 1928: fy;fj;jh. jiytu;: Nkhjpyhy; NeU

• mfpy ,e;jpa ,isQu; fhq;fpu]; cUthf;fk;

• 1929: yh$u;. jiytu;: [t`u;yhy; NeU

55
• „G+u;zh ];tuh[;‟ vd;w jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpdhu;.

• G+uz Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd rl;lkWg;G]][[„ ,af;fk;

njhlq;fg;gLk;

• [dtup 26 „Rje;jpu jpdkhf‟ mDrupf;fg;gLk;.

• 1931: fuhr;rp. jiytu;: ty;ygha; gNly;

• mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; Njrpa nghUshjhu jpl;lk; gw;wpa

jPu;khdq;fs;

• fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpd; xg;Gjy;

• ,uz;lhtJ tl;l Nkirapy; INC I gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;j fhe;jp

gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lhu;

• khehL yz;ldpy; eilngwTs;sJ

• 1934: gk;gha;. jiytu;: uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;

• fhq;fpu]pd; murpayikg;gpy; jpUj;jk;

• 1936: yf;Ndh. jiytu;: [t`u;yhy; NeU

• [t`u;yhy; NeUtpd; Nrhrypr rpe;jidfis Nehf;fp ce;Jjy;

• 1937: ig];G+u;. jiytu;: [t`u;yhy; NeU

• xU fpuhkj;jpy; eilngWk; Kjy; mku;T

• 1938: `upGuh. jiytu;: Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh];

• [t`u;yhy; NeUtpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;l Njrpa jpl;lf;FO.

• 1939: jpupGup. jiytu;: uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;

• Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; kPz;Lk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu; Mdhy;

uh[pdhkh nra;a Ntz;bajhapw;W

• mtUf;F gjpyhf uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;

56
• Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; ghu;tu;L gpshf; cUthf;fpdhu;

• 1940: uhk;fu;. jiytu;: mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;

• jdpegu; rj;jpahfpufk; – Kjy; jdpegu; rj;jpahfpufp

tpNdhghghNt

• 1941-45: ,e;j fhyk; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;> ,e;jpa

Njrpa uhZtj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; Nghd;w epfo;Tfshy;
Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ>

• fpupg;]; J}Jf;FO> Ntty; jpl;lk;> kw;Wk; mikr;ruit

J}Jf;FO Nghd;w murpayikg;G Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspd; fl;lk;.

• ,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; ele;j epfo;Tfspd; fhuzkhf fhq;fpu];

mku;T vJTk; eilngwtpy;iy.

• 1946: kPul;. jiytu;: N[.gp fpUgyhdp

• Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Ke;ija filrp mku;T

• N[.gp fpUghydp Rje;jpuj;jpd; NghJ ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd;

jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

5.3 Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs;

• ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpy jiytu;fs; gw;wp

fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ :

• lgps;A+.rp. ghdu;[p (1885> 1892): 1885 Mk; Mz;L gk;ghapy;

ele;j mku;tpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

• ghdu;[p 1892 ,y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; myfhghj;

mku;tpd; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.

• jhjhgha; nesNuh[p (1886> 1893): mtu; 1886 ,y; fy;fj;jh

khehl;bd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. 1893 ,y; yh$u; mku;Tk;
mtuJ jiyikapd;fPo; eilngw;wJ. mtu; xU ghu;rp

57
 mwpT[Ptp> fy;tpahsu;> kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk; kdpju;
vd;W mwpag;gl;l r%f rPu;jpUj;jthjp.

• gj;UjPd; jpahg;[p (1887): 1887 ,y; ele;j nkl;uh]; khehl;by;

mtu; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

• [hu;[; A+y; (1888): mtu; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy;

gpupl;b\; jiytuhfTk; kw;Wk; 1888 ,y; myfhghj; mku;Tf;Fk;
jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.

• tpy;ypak; ntlu;gu;d; (1889> 1910): 1889 ,y; gk;gha; mku;T kw;Wk;

1910 ,y; myfhghj; khehl;by; mtu; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

• ngNuh];\h Nkj;jh (1890): mtu; 1890 ,y; ,e;jpa Njrpa

fhq;fpu]pd; fy;fj;jh mku;tpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. gk;gha;
uh[jhdpapy; xU Kd;dzp tof;fwpQuhf ,Ue;jhu; kw;Wk; mtuJ
Nritf;fhf gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jhy; iel; gl;lk; ngw;whu;.

• Mde;jrhu;Y (1891): 1891y; ehf;G+u; mku;Tf;F jiyik

jhq;fpdhu;.

• My;/gpul; ntg; (1894): ,tu; 1894 nrd;id khehl;bw;Fj;

jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

• RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p (1895> 1892): mtu; ,e;jpa Njrpa

fhq;fpu]pd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

• 1895 ,y; G+dh mku;T kw;Wk; 1902 ,y; mfkjhghj; khehL.

mtu; uh\;buFU vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

• u`pk;Jy;yh vk; rahdp (1896): mtu; 1896 ,y; fy;fj;jh

mku;tpy; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; epWtd
cWg;gpdu;fspy; xUtuhd rahdp mjd; jiytuhf Md
,uz;lhtJ K];ypk; Mthu;. mtu; Mfh fhidg; gpd;gw;Wgtu;
kw;Wk; Nfh[h r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;

• rp. rq;fud; ehau; (1897): mkuhjp khehl;by; mtu; jiytuhf

,Ue;jhu;

58
• 1897 ,y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; jiytuhf ,d;Wtiu>
me;jg; gjtpia tfpj;j xNu Nfusu; ,tu;jhd;.

• ,tu; xU tof;fwpQu; kw;Wk; njhopy; Mu;tyu;. me;epa

epu;thfj;ij fLikahf rhbdhu;.

• Mde;jNkhfd; Ngh]; (1898): njhopypy; xU tof;fwpQuhf

,Ue;j Ngh]; 1898 ,y; nrd;id khehl;by; jiytuhf
,Ue;jhu;.

• nuhNk\; Re;ju; jj; (1899): mtu; 1899 ,y; yf;Ndh fhq;fpu];

khehl;bw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. mtu; xU muR Copau;>
vOj;jhsu;> kfhghujk; kw;Wk; uhkhazj;jpd; nkhopngau;g;ghsu;
kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tuyhw;whrpupau;.

• ru; ehuhaz; fNz\; re;jtu;f;fu; (1900): mtu; 1900 ,y; ,e;jpa

Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; yh$u; mku;tpw;Fj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;

• mg;NghJ mtu; Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; Kd;dzp ,e;J

rPu;jpUj;jthjpfspy; xUtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; gk;gha;
cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mku;tpYk; ,Ue;jhu; kw;Wk; 1910 ,y; iel;
gl;lk; ngw;whu;.

• jpd;\h vLy;[p thr;rh (1901): ,jd; epWtd cWg;gpdu;fspy;

xUtu;. thr;rh 1901 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; fy;fj;jh
mku;tpy; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

• yhy;Nkhfd; Nfh\; (1903): 1903 Mk; Mz;L nrd;idapy; ele;j

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; khehl;bw;F mtu; jiyik
jhq;fpdhu;. mtu; xU Kd;dzp tq;fhs tof;fwpQu; Mthu;

• n`d;wp [hd; ];nll;Nkd; fhl;ld; (1904): 1904 Mk; Mz;L

gk;ghapy; ele;j khehl;by; mtu; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu;
,e;jpa muR Copauhf ePz;lfhykhf gzpahw;wpa mDgtk;
cilatu;.NkYk; ,e;jpa Njrpathjpfspd; czu;TfSf;F
kjpg;Gf; nfhLj;jhu;.

59
• Nfhghy; fpU\;z NfhfNy (1905): 1905 ,y; ngdhu]; khehl;bw;F
jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. fl;rp kpjthjpfs; kw;Wk; jPtputhjpfs;
vdg; gpupe;j gpwF mtu; kpjthjf; FOit topelj;jpdhu;.
kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUk;gpa gpwF> Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lj;ij topelj;j NfhfNyapd; FOtpy; Nru;e;jhu;.

• uh\;gp`hup Nfh\; (1907> 1908): mtu; 1907 ,y; ,e;jpa Njrpa

fhq;fpurpd; R+uj; khehl;bd; jiytuhfTk;> 1908 ,d; nrd;id
mku;tpd; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; xU murpay;thjp>
tof;fwpQu;> r%f Mu;tyu; Mthu;. mtu; jPtputhjj;ij kpfTk;
fLikahf vjpu;g;gtu;fspy; xUtuhf ,Ue;jhu; kw;Wk;
kpjthjpfspd; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;jhu;.

• gz;bl; kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah (1909> 1918): mtu; 1909 ,y;

yh$upy; ele;j ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; khehL kw;Wk; 1918
,y; nly;ypapy; ele;j khehL Mfpatw;wpy; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;

• Mrpahtpd; kpfg;ngupa FbapUg;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofkhd ngdhu];

,e;J gy;fiyf;fofj;ij epWtpa ngUikf;Fupatu;. njhopy;
uPjpahf xU fy;tpahsu;> mtu; utPe;jpuehj; jh$uhy; kfhkdh
vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhu;> NkYk; kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ghuj
uj;dhTk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

• gp\d; ehuhaz; ju; (1911): 1911 ,y; fy;fj;jh mku;Tf;F

jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.

• uht; gfJ}u; uFehj; eurpq;fh KNjhy;fu; (1912): mtu;

• 1912 ,y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; tq;fpg;G+u; mku;tpy;

jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; ngz; fy;tp> tpjit kWkzk;
jPz;lhik xopg;G Mfpatw;wpw;F jPtpu Mjuthsuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

• ethg; iraj; K`k;kJ gfJ}u; (1913): mtu; [dhjpgjpahf

,Ue;jhu;

60
• 1913 ,y; INC ,d; fuhr;rp mku;T. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; gzf;fhu
FLk;gq;fspy; xd;wpy; gpwe;j mtu;> nrd;idapd; Kjy; K];yPk;
n\upg; Mthu;.

• G+Nge;jpu ehj; Ngh]; (1914): 1914 Mk; Mz;L nrd;idapy;

ele;j ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; mku;tpy; mtu; jiytuhf
,Ue;jhu;.

• rj;Nae;jpu gpurd;dh rpd;`h (1915): rpd;`h 1915 ,y; gk;gha;

khehl;bd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. gpd;du; mtu; iel; gl;lk;
ngw;whu; kw;Wk; Mq;fpy gpuGf;fs; mitapy; cWg;gpduhd
Kjy; ,e;jpauhdhu;. rpd;`htpd; mq;ff
P huk; xU kNrhjhit
Kd;itf;f cjtpaJ> mJ ,Wjpapy; ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; 1919
MdJ.

• mk;gpfh ruz; k[{k;jhu; (1916): mtu; 1916 ,y; yf;Ndh

mku;tpd; NghJ ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
. ,e;j mku;tpd; NghJ ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk;
K];ypk; yPf; ,ilNa tuyhw;W rpwg;Gkpf;f yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk;
ifnaOj;jhdJ. fhq;fpu]pd; kpjthj kw;Wk; jPtputhj
FOf;fs; kPz;Lk; xd;wpize;j mku;T ,JthFk;.

• md;dp ngrd;l; (1917): mtu; fy;fj;jhtpy; 1917 mku;Tf;F

jiyik jhq;fpdhu; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy;
ngz; jiytuhdhu;.

• iraj; `rd; ,khk; (1918): 1918 Mk; Mz;L gk;ghapy;

eilngw;w rpwg;G mku;Tf;F ,khk; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.
ru;r;irf;Fupa khz;NlF-nryk;];/Nghu;l; rPu;jpUj;jj; jpl;lj;ijg;
gw;wp tpthjpf;f ,e;j mku;T $l;lg;gl;lJ. fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd;
jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.

• Nkhjpyhy; NeU (1919): Nkhjpyhy; NeU 1919 ,y; mkpu;jru];

khehl;bw;Fk; kw;Wk; 1928 ,y; nfhy;fj;jh mku;Tf;Fk; jiyik
jhq;fpdhu;.

61
• mtu; xU rpwe;j tof;fwpQu; kw;Wk; Njrgf;ju; Mthu;. mtu;
jiyik jhq;fpa ,uz;lhtJ mku;tpy; fl;rpapd; ,U
gpupTfSf;F ,ilNa Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lJ - xd;W nlhkpdpad;
me;j];ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ kw;Wk; kw;nwhd;W KOikahd
Rje;jpuj;ij tpUk;gpaJ. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; kw;Wk;
Rauh[;af; fl;rpapd; xU gFjpahfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. kfhj;kh
fhe;jpf;F neUf;fkhdtuhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mtiu mbf;fb
tpku;rpj;J te;jhu;.

• yhyh y[gjp uha; (1920): ,tu; 1920 ,y; fy;fj;jh mku;Tf;F

jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. mtu; gQ;rhg; rpq;fk; vd;W fUjg;gl;lhu;.
yhyh y[gjp uha; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuu;; mtu; 1923 ,y;
,e;jpahit ,e;J kw;Wk; K];yPk; ehlhfg; gpupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
ru;r;irf;Fupa tifapy; Nfl;lhu;. Mu;a rkh[; cl;gl gy ,e;J
rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fspd; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.

• rp.tp[auhfthr;rhupahu; (1920): mtu; 1920 ,y; ehf;G+upy; rpwg;G

mku;Tf;F jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. mtu; xU kuGtop it\;ztu;
Mthu;> mtu; kjf; fytuq;fisj; J}z;bajhff; Fw;wk;
rhl;lg;gl;lhu;> Mdhy; gpd;du; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; V.X.Tf;F
neUf;fkhdtu;. Rauh[;a murpayikg;ig cUthf;Ftjpy;
`pA+k; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jhu;. fhq;fpu]pd; gpurhuf; FOtpYk;
mq;fk; tfpj;jhu;.

• `f;fPk; m[;ky; fhd; (1921): mtu; 1921 ,e;jpa Njrpa

fhq;fpurpd; mfkjhghj; mku;Tf;F jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. mtu;
nly;ypapd; [hkpah kpy;ypah ,];yhkpah gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk;
MAu;Ntj kw;Wk; Adhdp jpgpah (kUj;Jt) fy;Y}upapd;
epWtdu;fspy; xUtu;. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];> K];ypk; yPf;
kw;Wk; mfpy ,e;jpa fpyhgj; fkpl;b Mfpatw;wpd; jiytuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;l xNu egu; ,tu;jhd;.

• Nj\;ge;J rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; (1922): mtu;1922 ,y; ,e;jpa Njrpa

fhq;fpurpd; fahtpw;F jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. njhopypy; xU
tof;fwpQu;> mtu; Kd;dzpapy; ,Ue;jhu;.,e;jpa Njrpa

62
 ,af;fj;jpd; cWg;gpdu; kw;Wk; tq;fhsj;jpy; Rauh[;af;
fl;rpapd; epWtd jiytu;Mthu;.

• KfkJ myp n[s`u; (1923): mtu;1923 ,y; ,e;jpa Njrpa

fhq;fpurpd; fhf;fpehlh mku;Tf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;..

• mGy; fyhk; Mrhj; (1923> 1940-46): mtu; 1923 ,y; nly;yp

rpwg;Gf; $l;lj;jpw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. 1940 Mk; Mz;L
uhk;fupy; eilngw;w mku;tpd; jiytuhfTk;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. nksyhdh Mrhj; vd;W nghJthff;
fUjg;gLk; jiytUf;F kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ghuj uj;dh
toq;fg;gl;lJ. mtu; xU Gul;rpfu ftpQu;> gj;jpupifahsu;>
Mu;tyu; kw;Wk; Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l tPuu; Mthu;. gy;fiyf; fof
khdpaf; FO kw;Wk; ,e;jpa njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
epWtdq;fis cUthf;fpa ngUikf;Fupatu;. Muk;gg; gs;sp
tiu ,ytrf; fy;tpia toq;Fk; Njrpaf; fy;tp Kiwapd;
cUthf;fj;ij mtu; Nkw;ghu;itapl;lhu;.

• .Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp (1924): mtu; 1924 ,y; ,e;jpa

Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; ngy;fhk; mku;tpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
fhe;jp rl;l kWg;G> xj;Jioahik> RNjrp ,af;fk; Nghd;w gy
,af;fq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. fhe;jp ,e;jpa
Njrpathjj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd cWg;gpdu;fspy; xUtu;.
mfpk;ir> kj gd;ikj;Jtk;> Rauh[;ak; kw;Wk;
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhupd; Kd;Ndw;wk; Mfpatw;iw jd; Kf;fpaf;
nfhs;iffshff; nfhz;L nray;gl;lhu;.

• rNuh[pdp ehAL (1925): 1925 Mk; Mz;L fhd;G+upy; eilngw;w

mku;Tf;F mtu; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.

• v]; rPdpthr Iaq;fhu; (1926): mtu; 1926 ,y; fhq;fpu]pd;

fT`hj;jp mku;tpy; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. xU rpwe;j
tof;fwpQu;> mtu; 1916-1920 tiu nkl;uh]; gpurpnld;rpapd;
ml;tNfl;-n[duyhf gzpahw;wpdhu;.

63
• Kf;jhu; mfkJ md;rhup (1927): 1927 ,y; nrd;id mku;Tf;F
jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. K];yPk; yPf;fpd; jiytuhfTk;
gzpahw;wpdhu; kw;Wk; [hkpah kpy;ypah ,];yhkpah
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; epWtdu;fspy; xUtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; 1928-
36 tiu mjpguhf ,Ue;jhu;.

• [t`u;yhy; NeU (1929> 1930> 1936> 1937> 1946-[_iy Kjy;

nrg;lk;gu;> 1951-1954): 1929 ,y; yh$u; mku;Tf;Fk;> 1930 Mk;
Mz;L fuhr;rp mku;Tf;Fk; mtu; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.
/ig];G+upy; 1937 mku;Tf;Fk; 1951 kw;Wk; 1952 Mk;
Mz;Lfspy; nly;yp mku;TfSf;Fk;> 1953 kw;Wk; 1954 Mk;
Mz;Lfspy; i`juhghj; kw;Wk; fy;fj;jh mku;TfSf;Fk; mtu;
jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.

• [t`u;yhy; NeU 1929 ,y; jiytuhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gltpy;iy>

Mdhy; nry;thf;F kpf;f Nkhjpyhy; NeUthy; Mjupf;fg;gl;lhu;.
,Ug;gpDk;> mtu; ,e;jpa murpay; kw;Wk; Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd;
ika egu;fspy; xUtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
gpujku; xU gapw;rp ngw;w tof;fwpQu; kw;Wk; fhe;jpahy;
topfhl;lg;gl;ltu;. fh\;kPup gz;bl; r%fj;jpy; mtuJ G+u;tPfk;
fhuzkhf mtu; gz;bl; NeU vd;W fUjg;gLfpwhu;.

• ru;jhu; ty;ygha; gNly; (1931): mtu; 1931 ,y; fuhr;rp mku;tpd;

jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ,e;j mku;tpy; mtuJ [dhjpgjp
jiyikapy; fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jj;ij khehL mq;ff
P upj;jJ.
gNly; ,e;jpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd; Kd;dzp egu;fspy; xUtu;
kw;Wk; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd khfhzq;fis ,e;jpahit cUthf;f
tw;GWj;jpa ngUikf;Fupatu;.

• ney;yp nrd;Fg;jh (1933): 1933 ,y; fy;fj;jh mku;tpw;F

jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.

• uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; (1934> 1935): mtu; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd;

jiytuhf 1934 ,y; gk;gha; khehL kw;Wk; 1935 ,y; yf;Ndh

64
 mku;Tfspy; ,Ue;jhu;. ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd;
Kjy; [dhjpgjpahfTk; Mdhu;.

• Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; (1938> 1939): `upGuh fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd;

jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; 1939 ,y; [gy;G+u; mku;Tf;F
jiytuhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;> Mdhy; uh[pdhkh nra;a
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mtUf;F gjpyhf uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Ngh]; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;ij epWtpdhu;.
NkYk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l mikjpthj
,af;fj;ij vjpu;j;jhu;.mtuJ ,af;fk; midj;J ,e;jpa
,uhZtk; %yk; ,e;jpahit tpLtpg;gij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;lJ. mtu; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;w Rje;jpu
Nghuhl;l tPuu;fspy; xUtu;.

• N[.gp. fpUgyhdp (1947): 1947 ,y; kPul; mku;Tf;F jiyik

jhq;fpdhu;. kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; jPtpu rPlu;fspy; xUtuhd ,tu;>
1947 ,y; gpupl;ldpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpahTf;F mjpfhuk;
khw;wg;gl;lNghJ ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytuhf
,Ue;jhu;.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; mku;T vq;F eilngw;wJ?

2. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; K];ypk; jiytu; ahu;?
3. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; Mq;fpNya jiytupd;
ngaiuf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
4. fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];ypk; yPf; ,ilNa yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk;
ve;j Mz;L ifnaOj;jhdJ?
5. fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; ngz; jiytu; ahu;?
6. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; filrp mku;T
vq;F eilngw;wJ?
7. gz;bl; kjd; Nkhfd; khstpahTf;F kfhkdh vd;w gl;lj;ij
toq;fpatu; ahu;?
8. ve;j Mz;L fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpw;F ney;iy nrd;Fg;jh
jiyik jhq;fpdhu;?

65
5.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk;
tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;

1. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; mku;T 1885 ,y;gk;ghapy;

eilngw;wJ

2. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; K];ypk; jiytu; iraj;

gFUjPd; jpahg;[p Mthu;.

3. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; Mq;fpNya jiytu; [hu;[;

A+y; Mthu;.

4. 1916 ,y; murpay; xUkpj;j fUj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhf

fhq;fpu]{f;Fk; K];ypk; yPf;Fk; ,ilNa yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk;
ifnaOj;jhdJ.

5. md;dp ngrd;l; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; ngz;

jiytu;.

6. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; filrp mku;T

1946 ,y; kPul;by; eilngw;wJ.

7. utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; gz;bl; kjd; Nkhfd; khstpahTf;F kfhkdh

vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhu;.

8. 1933 ,y; fy;fj;jh mku;tpw;F ney;iy nrd;Fg;jh jiyik

jhq;fpdhu;.

5.5 RUf;fk;

• ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; mku;T 1885 ,y; gk;ghapy;

eilngw;wJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; K];yPk;
jiytu; iraj; gJUjPd; jpahg;[p kw;Wk; Kjy; Mq;fpyj;
jiytu; [hu;[; A+y; Mthu;.

66
• 1896 Mk; Mz;L fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; utPe;jpuehj; jh$uhy;
Kjd;Kiwahf „te;Nj khjuk;‟ vd;w Njrpag; ghly;
ghlg;gl;lJ.

• RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p (1895> 1892): mtu; ,e;jpa Njrpa

fhq;fpu]pd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

• 1895 ,y; G+dh mku;T kw;Wk; 1902 ,y; mfkjhghj; khehL.

mtu; uh\;buFU vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

• 1905: ngdhu];. jiytu;: Nfhghy; fpup\d; NfhfNy

• murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhd RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; Kiwahd

gpufldk;

• 1906: fy;fj;jh. jiytu;: jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

• ehd;F jPu;khdq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ: Rauh[;ak; (Ra muR)>

Gwf;fzpg;G

• ,af;fk;> RNjrp kw;Wk; Njrpa fy;tp

• rj;Nae;jpu gpurd;dh rpd;`h (1915): rpd;`h 1915 ,y; gk;gha;

khehl;bd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. gpd;du; mtu; iel; gl;lk;
ngw;whu; kw;Wk; Mq;fpy gpuGf;fs; mitapy; cWg;gpduhd
Kjy; ,e;jpauhdhu;. rpd;`htpd; mq;ff
P huk; xU kNrhjhit
Kd;itf;f cjtpaJ> mJ ,Wjpapy; ,e;jpa muR rl;lk;
1919 MdJ.

• 1916 yf;Ndhtpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]pd; mku;T gpd;tUk;

fhuzq;fSf;fhf Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gl;lJ:

• fhq;fpu]pd; kpjthjpfs; kw;Wk; jPtputhjpfs; ,U

gpupTfSf;F ,ilNa xw;Wik

• murpay; xUkpj;j fUj;ij cUthf;f fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk;

K];ypk; yPf; ,ilNa yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhdJ

67
• 1927 mku;tpy; gpd;tUk; KbTfs; vLf;fg;gl;ld:

• rPdh> <uhd; kw;Wk; nkrgNlhkpahtpy; ,e;jpag; gilfisg;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpuhf jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

• irkd; fkp\d; Gwf;fzpg;Gf;F vjpuhf jPu;khdk;

epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

• G+u;zh Rauh[;ak; kPjhd jPu;khdj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ

• 1929 yh$u; mku;T gpd;tUk; fhuzpfshy; Kf;fpakhdJ:

• „G+u;zh ];tuh[;‟ Fwpj;J jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

• G+uz Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

• Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; filrp mku;T

1946 ,y; kPul;by; eilngw;wJ.

• ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpy jiytu;fs;

W.C. ghdu;[p. [p.Nf. NfhfNy> gz;bl; kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah>
Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; kw;Wk; N[.gp fpUghsdp

5.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

jPu;khdk;: ,J xU FOtpduhy; thf;fspj;j gpwF vLf;fg;gLk;

Kiwahd Kbitf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

xg;ge;jk;: ,J ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fs;>

ehLfs; my;yJ rq;fq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Kiwahd
xg;ge;jkhFk;.

jpUj;jk;: ,J Vw;fdNt epiwNtw;wg;gl;l my;yJ ,d;Dk;

tpthjj;jpy; cs;s xU rl;lj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
khw;wkhFk;.

68
5.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. 1927 nkl;uh]; fhq;fpu]pd; $l;lj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;l rpy

Kf;fpa KbTfs; ahit?

2. fhq;fpu]pd; 1929 yh$u; mku;T gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOJ.

3. 1931 fuhr;rp fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; vLf;fg;gl;l rpy Kf;fpa

KbTfs; ahit?

neLtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; rpy Kf;fpakhd mku;Tfspy;

vLf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpa KbTfis gFg;gha;T nra;f.

2. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; mku;Tfs; kf;fspd; Njrpa

czu;it vt;thW J}z;baJ vd;gij tpsf;F.

5.8 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

1. ,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010

2. f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018

3. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.

G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk;
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id > 2010

4. ,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016

5. [t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij>

miyfs; ntspaPll
; fk;> nrd;id> 2013

69
 myF – 6

kpjthjpfs;: Nfhupf;iffs; kw;Wk; rhjidfs;

fl;likg;G
6.0 mwpKfk;
6.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
6.2 kpjthjpfs;
6.3 kpjthjpfspd; rhjidfs;
6.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
6.5 RUf;fk;
6.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
6.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
6.8 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

6.0 mwpKfk;

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Njrpathj czu;tpw;F cj;Ntfk;

mspj;jJ. Muk;g fl;lq;fspy;> fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs; gpupl;b\;
murhq;fk; jq;fs; Nfhupf;iffSf;F nrtprha;j;J nray;gLk; vd;W
ek;gpdu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> fhyg;Nghf;fpy;> ,e;jpa ntF[dq;fs;
Njrpathjj;jpd; fUj;jhf;fj;jpy; Vkhw;wkile;jdu;. jPtputhjpfs;
vd;W mwpag;gl;l Gjpa jiytu;fSf;F ,J vOr;rpiaf;
nfhLj;jJ. kpjthjpfspd; rhjidfs; kw;Wk; Njhy;tpf;fhd
fhuzq;fis ,e;j gpupT tpthjpf;Fk;.

6.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

• kpjthjpfSf;Fk; jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis

Muha;jy;

70
• kpjthjpfspd; murpayikg;G> epu;thf kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
Nfhupf;iffis Gupe;J nfhs;jy;

• kpjthjpfspd; rhjid kw;Wk; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fisg;

gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

6.2 kpjthjpfs;

1885 ,y; mjd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J 1947 ,y; ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk;

ngWk; tiu> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; kpfg;ngupa kw;Wk; kpf
Kf;fpakhd ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. mjd; Muk;g
fl;lj;jpy;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; xU murpay; mikg;ghf
kl;Lk; ,Ue;jJ> ,Ug;gpDk;> fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mJ r%f rPu;jpUj;jk;
kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhdj;jpw;fhd tsu;rr
; p Nghd;w fhuzj;ij
Mjupj;jJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]{k; Njrpathj czu;tpw;F
cj;Ntfk; mspj;jjhf $wg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs; gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; jq;fs;

NjitfSf;F gjpyspf;Fk; vd;Wk; mjw;Nfw;g khw;wq;fisr;
nra;a jahuhf ,Ug;gjhfTk; ek;gpdu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> Mq;fpy murpd;
nray;ghl;lhy; ,e;jpa kf;fs; Vkhw;wkile;jdu;. jq;fs; kDf;fs;
vjpu;ghu;j;j msTf;F gydspf;ftpy;iy vd;gijAk;>
Mq;fpNyau;fs; ve;j eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fhky; je;jpukhfj;
jtpu;j;jijAk; mtu;fs; jpBnud;W czu;e;jhu;fs;. me;j
mjpUg;jpahd epiyapy;$l gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; topKiwfis
ek;gpa rpy fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. mtu;fs; kpjthjpfs;
vd;W mwpag;gl;ldu;. ,e;j kpjthjj; jiytu;fs; tpUk;gpa
KbTfisj; juj; jtwpajhy;> jPtputhjpfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
Gjpa jiytu;fs; fhq;fpurpy; Njhd;wpdu;. ,e;j jPtputhjpfs;
kpjthjpfspd; ghuk;gupa Kiwfis Vw;ftpy;iy> mJ kDf;fis
vOJtjw;Fk;> Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;Jtjw;Fk; vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ.
jPtputhjpfs; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jplk; ,Ue;J KOikahd
Rje;jpuk; Nfhupdu;.

71
kpjthjpfs; vd;gtu;fs; ahu; Muk;g fhy fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs;
gpd;gw;wp te;j murpay; topKiwfSk; epajpfSk; mtu;fSf;F
kpjthjpfs; vd;w ngaiu ngw;Wj;je;jd. rl;lj;jpd; tuk;GfSf;F
cl;gl;L rl;lG+u;tkhd fpsu;rr
; pfs; elj;jp rpwpJrpwpjhf
mikjpahd murpay; Kd;Ndw;wk; ngWtJ jhd; mtu;fsJ
Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ .Mq;fpNyau;fis msTf;F kPwp Gfo;jy;
mtu;fspd; Neu;ik czu;tpy; ek;gpf;if itj;jy; tpz;zg;gq;fs;
Ntz;LNfhs;fs; %ykhf rYiffis vjpu;ghu;j;jy; Nghd;w
Kiwfis ,e;j kpjthjj; jiytu;fs; gpd;gw;wpdu;.

kpjthjpfs; midtUk; Njrpathjpfs; mtu;fs; rhjp rka ,d

r%f gpuhe;jpa NtWghbd;wp nray;gl;ldu; ,e;J K];ypk; fpwp];jt
rPf;fpau; ghu;rp Mq;fpNyh-,e;jpa ghFghLk; mtu;fSf;fpy;iy
,e;jpad; midtUf;Fk; mtu;fs; ghLgl;ldu;. kpjthjpfs;
tpRthrpfs; Mq;fpNyau;fshy; jhd; ,e;jpahTf;F tpbT fhyk;
Vw;gl;lJ vd;W mtu;fs; kdg;G+u;tkhf ek;gpdhu;fs;. mtu;fs;
eilKiwapy; rhj;jpakhd mtw;iwg; gw;wpNa rpe;jpj;jdu;
nray;gl;ldu; mtu;fs; rl;l tuk;Gf;F cl;gl;l tsu;r;rpapy;
ek;gpf;if cilatu;fs; Mdhy; mtu;fs; murhq;f
Mjuthsu;fshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; epahakw;w murhq;f
eltbf;iffis fLikahf fz;bj;jdu;.

Myd; Mf;Nltpad; `;A+k;> cNk\; re;jpu ghdu;[p> RNue;jpuehj;

ghdu;[p> jhjhgha; etNuh[p> ngNuhrh Nkj;jh> kfhNjt Nfhtpe;j
uhdNl> Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy> uh\;gpfhup Nfh\;> kjd;
Nkhfd; khstpah Nghd;Nwhu; Gfo;kpf;f jiytu;fshfj;
jpfo;e;jhu;fs;

6.3 kpjthjpfspd; rhjidfs;

• ehL jOtpa mstpy; murpay; tpopg;Gzu;it kf;fsplk;

Vw;gLj;j nra;jtu;fs; kpjthjpfs;.

72
• kf;fspilNa murpay; cupikfs; jhuhsf; nfhs;ifia
kf;fshl;rp gw;wp mwpar; nra;J murpay; fy;tp nfhLj;jdu;

• Vfhjpgj;jpak; jq;fs; midtUf;Fk; nghJthd vjpup

vd;gijAk; kf;fis czur; nra;J nghJthd Njrpa
rKjhaj;jpy; kf;fs; midtiuAk; ,izf;f kpjthjpfs;
cjtpdu;

• “ehq;fs; gpr;irf;fhuu;fs; my;yu;> vq;fs; fl;rp ,ue;J capu;

thOk; fl;rpad;W;ehq;fs; kf;fspd; J}Jtu;fs;” vd;whu;
Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy.

• murpay; rPu;jpUj;j Kd;Ndhbfshf ,Ue;j kpjthjpfspd;

Kaw;rpahy; gy murpayikg;G khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

• kf;fshl;rp> Fbik cupikfs; Mfpa Nfhl;ghLfs;

kf;fspilNa nry;thf;F ngWk;gb nra;jtu;fs; kpjthjpfs;
Mthu;fs;.

• Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia kf;fsplk;

mk;gyg;gLj;jp mjpfhupfspd; Mztg; Nghf;Ak;> murhq;fj;jpd;
Ruz;ly; nfhs;ifiaAk; kf;fs; mwpar; nra;jtu;fs;
kpjthjpfs;.

• 1892 ,e;jpa kd;wq;fs; rl;lk;> murhq;f mjpfhupfs;

fhq;fpu]; $l;lq;fspy; ghu;itahsu;fshf fye;J nfhs;sf;
$lhJ vd;W tq;fhs murhq;f Miz uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ>
tof;fwpQu;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; murhq;fk;
Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpia Kwpabj;jJ Mfpait kpjthjpfspd;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjidfs; MFk;.

• fhq;fpu]; kpjthjpfspd; rl;lkd;w gzp rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.

mtu;fs; murhq;fj;jpd; fy;tpf; nfhs;if> tptrhapfspd;
tWik> epy cupik> fld;Rik Mfpait Fwpj;J kf;fs;
kd;wj;jpy; jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jiuj;jdu;.

73
kpjthjpfspd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

• kpjthjpfs; fhq;fpu]; jPtputhjpfspd; fLikahd

fz;ldj;jpw;F Mshdhu;fs;.

• Mq;fpyf;fy;tp ngw;wtu;fshf ,Ue;jjhy; mtu;fs; vt;tpj

Neub eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl Kbatpy;iy.

• murplkpUe;J rYiffis kl;Lk; vjpu;ghu;j;jjhy; murpay;

cupikfisf; Nfhup ngwtpy;iy.

• mtu;fs; gpuhu;j;jidfs; tpz;zg;gq;fs; %ykhf muRf;F

jq;fs; Nfhupf;iffis Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;fNs md;wp murpay;
Mu;g;ghl;lj;jpy; <Lgl tpy;iy.

• ,Ugjhz;L Mz;Lfhy Kaw;rpahy; kpjthjpfs; Mq;fpy

murplkpUe;J nuhl;bf;F gjpy; fy;iyNa ngw;wdu; vd;whu;
yhyh y[gjpuha;.

• kpjthjpfs; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpw;F tpRthrkhf ,Ue;J

nfhz;L kf;fs; cupikfSf;fhfTk; Nghuhbdu;. ,J
kf;fspilNa mt ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

• Mq;fpNyauJ Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; ,e;jpau;fs; ,yl;rpaq;fSk;

vjpuhdit vd;gij kpjthjpfs; Gupe;J nfhs;stpy;iy.

• kpjthjpfs; fhyj;jpy; kf;fspd; vy;yh gpuptpdupd; MjuitAk;

<u;fF
; k; tifapy; ,af;fk; tsu;rr
; p milatpy;iy.

• ngUk;ghYk; gbj;j efu;g;Gw ,isQu;fs; ,lk; jhd; me;j

,af;fj;jpw;F nry;thf;F ,Ue;jJ.

• Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;G Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kf;fs; midtUila

xj;Jiog;igAk; MjuitAk; jpul;b xUKfg;gLj;j kpjthjpfs;
jtwpdu;.

• Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwapy; my;yhky; ,e;jpahTf;F NtW tsu;rr

; p
,Uf;f KbAk; vd;gij mtu;fshy; fhz Kbatpy;iy.

74
• ghku kf;fis ftUk; Mw;wYk; jPtpu murpay;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s cjTk; ce;J rf;jpAk;
tsu;rr
; pailatpy;iy.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1. gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;aj;jpw;Fs; Rauh[;ak; my;yJ Rauh[;ak;

Nfhupa kpjthjpfspd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

2. kpjthjpfs; 1892 ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lj;ij Vd; Gusp vd;W

mioj;jdu;?

3. 1878 Mk; Mz;bd; tl;lhunkhop gj;jpupif rl;lj;jpw;Fg; gpwF

gj;jpupifahsuhf jdJ flikiar; nra;jjw;fhf rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;l Kjy; ,e;jpau; ahu;?

4. upg;gd; gpuGthy; ve;j Mz;L tl;lhunkhop gj;jpupif rl;lk;

uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ?

5. Vd; kpjthjpfshy; K];ypk;fspd; Mjuitg; ngw

Kbatpy;iy?

6.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk;

tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;

1. Nfhghy; fpU\;z NfhfNy kw;Wk; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

MfpNahu; KiwNa 1905 kw;Wk; 1906 Mk; Mz;Lfspy;
gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;aj;jpw;Fs; Rauh[;aj;ijf; Nfhupdu;.

2. kpjthjpfs; 1885 Kjy; 1892 tiu ,Uf;Fk; rl;lkd;wf;

fTd;rpy;fis tpupTgLj;jp rPu;jpUj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhupdu;.
mtu;fs; rl;l rigfspy; ,e;jpau;fSf;Fg; ngUk; gq;iff;
Nfhupdu;. kpjthjpfs; 1892 Mk; Mz;bd; ,e;jpa fTd;rpy;fs;
rl;lj;ij xU Gusp vd;W mioj;jdu;> Vnddpy; ,e;jpa
kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;ljpy; mtu;fs; jpUg;jp milatpy;iy.

3. RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p gj;jpupf;ifahsuhf jdJ flikia

epiwNtw;wp rpiw nrd;w Kjy; ,e;jpau; Mthu;.

75
4. upg;gd; gpuG 1881 ,y; tl;lhunkhop gj;jpupifr; rl;lj;ij uj;J
nra;jhu;.

5. fw;wwpe;j K];ypk;fs;> Fwpg;ghf mypfhupy; K];ypk;fs; >

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l rigfspy; ,Ue;J jhq;fs; Njhw;WtpLNthk;
vd;Wk;> ,e;Jf;fs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jthu;fs; vd;Wk;
czu;e;jdu; (ngUk;ghyhd ,lq;fspy; ,e;Jf;fs;
ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,Ue;jdu;). muRg;gzpfspy; NrUtjw;fhd
Nghl;bj; Nju;Tfis K];yPk; cauLf;fpdu; fLikahf
vjpu;j;jdu;> Vnddpy; mJ etPd Mq;fpyf; fy;tpia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. NkYk; K];ypk;fs; ,e;jj;
Jiwapy; ,e;Jf;fis tpl kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpapUe;jdu;.
nghJg;gzpj; Nju;TfspYk; ,e;J Mjpf;fj;ij fz;L
mQ;rpdhu;fs;. ,it midj;Jk; K];ypk;fis fhq;fpu]pypUe;J
tpyf;fp itj;jd.

6.5 RUf;fk;

• 1885 ,y; mjd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J 1947 ,y; ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk;

ngWk; tiu> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; kpfg;ngupa kw;Wk; kpf
Kf;fpakhd ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.

• mjd; Muk;g fl;lq;fspy;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; xU

murpay; myfhf ,Ue;jJ> ,Ug;gpDk;> fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mJ
r%f rPu;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; kdpj tsu;rr
; pf;fhd fhuzj;ij
Mjupj;jJ.

• Mq;fpy murpd; nray;ghl;lhy; ,e;jpa kf;fs;

Vkhw;wkile;jdu;.

• rl;lj;jpd; tuk;GfSf;F cl;gl;L rl;lG+u;tkhd fpsu;r;rpfs;

elj;jp rpwpJrpwpjhf mikjpahd murpay; Kd;Ndw;wk; ngWtJ
jhd; mtu;fsJ Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ

76
• rl;lj;jpd; tuk;GfSf;F cl;gl;L rl;lG+u;tkhd fpsu;r;rpfs;
elj;jp rpwpJrpwpjhf mikjpahd murpay; Kd;Ndw;wk;
ngWtJ jhd; mtu;fsJ Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

• Mq;fpNyau;fis msTf;F kPwp Gfo;jy; mtu;fspd; Neu;ik

czu;tpy; ek;gpf;if itj;jy; tpz;zg;gq;fs;
Ntz;LNfhs;fs; %ykhf rYiffis vjpu;ghu;j;jy; Nghd;w
Kiwfis ,e;j kpjthjj; jiytu;fs; gpd;gw;wpdu;.

• Myd; Mf;Nltpad; `;A+k;> cNk\; re;jpu ghdu;[p>

RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p> jhjhgha; etNuh[p> ngNuhrh Nkj;jh>
kfhNjt Nfhtpe;j uhdNl> Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy>
uh\;gpfhup Nfh\;> kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah Nghd;Nwhu;
Gfo;kpf;f jiytu;fshfj; jpfo;e;jhu;fs;

• ehL jOtpa mstpy; murpay; tpopg;Gzu;it kf;fsplk;

Vw;gLj;j nra;jtu;fs; kpjthjpfs;.

• kf;fspilNa murpay; cupikfs; jhuhsf; nfhs;ifia

kf;fshl;rp gw;wp mwpar; nra;J murpay; fy;tp nfhLj;jdu;

• kf;fshl;rp> Fbik cupikfs; Mfpa Nfhl;ghLfs;

kf;fspilNa nry;thf;F ngWk;gb nra;jtu;fs; kpjthjpfs;
Mthu;fs;

• mtu;fs; murhq;fj;jpd; fy;tpf; nfhs;if> tptrhapfspd;

tWik> epy cupik> fld;Rik Mfpait Fwpj;J kf;fs;
kd;wj;jpy; jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jiuj;jdu;.

• kpjthjpfs; fhq;fpu]; jPtputhjpfspd; fLikahd

fz;ldj;jpw;F Mshdhu;fs;.

• Mq;fpNyauJ Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; ,e;jpau;fs; ,yl;rpaq;fSk;

vjpuhdit vd;gij kpjthjpfs; Gupe;J nfhs;stpy;iy.

• kpjthjpfs; fhyj;jpy; kf;fspd; vy;yh gpuptpdupd; MjuitAk;

<u;fF
; k; tifapy; ,af;fk; tsu;rr
; p milatpy;iy.

77
• Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;G Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kf;fs; midtUila
xj;Jiog;igAk; MjuitAk; jpul;b xUKfg;gLj;j kpjthjpfs;
jtwpdu;.

• Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwapy; my;yhky; ,e;jpahTf;F NtW tsu;rr

; p
,Uf;f KbAk; vd;gij mtu;fshy; fhz Kbatpy;iy

• kpjthjpfspd; mbg;gil gytPdk; mtu;fspd; FWfpa r%f

mbj;jskhFk;. mtu;fspd; ,af;fk; gue;j <u;g;igf;
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. cz;ikahf; jiytu;fSf;F kf;fs; kPJ
murpay; ek;gpf;if ,y;iy.

6.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

kD: ,J vOjg;gl;l Mtzk;> gyuhy; ifnahg;gkplg;gl;L> xU

murhq;fj;ij VjhtJ nra;a my;yJ khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Nfl;fpwJ.

,dg; ghFghL: ,J ve;jnthU jdpegUf;Fk; mtu;fspd; Njhy;

epwk; my;yJ ,dk; my;yJ ,d Njhw;wk; Mfpatw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; ve;jnthU ghFghl;ilAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.

Kjyhspj;Jtthjpfs;: tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; njhopypy; yhgj;jpw;fhf

KjyPL nra;a jq;fs; nry;tj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; xU egUf;F
,e;j nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

6.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. kpjthjpfs; kw;Wk; jPtputhjpfspd; murpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij

NtWgLj;Jf.

2. kpjthjpfspd; nghUshjhu Nfhupf;iffs; vd;d?

3. gj;jpupif Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; gj;jpupifahsu;fs; kPJ tl;lhu

nkhopg; gj;jpupifr; rl;lj;jpd; jhf;fk; vd;d?

78
neLtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. kpjthjpfs; NfhUk; murpayikg;G kw;Wk; epu;thf

rPu;jpUj;jq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;f.

2. kpjthjpfspd; Njhy;tpf;F toptFj;j fhuzpfisg; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fTk;.

6.8 NkYk; gbf;f

1. ,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010

2. f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018

3. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.

G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk;
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2010

4. ,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016

5. [t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij>

miyfs; ntspaPll
; fk;> nrd;id> 2013

myF – 7

jPtputhjpfs;

fl;likg;G
7.0 mwpKfk;
7.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
7.2 jPtputhjj;jpd; vOr;rp kw;Wk; fhuzq;fs;
7.3 Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs;
7.4 ghyfq;fhju jpyfu;

79
7.4.1 gpgpd;re;jpughy;
7.4.2yhyh y[gjpuha;
7.5 RNjrp ,af;fk;
7.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
7.7 RUf;fk;
7.8 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
7.9 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
7.10 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

7.0 mwpKfk;

kpjthjpfspd; Kaw;rpahy; ,e;jpa murpay; epiy ngupa mstpy;

rPu;jpUj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,J xU Gjpa kw;Wk; ,isQu;fspd;
vOr;rpf;F toptFj;jJ> mtu;fs; jq;fspd; Nfhupf;iffSf;fhf
ntt;NtW eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W ek;gpdu;.
,e;jpahtpYk; ntspehl;bYk; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs; fhzg;gl;ld.
yhyh y[gjp uha;> gpgpd; re;jpu ghy; kw;Wk; ghyfq;fhju jpyfu;
MfpNahu; ,e;jpahtpy; Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f Njrpathjj;jpd; Kfkhf
khwpdu;. ,e;j gpupT ,e;j Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l tPuu;fspd; gq;fspg;G
kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; RNjrp ,af;fk; gw;wp tpthjpf;Fk;.

7.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

• ,e;jpahtpy; jPtputhjj;jpd; vOr;rpiag; Gupe;J nfhs;jy;

• yhyh y[gjp uha;> ghy; fq;fhju; jpyfu; kw;Wk; gpgpd;t re;jpu
ghy; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;Gfisg; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;
• ,e;jpahtpy; RNjrp ,af;fj;ij Ma;T nra;jy;

80
7.2 jPtputhjj;jpd; vOr;rp kw;Wk; fhuzq;fs;

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gj;jhz;L kw;Wk; ,Ugjhk;

E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuRf;Fs; xU
Gjpa kw;Wk; ,isQu; FO Njhd;wpaijf; fhzKbe;jJ> ,J
gioa jiyikapd; rpj;jhe;jk; kw;Wk; topKiwfis fLikahf
tpku;rpj;jJ. ,e;j 'Nfhgkile;j ,isQu;fs;' Rauh[;[paj;ij
Nehf;fp Nfhupf;iffs; mikaNtz;Lnkd Fuy; nfhLj;jdu;. ,e;jpa
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; 1905 ,y; ,Ue;J 1989 tiu
jPtputhj fUj;Jf;fs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa fhyk; vdf; $wyhk;.
kpjthjpfspd; Nghuhl;l mZFKiwahy; Mq;fpy murplkpUe;J
Nfhupf;iffs; vijAk; ntd;nwLf;f Kbahj epiyapy; mij
vjpu;j;J fhq;fpu]py; Njhd;wpa vjpu;g;G Fuy;fNs jPtputhjpfs; vd
mwpag;gl;ldu;. kpjthjpfs; nry;thf;F ,oe;J te;j ,e;j Neuj;jpy;
jPtputhjpfs; RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; jq;fis kf;fsplj;jpy;
milahsg;gLj;jpdu;. ghyfq;fhju jpyfu; R+uj; fhq;fpu];
gpsTf;Fg;gpd; jPtputhjpfspd; jd;dpfuw;w jiytuhf jpfo;e;jhu;.
,jw;F Neu;khwhf td;Kiw topapy; nrd;w gaq;futhjpfs;
Jg;ghf;fp Ve;jp ufrpa mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jp> ,e;jpahit
Mq;fpNyau; gpbapypUe;J tpLtpf;f ,e;jpahtpypUe;Jk;
ntspehLfspypUe;Jk; gy;NtW Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
jPtputhjKk; Gul;rp thjKk; tpLjiy ,af;fj;Jf;F Gjpa
gupkhzj;ij nfhLj;jd.

Njrpathjj;jpd; Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f tbtk; Kjypy; gq;fpk;

re;jpu rl;lu;[p kw;Wk; Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp MfpNahupd;
NghjidfspYk; gpurq;fq;fspYk; fhzg;gl;lJ. gftj; fPijahy;
<u;ff
; g;gl;L xd;Wgl;l ,e;jpahitf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpatu; gq;fpk; re;jpu
rl;lu;[p. gpgpd; re;jpu ghyhy; Njrpathjj;jpd; jPu;f;fjuprp vd;W
miof;fg;gl;l Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;> Njrpathjf; fUj;Jf;F
Md;kPfg; gupkhzj;ijr; Nru;j;jhu;. fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapd;
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; kpjthj jiytu;fs; ,isa jiyKiw

81
kw;Wk; rhjhuz kf;fis <u;ff
; j; jtwpaJ Mfpa ,uz;L
fhuzpfNs jPtputhjj;jpd; NtUf;fhd Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fs; MFk;.

fhuzq;fs;

gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jPtpu

Njrpak; vd;w fUj;J tsuj; Jtq;fpaJ.

• 1858 ,y; ntspaplg;gl;l tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzpapd; Nguwpf;if

,e;jpa kf;fis jpUg;jpg;gLj;jtpy;iy. Vnddpy; mjpy;
kf;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;bUe;j cWjpnkhopfs;
nray;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. khwhf mit kf;fSf;F
Vkhw;wj;ijNa mspj;jd.

• 1863 kw;Wk; 1892 fTd;rpy; rl;lq;fs; kf;fSf;F Vkhw;wj;ij

mspj;jd rl;lj;jpd;gb mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Neubj; Nju;jy;
Kiw tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Nghd;wit epiwa Fiwfis
ciladthf fhzg;gl;ld Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fTk;
gpujpepjpfSf;F gy jilfs; ,Ue;jd vdNt ,e;j rl;lk;
kpjthjpfs; Vkhw;wj;ij mspj;jJ NkYk; Nfhupf;iffs; %yk;
jq;fspd; Fiwfis eptu;j;jp nra;a KbAk; vd;w
ek;gpf;ifia kf;fs; ,oe;jdu;.

• 1897 Mk; Mz;L gk;gha; khfhzj;jpy; gQ;rk;

jiytpupj;jhbaJ. NkYk; gpNsf; NehAk; Vuhskhd capu;
,og;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,ij fl;Lg;gLj;j ghjpf;fg;gl;l
kf;fSf;F epthuzk; mspf;Fk; eltbf;iffis vLf;f Mq;fpy
muR jtwpaJ. khwhf kf;fs; gQ;rj;jhYk; nfhs;is Nehahy;
mtjpg;gl;L nfhz;bUf;ifapy; Mq;fpy muR tpf;Nlhupah
kfhuhzpapd; gl;lkspg;G tpohit nfhz;lhLtjpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jpaJ. murpd; ,e;j Mlk;gu Nghf;fpidf; fz;L kf;fs;
nfhe;jspj;jdu;.

• mnkupf;fh>fdlh> nfhyk;gpah> njd; Mg;gpupf;fh Nghd;w

ehLfspy; xg;ge;jf; $ypfshf nrd;W jq;fpa ,e;jpau;fSf;F
,iof;fg;gl;l mePjpAk; mij fz;Lnfhs;shky; ,Ue;j

82
 Mq;fpNya murpd; Nghf;Fk; ,e;jpa jiytu;fspd;
Nfhgj;ijf; fpswp tpl;lJ.

• Mq;fpNyau;fspd; Ruz;ly; nfhs;if kf;fs; kdjpy; murpd;

kPJ ntWg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ jhjhgha; nesNuh[p vOjpa
nry;t Ruz;ly; Nfhl;ghL ,e;jpa ,isQu;fs; ,lj;jpy;
vOr;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;jpahtpd; njhopy;fis erpj;J
Mq;fpNyau;fspd; nghUshjhu tsu;rr
; p fl;likf;fg;gl;lij
kf;fs; czu;e;jdu;.

• rPdh >JUf;fp >vfpg;J> jha;yhe;J Nghd;w ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l

Gul;rpfs; Mq;fpy Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhd kdepiyia
,e;jpa ,isQu;fs; kj;jpapy; J}z;bd.

• kpjthjpfs; Mq;fpNya gz;ghl;ilAk; murpay; mikg;igAk;

Gfo;e;j NghJ jPtputhj jiytu;fshd ghyfq;fhju jpyfu;>
gpgpd; re;jpu Ngh];> mutpe;j Nfh\; Nghd;Nwhu; ,e;jpahtpd;
ngUikfisAk; fyhr;rhu rpwg;GfisAk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
vLj;J itj;jdu;. NkYk; ghyfq;fhju jpyfu; Jtf;fpa
fzgjp tpohTk;> rpth[p tpohTk; kuhl;ba kf;fsplj;jpy;
ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsu;j;jJ.

• INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l tpLjiy ,af;fq;fSk;>

fupghy;b kh[pdp Nghd;w Nghuhl;l jiytu;fspd; jpahfr;
nray;fSk; Gul;rp fUj;Jf;fSk; ,e;jpa ,isQu;fsplj;jpy;
vOr;rpia Vw;gLj;jpd.

• ,e;jpa it];uhahf ,Ue;j fu;rd; gpuG gpd;gw;wpa gpupj;jhSk;

nfhs;ifAk; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jPtputhj fUj;Jf;fs;
jiyJ}f;Ftjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;jd. fu;rd; gpuG
1905,y; Nkw;nfhz;l tq;fg;gpuptpid kf;fspilNa
nfhe;jspg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j tq;fg;gpuptpid vjpu;g;G
,af;fk; gpd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lkhf khwpaJ. ,jidg;
gad;gLj;jp jPtputhj jiytu;fs; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Njrpa
czu;it J}z;b tpl;ldu;.

83
jPtputhjpfspd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; Kiwfs;

fhq;fpuRf;Fs; jPtputhjf; FOtpd; cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; ehl;by;

Gul;rpfu ,af;fj;jpd; tsu;r;rp vd ,e;jpa murpaypy; Gjpa
jpUg;gk; ,uz;L tbtq;fspy; ntspg;gl;lJ . ehd;F Kf;fpa
fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fshd Nyhfkhd;a jpyfu;> gpgpd; re;jpu ghy;>
mutpe;Njh Nfh\; kw;Wk; yhyh y[gjp uha; MfpNahu; Gjpa
nfhs;iffis tiuaWj;J> mjd; Nehf;fq;fSf;F njspthd
tbtk; mspj;J mjd; nray;ghLfis topelj;jpdu;. jPtputhjj;
jiytu;fspy; xUtuhd mutpe;Njh Nfh]; „gioaDf;fhd Gjpa
tpsf;Ffs;‟ vd;w fl;Liuj; njhlupy; Mq;fpNyau;fis fLikahf
tpku;rpj;jhu;. Mq;fpy khjpupia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l murpay;
rl;lg; Nghuhl;l Kiwia mtu; tpUk;gtpy;iy> fhq;fpu]pd;
nkd;ikahd mZFKiwiaj; jhf;fpdhu;. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ue;J
cj;Ntfk; ngwhky;> gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapypUe;J (1789-99) cj;Ntfk;
ngWkhW mtu;fsplk; $wpdhu;.

tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ghl;lhsp ciof;Fk; tu;f;fj;ij

nfhz;L tuTk; mtu; gupe;Jiuj;jhu;. fhq;fpu]py; tsu;e;J tUk;
jiytu;fshd gpgpd; re;jpu ghy;> m\;tpdp Fkhu; jj;jh> yhyh
y[gjp uha; kw;Wk; ghyfq;fhju jpyf; Nghd;wtu;fs;> kf;fspd;
Nfhupf;iffis Mq;fpy murplk; nfQ;rpf;Nfl;gJ kw;Wk;
tpz;zg;gq;fs; mDg;GtJ Nghd;w Kiwfspy;
kfpo;rr
; pailatpy;iy.

mtu;fs; jd;dk;gpf;if> Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd gzp> Nkshf;fs;> nghJf;

$l;lq;fs; %yk; kf;fs; njhlu;G> fy;tp kw;Wk; murpay; gzpfspy;
jha;nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jdu;.
„Rauh[;aj;jpw;F khw;W my;y ey;yhl;rp‟ vd;W thjpl;ldu;. RNjrp
,af;fj;jpd; gpur;rpid kpjthjpfSf;Fk; jPtputhjpfSf;Fk;
,ilapyhd ,ilntspia tpupTgLj;jpaJ. .jPtputhjpfs;
,af;fj;ij ehL KOtJk; gug;gTk;> muRld; xj;Jioahikia
KOikahf;fTk; tpUk;gpdu;. y[gjp uha; kw;Wk; jpyfu; Nghd;w

84
jiytu;fs; mtu;fspd; vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fspy; kpfTk;
jPtpukhdtu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.

y[gjp uha;> „gpr;ir vLg;gjw;Fk; cupik NfhUtjw;Fk; ,ilNa

NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;f;f Kbahtpl;lhy;> ve;j ehl;ltUk; ve;j murpay;
me;j];Jf;Fk; jFjpahdtu; my;y‟ vd;W Koq;fpdhu;. NkYk; mtu;>
„,iwahz;ik kf;fsplk; cs;sJ; mtu;fSf;nfd;W muR
,Uf;fpwJ> mtu;fspd; ngaupy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gLfpwJ‟ vd;W
$wpdhu;. Mdhy; Nghu;fF
; zkpf;f Njrpathjj;jpd; cz;ikahd
epWtdu; ghyfq;fhju jpyfu; Mthu;. 'jtisiag; Nghy
tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw $f;Fuypl;lhy;> ek; ciog;gpy; ve;j
ntw;wpAk; mila KbahJ' vd;W mtu; kpjthjpfis tpku;rpj;jhu;.
Rauh[;[pak; vdJ gpwg;Gupik> mij ehd; ngw;Nw jPUNtd;‟ vd;W
mwptpj;jNghJ mtu; mjpf ek;gpf;ifiaAk; jpwikiaAk;
ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. mtu; gy topfspy; Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jhu;.
mtu; 1894 Kjy; fzgjp tpoh Nghd;w kj milahsq;fisAk;
gz;biffisAk; kf;fis mzpjpul;l gad;gLj;jpdhu;> NkYk;
,isQu;fis Cf;Ftpf;f 1896 Kjy; rpth[p jpUtpohtpd; %yk;
Njrgf;jp kw;Wk; tuyhw;W topghl;il cUthf;fpdhu;. Nfrup vd;w
jdJ gj;jpupf;ifapd; %yk; tup nrYj;j kWf;FkhW kf;fSf;F
Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhu;. kuzj;jpd; gpbapYk; ijupakhf ,Uf;f
Kbahjh‟ vd;W Nfhgkhf vOjpdhu;.

7.3 Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs;

jPtputhjj; jiytu;fspd; nray;ghLfshy; $l ,e;jpa

,isQu;fis jpUg;jpg;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy. Gul;rpthjpfs;
ifj;Jg;ghf;fp kw;Wk; ntbFz;L %yk; Mq;fpNyau;fis vjpu;f;fj;
Jzpe;jdu;. ,e;jpahtpy; Gul;rpfu gaq;futhj ,af;fk; fhq;fpu];
kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;ij fLikahf ghjpj;jJ.vdpDk; ,e;j
Gul;rpfu ,af;fk; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; cWg;gpdu;fis kl;LNk
<u;j;jNjhL ,e;jpahtpy; Fiwe;j mstpyhd jhf;fj;ijNa
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

85
kfhuh\;buhtpy; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs;

kfhuh\;buj;jpy; Gul;rpthjpfs; gy murpay;nfhiyfspy; <Lgl;ldu;.

1899 ,y; GNdapy; gpNsf; Neha; jLg;G Mizauhf ,Ue;j [hd;
vd;gtUk; mtUld; te;j Iau; vd;gtUk; Gul;rpthjpfshy;
Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. NkYk; 1909,y; ehrpf; khtl;l ePjpgjpahf
,Ue;j [hf;rd; vd;gtu; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. ,e;jpa
,isQu;fis ehL flj;jp J}f;fpyplg;gl;lij fz;bf;Fk; tifapy;
yz;ldpy; cau; mjpfhupahf ,Ue;j fu;rd;tpy;yp vd;gtu;
kjd;yhy; jpq;fuh vd;w ,e;jpauhy; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.

tq;fhsj;jpy; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs;

gaq;futhjr; nray;fspd; Gfyplkhf tq;fhsk; khwpaJ. 1908 Mk;

Mz;by;> gpu/Gy;yh rhfp kw;Wk; Fjpuhk; Ngh]; MfpNahu;
Krhgu;G+upd; ePjpgjpahd fpq;];/Nghu;bd; tz;b vdf; fUjp Gif
tz;bapd; kPJ ntbFz;il tPrpdu;> Kd;djhf> rk;ge;jg;gl;l
ePjpgjp gy ,isQu;fSf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpj;jhu;. ,jdhy;
NfhgKw;w Gul;rpthjpfs; ,r;nraypy; <Lgl;ldu;.,e;j rk;gtj;jpy;
,uz;L ngz;fs; ,we;jdu;. NkYk; gpuGy;yh fhty;Jiwahy;
gpbf;fg;gLtjw;Fs; jd;idj;jhNd Rl;L jw;nfhiy nra;J
nfhz;lhu;. kWGwk;> Fjpuhk; tprhuiz nra;ag;gl;L
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu;. fy;fj;jhtpy;> mutpe;j Nfh\; Gul;rpahsu;fis
Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. mtu; rpy gpupl;b\; mjpfhupfisf; nfhd;wjd;
%yk; gpupl;b\; mjpfhupfspd; kdjpy; mr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;j
Kad;whu;.

mypG+u; rjp tof;fpy;> mutpe;ju;> mtuJ rNfhjuu;> gupdh]; kw;Wk;

gyu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L tprhuiz nra;ag;gl;ldu;. ,e;j tof;fpy;
xg;Gjy; mspj;j enkz;lh Nfh];ypq; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. muR
tof;fwpQu; kw;Wk; Jiz NghyP]; R+g;gpuz;Lf;Fk;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;.. mutpe;ju; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhYk; mtuJ rNfhjuUk;
kw;wtu;fSk; me;jkhDf;F ehL flj;jg;gl;ldu;. xg;Gjy;
mspj;jtiuf; nfhd;w rjPd; Ngh]; kw;Wk; fdha; jj;jh
MfpNahUf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ghf;jhj; n[apd;

86
vd;w kw;nwhU Gul;rpahsu; 1915 ,y; fhty;Jiwapdupd;
vd;fTd;lupy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. mtu; lhf;fh rjp tof;fpy;
njhlu;Gilatu;.

gQ;rhgpy; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs;

yhyh `u;jahs;> mtNjh gPfhu;> mkPu; re;jpuh> N[.vk;. rl;lu;[p

Nghd;wtu;fspd; jiyikapy; gQ;rhg; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffspd;
ikakhf khwpaJ. 'fpl;b fpdh]; fl;rp ' kw;Wk; 'nes[thd; rgh'
Nghd;w Gul;rpfu rq;fq;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;ld. re;jpuNrfu; Mrhj;
„,e;J];jhd; FbauR rq;fk;‟ epWtpdhu;. gpd;du; mJ „,e;J];jhd;
Nrhryp];l; FbauR rq;fk;‟ vd kWngauplg;gl;lJ. mjd; Kd;dzp
cWg;gpdu;fshd gfj; rpq;> uh[; FU kw;Wk; Rf; Njt; MfpNahu;
fhNfhup uapy; nfhs;is> rl;lkd;w muq;fpy; Fz;LtPr;R kw;Wk; gpw
gaq;futhj eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;ljw;fhf kuz jz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. cz;ikapy;> gQ;rhg; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpw;F
vupkiyahf khwpaJ. yh$upy; INuhg;gpau;fs; jhf;fg;gl;ldu;. m[pj;
rpq; jiyikapy; uhty;gpz;bapy; gy fytuq;fs; ele;jd.

nkl;uh]py; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs;

gpgpd; re;jpughypd; nrd;id tUif kw;Wk; mtuJ MNtr Ngr;R

Mfpatw;why; nkl;uh]; ,isQu;fs; <u;f;fg;gl;ldu;. t.c.rpjk;guk;
gps;is ,e;jpahtpw;F KO Rje;jpuk; Nfhupdhu; .mjw;fhf mtu;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. ,jw;F vjpu;g;G njuptpj;J J}j;Jf;Fb kw;Wk;
jpUney;Ntypapy; ngUk; fyfk; Vw;gl;lJ.. $l;lj;ij fiyf;f
NghyPrhu; Jg;ghf;fpr;R+L elj;jpdu;. Jg;ghf;fpr; R+L elj;j
cj;jutpl;l mjpfhup tQ;rp Iauhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. ghz;br;Nrup
Gul;rpthjpfspd; Gfyplkhf tpsq;fpaJ.

ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhup >t. Nt. R. Iau; >thQ;rpehjd; Nghd;wtu;fs;

Gul;rpf; fdiy kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tsu;j;J te;jdu;.
jpUney;Ntypapy; Jg;ghf;fpr; R+l;Lf;F cj;jutpl;l M\; vd;w
Mq;fpNya mjpfhup ghujkhjh rq;fj;ij rhu;e;j thQ;rpehjd;
vd;gtuhy; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.

87
,e;jpahtpd; gpw gFjpfspy; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs;

Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy;> Gul;rpfu gaq;futhjk;

mjd; ,Ug;ig czu;j;jpaJ. 1909 ,y; ehrpf; kh[p];jpNul;
[hf;rd; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. mtu; nghJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
kpfTk; tpUk;gj;jfhjtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mfkjhghj; ntbFz;L
tof;F kw;Wk; rjhuh rjp tof;Ffs; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
kw;w gaq;futhj eltbf;iffs;.

Nluh^dpy;> uh];gp`hup Ngh]hy; it];uha; `hu;bq; gpuG kPJ

Fz;L tPrg;gl;lJ. it];uhapd; cjtpahsu;fs; rpyu;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. 1931 Mk; Mz;L gpupl;b\; fhty;JiwapdUld;
ele;j vd;fTd;lupy;> myfhghj;jpy; cs;s My;gpul; G+q;fhtpy;
re;jpu Nrfu; Mrhj; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.

ntspehl;by; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs;

ntspehLfspYk; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs; KO tPr;rpy; njhlu;e;jd.

khtl;l kh[p];jpNul; uhz;bd; nfhiyf;Fg; gpwF> fj;jpathiur;
Nru;e;j \pahk;[p fpU\;z tu;kh yz;lDf;Fr; nrd;W> rupahd
Neuj;jpy; N`hk; &y; nrhirl;biaj; njhlq;fpdhu;.

1906 ,y;> tp.b. rhtu;f;fu; yz;ld; nrd;W „,e;jpah fofj;jpy; ‟

Nru;e;jhu;. mJ Gul;rpfu gaq;futhjj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jJ. ,e;jr;
rq;fj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fspy; xUtuhd kjd; yhy; jpq;uh> ru;
tpy;ypak; fu;rd; tpy;ypiaf; nfhd;whu;. ntspehLfspy; elf;Fk;
Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffspy; fju; fl;rpapd; gq;if xUNghJk; kWf;f
KbahJ. gQ;rhigr; Nru;e;j Gul;rpfu ,isQuhd yhyh `u;jahs;>
fju; fl;rpia epWtp> jp fju; vd;w thu ,jioAk; ntspapl;lhu;.
Mq;fpNyau;fsplk; ,Ue;J ehl;il tpLtpg;gjw;fhf ,e;jpahtpy;
Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;Jtij ,J Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lJ.
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd gpur;rhuj;jpy; <Lgl;ljhy;> yhyh `u;jahs;
ehl;il tpl;L ntspNaWkhW mnkupf;f murhy; cj;jutplg;gl;lJ.
Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ> ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;j ,e;jpag;
Gul;rpahsu;fs; cjtpf;fhf n[u;kd; muir mZfpdu;. mtu;fs;
NkYk; ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;aj;ij J}f;fp vwpa <uhd;>

88
<uhf; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp];jhd; K];yPk;fspd; cjtpiaAk; mtu;fs;
ehbdu;. ru;jhu; m[pj; rpq; kw;Wk; R+/gp mk;gh gpurhj; MfpNahu;
kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;W Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa
tPuu;fis xd;wpizj;J mtu;fspd; Mjuitg; ngw;wdu;.

uh[h kNfe;jpu gpujhg; Mg;fhdp];jhDf;F ,e;Njh-n[u;kd;

gazj;ij topelj;jp mq;F Rje;jpu murhq;fj;ij mikj;jhu;.
Nfhkfjh khU tof;F Gul;rpfu gaq;futhjj;jpd; jPia vupj;jJ.
Gul;rpfu rPf;fpau;fis fdlhTf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;w ,e;j
[g;ghdpa fg;gy; fdlhtpy; cs;s JiwKfj;jpy; eq;$ukpl
kWf;fg;gl;L fy;fj;jh jpUk;gpaJ. gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; gQ;rhgpw;F
Vw;ghL nra;j uapypy; Vwf;$lhJ vd;W gazpfs;
fpsu;e;njOe;jdu;. mtu;fspy; rpyu; murhq;fj;jpd; fLikahd
eltbf;ifahy; ,we;jdu;. ,e;j rk;gtq;fs; midj;Jk; gQ;rhgpy;
gaq;futhj ,af;fj;ij J}z;baJ.

gQ;rhgpy; cs;s mkpu;jru];> [ye;ju; kw;Wk; Y}jpahdhtpy;

gaq;futhjpfspd; murpay; nfhs;isfis elj;jpAs;sdu;. 1945
Mk; Mz;L Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; ku;kkhd Kiwapy; kuzk;
milAk; tiu ,e;j Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs; ntspehLfspy;
ePbj;jd. ehl;bw;Fs;Sk; ntspehl;bYk; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs;
ntw;wpngw Kbatpy;iy> Vnddpy; ,it ,e;jpahtpd; gbj;j
eLj;ju tu;f;f kf;fsplk; kl;LNk ,Ue;jd.

Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffypd; Njhy;tpf;F Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzq;fs;

,Ue;jd. . mtw;Ws; rpy: Nky;jl;L ,e;jpau;fspd; mDjhgkpd;ik;
gy;NtW tifahd epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; Gul;rpahsu;fspilNa
Vw;gl;l epjpg; gpur;ridfs; ; Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f Njrpathj
rpe;jidf;F vjpuhd ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; mZFKiw;
murhq;fj;jhy; vLf;fg;gl;l fLikahd kw;Wk; mlf;FKiw
eltbf;iffs;; ,Wjpahf> fhe;jp[papd; Njhw;wk; MfpaitahFk;.

fhe;jpaf; nfhs;iffis Vw;fhj mjpUg;jpaile;j ,e;jpa

,isQu;fspd; gpujpepjpahd gfj; rpq;> Gul;rpfukhd khw;W
topfis toq;fpdhu;. mtu; xU mrhjhuz Gul;rpahsuhfTk;>

89
,e;jpa fhydpj;Jt vjpu;g;G ,af;fj;jpd; jpahfpahfTk;
ntspg;gl;lhu;. mtu; INuhg;gpa Gul;rpfu ,af;fj;ijg; gbj;J
mjdhy; ngupJk; <u;f;fg;gl;lhu;.kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghf muh[fk; kw;Wk;
fk;A+dprj;jpy; <u;ff
; g;gl;lhu;. Mq;fpNyau;fis tPo;j;JtNjhL
,e;jpa r%fj;jpd; Nrhrypr kWrPuikg;G ,d;wpaikahjJ
vd;gijAk; mtu; czu;e;jhu;> mjw;fhf njhopyhsu;fs; murpay;
mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd mtu; tpUk;gpdhu;.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1. kpjthj fhq;fpui] vjpu;j;j rpy gpugykhd gj;jpupiffspd;

ngaiuf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
2. 'gioaDf;fhd Gjpa tpsf;Ffs;' vd;w jiyg;gpy; njhlu;
fl;Liuapy; kpjthj murpaiy tpku;rpj;j jiytupd; ngaiuf;
Fwpg;gplTk;
3. „Rauh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;G cupik> mij ehd; ngWNtd;‟ vd;W
$wpatu; ahu;?
4. „,e;J];jhd; FbauR rq;fj;ij‟ epWtpatu; ahu;?

7.4 ghyfq;fhju jpyfu;

,e;jpa jPtputhj ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gl;ltu;

ghyfq;fhju jpyfu; Mthu;. ,tu; 1880Mk; Mz;L GNdapy; etPd
Mq;fpyg; gs;spia epWtpdhu;. Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhl
,e;jpau;fSf;F Mq;fpyf; fy;tp Njit vdf; fUjpdhu;. gpd;
,g;gs;sp rPf;fpuNk tsu;rr
; paile;J ngu;Frd; fy;Y}upahf khwpaJ.
,f;fy;Y}upapy; fzpjg; Nguhrpupauhf gzpGupe;j ghyfq;fhju jpyfu;
jf;fhzf;fy;tp fofk; vd;w mikg;ig epWtpdhu; .Nfrup vd;w
kuhj;jpah nkhop thu Vl;ilAk; kuhj;jh vd;w Mq;fpy
ehspjioAk; Jtf;fpdhu;. ,g; gj;jpupf;iffspd; %yk; Mq;fpy
muR nra;j jtWfis kf;fSf;F njupag;gLj;jpdhu; rKjhaj;jpy;
Vw;gLk; kWkyu;rr
; pia murpay; tpLjiyf;F toptFf;Fk; vd;w
ek;gpf;ifAld; nray;gl;lhu;.

90
 ghujj;jpd; gz;ghl;il Nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Mu;tk; nfhz;l jpyfu; fzgjp tpoh> rpth[p tpoh> uhk;yPyh> Ju;fh
G+[h Nghd;w tpohf;fis elj;jpdu;. tpohf;fspd; %yk; kf;fspd;
Njrpa czu;Tfis J}z;batu; ghyfq;fhju jpyfu;. Nguuru;
mTuq;frPg;ig vjpu;j;J jPuj;Jld; Nghuhba rj;ugjp rpth[papd;
tpohitf; nfhz;lhLtJ %yk; kf;fsplj;jpYk; xw;WikiaAk;
jPuj;ijAk; jpyfu; tsu;j;jhu;.

1897 ,y; GNdapy; nfhs;is Neha; gutpaNghJ mjd; epthuzg;

gzpfspy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu; jpyfu;. mg;NghJ
mjpfhupfspd; mj;JkPwpa Nghf;if td;ikahf fz;bj;jhu;.
murhq;fk; njhlu;e;J muRj; JNuhff; Fw;wk; rhl;b 18 khj rpiw
jz;lid toq;fpaJ. kf;fs; mtiu Nyhfkhdpau; vd
mioj;jdu;. rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiy ngw;wgpd; Njrpa murpaypy;
jPtpukhf <Lgl;lhu;.

1905 Mk; Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;l RNjrp ,af;fj;ij KOkdJld;

Mjupj;jhu; jdJ jPtputhj nfhs;ifahy; fhq;fpu]; kpjthjpfspd;
vjpu;g;ig rk;ghjpj;jhu; .1905 Mk; Mz;L fhrpapy; eilngw;w
fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; jPtputhjpfs; jq;fs; gyj;ij fhz;gpj;jdu;
fy;fj;jh fhq;fpu]py; jPtpukhf jPu;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld
1907,y; R+uj;jpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; kpjthjpfs;
jPtputhjpfs; vd ,U gpupthf fhq;fpu]; gpsTgl;lJ.

Rauh[;ak;> RNjrp ,af;fk;> me;epag; nghUl;fs; Gwf;fzpg;G vd;w

Kk;Kidj; jhf;Fjy;fis jpyfu; murpd;kPJ njhLj;jhu;. jpyfupd;
jPtputhj eltbf;iffis fz;L mQ;rpa muR 1908,y; rpyiu
ifJ nra;J 6 tUl rpiw jz;lid mspj;jJ.gu;khtpy; khz;lNy
rpiwapy; jdp miwapy; milf;fg;gl;l jpyfu; cly; eype;J
Neha;tha;g;gl;l gpd; 1914,y; tpLjiyahd jpyfu; kPz;Lk; ehl;L
tpLjiyf;fhf ghLgl;lhu;.

1916 nrg;lk;gupy; GNdapy; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ijj; Jtf;fpdhu;.

mNj Mz;L Mq;fpNyaupd; mlf;FKiwf;F vjpuhd xU tof;fpy;
ntw;wp ngw;W jd;dpfupy;yhj jiytuhf jpfo;e;jhu; jpyfu;. 1920

91
nrg;lk;gu; 30,y; jpyfu; capu;ePj;jhu;. jPtpu Njrpaj;jpw;fhf jd;
tho;ehs; KOtJk; Nghuhba jpahfrPyuhf ,tu; tpsq;fpdhu;.

7.4.1 gpgpd;re;jpughy;

,e;jpa gj;jpupifahsUk; Njrpathj ,af;fj;jpd; Muk;gfhy

jiytu;fspy; xUtUkhd gpgpd; re;jpu ghy; „RNjrp‟ kw;Wk;
„Rauh[;[pak;‟ vd;w fUj;ij gpugyg;gLj;jpdhu;. RNue;jpu ehj;
ghdu;[p> \pt;ehj; rh];jpup kw;Wk; gp Nf Nfh];thkp Nghd;w
murpay; jiytu;fSldhd mtuJ njhlu;Gfs; mtiu murpaypy;
gq;Nfw;f J}z;baJ. mtu; Kjypy; kpjthjpahf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>
mtu; nkJthfTk; gbg;gbahfTk; ghyfq;fhju jpyfupd;
Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f nfhs;iffis Nehf;fp efu;e;jhu;. ge;Nj khjuk;
Njrj;JNuhf tof;fpy; mutpe;j Nfh{f;F vjpuhd Mjhuq;fis
toq;f kWj;jjw;fhf ghy; rpiwf;F mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. ghyfq;fhju
jpyfu; kw;Wk; yhyh y[gjp uha; MfpNahiug; NghyNt> mtu;
gpupl;b\; nghUl;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;> Nkw;fj;jpa Milfis
vupj;jy; kw;Wk; NtiyepWj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; gpupl;b\;
njhopw;rhiyfis G+l;Ljy; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa xU
jPtputhj Njrpathjj;ij Mjupj;jhu;. mtuJ gpw;fhyq;fspy;>
kfhj;kh fhe;jpiar; Rw;wpAs;s MSik topghl;il vjpu;j;j
tq;fhs NjrpathjpfSld; mtu; neUf;fkhf njhlu;G nfhz;lhu;.
mtu; fhe;jpiaAk; mtuJ rkhjhd ek;gpf;iffisAk; fLikahf
tpku;rpj;jtu;.

1917,y; u\;ahtpy; Vw;gl;l kf;fs; Gul;rp gpgpd; re;jpughy; kPJ

ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.,tu; ,g;Gul;rpia vNjr;rjpfhuj;jpd;
tPo;rr
; pahff; fUjpdhu;. mlf;fp xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; Gjpa rf;jpahf
cUntLf;f Ntz;Lk; Nky; tFg;ghupd; Ruz;lypy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L
Rje;jpukhf thoNtz;Lk; rkj;Jt rKjhak; mika Ntz;Lk;
vd;w fUj;Jf;fis gw;wp NgrpAk; vOjpAk; te;jhu; gpgpd; re;jpu
ghy;.

gpgpd; re;jpu ghy; xU rpwe;j Ngr;rhsu; kw;Wk; vOj;jhsu;. xU

gj;jpupifahsuhf> mtu; Njrgf;jp kw;Wk; Njrpathjk; gw;wpa jdJ

92
nra;jpiag; gug;g gj;jpupifiag; gad;gLj;jpdhu;. 'jp nlkhf;uhl;'
kw;Wk; 'jp ,d;bngd;ld;l'; Nghd;w gj;jpupiffspd; Mrpupauhf
,Ue;jhu;. 'gupju;rf;'> 'ge;Nj khjuk;'> 'epA+ ,e;jpah' kw;Wk;
'];tuh[;' Nghd;w gy nra;jpj;jhs;fisAk; gj;jpupiffisAk;
,tu; njhlq;fpdhu;.

yhyh y[gjp uha;

gQ;rhgpd; rpq;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; yhyhy[gjpuha; uQ;rpj;rpq;

fpof;F gQ;rhgpy; Njhd;wpa khngUk; jiytu; Mthu;. gpugy
tof;fwpQuhd ,tu; Njrg; gw;wpd; fhuzkhf Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;l jpyfiug; NghyNt yhyhy[gjpuha;
Mq;fpNya murpd; kPJ ek;gpf;if ,oe;jhu;. murpayikg;Gf;F
cl;gl;l Nghuhl;lq;fSk; tpz;zg;gq;fSk; Ntz;LNfhSk;
gadw;wit vd;W fUjpa yhyhy[gjpuha; jPtpukhd murpay;
eltbf;iffspd; %yk; Mq;fpNyaiu tpul;l KbAk; vd;w
ek;gpf;ifiaf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.

1905,y; tq;fg; gpuptpidia vjpu;j;J jPtpukhf Nghuhba

yhyhy[gjpuha; ,jw;F vjpu;g;G njuptpf;f NfhfNy,q;fpyhe;J
nrd;wNghJ ,tUk; cld; nrd;whu;. cupikfis gpr;ir Nfl;Lg;
ngwhky; Nghuhbg; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;W Kof;fkpl;ltu;
yhyhy[gjpuha;. ,tu; Kjyhspj;Jtj;ijAk; nghUshjhu
Ruz;liyAk; vjpu;j;jhu;. 1902,y; ,e;jpa njhopyhsu; rq;f
mikg;gpd; Kjy; jiytuhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. Mq;fpNyaupd;
FbNaw;w kNrhjhtpw;F vjpuhf ngUk; Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;jpa ,tu;
,jw;fhf 6 khj rpiw jz;lid ngw;whu;.

murpaypy; RNjrp ,af;fk;> Njrpa fy;tp> me;epag; nghUl;fs;

Gwf;fzpg;G Mfpa nfhs;iffSf;F y[gjpuha; MjuT
njuptpj;jhu;. ,tu; “Young India”> “ England‟s debt to
India” vd;w ,uz;L Gj;jfq;fs; vOjpdhu;. 1919 ,y; [hypad;
thyhghf; gLnfhiy fz;L mjpu;r;rp mile;jhu;. 1920-Mk; Mz;L
fy;fj;jhtpy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehL yhyh y[gjp uhapd;
jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ. mg;NghJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;l

93
xj;Jioahik ,af;f jPu;khdk; ,tUf;F cld;ghlhdJ my;y
vd;whYk; nghJeyd; fUjp Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.

xj;Jioahik ,af;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;Jnfhz;L rpiwapy;

milf;fg;gl;l yhyhy[gjpuha; rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiyahd gpd;G
Rauh[;af; fl;rpapYk; ,ize;J nray;gl;lhu;. gpd; 1928
mf;Nlhgu; 30-Mk; Njjp yh$upy; irkd; fkp\Df;F vjpuhd xU
Cu;tyj;jpw;F jiyik Vw;W nrd;wNghJ Mq;fpy NghyP];
mjpfhup rhz;lu;]; Nkw;fz;l jbabapy; ,tu; gyj;j fhak;
mile;J capupoe;jhu;.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

5. mfpy ,e;jpa jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij epWtpatu; ahu;?

6. 'gQ;rhg; Nfrup' my;yJ 'gQ;rhg; rpq;fk;' vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?

7.5 RNjrp ,af;fk;

RNjrp ,af;fk; 1905 ,y; tq;fhsg; gpuptpidf;F vjpuhf Njhd;wpa

xU ,af;fkhFk;.,J 1908 tiu njhlu;e;jJ. cz;ikapy;>
fhe;jpafhyj;jpw;F Ke;ija midj;J ,af;fq;fspYk; ,J kpfTk;
ntw;wpfukhdJ. 1905 Mk; Mz;L tq;fhs khepyj;ij tq;fhsk;>
fpof;F tq;fhsk; mrhk; vd;w ,uz;L khepyq;fshfg; gpupj;jhu;.
epu;thf trjpf;fhf ,e;j gpuptpid nra;ag;gLfpwJ vd;W
$wpdhYk; cz;ikapy; tq;fhs khepyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l murpay;
xw;Wikia mopg;gjw;Fk; Fwpg;ghf tho;fpd;w ,e;J K];ypk;
kf;fspilNa epytpa xw;Wikia rPu;Fiyf;Fk; gpuptpidia
nra;ag;gl;ljhf ,e;jpau;fs; fUjpdu;.

RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; nray;ghL

tq;fhsk; gpupf;fg;gl;l 1905 mf;Nlhgu; 16 Mk; ehs; Njrpa Jf;f

jpdkhf ehL KOtJk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. md;W kf;fs;
cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;jew;> Cu;tykhf nrd;wdu;. Cu;tyq;fspy;
Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fs; te;Nj khjuk; ghliy ghb nrd;wdu;.

94
nghJf;$l;lq;fs;> Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs;> Cu;tyq;fs;> jPu;khdq;fs;
epiwNtw;Wjy; Nghd;w vjpu;g;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
Mq;fpNyau;fs; kPjhd ntWg;G mtu;fis rhu;e;j nghUl;fs; kPJ
jpUk;gpaJ ,JNt RNjrp ,af;fkhf cUntLj;jJ.

,e;jpa nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> jw;rhu;Gilik> Ra cjtp

Mfpait RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; MFk; mJ xU
murpay; nghUshjhu epiy kpf MAjkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
nghJf;$l;lq;fspy; RNjrpa nghUs;fis cgNahfpg;gJ vd;Wk;
tpNjrpg; nghUs;fis Gwf;fzpg;gJ vd;Wk; cWjpnkhop vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. epu;khzg; gzpiaf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
RNjrp rkh[; vd;w mikg;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. njhz;lu;fs;
RNjrp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;ghu;itapl;ldu;. RNjrp
nerthiyfs;> jPg;ngl;b njhopw;rhiyfs;> tq;fpfs;> MAs;
fhg;gl
P ;L fk;ngdpfs; Jtf;fg;gl;ld. ,af;fj;ij tsu;f;f
Vuhskhd epjp jpul;lg;gl;lJ. RNjrp ,af;fk; xU ,af;fkhf
tsu;e;jJ.

RNjrp ,af;f jiytu;fs; tpNjrp nghUs;fis Gwf;fzpg;gjd;

%yk; ,e;jpau;fis jq;fsJ nghUshjhu Ruz;lypy; ,Ue;J
tpLtpf;f vz;zpdu;. ,q;fpyhe;J JzpAld; Mq;fpyj;ijAk;
Gwf;fzpj;jy;> murhq;f nfsutg; gl;lq;fis Jwj;jy;>
rl;lkd;wq;fs; cs;shl;rp kd;wq;fspy; ,Ue;J tpyfy; >tpNjrp
nghUs;fis thq;FNthiu r%fg; Gwf;fzpg;G nra;jy; Mfpait
,g;Gwf;fzpg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;Fk;.khd;nr];lu; JzpfSk;
ntspehl;L rpfnul;LfSk; nghJ ,lq;fspy; nfhSj;jg;gl;ld.
ntspehl;L kUe;Jfis gad;gLj;j Nehahspfs; kWj;jdu;.

Njrpaf; fy;tp

RNjrp ,af;f jiytu;fs; tpNjrp nghUs;fNshL tpNjrp

fUj;Jf;fisAk; Gwf;fzpj;jdu;. Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tp Kiw
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. khwhf ,e;jpa gz;ghL> jj;Jtk; >kuGtop
Mfpait Gfog;gl;lJ. fle;jfhy ngUik Ngrg;gl;lJ.
,isQu;fspilNa Njrpa czu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;j Njrpa fy;tpf;

95
$lq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. khztu;fspilNa ehl;Lg;gw;Wk;>jpahf
kdg;ghd;ikAk; tsu;f;fg;gl;ld. 1906 Mf];l; 15 ,y; xU Njrpa
fy;tp kd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

vjpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;

tq;fg;gpuptpid Kbe;j KbT vd;W khu;yp gpuG mwptpj;jij fz;L

nfhjpj;j jPtputhjpfs; Nghuhl;lq;fs; elj;jpdu;.> khztu;fs;
murhq;f gs;spfisAk; fy;Y}upfisAk; Gwf;fzpf;f Ntz;Lk;
mNjNghd;W ePjpkd;wq;fs;> rl;lkd;wq;fs;> cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fs;>
mYtyfq;fs; MfpaitAk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. Gwf;fzpg;gpd; %yk; epu;thfj;ij
Klf;fptpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,e;j vjpu;g;gpd; Nehf;fkhFk; .RNjrp
,af;fj;jpd; ntw;wpia fz;L Nfhgk; nfhz;l muR
mlf;FKiwiaf; fl;ltpo;j;Jtpl;lJ. $l;lq;fs; fiyf;fg;gl;ld.
Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fs; jhf;fg;gl;L jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
nghJf;$l;lq;fs; Cu;tyq;fs; Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; jil nra;ag;gl;ld.

Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;Nfw;w khztu;fSf;F muR gzpfspy;

,lkpy;iy vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. gy khztu;fs; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;L rpiwf;F mDg;gg;gl;ldu; .tPL GFe;J NrhjidapLtJ
md;whl tof;fkhf khwpaJ. tq;fhsj;jpy; RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p>
gpgpd; re;jpu ghy;> mutpe;j Nfh\;> gQ;rhgpy; yhyh y[gjpuha;>
kfhuh\;buj;jpy; jpyfu;> jkpo;ehl;by; t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;isAk;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

tpisTfs;

gpupe;j tq;fhsj;ij xd;wpizg;gjpy; RNjrp ,af;fk; cldbahf

ntw;wpngwtpy;iy vd;whYk;> mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Fiwj;J
kjpg;gpl KbahJ.

• RNjrp ,af;fk; Ke;ija Njrpaj; jiytu;fshy;

elj;jg;gl;l ,af;fq;fspypUe;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lJ. ,e;j
,af;fj;jpy;> 'gpuhu;j;jid kw;Wk; kD' vd;w nfhs;iff;F vjpuhd
Neub murpay; eltbf;if jpl;lk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

96
• Muk;g fl;lq;fspy;> RNjrp ,af;fk; tq;fhsg; gpuptpidia
uj;J nra;a Kaw;rpj;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,Wjpahf mjd; Kaw;rpfs;
me;epa Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;Nj KOikahd Rje;jpuj;ij
miltjw;fhd Nehf;fj;ij xUq;fpizf;f xU ngupa gupkhzj;ij
vLj;jd.

• RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; „Gwf;fzpg;G‟ mk;rkhdJ> Mq;fpy

murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ mOj;jj;ij nfhz;L tuTk;> gpuptpidia uj;J
nra;a khd;nr];lupd; kpy; cupikahsu;fSf;F nghUshjhu
uPjpahf mOj;jk; nfhLg;gij cs;slf;fpaJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ' Gwf;fzpg;G' gpupl;b\; nghUl;fSf;Fs; kl;Lk;
mlq;fptpltpy;iy.

• RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; fyhr;rhu mk;rKk; kpfTk;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf ,Ue;jJ. RNjrp ehl;fspy; tq;fhs ,yf;fpak;
nropj;jJ. utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; kw;Wk; u[dpfhe;Njh nrd; MfpNahupd;
Njrgf;jp ghly;fSk; gilg;GfSk; ntF[dq;fspd; Njrgf;jp
czu;itj; njhl;ld.

• RNjrp Nghuhl;lj;jpd; xU mw;Gjkhd mk;rk; ngz;fspd;

gq;Nfw;ig cs;slf;fpaJ.

• efu;g;Gw eLj;ju tu;ff

; j;ijr; Nru;e;j gy ngz;fs;
Cu;tyq;fspYk; kwpay; Nghuhl;lq;fspYk; gq;Nfw;wdu;. gpd;du;>
mtu;fs; kpfTk; jPtpukhd mstpy; Njrpathj ,af;fj;jpy;
gq;Nfw;wdu;. NkYk;> gy Kf;fpa K];ypk;fs; RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy;
gq;Nfw;wdu;.

• ,tu;fspy; mg;Jy; uR+y; (gpugy tof;fwpQu;)> ypahfj;

{`ird; (gpugykhd fpsu;rr
; pahsu;) kw;Wk; F];dtp (njhopyjpgu;)
MfpNahu; mlq;Ftu;. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; Mrhj; Gul;rpfu
gaq;futhjf; FOf;fspy; Nru;e;jhu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ngUk;ghd;ikahd
eLj;ju kw;Wk; Nky;jl;L K];ypk;fs; eLepiy tfpj;jdu;.

• kf;fSf;F jd;dk;gpf;if> jd;khdk;> Ra cjtp gw;wpa

czu;Tfs; cz;lhapd. ,e;jpa vjpu;g;G ahrpf;Fk; epiyapy;

97
,Ue;J Neub Nghuhl;l epiyf;F khwpaJ . RNjrp,af;fk;
tq;fhsj;jpw;F ntspNaAk; gutp mfpy ,e;jpa Mjuitg; ngw;wJ.
kf;fSf;F NghyP];> rpiw Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ ,Ue;j mr;rk;
mfd;wJ. jhf;fg;gLtJk;> rpiw nry;tJk; Njrj; njhz;lhff;
fUjg;gl;ld. Jd;gj;jhYk; jpahfj;jhYk; kl;LNk Mq;fpNya
murhq;fj;ij mbgzpa itf;f KbAk; vd;W jiytu;fSk;
kf;fSk; Gupe;J nfhz;ldu; . RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; tpisthf
tq;fg;gpuptpid 1911Mk; Mz;L tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

7. RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; ,uz;L Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Nghf;Ffs; ahit?

8. Njrpa fy;tp fTd;rpy; ve;j Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ?

7.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;

1. kpjthj fhq;fpui] vjpu;j;j rpy gpugykhd gj;jpupiffs; Nfrup

(kuhj;jp) kw;Wk; gq;fghrp (tq;fhsk;).

2. mutpe;j Nfh\; kpjthj murpaiy „'gioaDf;fhd Gjpa

tpsf;Ffs;' vd;w jiyg;gpy; fl;Liuj; njhlupy; tpku;rpj;jhu;.

3. ghyfq;fhju jpyfu; „Rauh[;ak; vd; gpwg;Gupik> mij ehd;

ngWNtd;‟ vd;whu;.

4. re;jpu Nrfu; Mrhj; „,e;J];jhd; FbauR rq;fj;ij‟ epWtpdhu;.

5. ghyfq;fhju jpyfu; mfpy ,e;jpa jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij

epWtpdhu;.

6. yhyh y[gjp uha; 'gQ;rhg; Nfrup' my;yJ 'gQ;rhg; rpq;fk;'

vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

7. RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy; ,uz;L Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Nghf;Ffisf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;-(i) Mf;fG+u;tkhd RNjrp kw;Wk; (ii) murpay;
'jPtputhjk;'.

8. Mf];l; 15> 1906 ,y;> Njrpa fy;tpf; fTd;rpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

98
7.7 RUf;fk;

• gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gj;jhz;L kw;Wk; ,Ugjhk;

E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuRf;Fs;
xU Gjpa kw;Wk; ,isQu; FO Njhd;wpaijf; fhzKbe;jJ

• ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; 1905 ,y; ,Ue;J 1989

tiu jPtputhj fUj;Jf;fs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa fhyk; vdf;
$wyhk;.

• kpjthjpfs; nry;thf;F ,oe;J te;j ,e;j Neuj;jpy;

jPtputhjpfs; RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; jq;fis
kf;fsplj;jpy; milahsg;gLj;jpdu;.

• ghyfq;fhju jpyfu; R+uj; fhq;fpu]; gpsTf;Fg;gpd;

jPtputhjpfspd; jd;dpfuw;w jiytuhf jpfo;e;jhu;.

• fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapd; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; kpjthj

jiytu;fs; ,isa jiyKiw kw;Wk; rhjhuz kf;fis
<u;ff
; j; jtwpaJ Mfpa ,uz;L fhuzpfNs jPtputhjj;jpd;
NtUf;fhd Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fs; MFk;.

• 1858 ,y; ntspaplg;gl;l tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzpapd; Nguwpf;if

,e;jpa kf;fis jpUg;jpg;gLj;jtpy;iy. Vnddpy; mjpy;
kf;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;bUe;j cWjpnkhopfs;
nray;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.

• kpjthjpfs; Mq;fpNya gz;ghl;ilAk; murpay; mikg;igAk;

Gfo;e;j NghJ jPtputhj jiytu;fshd ghyfq;fhju jpyfu;>
gpgpd; re;jpu Ngh];> mutpe;j Nfh\; Nghd;Nwhu; ,e;jpahtpd;
ngUikfisAk; fyhr;rhu rpwg;GfisAk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
vLj;J itj;jdu;.

• INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l tpLjiy ,af;fq;fSk;>

fupghy;b kh[pdp Nghd;w Nghuhl;l jiytu;fspd; jpahfr;

99
 nray;fSk; Gul;rp fUj;Jf;fSk; ,e;jpa ,isQu;fsplj;jpy;
vOr;rpia Vw;gLj;jpd.

• ehd;F Kf;fpa fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fshd Nyhfkhd;a jpyfu;>

gpgpd; re;jpu ghy;> mutpe;Njh Nfh\; kw;Wk; yhyh y[gjp uha;
MfpNahu; Gjpa nfhs;iffis tiuaWj;J> mjd;
Nehf;fq;fSf;F njspthd tbtk; mspj;J mjd;
nray;ghLfis topelj;jpdu;.

• NkYk; ghyfq;fhju jpyfu; Jtf;fpa fzgjp tpohTk;> rpth[p

tpohTk; kuhl;ba kf;fsplj;jpy; ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsu;j;jJ.

• Gul;rpthjpfs; ifj;Jg;ghf;fp kw;Wk; ntbFz;L %yk;

Mq;fpNyau;fis vjpu;f;fj; Jzpe;jdu;. ,e;jpahtpy; Gul;rpfu
gaq;futhj ,af;fk; fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;ij
fLikahf ghjpj;jJ.

• kfhuh\;buj;jpy; Gul;rpthjpfs; gy murpay;nfhiyfspy;

<Lgl;ldu;. 1899 ,y; GNdapy; gpNsf; Neha; jLg;G Mizauhf
,Ue;j [hd; vd;gtUk; mtUld; te;j Iau; vd;gtUk;
Gul;rpthjpfshy; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;.

• yhyh `u;jahs;> mtNjh gPfhu;> mkPu; re;jpuh> N[.vk;. rl;lu;[p

Nghd;wtu;fspd; jiyikapy; gQ;rhg; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffspd;
ikakhf khwpaJ.

• gpgpd; re;jpughypd; nrd;id tUif kw;Wk; mtuJ MNtr

Ngr;R Mfpatw;why; nkl;uh]; ,isQu;fs; <u;ff
; g;gl;ldu;.
t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is ,e;jpahtpw;F KO Rje;jpuk; Nfhupdhu;
.mjw;fhf mtu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

• ntspehLfspYk; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs; KO tPr;rpy;

njhlu;e;jd. khtl;l kh[p];jpNul; uhz;bd; nfhiyf;Fg; gpwF>
fj;jpathiur; Nru;e;j \pahk;[p fpU\;z tu;kh yz;lDf;Fr;
nrd;W> rupahd Neuj;jpy; N`hk; &y; nrhirl;biaj;
njhlq;fpdhu;.

100
• ,e;jpa jPtputhj ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gl;ltu;
ghyfq;fhju jpyfu; Mthu;. ,tu; 1880Mk; Mz;L GNdapy;
etPd Mq;fpyg; gs;spia epWtpdhu;.

• 1897 ,y; GNdapy; nfhs;is Neha; gutpaNghJ mjd;

epthuzg; gzpfspy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu; jpyfu;.
mg;NghJ mjpfhupfspd; mj;JkPwpa Nghf;if td;ikahf
fz;bj;jhu;.

• ,e;jpa gj;jpupifahsUk; Njrpathj ,af;fj;jpd; Muk;gfhy

jiytu;fspy; xUtUkhd gpgpd; re;jpu ghy; „RNjrp‟ kw;Wk;
„Rauh[;[pak;‟ vd;w fUj;ij gpugyg;gLj;jpdhu;.

• gQ;rhgpd; rpq;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; yhyhy[gjpuha;

uQ;rpj;rpq; fpof;F gQ;rhgpy; Njhd;wpa khngUk; jiytu;
Mthu;. gpugy tof;fwpQuhd ,tu; Njrg; gw;wpd; fhuzkhf
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;l jpyfiug; NghyNt
yhyhy[gjpuha; Mq;fpNya murpd; kPJ ek;gpf;if ,oe;jhu;.

• RNjrp ,af;fk; 1905 ,y; tq;fhsg; gpuptpidf;F vjpuhf

Njhd;wpa xU ,af;fkhFk;.,J 1908 tiu njhlu;e;jJ.
cz;ikapy;> fhe;jpafhyj;jpw;F Ke;ija midj;J
,af;fq;fspYk; ,J kpfTk; ntw;wpfukhdJ.

• RNjrp ,af;f jiytu;fs; tpNjrp nghUs;fNshL tpNjrp

fUj;Jf;fisAk; Gwf;fzpj;jdu;.

7.8 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

• gQ;rk;: ,J xU ngupa gFjpapy; ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F cztpd;

gw;whf;Fiwiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ> ,J gyupd; kuzj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk;.

• Nrhryp];l;: ,J cw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fspd; r%f cupik

kw;Wk; epWtdq;fspd; njhopyhsu;fspd; Ra Nkyhz;ik
Mfpatw;wpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;l xUtiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

101
• fk;A+dp];l;: cw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fspd; nghJthd cupik kw;Wk;
r%f tu;f;fq;fs;> gzk; kw;Wk; muR > ,y;yhik Nghd;w
fUj;Jf;fis ek;Gk; kf;fisf; Fwpf;f ,e;j nrhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

• ghl;lhsp tu;f;fk;: ,J njhopyhs tu;f;f kf;fis Fwpg;ghf

ve;j nrhj;Jk; ,y;yhjtu;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

7.9 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. jPtputhjj;jpd; vOr;rpf;F fhuzkhd fhuzpfs; ahit?

2. gQ;rhgpd; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;J xU rpW Fwpg;ig
vOJ.
3. yhyh y[gjp uhapd; gq;fspg;Gfs; ahit?
4. RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig
vOJ.

neLtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ,e;jpahtpYk; ntspehl;bYk; jPtputhjpfspd; Gul;rpfu

eltbf;iffs; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. ghyfq;fhju; jpyfu;> yhyh y[gjp uha; kw;Wk; gpgpd; re;jpu
ghy; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;ig gFg;gha;T nra;f.
3. RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy; khztu;fs;> ngz;fs;> K];ypk;fs; kw;Wk;
ntF[dq;fspd; gq;if Muha;f.

7.10 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

11. ,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010

12. f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018

102
13. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.
G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk;
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id > 2010

14. ,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016

15. [t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij>

miyfs; ntspaPll
; fk;> nrd;id> 2013

103
 njhFjp - III

K];ypk; yPf; cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; Rje;jpug;

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhe;jpapd; gq;F

myF – 8

K];ypk; yPf;

fl;likg;G
8.0 mwpKfk;
8.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
8.2 K];ypk; yPf; cUthf;fk;
8.3 R+uj; gpsT
8.4 jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
8.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
8.6 RUf;fk;
8.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
8.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
8.9 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

8.0 mwpKfk;

gpupl;b\; muR ,e;jpahtpy; gpupj;jhSk; nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpaJ.

,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; K];yPk;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gpsT gbg;gbahf
mjpfupj;jJ. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; tFg;Gthjk; kw;Wk; gpuptpidthj
Nghf;Ffspd; tsu;rr
; piaAk; fz;lJ. 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kw;gFjpapy; K];yPk; yPf; cUthdJ.NkYk; fhq;fpu]pd; ,U
gpupTfSf;F ,ilNa gpsT Vw;gl;lJ. kpjthjpfSf;Fk;
jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gpsT 1907 R+uj; gpstpy;
cr;rf;fl;lj;ij mile;jJ. ,e;j ,uz;L Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

104
epfo;TfSf;F toptFj;j fhuzpfisg; gw;wpAk; jd;dhl;rp
,af;fk; Fwpj;Jk; ,e;j gpupT tpthjpf;Fk;.

8.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

• K];ypk; yPf; cUthtjw;F fhuzkhd fhuzpfis
tpsf;Fjy;
• R+uj; gpstpd; fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; jhf;fk; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;
• jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; nray;ghLfis Muha;jy;

8.2 K];ypk; yPf; cUthf;fk;

600 Mz;Lfshf ,e;jpahit Ml;rp nra;j guk;giuapdupd;

topj;Njhd;wy;fNs K];ypk;fs;. Kfyhag; Nguurpd; tPo;rr
; pf;Fg; gpd;
,e;jpahit Mq;fpNyau;fs; ifg;gw;wpaNghJ K];ypk;fs;
Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;j;jdu;.me;j vjpu;g;G 1857 fpsu;rr
; papd;
NghJ jPtpukhf ntspg;gl;lJ.

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpahsu;fs; K];ypk;fspd; cz;ikahd ez;gu;fNsh>

,e;Jf;fspd; vjpupfNsh my;y; mtu;fs; gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd;
cz;ikahd ez;gu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. Muk;gfhy gpupl;b\;
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fy;tpf; nfhs;iffs; K];yPk;fis tpl
,e;Jf;fSf;F mjpf gyd; mspj;jd. ,e;jf; nfhs;iffspd;
tpisTjhd; 1857-y; Vw;gl;l NguopT. 1857-y; fyfj;jpw;F Kd;Ng>
t`hgpj; jiytu;fspd; fPo; Mq;fpNya muRf;F vjpuhf
K];ypk;fs; fpsu;rr
; p nra;jdu;. gpupl;b\; muR ,uf;fkpd;wp
,af;fj;ij xLf;fpaJ; Mdhy; mJ fyfk; tbtpy; ntspg;gl;lJ.
1857 ,y; ele;j fyfj;jpd; Kf;fpa fhuzfu;j;jhf;fshf K];ypk;
t`hgpfs;tpsk;fpdu;. Mq;fpNyau;fs; fyfj;jpw;F K];ypk;fis
fhuzk; vd;W fUjpajhy;> 1858f;Fg; gpwF mtu;fs; kpff;
fLikahf elj;jg;gl;ldu;.

105
Mq;fpNya muR K];ypk;fis gopthq;fpaJ. K];ypk;fs;
ghFghl;Lld; elj;jg;gl;ldu;.uhZtj;jpypUe;J muRj; Jiwfspy;
,Ue;Jk; xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;ldu;. mjd; fhuzkhf K];ypk;fs;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; fy;tpapy; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa khwpdu;. ,jdhy;
K];ypk;fs; Njrpa ePNuhl;lj;jpypUe;J Njf;f epiyia
mile;jdu;.Mdhy; K];ypk;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd R+o;epiyia
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jtu; iraJ m`kJ vd;gtu; Mthu;. mtu;
mypfhupy; Kfkjpa Mq;fpy Xupaz;ly; fy;Y}upia
epWtpdhu;.mjd; %yk; K];ypk;fSf;F ,];yhikg; gw;wpa
mwpNthL Mq;fpyf; fy;tpAk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpNyau;fSk;
mf;fy;Y}upia mf;fiwNahL Mjupj;jdu;. mypfhu; K];ypk;
fy;Y}up K];ypk; murpaYf;Fk; mypfhu; ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; ikakhf
jpfo;e;jJ.

iraJ mfkJ fhdhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhu K];ypk;fs;

K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; vd;w mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. mJNt gpd;du;
K];ypk; fy;tp khehL vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. K];ypk; yPf;
mikf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;dhy; ,J jhd; K];ypk;fspd; eyDf;fhf
ghLgl;lJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; $Lk;Nghnjy;yhk; K];ypk;
fy;tp khehL $LtJ tof;fkhd xd;whf ,Ue;jJ.
rl;lkd;wq;fspYk;> cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fspYk; K];ypk;fSf;F
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Ntz;Lk; vd ,J typAWj;jpaJ.
,e;epWtdq;fSf;F gpujpepjpfis Nju;e;njLf;f K];ypk;fSf;nfd
jdp njhFjpfs; Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhupf;if itj;jhu; iraJ
mfkJ fhd;.

tq;fg; gpuptpid jpl;lk; mwptpf;fg;gl;l NghJ tq;fhs K];ypk;fs;

mjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;ltpy;iy. K];ypk; jiytu;fs; fhq;fpu];
jiytu;fSld; ,ize;J tq;fg;gpuptpidia vjpu;j;jdu;. Mdhy;
fu;rd; gpuG K];ypk; ngUk;ghd;ik nfhz;l jdp fpof;F tq;fhs
khepyk;miktjhy; K];ypk;fSf;F epiwa ed;ikfs; Vw;gLk; vd
vLj;Jf; $wp K];yPk;fspd; ,d czu;it J}z;btpl;L
tq;fg;gpuptpidf;F Mjuthf K];ypk;fis jpir jpUg;gpdhu;.

106
1906 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa tptfhur; nrayu; khu;yp gpuGit
rpk;yhtpy; re;jpj;j K];ypk; jiytu;fspd; J}Jf;FO
K];ypk;fSf;F Nghjpa rl;l ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd
typAWj;jpaJ. K];ypk;fSf;F jdp njhFjpfs; Vw;gLj;Jjy;>
murhq;f gzpfspy; K];ypk;fSf;nfd cupa ,l xJf;fPL
nra;jy;> Gjpjhf K];ypk; gy;fiyf; fofq;fis Vw;gLj;j Nghjpa
epjpia xJf;Fjy;> Ml;rpapy; K];ypk;fSf;F Kd;Dupik jUjy;
Nghd;w Nfhupf;iffis K];yPk; J}Jf;FOtpdu; khu;yp gpuGtplk;
Kd;itj;jdu;.

khu;yp gpuGit re;jpj;j J}Jf; FOtpdupdupy; xUtuhd ethg;

rypKy;yhfhd; xU Rw;wwpf;ifia 1906 Mk; Mz;L etk;gu; 6Mk;
ehs; ntspapl;lhu;. mjpy; mtu; mfpy ,e;jpa K];ypk; khehL
mikg;G xd;iw Vw;gLj;j Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jp
,Ue;jhu;. ,e;jpahtpy; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J te;jpUe;j
K];ypk; gpujpepjpfs; lhf;fhtpy; $b ethg; rypKy;yhfhd; $wpa
Nahridia guprPypj;jdu;. mjd; tpisthf mfpy ,e;jpa
K];ypk; yPf; mikg;G 1906 brk;gu; 30-Mk; ehs; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

K];ypk; yPf;fpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

K];ypk; yPfpd; Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
• Mq;fpy murhq;fk; vLf;Fk; eltbf;iffis Mjupj;J
K];ypk;fs; muRf;F tpRthrkhf ,Uf;FkhW Cf;Ftpj;jy;
• ehL KOtJk; tho;fpd;w K];ypk;fspd; nfhs;ifia fhj;J
mtu;fspd; eyd;fis ghJfhj;jy;
• K];ypk;fspd; NjitfisAk; tpUg;gq;fisAk;
murhq;fj;jpw;F vLj;Jf; $Wjy;
• K];ypk;fSf;Fk; gpw r%fj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilNa el;Gwit
tsu;j;jy;
• Mq;fpy Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf nray;gl;L tUk; ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpu]pd; tsu;e;JtUk; nry;thf;iff; Fiwj;jy;

107
• fhq;fpurpy; Nru;e;j K];ypk; ,isQu;fs; jq;fs; jFjpf;F
Vw;wthW murpay; tho;tpy; Kd;Ndw tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhLj;jy;

K];ypk;yPff
; pd; khehLfs;
K];ypk;yPff
; pd; Kjy; khehL 1907,y; mkpu;jru]py; $baJ .ru;
iraJ myp ,khk; mjw;F jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.K];ypk;yPf;fpd;
murpayikg;G ,k;khehl;by; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ .mjw;Fg;gpd;
$ba ,uz;lhtJ khehl;by; tutpUe;j kpz;Nlh khu;yp
rPu;jpUj;jq;fspy; K];ypk;fSf;F jdp thf;Fupik Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Nfhupf;if tpLf;fg;gl;lJ. murhq;f NtiyfspYk; K];ypk;fSf;F
,l xJf;fL
P Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. Ml;rpf;
FOtpy; ngUk;ghd;ik r%fj;Jf;F rkkhd ,lq;fs;
K];yPk;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;iffSk;
mk;khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l jiytu;fshy; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ.
Kr;spk;yPf;fpd; epue;juj; jiytu; Mfhfhd; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ
. K];ypk;yPff
; pd; Gjpa fpisfs; ,e;jpahtpd; gpw khepyq;fspYk;
Jtf;fg;gl;ld. yz;ldpYk; mJ Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. K];ypk;yPff
; pd;
Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W 1909Mk; Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kpd;Nlh
khu;yp rPu;jpUj;j rl;lg;gb mtu;fSf;F jdpj;njhFjp Kiw
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

K];ypk; yPFk; fhq;fpuRk;

K];ypk;yPf; njhlq;fg;gl;lNghJ fhq;fpurpd; murpay;tpNuhj
mikg;ghfNt fhl;rpaspj;jJ. Mdhy; tpiutpy; jdJ Nghf;if
mJ khw;wpf; nfhz;lJ .Mq;fpy murhq;fk; tq;fg;gpuptpidia
jpUk;gg;ngw;wJ K];ypk; yPf;fpw;F Ngupbahf ,Ue;jJ. Njrpa
K];ypk; jiytu;fspd; nry;thf;F K];yPk; yPf;fpd; Nehf;fpYk;
Nghf;fpYk; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd. yPf;fpd; murpay; mikg;gpy;
khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;ld. jd;dhl;rpNa ,e;jpahtpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;
vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ . Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; Kbtpy; JUf;fpa
Ry;jhid Mq;fpy murhq;fk; mtkjpj;jjhy; mjpu;r;rp mile;j
K];ypk;yPf; fhq;fpuRld; ,zf;fkhd Nghf;iff; filgpbj;J
te;jJ. 1916 ,y; yf;Ndhtpy; nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l fhq;fpu]; yPf;

108
cld;ghl;by; ,U mikg;GfSf;F ,ilNa ,zf;fk; NkYk;
mjpfupj;jJ. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; Jtq;fg;gl;l NghJ ,e;J
K];yPk; xw;Wik mjd; cr;rfl;lj;ij vl;baJ.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; rupghu;f;fTk;

1. Mq;fpNyau;fs; Vd; ,e;Jf;fs; kPjhd jq;fs; nfhs;ifia
khw;wpdhu;fs;?
2. If;fpa ,e;jpa Njrgf;jp rq;fj;ij mikj;jtu; ahu;?
3. mfpy ,e;jpa K];ypk; yPf; vg;NghJ epWtg;gl;lJ?

8.3 R+uj; gpsT

Njrpathjg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW Nghf;FfSf;F ,ilNaahd

Nghuhl;lk; brk;gu; 1907 R+uj; gpstpy; cr;rf;fl;lj;ij mile;jJ.
jpyfu; kw;Wk; gyupd; vjpu;g;igAk; kPwp> uh\; gp`hup Nfh\; 1907
,y; R+uj; fhq;fpu]; $l;lj; njhlupd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. R+uj;jpy;
ele;j mku;tpy; fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs; kpjthjpfs; kw;Wk;
jPtputhjpfs; vd,U gpupTfshfg; gpupe;jdu;. fhq;fpu]pd;
gdhu];(1905) $l;lj;njhlupYk; ,e;j tpupry; ntspg;gl;lJ. jpyfu;
Nghd;w rpy jiytu;fs; kpjthjpfspd; Kiwfis tpku;rpj;J
muir vjpu;j;J nray;gl gupe;Jiuj;jdu;. gpupl;b\; nghUl;fs;
kw;Wk; muR epWtdq;fs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
mtu;fs; ek;gpdu;.

R+uj; gpsTf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

R+uj; gpsTf;fhd fhuzq;fs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd:

• 1905 Mk; Mz;bd; tq;fg; gpuptpid> kpjthjpfs; gpd;gw;wpa

Kiwfis ntspg;gilahf tpku;rpf;f jPtputhjpfSf;F cj;Ntfk;
mspj;jJ. vdNt gpuptpidahdJ jPtputhj rpj;jhe;jj;ij
Cf;Ftpj;jJ.

• kD> gpuhu;j;jid kw;Wk; murpayikg;gpw;Fl;gl;l

Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kpjkhd Kiw ,e;jpa kf;fis Nrhu;tilar;

109
nra;jJ. NkYk; Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F vjpuhd Neub eltbf;ifia
typAWj;Jk; jPtputhj Nghf;FfSf;F toptFj;jJ.

• fhq;fpu]pd; R+uj; mku;tpy;> jPtputhjpfshy; ,uz;L Kf;fpa

Nehf;fq;fs; itf;fg;gl;ld. yhyh y[gjp uhia ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpurpd; jiytuhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPtputhjpfs; Nfhupf;if
itj;jdu;.

• ,uz;lhtJ Nfhupf;if Rauh[;a jPu;khdk;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,U Nfhupf;iffSk; eLepiyahsu;fshy;
Vw;fg;gltpy;iy

1907 fhq;fpu]; $l;lk; ehfGupapy; $Ltjhf ,Ue;jJ. ehfGup

jPtputhjpfspd; Nfhl;ilahf tpsq;fpa fhuzj;jpdhy;
kpjthjpfspd; ikakhd R+uj;jpw;F fhq;fpu]; $l;lk; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
R+uj; fhq;fpu]; 1907 brk;gu; 26Mk; ehs; $baJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy;
kpjthjpfSf;Fk; jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fUj;J
NtWghLfs; cr;r epiyf;Fr; nrd;wd. %d;W Kf;fpa
Nfhupf;iffis jpyfu; R+uj; fhq;fpurpy; guprPyidf;F nfhz;L
te;jhu;.

1. fle;j Mz;L fy;fj;jh fhq;fpu]; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l

jPu;khdq;fis midtUk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;

2. tp\a MNyhridf; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; Kiwahfj;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

3. fhq;fpu]; $l;lj; jiytiu gpujpepjpfis Nju;e;njLf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

Mdhy; jpyfupd; %d;W Nfhupf;iffisAk; kpjthjpfs; epuhfupj;J

tpl;ldu;. jpyfu; kpjthjpfis jhf;fpg; Ngrpdhu;. mtu;fs;
fhq;fpuir gpw;Nghf;F fofkhf khw;wp tUfpd;wdu; vd;W Fw;wk;
rhl;bdhu;. fy;fj;jhtpy; epiwNtwpa jPu;khdj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy;
kpjthj Ntl;ghsiu khehl;Lj; jiytuhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjhf
mwptpj;jhu;. kpjthjpfs; ,jid Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
,e;epiyapy; kpjthjpfspd; rhu;ghf Kd;nkhopag;gl;l lhf;lu; uh\;

110
gpfhup Ngh]; jiytuhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; jiyik
ciu Mw;w te;jNghJ jPtputhj jiytu;fspd; Mjuthsu;fs;
fyfk; nra;jdu;. $l;lk; Fog;gj;jpy; Kbe;jJ. kpjthjpfSk;
jPtputhjpfSk; jdpj;jdpahf $b jPu;khdq;fis epiwNtw;wp
nfhz;ldu;. fhq;fpu]; gpsTgl;lJ. ,JNt R+uj; gpsT vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

R+uj;jpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhfg;

gpsTgl;lJ. xU gpuptpdu; NfhfNyapd; jiyikapYk; kw;Wk; xU
gpuptpdu; jpyfupd; jiyikapYk; nray;gl;ldu;. jPtputhjpfis
mikg;gpypUe;J ntspNaw;Wk; tpjkhf fhq;fpurpd; mikg;G tpjpfs;
khw;wg;gl;ld. ,k; khehl;bw;F gpwF jpyfu; gk;gha; khepyj;jpd; gpw
gFjpfspy; Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;jhu;. jd;dhl;rp ngwTk; ehl;il
tpLtpf;fTk; vj;jifa Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fk; kf;fs; jahuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;. murhq;fk; jPtputhjpfs; kPJ
mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. 1908 jpyfu; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;L khz;lNy rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;. jFe;j jiyik
,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; jPtputhjpfs; fl;rpapy; nry;thf;if
,oe;jdu;. yhyh y[gjpuha; m[pj;rpq; Nghd;w Kf;fpaj;
jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

R+uj; gpuptpd; KbTfs;

• R+uj; gpsTf;Fg; gpwF jPtputhjpfs; kw;Wk; kpjthjpfis
xd;W Nru;f;f utPe;jpuehj; jh$upd; vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;
tPzhdJ.. NkYk;> 1908 myfhghj; khehl;by;> fhq;fpu]pd;
jPtputhjg; gpupit epue;jukhf jFjp ePf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd
jPu;khdq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ epiyikia Nkhrkhf;fpaJ.

• 1907 ,y; R+uj; gpsitj; njhlu;e;J> kpjthjpfs; KOikahd

Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd jPtputhjpfspd; Nfhupf;iff;F vjpuhf
fhydpj;Jt Ra murhq;fj;ij Nfhupdu;.

• kpjthjpfspd; murpayikg;G murpay; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;ij

<u;ff
; tpy;iy> ,J 1909 ,d; kpz;Nlh-khu;yp rPu;jpUj;jq;fspy;
njspthfj; njupe;jJ.

111
• kpjthjpfs; ,isa jiyKiw NjrpathjpfSld; njhlu;ig
,oe;jpUe;jdu;. ,isa jiyKiwapdu; KbTfis tpUk;gpdu;>
,J Gul;rpahsu;fspd; vOr;rpf;F toptFj;jJ.

• Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f Njrpathjpfis xLf;f Mq;fpNyau;fs; gpupj;J

Ml;rp nra;Ak; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpdu;

• jPtputhjk; Kf;fpakhf tq;fhsk;> k`huh\;buh kw;Wk; gQ;rhg;

Mfpatw;wpy; kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ> mq;F gaq;futhj
eltbf;iffspd; mjpfupg;G murhq;fj;ij mlf;FKiwia
fl;ltpo;j;Jtpl mDkjpj;jJ.

• ghyfq;fhju jpyfu; Nghd;w jiytu;fs; rpiwapy;

milf;fg;gl;lijj; njhlu;e;J kpjthj Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j
fhq;fpu]; nrayw;Wg; NghdJ.

• 1909 ,y;> K];ypk;fSf;F jdpj; njhFjpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

,J fhq;fpu]{f;F xU mbahf ,Ue;jJ.

1908,y; ,Ue;J 1914 Mk; Mz;L tiu jpyfu; rpiwapy;

,Ue;jjhy; ,e;jpa murpaypy; rpwpJ Njf;f epiy Vw;gl;lJ. MW
Mz;Lfhy rpiw jz;lidf;Fg; gpwF 1914,y; mtu; tpLjiy
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahUk; mr;rkaj;jpy;
fhq;fpurpd; Kf;fpa jiytuhf ,Ue;j fhuzj;jpdhy; ,UtUk;
Nru;e;J jPtputhjpfisAk; kpjthjpfisAk; xd;W Nru;f;Fk;
Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldu;. gpsit tsu;f;f tpUk;ghky; kpjthjpfs;
cld; rkhjhdk; nra;Jnfhs;s tpUk;gpdhu;. vdNt kpjthjpfs;
kdk; Gz;glhjthW Ngrpte;jhu; ,jdhy; fhq;fpurpy;
jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; Vw;wthW mikg;G tpjpfis khw;WtJ
mtrpakhdJ.1915,y; rpk;`htpd; jiyikapy; $ba fhq;fpu];
khehl;by; jPtputhjpfs; fhq;fpu]py; Nru;tjw;F top nra;Ak;
jPu;khdk; xd;W ,aw;wg;gl;lJ .gpupe;j fhq;fpu];fhuu;fs; kPz;Lk;
1916,y; yf;Ndh khehl;by; xd;W $bdu;.jpyfUk; mtuJ
Mjuthsu;fSk; Nru;e;jjhy; fhq;fpu]; kPz;Lk; capu;g;Gs;s
,af;fkhf khwpaJ. kf;fs; ftdj;ij <u;fF
; k; rf;jp tha;e;jjhf

112
jpfo;e;jJ. rpy Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;du; fhe;jpabfspd; jiyikapy;
,e;j ,U gpuptpdUk; xUq;fpize;J ehl;bd; eyd;fUjp nray;glj;
Jtq;fpdu;.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; rupghu;f;fTk;

4. 1907 ,y; R+uj; fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd; jiytu; ahu;?
5. R+uj; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; jPtputhjpfspd; ve;j ,uz;L
Nfhupf;iffs; epiwNtw;wg;gltpy;iy?

8.4 Rahl;rp ,af;fk;

mfpy ,e;jpa Rahl;rp ,af;fk; 1916 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J

xU Njrpa murpay; mikg;ghFk;> ,J Rauh[;aj;jpw;fhd Njrpa
Nfhupf;ifia topelj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lJ. Rauh[;ak;
N`hk; &y; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. me;j Neuj;jpy; fdlh>
M];jpNuypah> epA+/gTz;ly
; he;J> njd;dhg;gpupf;fh kw;Wk;
epA+rpyhe;J mDgtpj;jijg; Nghy gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;aj;jpw;Fs; xU
nlhkpdpad; me;j];ijg; ngw ,e;jpau;fs; tpUk;gpdu;.

1916 Kjy; 1918 tiu> Kjy; cyfg; Nghu; mjd; filrp

fl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jNghJ> gy Kf;fpa ,e;jpau;fs; ,e;jpah KOtJk;
Rahl;rp ,af;fNjrpa $l;lzpia Vw;ghL nra;a KbT nra;jdu;.
,e;j yPf;Ffspd; Nehf;fk;> ,e;jpah KOtJk; gpupl;b\;
rhk;uh[;aj;jpw;Fs; N`hk; &y; my;yJ Rauh[;aj;ijf;
NfhUtjhFk;. N[hrg; ghg;b];lh> KfkJ myp [pd;dh> [p.v];.
fgu;Nl> ghyfq;fhju jpyf;> ru; v];. Rg;ukzpa Iau; kw;Wk; md;dp
ngrd;l; MfpNahu; ,e;jf; $l;lzpapy; mq;fk; tfpj;j Kf;fpa
,e;jpau;fspy; rpyu;.

Rahl;rp

1914 Mk; Mz;L ,q;fpyhe;jpy; mau;yhe;J Rahl;rp rl;lk;

epiwNtw;wg;gl;L mau;yhe;J tpLjiy mile;jJ. Rahl;rp vd;w
nrhy;yhy; <u;ff
; g;gl;l md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahu; mr;nrhy;iy
,e;jpa Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhu;.

113
mr;nrhy; Mq;fpNyaUf;F ed;F mwpKfkhdjhFk;. md;dp ngrd;l>;
kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzu;itg; gug;Gtjw;fhf> ehl;by; Rahl;rp
,af;fj;ij Iup\; N`hk; &y; ,af;fj;ij Kd;khjpupahff;
nfhz;L cUthf;fyhk; vd;W Kd;nkhope;jhu;. Kjy; cyfg; Nghu;
Jtq;Ftjw;F Kd;Ng ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;j md;dpngrd;l; Rahl;rp
ngWtjw;fhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.,q;fpyhe;Jg;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpa fl;rpia cUthf;f Kw;gl;lhu;. yz;ldpy;
Rahl;rp rq;fk; xd;iwj; Jtf;fpdhu;. ,e;jpah jpUk;gpa
md;dpngrd;l; nrd;id ];lhz;lu;L vd;w gj;jpupf;ifia tpiyf;F
thq;fp mjw;F epA+ ,e;jpah vd;w ngau; khw;wk; nra;J Rahl;rp
gw;wpa jdJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;lhu;.Rahl;rp gw;wp jPu;khdk;
xd;W gk;ghapy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ.Mdhy; mj;jPu;khdk; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ.

ghyfq;fhju jpyfupd; Rahl;rp rq;fk;

khz;lNy rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiy ngw;w ghyfq;fhju jpyfu;

jdJ Mjuthsu;fisf; nfhz;L khepyf;$l;lk; xd;iw $l;b
,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fk; xd;iw mikf;Fk; jdJ jpl;lj;ij gw;wp
tpthjpj;jhu;. Rahl;rpf; fUj;Jf;fshy; <u;f;fg;gl;l ghyfq;fhju
jpyfu; 1916 Vg;uy; 23Mk; ehsd;W Rahl;rp rq;fj;ij
cUthf;fpdhu; ,e;jpahTf;F Rauh[;aj;ijg; ngw;Wj; jUtNj
mr;rq;fj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Ue;jJ.

,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ> jpyfu; nrhd;dhu;> „rpW nehWf;Fj;

jPdpfisf; Nfl;fhNj. KO nuhl;biaAk; NfSq;fs;' kw;Wk;
'Rtuh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;Gupik> mij mile;Nj jPUNtd; “ vd;Wk;
tl;lhu nkhopapy; fy;tp fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Nfhupdhu;.
,t;tpaf;fk; fye;Jiuahly;fis Vw;ghL nra;jJ> tpupthd
Rw;Wg;gazq;fis elj;jpaJ kw;Wk; kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzu;it
gug;Gtjw;fhf Jz;L gpuRuq;fis tpepNahfpj;jJ. ,af;fk;
cUthd gpwF> KfkJ myp [pd;dh ,af;fj;jpd; gk;gha;
fpisapd; jiytuhf Mdhu;. Rahl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; nray;ghl;bd;
Kf;fpa gFjpfs; gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh kw;Wk; nkl;uh]; MFk;.

114
Rahl;rp ,af;fk; gpugykile;jjhy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];
kw;Wk; mfpy ,e;jpa K];ypk; yPf; cWg;gpdu;fs; gyu; ,jDld;
ifNfhu;j;jdu;.

md;dpngrd;bd; Rahl;rp rq;fk;

md;dpngrd;bd; Rahl;rprq;fk; 1916 nrg;lk;gu; 3Mk; ehs; nrd;id

NfhfNy kz;lgj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. milahW mjd;
jiyikafkhf ,Ue;jJ. mr; rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW

1 rl;luPjpahd Kiwfis Nkw;nfhz;L ,e;jpahTf;F Rahl;rpia

ngw;Wj; jUjy;
2 Rahl;rp ngw;w gpd;dUk; gpupl;b\; muRld; njhlu;G
nfhz;bUj;jy;
3. fhq;fpuir Mjupj;J gyg;gLj;Jjy;
4. ,e;jpahTf;F RaMl;rp Ntz;bajd; mtrpak; gw;wp njhlu;e;J
gpur;rhuk; nra;jy;

,e;jpa Rahl;rpf;fhf md;dpngrd;l; njd;dpe;jpahtpy;

Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;jhu;. mq;F 50 Rahl;rp rq;fj;jpd; fpisfs;
njhlq;fg;gl;ld. nrd;id khfhzj;jpd; tl;lhu gFjpfspy; vy;yhk;
,e;j ,af;fk; gutpaJ. kpjthjpfSk; ,e;j ,af;fj;ij
Mjupj;jdu;.Vuhskhd gpuRuq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.
nghJf;$l;lq;fspy; ,e;jpahTf;F Rahl;rp Nfhup nrhw;nghopTfs;
epfo;j;jg;gl;ld. Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ fhq;fpu]; Klq;fpf;
fple;jNghJ jpyfUk; md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahUk; ,e;jpa Njrpa
,af;fj;jpd; ,ul;il Foy; Jg;ghf;fpahf nray;gl;ldu;.

murpd; mlf;FKiwfs;

,e;jpahtpy; Rahl;rp,af;fk; Ntfkhfg; guTtijf; fz;L mr;rk;

mile;j Mq;fpy muR mt;tpaf;fj;ij mlf;f jPu;khdpj;jJ.
Rahl;rp rq;ff; $l;lq;fSf;F nry;yf;$lhJ vd;W khztu;fs;
jilnra;ag;gl;ldu;. rl;lj;ij kPWNthu; fLikahf
jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;. gj;jpupf;if Rje;jpuk; gwpf;fg;gl;lJ. jpyfupd;
kPJ muru; JNuhff; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lJ. ed;dlj;ijf;fhf

115
mtuplkpUe;J 20 Mapuk; &gha; gzk; mguhjj; njhifahf
Nghlg;gl;lJ. md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahu; jdJ gj;jpupifapy;
muRf;F tpNuhjkhf fl;Liu vOjpdhu; vd;gjw;fhf mtUf;F
Mq;fpy muR Kjypy; &gha; 2000 mguhjk; tpjpj;jJ. gpd; NkYk;
&gha; 10>000 mguhj njhifia nrYj;j cj;jutpl;lJ. murpd;
,e;j muh[fg; Nghf;if jiytu;fs; gyUk; fz;bj;jdu;. muRf;F
vjpuhf md;dpngrd;l; nrd;id cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F
njhLj;jhu;. Mdhy; tof;F ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy. 1917,y; fhd;G+upy;
ele;j fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahu; jiytuhf
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,e;jpa tptfhu nrayhsu; khz;NlFtpd;
gpufldj;jpw;F gpd; Rahl;rp ,af;fk; jd; nry;thf;if ,oe;jJ.

rhjidfs;

Rahl;rp ,af;fk; gy rhjidfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ

• Rahl;rp ,af;fk; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;Jf;F xU Gjpa

ghijiaf; fhl;baJ.Rahl;rp vd;w njspthd jpl;ltl;lkhd
nray;jpl;lj;ij ,J ehl;Lf;F mspj;jJ.

• Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy >ngNuhrh Nkj;jh Nghd;w

murpay;thjpfs; ,y;yhj Fiwia ePf;fp> fhq;fpu]; gpsT
gl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l gytPdj;ij Nghf;fp Mq;fpNya muRf;F
xUkpj;j vjpu;g;ig nfhLj;jJ

• ,e;j ,af;fk; Mq;fpy murplk; kD mspf;Fk; Nghf;if

tpLj;J ePjpkd;w Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; gj;jpupf;iffs; %yk;
fUj;Jf;fis gug;Gk; Kaw;rpapYk; ,wq;fpaJ. mjw;fhf
md;dpngrd;l; njhLj;j tof;F Rahl;rp rq;fj;jpw;F Mjuthf
nghJkf;fs; fUj;J cUthf fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.

• ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; mnkupf;fhtpYk; ,e;jpa Rahl;rpf;F Mjuitj;

Njb je;jJ ,e;j ,af;fk;. mnkupf;fhtpy;
yhyhy[gjpuha;>Nf.b.rh];jpup Nghd;Nwhu; Rahl;rp rq;fj;jpd;
fpisia Jtf;fp gy mnkupf;fu;fspd; Mjuitg; ngw;wdu;.

116
• ,e;jpau;fis mjpfkhf epu;thfj;jpy; gq;F ngw nra;tJ
gw;wpa khz;NlFtpd; Mf];l; gpufldk; ntspapl ,r;rq;fk;
ngupJk; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.

• kf;fspd; mNkhf Mjuitg; ngw;w jpyfUk; md;dpngrd;l;

mk;ikahUk; fhq;fpuir ifg;gw;wpdu;

• nrd;id khfhzk; RaMl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; ikakhf jpfo;e;jJ.

md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahu; Njrpaf; fl;rpf;F xU Gjpa
cj;Ntfj;ij nfhLj;jhu;

• Rahl;rp gw;wpa fUj;Jfis jpyfu; kf;fsplj;jpy;

KOtJkhf nfhz;L Nru;j;jhu;.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; rupghu;f;fTk;

6. mfpy ,e;jpa Rahl;rp ,af;fk; vg;NghJ cUthf;fg;gl;lJ?

7. Rahl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; vd;d?
8. Rahl;rp ,af;fj;ijg; gytPdg;gLj;jpa fhuzpfs; ahit?

8.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;

1. ,e;Jf;fs; kPjhd gpupl;b\; nfhs;ifapy; khw;wk; 1870 fspy;

czug;gl;lJ. Vndd;why;> ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd;
];jpuj;jd;ikf;F murpay;> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; fy;tpapy;
gpd;jq;fpa K];yPk;fis tpl ,e;Jf;fs; fLikahd
mr;RWj;jiy Vw;gLj;jpdhu;fs;.

2. ru; iraj; mfkJ fhd;> ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy;

fhq;fpu]pd; gpur;rhuk; kw;Wk; nfhs;ifia vjpu;f;Fk;
Nehf;fj;Jld; If;fpa ,e;jpa Njrgf;jp rq;fj;ij epWtpdhu;.

3. mfpy ,e;jpa K];yPk; yPf; 30 brk;gu; 1906 md;W lhf;fh

ethg; rypKy;yhfhd; kw;Wk; ethg; nkh`;rpd;-cy; Ky;f;
>Mfhfhd; MfpNahupd; jiyikapy; epWtg;gl;lJ.

117
 4. uh\; gp`hup Nfh\; 1907 ,y; R+uj; fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd;
jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

5. R+uj; fhq;fpu]pd; mku;tpy;> ,uz;L Kf;fpa Nfhupf;iffis

jPtputhjpfs; Kd;itj;jdu;. yhyh y[gjp uhia fhq;fpurpd;
jiytuhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPtputhjpfs; Nfhupf;if
itj;jdu;.,uz;lhtJ Nfhupf;if Rauh[;a jPu;khdk;. ,U
Nfhupf;iffSk; eLepiyahsu;fshy; Vw;fg;gltpy;iy.

6. mfpy ,e;jpa Rahl;rp ,af;fk; 1916 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

7. Rahl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;> 'gpupl;b\;

rhk;uh[;aj;jpw;Fs; midj;J murpayikg;G topfspYk; Ra
murhq;fj;ij miltJk;> mij miltjw;F ehl;by; nghJf;
fUj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; xOq;fikg;gJ' MFk;.

8. Rahl;rp ,af;fk; gy fhuzpfshy; gytPdkile;jJ. ,jw;fhd

rpy fhuzq;fs;: ,e;jpa muR rl;lk;> 1919 ,aw;wg;gl;lJ;
rl;lk; njhlu;ghd tptfhuj;jpy; fhq;fpurpy; Nfh\;b G+ry;; rl;l
tof;Ff;fhf jpyfu; yz;ld; Gwg;gl;lJ; kw;Wk; 1919 ,d;
Gjpa rPu;jpUj;j jpl;lj;jpw;F ngrd;lb
; d; xg;Gjy;.

8.6 RUf;fk;

• gpupl;b\; muR ,e;jpahtpy; gpupj;jhSk; nfhs;ifia

gpd;gw;wpaJ. ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; K];yPk;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
gpsT gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;jJ

• Muk;gfhy gpupl;b\; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fy;tpf; nfhs;iffs;

K];yPk;fis tpl ,e;Jf;fSf;F mjpf gyd; mspj;jd.

• iraJ mfkJ fhdhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhu K];ypk;fs;

K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; vd;w mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. mJNt
gpd;du; K];ypk; fy;tp khehL vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

• ,e;jpahtpy; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J te;jpUe;j K];ypk;

gpujpepjpfs; lhf;fhtpy; $b ethg; rypKy;yhfhd; $wpa

118
 Nahridia guprPypj;jdu;. mjd; tpisthf mfpy ,e;jpa
K];ypk; yPf; mikg;G 1906 brk;gu; 30-Mk; ehs;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

• Mq;fpy murhq;fk; vLf;Fk; eltbf;iffis Mjupj;J

K];ypk;fs; muRf;F tpRthrkhf ,Uf;FkhW Cf;Ftpj;jy;

• ehL KOtJk; tho;fpd;w K];ypk;fspd; nfhs;ifia fhj;J

mtu;fspd; eyd;fis ghJfhj;jy;

• K];ypk;yPff
; pd; Kjy; khehL 1907,y; mkpu;jru]py; $baJ
.ru; iraJ myp ,khk; mjw;F jiyik
jhq;fpdhu;.K];ypk;yPf;fpd; murpayikg;G ,k;khehl;by;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

• mjw;Fg;gpd; $ba ,uz;lhtJ khehl;by; tutpUe;j kpz;Nlh

khu;yp rPu;jpUj;jq;fspy; K];ypk;fSf;F jdp thf;Fupik
Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhupf;if tpLf;fg;gl;lJ.

• K];ypk;yPf; njhlq;fg;gl;lNghJ fhq;fpurpd; murpay;tpNuhj

mikg;ghfNt fhl;rpaspj;jJ. Mdhy; tpiutpy; jdJ
Nghf;if mJ khw;wpf; nfhz;lJ .

• Njrpathjg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW Nghf;FfSf;F

,ilNaahd Nghuhl;lk; brk;gu; 1907 R+uj; gpstpy;
cr;rf;fl;lj;ij mile;jJ.

• 1905 Mk; Mz;bd; tq;fg; gpuptpid> kpjthjpfs; gpd;gw;wpa

Kiwfis ntspg;gilahf tpku;rpf;f jPtputhjpfSf;F
cj;Ntfk; mspj;jJ. vdNt gpuptpidahdJ jPtputhj
rpj;jhe;jj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jJ.

• 1907 fhq;fpu]; $l;lk; ehfGupapy; $Ltjhf ,Ue;jJ. ehfGup

jPtputhjpfspd; Nfhl;ilahf tpsq;fpa fhuzj;jpdhy;
kpjthjpfspd; ikakhd R+uj;jpw;F fhq;fpu]; $l;lk;
khw;wg;gl;lJ

119
• R+uj; fhq;fpu]; 1907 brk;gu; 26Mk; ehs; $baJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy;
kpjthjpfSf;Fk; jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fUj;J
NtWghLfs; cr;r epiyf;Fr; nrd;wd

• kpjthjpfspd; rhu;ghf Kd;nkhopag;gl;l lhf;lu; uh\; gpfhup

Ngh]; jiytuhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; jiyik ciu
Mw;w te;jNghJ jPtputhj jiytu;fspd; Mjuthsu;fs; fyfk;
nra;jdu;.

• $l;lk; Fog;gj;jpy; Kbe;jJ. kpjthjpfSk; jPtputhjpfSk;

jdpj;jdpahf $b jPu;khdq;fis epiwNtw;wp nfhz;ldu;.
fhq;fpu]; gpsTgl;lJ.

• murhq;fk; jPtputhjpfs; kPJ mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhz;lJ. 1908 jpyfu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L khz;lNy
rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;.

• jFe;j jiyik ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; jPtputhjpfs; fl;rpapy;

nry;thf;if ,oe;jdu;.

• kpjthjpfs; ,isa jiyKiw NjrpathjpfSld; njhlu;ig

,oe;jpUe;jdu;. ,isa jiyKiwapdu; KbTfis tpUk;gpdu;>
,J Gul;rpahsu;fspd; vOr;rpf;F toptFj;jJ.

• gpupe;j fhq;fpu];fhuu;fs; kPz;Lk; 1916,y; yf;Ndh khehl;by;

xd;W $bdu;.jpyfUk; mtuJ Mjuthsu;fSk; Nru;e;jjhy;
fhq;fpu]; kPz;Lk; capu;g;Gs;s ,af;fkhf khwpaJ.

• mfpy ,e;jpa Rahl;rp ,af;fk; 1916 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

,J xU Njrpa murpay; mikg;ghFk;> ,J Rauh[;aj;jpw;fhd
Njrpa Nfhupf;ifia topelj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lJ.

• Rahl;rpf; fUj;Jf;fshy; <u;ff

; g;gl;l ghyfq;fhju jpyfu; 1916
Vg;uy; 23Mk; ehsd;W Rahl;rp rq;fj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;
,e;jpahTf;Fg Rauh[;aj;ijg; ngw;Wj; jUtNj mr;rq;fj;jpd;
Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Ue;jJ.

120
• Rahl;rp ,af;fk; gpugykile;jjhy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];
kw;Wk; mfpy ,e;jpa K];ypk; yPf; cWg;gpdu;fs; gyu;
,jDld; ifNfhu;j;jdu;.

• md;dpngrd;bd; Rahl;rprq;fk; 1916 nrg;lk;gu; 3Mk; ehs;

nrd;id NfhfNy kz;lgj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. milahW
mjd; jiyikafkhf ,Ue;jJ.

• ,e;jpahtpy; Rahl;rp,af;fk; Ntfkhfg; guTtijf; fz;L

mr;rk; mile;j Mq;fpy muR mt;tpaf;fj;ij mlf;f
jPu;khdpj;jJ. Rahl;rp rq;ff; $l;lq;fSf;F nry;yf;$lhJ
vd;W khztu;fs; jilnra;ag;gl;ldu;.

• Rahl;rp ,af;fk; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;Jf;F xU Gjpa

ghijiaf; fhl;baJ.Rahl;rp vd;w njspthd jpl;ltl;lkhd
nray;jpl;lj;ij ,J ehl;Lf;F mspj;jJ.

• ,e;jpau;fis mjpfkhf epu;thfj;jpy; gq;F ngw nra;tJ

gw;wpa khz;NlFtpd; Mf];l; gpufldk; ntspapl ,r;rq;fk;
ngupJk; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.

• kf;fspd; mNkhf Mjuitg; ngw;w jpyfUk; md;dpngrd;l;

mk;ikahUk; fhq;fpuir ifg;gw;wpdu;

8.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

tFg;Gthjk;: ,J kj my;yJ ,d milahsj;ij fl;likf;f>

ntt;NtW r%fq;fshf milahsk; fhzg;gl;l kf;fspilNa
rz;iliaj; J}z;Ltjw;Fk;> me;jf; FOf;fspilNa
td;Kiwiaj; J}z;Ltjw;Fk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kaw;rpfisf;
Fwpf;fg; gad;gLk; nrhy;.
gpupTthjk;: ,J xU ngupa FOtpw;Fs; ,Ue;J ,uz;L my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l rpwpa FOf;fspilNa thjq;fs; my;yJ
rr;ruTfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

121
gpur;rhuk;: ,J xU murpay; mikg;G kf;fis nry;thf;F
nra;tjw;fhf ntspapLk; my;yJ xspgug;Gk; jftiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
mtJ}W: ,J cz;ikapy;yhj xUtiug; gw;wpa mwpf;ifia
mr;rpLtJ kw;Wk; mtu;/mtisg; gw;wp kf;fSf;F Nkhrkhd
fUj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; nray;.

8.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;
1. tFg;Gthjk; vd;why; vd;d?
2. kpz;Nlh-khu;yp rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOJ.
3. mfpy ,e;jpa K];ypk; yPf; vg;gb cUthdJ?
4. R+uj; gpsT gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOjTk;

neLtpil tpdhf;fs;
1. K];yPk; yPfpd; nray;ghLfis tptup.
2. R+uj; gpstpd; fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; jhf;fj;ij Muha;f.
3. Rahl;rp ,af;fk; gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf.

8.9 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

1. ,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010

2. f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018

3. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.

G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id > 2010

4. ,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016

5. [t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij>

miyfs; ntspaPll
; fk;> nrd;id> 2013

122
 myF- 9

fhe;jp[p kw;Wk; ntF[d ,af;fk; - uTyl; rj;jpahfpufk;

fl;likg;G
9.0 mwpKfk;
9.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
9.2 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,e;jpah
9.3 fhe;jp[p kw;Wk; ntF[d ,af;fk;
9.4 nusyl; rj;jpahfpufk;
9.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
9.6 RUf;fk;
9.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
9.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
9.8 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

9.0 mwpKfk;

fhe;jpabfspd; Kd;khjpupahd gq;fspg;G mtUf;F 'kfhj;kh'

my;yJ 'ngupa Md;kh' vd;w gl;lj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jJ.
Njrj;jpd; Njrpathjg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ehl;bw;F topfhl;Lk;
nghWg;igj; jhNd vLj;Jf; nfhz;l ntF[dq;fspd; jiytuhf
mtu; cUntLj;jhu;. mtu; rj;jpahfpufk;> mfpk;ir> rj;jpak;
Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jhu;. fhe;jp rk;ghud; kw;Wk; Nfjh
tptrhapfSf;Fk; mfkjhghj;jpd; njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk;
topfhl;bdhu;. uTyl; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lNghJ> me;j
nfh^ukhd nraYf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F mtu; jiyik
jhq;fpdhu;. Mdhy;> Nghuhl;lk; td;Kiwahf khwpaijaLj;J
Nghuhl;lj;ij iftpl;lhu;. kfhj;kh fhe;jp ntF[dj; jiytuhf
cUntLj;jJ kw;Wk; nusyl; rj;jpahfpufk; gw;wp ,e;j gpupT
tpthjpf;Fk;.

123
9.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

• ntF[dj; jiytuhf fhe;jpapd; gq;fspg;igg; Gupe;J
nfhs;Sjy;
• rk;ghuz; rj;jpahfpufk; gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpj;jy;
• Nfjh kw;Wk; mfkjhghj;jpy; tptrhapfs; kw;Wk;
njhopyhsu;fSf;F fhe;jpapd; gq;fspg;ig gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
• nusyl; rl;lk; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd vjpu;g;igg; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

9.2 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,e;jpah

gpupl;b\; fhydpj;Jt Ruz;lypd; tpisthf ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpathj

,af;fk; Kd;NdwpaJ. ,J gy;NtW epiyfspy; Ntfj;ij
vl;baJ. Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; tzpf epWtdkhf
Eioe;jdu;. mtu;fspd; nghUshjhu Mu;tk; rkfhy ,e;jpa
tuyhw;wpd; murpay; tbtj;Jld; NkhjpaJ. td;Kiwaw;w vjpu;g;G
vd;gJ czug;gl;l r%f mePjpf;F vjpuhd mikjpahd
vjpu;g;ghFk;. ,J milahsg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;> xj;Jioahik>
nghUshjhu my;yJ murpay; xj;Jioahik kw;Wk; td;Kiwapy;
<Lglhj gpw Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J ngUk;ghYk; muR
vjpu;g;gpw;F xj;jjhf cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpathj ,af;fk;
Mq;fpNyau;fsplk; ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk; ngw etPd tbt mfpk;ir
,af;fj;jpd; rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.

Mrpah kw;Wk; Mg;gpupf;fh KOtJk;> Njrpathj fUj;Jf;fs;

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; gioa INuhg;gpa rhk;uh[;aq;fis
cs;ehl;L Ml;rpahsu;fshf khw;Wtjw;fhd gpur;rhuq;fisj;
J}z;bd. Njrpathj ,af;fq;fspd; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; rf;jpahd
Njrpathjk; vd;gJ xU ek;gpf;if my;y> khwhf kf;fis nray;
kw;Wk; ek;gpf;iff;F efu;j;Jk; xU rf;jpahFk;. gj;njhd;gjhk;
E}w;whz;by;> xt;nthU Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; ,aw;ifahd
Fwpf;Nfhs;> mfpk;ir topapd; %yk; xU Njrpa muir

124
cUthf;Fjy;> guhkupj;jy; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij mjpfupg;gNj MFk;
vd;w fUj;J Nkyhjpf;fk; ngw;wJ.gpuGj;Jtj;Jld; njhlu;Gila
midj;J rYiffisAk; ePf;fpa gpwF NjrpathjKk; Njrpa
,af;fKk; [dehaf ,af;fj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpahfj; mjd; nrhe;j
Njrj;ij mikf;fpwJ. ,e;j tifahd Njrpathjk; xU
czu;r;rpg;G+u;tkhd jd;ikia vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ. ,J vspjpy;
Mf;Nuh\khf khWk;.Njrpathj gpur;rhuk; ,isQu;fs; kw;Wk;
kf;fs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. Njrpathj ,af;fq;fspd;
Njhw;wk; mwpthu;e;j tu;f;fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.

vjpu;g;G ,af;fq;fis cUthf;Fjy;

Njrpathj ,af;fj;jpd; tuyhW mij ,uz;L gue;j fl;lq;fshfg;

gpupf;fpwJ: xd;W 1857f;F Kd;> Mq;fpNyau;fspd; murpay; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu eyd;fs; cs;Shu; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpaj; jiytu;fSld;
NkhjpaNghJ Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gpd;tpisTfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ.
kw;nwhd;W 1857f;Fg; gpwF MFk;. ngUk;ghYk; kf;fs;
Nghuhl;lj;ij Mjupj;jdu;. Mdhy; ,e;j fpsu;rr
; pfs; cs;Shu;
mstpy; epfo;e;j > mt;tg;NghJ kw;Wk; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l
epfo;TfshFk;.- mtu;fspd; Mjuthsu;fs; tptrhapfs;> eyptile;j
iftpidQu;fs; kw;Wk; mzpjpul;lg;gl;l tPuu;fs; Mtu;. 1803-04
Mk; Mz;L vOr;rp> 1817 Mk; Mz;L Fu;jhtpd; gha;f; fpsu;r;rp
Mfpait ehl;by; eilngw;w vjpu;g;G ,af;fq;fs; MFk;.
Mq;fpNyau;fspd; E}w;whz;L goikahd Ruz;ly; r%fj;jpy;
gy;NtW tifahd mjpUg;jpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ> ,J 1857 ,y;
Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F vjpuhf jpBnud;W Gul;rpahf ntbj;jJ.

Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F vjpuhd goq;Fbapdupd; vjpu;tpid Fiwthd

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf ,y;iy. ,e;jpahtpd; ngUk;gFjpapy;
gutpapUe;j goq;Fb kf;fs;> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by;
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f ntbg;Gfs; kw;Wk; fpsu;rr
; pfis
Vw;ghL nra;jdu;. ,e;j vOr;rpfs; kfj;jhd ijupak; kw;Wk;
jpahfk; kw;Wk; kpUfj;jdkhd xLf;FKiw Mfpatw;why;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahf khwpd. Mq;fpyf;fhydp epu;thfk;
goq;Fbapdupd; md;whl tho;f;ifia rPu;Fiyj;J mtu;fis

125
Jd;gj;jpw;F cs;shf;fpaJ. fhydpj;Jt Kiwahy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l
r%f-nghUshjhu khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. gpupl;b\; epu;thfk;
goq;Fbapdu; kj;jpapy; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd
fe;Jtl;bf;fhuu;fs;> tzpfu;fs; kw;Wk; tUtha; tptrhapfis
,ilj;jufu;fshf mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.

goq;Fbapdu; fld; tiyapy; rpf;fpAs;sdu;. mtu;fs; jq;fs;

Rje;jpukhd tho;thjhuj;ij ,oe;J tptrhaj; njhopyhsu;fs;>
gq;Fjhuu;fs; kw;Wk; thlif Fj;jifjhuu;fs; vd;w epiyf;Fj;
js;sg;gl;ldu;. fhydpj;Jt murhq;fk; mtu;fs; jq;fs; jhiag;
Nghy czu;e;J mtu;fspd; gpiog;Gf;fhf ek;gpapUf;Fk; fhL
Nghd;w goikahd eq;$uj;ij mtu;fSf;F ,y;yhky;
nra;jJ.fhtyu;fs;> mjpfhupfs; Nghd;w fhydpj;Jt fUtpfspd;
Ruz;lyhy; r%f-nghUshjhu epiy Nkhrkile;jJ.
'fhty;Jiwapdu; kw;Wk; gpw mjpfhupfspd; mlf;FKiw kw;Wk;
kpul;b gzk; gwpj;jy; goq;Fbapdupd; Jauj;ij NkYk;
Nkhrkhf;fpaJ. tUtha; tptrhapfSk; murhq;f Kftu;fSk;
gpr;ir vLf;Fk; Kiwia jPtpug;gLj;jp tpupTgLj;jpdu; -
goq;Fbapdiu Cjpakpd;wp Ntiy nra;a itj;jdu;‟ vd;W gpgpd;
re;jpuh $Wfpwhu;.

1857 Mk; Mz;L fpsu;rr

; p gpupl;b\; fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F Kjy; ngupa
rthyhf te;jJ. ,J rpg;gha;fspd; %yk; njhlq;fpdhYk;> gy
fhuzq;fSf;fhf jq;fis Mz;l Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rpapy;
mjpUg;jp mile;j gy;NtW jug;G kf;fisAk; <u;j;jJ. fpof;fpe;jpa
fk;ngdpapd; xNu Mu;tk;> Fiwe;jgl;r Kaw;rpapy; mjpfgl;r
tUthia miltjhFk;. tptrhapfs; fldhspahfptpl;ldu;. kpfTk;
twpa ghjfkhd R+o;epiyfspYk; tUtha; Nrfupg;gpy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ghuk;gupa fiy kw;Wk;
iftpidfspd; tPo;rr
; p kw;Wk; mopT ,e;jpa kf;fs;njhifapy;
ngUk; gFjpapdUf;F Jd;gq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jJ. ,jd;
tpisthf> fhydpj;Jt Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhf tptrhapfs;
vjpu;tpidahw;wpdu;.

126
1859-60 ,d; ,z;bNfh fpsu;rr
; p ,z;bNfh Njhl;lf;fhuu;fis
Ruz;bajpy; njhlq;fpaJ. Mdhy; ,e;jf; fpsu;r;rpapd;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rk; tq;fhsj;jpd; fw;wwpe;jtu;fspd; gq;F MFk;.
mtu;fs;> cz;ikapy;> fpsu;rr
; papy; <Lgl;l tptrhapfSf;F
Mjuthf rf;jptha;e;j gpur;rhuq;fis Vw;ghL nra;jdu;. mtu;fs;
nra;jpj;jhs; gpur;rhuq;fis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;> ntF[d $l;lq;fis
Vw;ghL nra;jdu;> tptrhapfspd; Fiwfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis
jahupj;jdu; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; rl;lg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F Mjutspj;jdu;.

tptrhapfs; fpsu;r;rpfs;

,e;jpahtpd; Ruz;lg;gl;l kw;Wk; xLf;fg;gl;l tptrhapfs; md;dpa

Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf fpsu;rr
; p nra;J Njrpathj Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd
jsj;ij cUthf;fpdu;. r%fj;jpd; ngUk;gFjpapdupd; czu;T
khw;wg;gl;L> rPu;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; Gul;rpf;fhd tha;g;ig cUthf;fpaJ.
gj;njhd;gjhk; kw;Wk; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; tptrhapfs;
,af;fq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Njrpathjj;jpd; ,yl;rpaq;fshy;
topelj;jg;gl;ld. mtu;fspd; gzpahsu;fSk; jiytu;fSk;
Kf;fpakhf tptrhapfis tu;f;f mbg;gilapy; xOq;fikf;Fk;
gzpia Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,J Njrpathj ,af;fj;jpy; mtu;fSf;F
Mjuthd gq;if tfpf;f Kbe;jJ.

njhopyhsp tu;ff
; j;jpd; vjpu;g;G

Njrpathj Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;j ,e;jpa

rKjhaj;jpd; mLj;j Kf;fpakhd FO njhopyhsu;fs;.
njhopyhsu;fs;> njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l
JiwfSf;F fl;Lg;gl;l > Viofs; kw;Wk; rYif ngw;w
gpuptpdiug; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpdu;.,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
njhlf;fj;jpy;> Njrpathjj; jiytu;fs; njhopyhsu;fSld; njhlu;G
nfhz;L> gpuj;jpNafkhd nghUshjhu fhuzq;fSf;fhf
vjpu;tpidahw;w mtu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jpdu; kw;Wk; J}z;bdu;.
RNjrp ehl;fspy;> Kf;fpa murpay; gpur;rpidfspy; njhopyhsu;fs;
<Lgl;ldu;. murpay; mbg;gilapy; njhopyhsu;fis Cf;Ftpf;Fk;

127
tifapy; Gjpa njhopw;rq;fq;fs; nray;gl;ld. jpyf; kw;Wk; md;dp
ngrd;l; MfpNahupd; N`hk; &y; yPf;FfSk; njhopyhsu;fis
Njrpathjg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gf;fk; <u;ff
; j; J}z;bd. njhopyhsu;fs;
ntspehl;L> ,yhgk; NjLk; Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F vjpuhf MAjk;
Ve;jpapUe;jdu;. njhopyhsu;tu;ff
; k; Nghu; fhyq;fspy; Njrpathj
Nghuhl;lj;Jld; neUq;fp te;jJ. nusyl; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhd
`u;j;jhy; kw;Wk; nghJ NtiyepWj;jk; kw;Wk; [hypad;thyh ghf;
gLnfhiyf;Fg; gpwF ehL KOtJk; gutpa rPw;wj;jpd; miy
Mfpait njhopyhsu; tu;f;fKk; kpfTk; jPtpukhf nray;gl
J}z;baJ. xj;Jioahik ehl;fspy;> 'njhopyhsu;fSk;
tptrhapfSk; fhq;fpu]pd; iffSk; fhy;fSk;' vd;W fhq;fpu]pd;
Koq;fpaJ. ehL KOtJk; ele;j rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpy;
njhopyhsu;fs; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhd
Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yk; xNu mikg;G fhq;fpu];
kl;LNk vd;w fUj;J tsu;e;jJ> vdNt njhopyhsu;fs; fhq;fpu]pd;
topiag; gpd;gw;wj; njhlq;fpdu;.

9.3 fhe;jp[p kw;Wk; ntF[d ,af;fk;

kfhj;kh fhe;jp F[uhj;jpy; cs;s Nghu;ge;jupy; 2 mf;Nlhgu; 1869

,y; gpwe;jhu;. mtu; jdJ gs;spg; gbg;ig uh[;Nfhl;by; Kbj;jhu;>
mq;F mtuJ je;ij uh[;Nfhl;bd; cs;Shu; Ml;rpahsUf;F
MNyhrfuhf gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,e;jpah gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo;
,Ue;jNghjpYk;> 500 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l uh[;aq;fs;> rk];jhdq;fs;
kw;Wk; khepyq;fs; Rahl;rpf;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;ld> ,Ug;gpDk;>
mit gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L khdpak; nrYj;jp
te;jd. ,e;j khepyq;fs; rk];jhdq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
uh[;Nfhl; xU rk];jhdkhf ,Ue;jJ.

1888 ,y;> fhe;jp ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;whu;> mq;F mtu; rl;lj;jpy;

gl;lk; ngw;whu;. rl;lg; gl;lg;gbg;ig Kbj;j gpwF>
njd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpy; cs;s xU ,e;jpa njhopyjpguhd jhjh
mg;Jy;yhtplk;> rl;l MNyhrfuhf NrUk; tha;g;ig Vw;f fhe;jp

128
KbT nra;jhu;. fhe;jp njd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpy; ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;F
Nky; jq;fpapUe;jhu;. Kjy; tFg;G uapy; ngl;bapypUe;J J}f;fp
vwpag;gl;lNghJ fhe;jp INuhg;gpa ,dntwpia vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhlj;
Jzpe;jhu;. ,e;j rk;gtk; xU tYthd murpay; tpopg;Gzu;it
Vw;gLj;jpaJ> ,J mtiu ,e;jpahtpw;F jpUk;gp te;J
NghuhLtjw;fhd ce;Jjiy Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

1915 Mk; Mz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,e;jpah

jpUk;gpdhu;. mtu; ,e;jpah jpUk;gpa gpwF> 1931 ,y; ,uz;lhtJ
tl;lNkir khehl;by; gq;Nfw;gjw;fhf mtu; xUKiw kl;LNk
ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpajhf mwpag;gLfpwJ. Nfhghy fpU\;z
NfhfNyapd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; mtu; ,e;jpa epiyikfis
ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;s ,e;jpah KOtJk; tpupthfg; gazk;
nra;jhu;. NfhfNyit jdJ murpay; topfhl;bahff; fUjpa mtu;>
mbf;fb mtuplk; MNyhrid ngw;whu;. mLj;j rpy Mz;Lfshf>
F[uhj;jpd; Nflh kw;Wk; gPfhupd; rk;guhz; Nghd;w gy;NtW
cs;Shu; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; fhe;jp <Lgl;lhu;. ,e;j cs;Shu;
Nghuhl;lq;fs; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpa
milahskhf ,Ue;jd> Vnddpy; mit fhe;jpahy; njhlq;fg;gl;l
Kjy; rj;jpahf;fpufg; Nghuhl;lkhFk;. rk;ghuz; rj;jpahfpufk; Kjy;
Gul;rp vd;whYk;> rj;jpahfpufk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; 1919
uTyl; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;NghJjhd; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

gbg;gbahf>gPfhupy; rk;guhdpy; ele;j Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk; mfkjhghj;

[Tsp Miyfspy; ele;j NtiyepWj;jg;Nghuhl;lk; Nghd;w gy
cs;Shu; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F mtu; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.
Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F vjpuhf mfpk;ir nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;
fhe;jpahy; njhlq;fg;gl;l Kjy; rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
vd;gjhy;> ,e;j cs;Shu; Nghuhl;lq;fs; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l
tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpa milahskhf ,Ue;jd. mtuJ jiyik
mtUf;F gutyhd kupahijiaAk; kf;fspd; tpRthrkhd
MjuitAk; ngw;wJ> NkYk; mtu; Njrpathj ,af;fj;jpd;
ftu;rr
; pahd jiytuhf Njrpathj murpaypd; jiyikf;F
tpiuthf cau;e;jhu;.

129
,e;jpahtpd; kpfTk; gpugykhd ftpQUk; vOj;jhsUkhd
utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; mtUf;F kfhj;kh my;yJ 'ngupa Md;kh' vd;w
gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhu;. ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf gy jiytu;fs;
NghuhbdhYk;> mtu;fspy; kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; gq;F jdpj;J
epw;fpwJ. mtuJ tUif Njrpathj ,af;fj;ij tYg;gLj;jpaJ
kw;Wk; mij xU ntF[d ,af;fkhf khw;wpaJ.

rk;ghud; rj;jpahfpufk;

1917 ,y; rk;ghuzpy; rj;jpahfpufk; ele;jJ. Mq;fpNyaUf;F

vjpuhd fhe;jpapd; ,af;fj;jpy; ,JNt Kjy; ngupa Nghuhl;lk;
MFk;. ,J rj;jpahfpufk; vd;W mwpag;gl;lhYk;> ,e;j thu;j;ij
Kjd;Kjypy; 1919 uTyl; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
rk;ghuz; rj;jpahfpufk; gPfhupy; cs;s rk;ghuz; khtl;lj;jpd; Vio
tptrhapfSf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jJ. ,z;bNfh Nghd;w
gzg;gapu;fis tsu;f;f Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ. INuhg;gpa
Njhl;lf;fhuu;fshy; epu;zapf;fg;gl;l kpff; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; gapu;
thq;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;> Mq;fpNyau;fSk; tptrhapfSf;F tup
tpjpf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;> ,J mtu;fis tpspk;gpw;Fj; js;spaJ.
fhe;jpiag; gw;wp Nfs;tpg;gl;l tptrhapfs;> Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F
vjpuhf jq;fSf;F cjTtjw;fhf mtiuj; jq;fs; khtl;lj;jpw;F
mioj;jdu;. fhe;jp uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;> N[.gp. fpUghypdp> kfhNjt;
Njrha; kw;Wk; krhu;-cy;-`f; Nghd;w ,sk; jiytu;fSld;
rk;ghuZf;F te;jhu;. Vio ,z;bNfh tptrhapfspd; epiy Fwpj;J
tprhuiz elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; Nfhupdhu;. fhe;jp rk;ghuid
tpl;L ntspNaw cj;jutplg;gl;lhu;> Mdhy; mtu; kWj;Jtpl;lhu;.
mtuJ Nfhupf;iffis muR guprPypj;J> tptrhapfspd;
epiyikfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; gpur;ridfisf; fz;lwpa xU
FOit epakpj;jJ. fhe;jpAk; fkpl;bapy; cWg;gpduhdhu;. FO
mwpf;ifapd;gb> tptrhapfs; INuhg;gpa Njhl;lf;fhuu;fspd; gpbapy;
,Ue;J tpLgl;ldu;. fhe;jp ntF[d <u;g;G nfhz;l jiytuhf
cUntLj;jhu;.

130
Nflh

,NjNghy;> F[uhj;jpd; Nflhtpy;> rk;guhdpy; cs;s tptrhapfis

tpl tptrhapfs; rw;W rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jdu;. Mdhy;> gQ;rj;jhy;
tptrhag; nghUshjhuk; mope;jJ. kf;fSf;Fj; jhq;fNs
cztspf;f Kbahj R+o;epiyapy;> gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; 23 rjtPj
tupia cau;j;jpaJ> mJ mNj Mz;by; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
Nflh kw;Wk; rk;ghudpy; fhe;jpapd; Kaw;rpfs; Njrpathj
murpaypy; mtUf;F xU rpwe;j ,lj;ijg; ngw;Wj; je;jJ.

mfkjhghj; kpy; Ntiy epWj;jk;

mfkjhghj;jpy; gy [Tsp Miyfs; ,Ue;jd> mq;F fhe;jp jdJ

Mrpukj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhd ,lj;ijj; Njbf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;. 1918
Mk; Mz;L mfkjhghj;jpd; njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk; kpy;
cupikahsu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa jfuhW Vw;gl;lJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;
tpiythrp cau;T kw;Wk; kpy; njhopyhsu;fs; mjpf Cjpak; ngw
tpUk;gpdu;. ,jw;F kpy; cupikahsu;fs; rk;kjpf;ftpy;iy. fhe;jp
njhopyhsu;fis Mjupj;J xU Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhu;> mjpy;
mtu; mikjpahd vjpu;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;. fhe;jp>
njhopyhsu;fs; NtiyepWj;jk; nra;a gupe;Jiuj;jhu;. NkYk; 35
rjtPj Cjpa cau;T Nfhupdhu;. vt;thwhapDk;> KjyhspfSf;F
vjpuhf td;Kiwapy; <Lgl Ntz;lhk; vd;W mtu; vr;rupj;jhu;.
njhopyhsu;fspd; cWjpia epiyehl;l mtu; rhFk;tiu
cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;jhu;.

Ntiy epWj;jj;ij njhlu;e;j ehd;fhtJ ehspy; njhopyhsu;fspd;

Nfhupf;iffSf;F ,zq;fp> njhopyhsu;fSf;F 35 rjtPj Cjpa
cau;T toq;f kpy; cupikahsu;fs; xg;Gf;nfhz;ldu;. kpy;
cupikahsu;fSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjpy; mtuJ cz;zhtpujk;
ntw;wp ngw;wJ.

fhe;jpapd; jiyikapd; fPo;> Njrpathj ,af;fj;jpd; jd;ik

ntFthf khwpaJ. mtu; jdJ Nghuhl;lq;fspy; mfpk;ir
nfhs;iffis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,e;jpa kf;fspd;
ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw;W gbg;gbahf gpupl;b\; muRf;F vjpuhd

131
,af;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpa jiytuhf cUntLj;jhu;. mJ
fhe;jpabfshy; njhlq;fg;gl;l mfpk;irg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; %yk;
kl;LNk 1947 ,y; Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNawpdu;.
kfhj;kh fhe;jp gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhd jdJ
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpa topKiwfis gpd;tUk; ehd;F
tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;:
(i) xj;Jioahik kw;Wk; rj;jpahfpufk;: ,J fhe;jpahy;
njhlq;fg;gl;l kpfTk; nghJthd KiwahFk;> mtu; gpupl;b\;
mjpfhuj;Jld; xj;Jioahik %yk; mikjpahd Nghuhl;lq;fis
elj;jpdhu;. mtuJ kw;nwhU rpj;jhe;jk; rj;jpahfpufk; MFk;> ,J
xj;Jioahik> mr;rkpd;ik kw;Wk; cz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy;
mr;rkw;w Nghuhl;lk; vd;W fhe;jp tpsf;Ffpwhu;. ,e;jpa kf;fspd;
epahakhd Nfhupf;iffis Vw;W Mq;fpNya muir tisf;f
fhe;jp rj;jpahfpufj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.

(ii) cz;ikj;jd;ik: mfpk;iriag; NghyNt> cz;ikAk;

fhe;jpapd; rpj;jhe;jq;fs; kw;Wk; topKiwfspd; milahskhf
,Ue;jJ. mtu; gpurq;fk; nra;tJ kl;Lky;yhky;> KOikahd
cz;ikia filg;gpbj;jhu; vd;gJ mwpag;gLfpwJ> ,J gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;ij vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhl mtUf;F cs; typikiaf;
nfhLj;jJ. cs; typikiaj; jtpu> mJ Mq;fpNyau; kPjhd
mtuJ Nehf;fq;fis ,e;jpa kf;fis ek;g itj;jJ.

(iii) ntF[dq;fspd; <LghL: Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf xl;Lnkhj;j

Njrj;ijAk; xd;wpizg;gjpy; xU Kf;fpakhd gbahf> Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; rhkhdpaupd; <LghL ,Ue;jJ. Kd;djhf> Njrpathj
,af;fkhdJ xU rpwpa FOthd mwpT[Ptpfshy;
elj;jg;gl;lJ.NkYk; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; ntF[dq;fs;
<Lgltpy;iy. fhe;jpapd; jiyikapy; ,e;jg; Nghf;F jiyfPohf
khwpaJ.

132
9.4 nusyl; rj;jpahfpufk;

Kjy; cyfg;Nghu; Kbe;jTld; ,e;jpa jPtputhjpfisAk; Gul;rp

thjpfisAk; mlf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; KbatpUe;j ,e;jpa
ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpw;F gjpy; Gjpa rl;lj;ij nfhz;L tu Mq;fpy
muR Kad;wJ. rpl;dp nusyl; vd;w Mq;fpNya ePjpgjpiaj;
jiytuhff; nfhz;l xU FOit mikj;J ,e;jpahtpy; mur
tpNuhj eltbf;iffis gw;wp Muha;e;J mwpf;if rku;g;gpf;FkhW
Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. FO rku;g;gpj;j mwpf;ifapd; gb ,U
kNrhjhf;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. mit uTyl; kNrhjhf;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ld.

uTyl; kNrhjhtpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

• murhq;fk; Nrhjid vJTkpd;wp vtiuAk; ifJ nra;ayhk;

• mghafukhd Ml;fs; vd;w fhuzj;ijf; $wp vt;tpj
tprhuizAkpd;wp fhytiuapd;wp fhtypy; itf;fyhk;
• mur tpNuhj Fw;wq;fspy; <Lgl;ltu;fs; vd fUjg;gLk; xU
Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy; fhtypy; ,Uf;FkhW
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;glyhk;
• eLtu;fspd; Jizapd;wpNa %d;W cau;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;
mur JNuhf tof;Ffis rhjpf;fyhk;
• mtu;fSila jPu;g;Ng ,WjpahdJ.

,e;j fUg;G kNrhjhf;fis ,e;jpa jiytu;fs; fLikahf

fz;bj;jdu;. uTyl; rl;lk; Mq;fpy muRf;F tiuKiw ,y;yhj
mjpfhuj;ij mspj;jJ. ,e;j rl;lg;gb nra;jpj;jhs;fis
fhuzkpy;yhky; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; epWj;jTk; nra;ayhk;. muRf;F
vjpu;g;G njuptpf;Fk; kf;fis ifJ nra;J rpiwapy; itf;f KbA.
,e;j rl;lj;ij ,e;jpau;fs; fLikahf vjpu;j;jdu;. ,e;jpau;fspd;
jdp kdpj cupikfis mopf;f te;j rl;lk; vdTk; ,e;jpau;fspd;
epahakhd murpay; Nghuhl;lq;fis ,J Klf;FfpwJ vdTk;
fUjpd. ,e;j rl;lk; uj;J nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehL
KOtJk; kf;fs; fpsu;e;J vOe;jdu;.

133
v];.vd;.ghdu;[p> rPdpthr rh];jpup> uhk];thkp ma;aq;fhu; Nghd;w
jiytu;fs; uTyl; kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; ehl;by; Ntz;lhj
tpisTfs; Vw;gLk; vd;W murhq;fj;ij vr;rupj;jhu;fs;. gy
Cu;fspy; fz;ldf; $l;lq;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld. ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpu]pd; Gjpa jiytuhdkfhj;kh fhe;jp kNrhjhf;fs; tpyf;fpf;
nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vdpy; rj;jpahfpufj;ij Jtf;FtJ jtpu
jdf;F NtW top ,y;iy vd;W murhq;fj;jpw;F ,Wjp vr;rupf;if
tpLj;jhu;. me;j vr;rupf;ifia kPwp murhq;fk; Fog;gthjp Gul;rpfu
rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ. mJNt uTyl; rl;lk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lk;

uTyl; rl;lj;ij KO%r;Rld; vjpu;f;f jPu;khdpj;j fhe;jpabfs;

1919 khu;r; khjk; gk;ghapy; rj;ahfpuf rigiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;.
midtUk; rj;jpahfpuf rgjk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;fs;. rj;ahfpuf
rigapd; fpisfs; ehl;bd; gy gFjpfspYk; Jtf;fg;gl;ld. 1919
khu;r; 30Mk; Njjp rj;ahfpuf ehshf ehnlq;Fk; mDrupf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fhe;jp kf;fisf; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;. gpd;du; rpy
jiytu;fspd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W rj;ahfpuf ehis Vg;uy; 6Mk;
Njjpf;F fhe;jp js;spitj;jhu;. NkYk; fhe;jp>,e;jpau;fs;
Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F jq;fs; vjpu;g;igf; fhl;l cz;zhtpujj;jpy;
<Lgl;L ngUk; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fk; mfpy ,e;jpa `u;j;jhy; my;yJ
NtiyepWj;jj;jpw;Fk; miog;G tpLj;jhu;.Mdhy; fhe;jp Kd;djhf
mwptpj;j khu;r; 30Mk; Njjp md;W gy ,lq;fspy; ehnlq;Fk;
Cu;tyq;fs;> Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs;> filailg;G> cz;zhtpujk;
nghJf;$l;lq;fs;> gpuhu;j;jidfs; Mfpait eilngw;wd. kfhj;kh
fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. jiytu;fspd; ifij njhlu;e;J
mfkjhghj;> gk;gha;> nly;yp> mkpu;jru]; Nghd;w ,lq;fs;
td;Kiwf; fskhf khwp Mq;fpNyau;fSk; murhq;f mjpfhupfSk;
jhf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. nghJ nrhj;Jf;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld. Jg;ghf;fp
R+Lfs; ele;jd. mfpk;ir MAjj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; gf;Ftj;ij
kf;fs; ,d;Dk; ngwtpy;iy vd;gij czu;e;j fhe;jp uTyl;
rj;jpahfpufj;ij epWj;jpdhu;.

134
gQ;rhg; khfhzj;jpy; Nghuhl;l ,af;fk; kpfTk; tYthf ,Ue;jJ>
mq;F ,uz;L fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fshd lhf;lu;. rj;a ghy; kw;Wk;
lhf;lu; irGjPd; fpl;r;Ny MfpNahu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L> 10 Vg;uy;
1919 md;W njupahj ,lj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j
rk;gtj;jpw;F vjpu;g;G njuptpj;J> mkpu;jru];> [hypad;thyhghf;fpy;
13 Vg;uy; 1919 md;W kf;fs; $bdu;. 1919 [hypad; thyhghf;
gLnfhiy>gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; kpfTk; nfh^ukhd Nrhfq;fspy;
xd;whf khwpa xU Nghuhl;lk; MFk;.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1. ve;j Mz;L kfhj;kh fhe;jp njd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J

,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhu;?
2. fhe;jpf;F 'kfhj;kh' gl;lk; nfhLj;jtu; ahu;?
3. rk;ghuz; rj;jpahfpufk; vg;NghJ NtfnkLj;jJ?
4. fhe;jp rk;ghuDf;Fr; nrd;wNghJ cld; nrd;wtu; ahu;?
5. uTyl; rl;lk; Vd; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ?
6. nusyl; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;ij fhe;jp Vd;
iftpl;lhu;?

9.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;

1. 1915 Mk; Mz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp

njd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhu;.

2. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfTk; gpugykhd ftpQUk; vOj;jhsUkhd

utPe;jpuehj; jh$u;>. fhe;jp kfhj;kh my;yJ 'ngupa Md;kh'
vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhu;.

3. rk;ghuzpy; rj;jpahfpufk; 1917 ,y; ele;jJ.

4. uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;> N[.gp.fpUghypdp> kfhNjt; Njrha; kw;Wk;

krhu;-cy;-`f; Nghd;w ,sk; jiytu;fSld; fhe;jp
rk;ghuDf;F te;jhu;.

135
5. nghJ mikjpapd;ikia fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F
vjpuhd rjpia jLf;fTk; uTyl; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
gaq;futhjr; nray;fspy; <Lgl;ljhf re;Njfpf;fg;gLk;
ve;jnthU egiuAk; tprhuizapd;wp Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L
Mz;LfSf;F rpiwapy; milf;f ,e;jr; rl;lk; gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; mspj;jJ.

6. uTyl; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhd vjpu;g;G nly;ypapy; epiwa

fytuq;fSf;F toptFj;jJ. rj;jpahf;fpufj;jpd; xU
mq;fkhd mfpk;iriag; gad;gLj;jhky;> mikjpahd
Kiwapy; Nghuhl;lk; elj;j ,e;jpau;fs; jahuhf ,y;iy
vd;gij czu;e;j fhe;jp> Nghuhl;lj;ij iftpl;lhu;.

9.6 RUf;fk;

• gpupl;b\; fhydpj;Jt Ruz;lypd; tpisthf ,e;jpahtpy;

Njrpathj ,af;fk; Kd;NdwpaJ. ,J gy;NtW epiyfspy;
Ntfj;ij vl;baJ. Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; tzpf
epWtdkhf Eioe;jdu;.

• Mrpah kw;Wk; Mg;gpupf;fh KOtJk;> Njrpathj fUj;Jf;fs;

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; gioa INuhg;gpa rhk;uh[;aq;fis
cs;ehl;L Ml;rpahsu;fshf khw;Wtjw;fhd gpur;rhuq;fisj;
J}z;bd.

• Njrpathj ,af;fj;jpd; tuyhW mij ,uz;L gue;j

fl;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fpwJ: xd;W 1857f;F Kd;> Mq;fpNyau;fspd;
murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu eyd;fs; cs;Shu; kw;Wk;
gpuhe;jpaj; jiytu;fSld; NkhjpaNghJ Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
gpd;tpisTfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ.

• 1857 Mk; Mz;L fpsu;rr

; p gpupl;b\; fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F Kjy;
ngupa rthyhf te;jJ. ,J rpg;gha;fspd; %yk;
njhlq;fpdhYk;> gy fhuzq;fSf;fhf jq;fis Mz;l

136
 Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rpapy; mjpUg;jp mile;j gy;NtW jug;G
kf;fisAk; <u;j;jJ.

• ,e;jpahtpd; Ruz;lg;gl;l kw;Wk; xLf;fg;gl;l tptrhapfs;

md;dpa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf fpsu;rr
; p nra;J Njrpathj
Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd jsj;ij cUthf;fpdu;.

• Njrpathj Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;j ,e;jpa

rKjhaj;jpd; mLj;j Kf;fpakhd FO njhopyhsu;fs;.
njhopyhsu;fs;> njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l
JiwfSf;F fl;Lg;gl;l > Viofs; kw;Wk; rYif ngw;w
gpuptpdiug; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpdu;.

• 1915 Mk; Mz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,e;jpah

jpUk;gpdhu;.

• Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNyapd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; mtu;

,e;jpa epiyikfis ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;s ,e;jpah
KOtJk; tpupthfg; gazk; nra;jhu;.

• gbg;gbahf>gPfhupy; rk;guhdpy; ele;j Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk;

mfkjhghj; [Tsp Miyfspy; ele;j
NtiyepWj;jg;Nghuhl;lk; Nghd;w gy cs;Shu;
Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F mtu; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.

• Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F vjpuhf mfpk;ir nfhs;ifapd;

mbg;gilapy; fhe;jpahy; njhlq;fg;gl;l Kjy; rj;jpahfpufg;
Nghuhl;lq;fs; vd;gjhy;> ,e;j cs;Shu; Nghuhl;lq;fs; ,e;jpa
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpa milahskhf
,Ue;jd.

• Nflh kw;Wk; rk;ghudpy; fhe;jpapd; Kaw;rpfs; Njrpathj

murpaypy; mtUf;F xU rpwe;j ,lj;ijg; ngw;Wj; je;jJ.

• 1918 Mk; Mz;L mfkjhghj;jpd; njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk; kpy;

cupikahsu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa jfuhW Vw;gl;lJ.

137
• ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; tpiythrp cau;T kw;Wk; kpy; njhopyhsu;fs;
mjpf Cjpak; ngw tpUk;gpdu;.

• ,jw;F kpy; cupikahsu;fs; rk;kjpf;ftpy;iy. fhe;jp

njhopyhsu;fis Mjupj;J xU Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhu;

• njhopyhsu;fSf;F 35 rjtPj Cjpa cau;T toq;f kpy;

cupikahsu;fs; xg;Gf;nfhz;ldu;.

• kpy; cupikahsu;fSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjpy; mtuJ

cz;zhtpujk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ.

• rpl;dp nusyl; vd;w Mq;fpNya ePjpgjpiaj; jiytuhff;

nfhz;l xU FOit mikj;J ,e;jpahtpy; mur tpNuhj
eltbf;iffis gw;wp Muha;e;J mwpf;if rku;g;gpf;FkhW
Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

• FO rku;g;gpj;j mwpf;ifapd; gb ,U kNrhjhf;fs;

jahupf;fg;gl;ld. mit uTyl; kNrhjhf;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ld.

• uTyl; kNrhjhtpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

• murhq;fk; Nrhjid vJTkpd;wp vtiuAk; ifJ nra;ayhk;

• mghafukhd Ml;fs; vd;w fhuzj;ijf; $wp vt;tpj

tprhuizAkpd;wp fhytiuapd;wp fhtypy; itf;fyhk;

• ,e;j fUg;G kNrhjhf;fis ,e;jpa jiytu;fs; fLikahf

fz;bj;jdu;

• uTyl; rl;lj;ij KO%r;Rld; vjpu;f;f jPu;khdpj;j fhe;jpabfs;

1919 khu;r; khjk; gk;ghapy; rj;ahfpuf rigiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;.
midtUk; rj;jpahfpuf rgjk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;fs;.

• 1919 khu;r; 30Mk; Njjp rj;ahfpuf ehshf ehnlq;Fk;

mDrupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W fhe;jp kf;fisf;

138
 Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;. gpd; rpy jiytu;fspd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W
rj;ahfpuf ehis Vg;uy; 6Mk; Njjpf;F fhe;jp js;spitj;jhu;.

• gy ,lq;fspy; ehnlq;Fk; Cu;tyq;fs;> Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs;>

filailg;G> cz;zhtpujk; nghJf;$l;lq;fs;>
gpuhu;j;jidfs; Mfpait eilngw;wd. kfhj;kh fhe;jp ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

• jiytu;fspd; ifij njhlu;e;J mfkjhghj;> gk;gha;> nly;yp>

mkpu;jru]; Nghd;w ,lq;fs; td;Kiwf; fskhf khwp
Mq;fpNyau;fSk; murhq;f mjpfhupfSk; jhf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;.

• mfpk;ir MAjj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; gf;Ftj;ij kf;fs;

,d;Dk; ngwtpy;iy vd;gij czu;e;j fhe;jp uTyl;
rj;jpahfpufj;ij epWj;jpdhu;.

9.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

,dntwp: rpy ,d kf;fs; kw;wtu;fis tpl rpwe;jtu;fs;> vdNt

epahakw;w Kiwapy; elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifia ,J
Fwpf;fpwJ.

tprhuiz: ,J xU ePjpkd;wj;jpd; nray;KiwahFk;> mq;F xU

ePjpgjp rhl;rpaq;fisf; Nfl;L> ahuhtJ xU Fw;wj;jpy;
Fw;wthspah ,y;iyah vd;gij jPu;khdpf;fpwhu;.

NtiyepWj;jk;: ,J xU Ntiy epWj;jk; MFk;> ,J

gzpahsu;fs; Ntiy nra;a kWg;gjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.

9.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. rk;ghuz; rj;jpahfpufk; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;G vOjTk;.

2. mfkjhghj; kpy; ru;r;iria fhe;jp vt;thW jPu;j;jhu;?

139
3. nusyl; rl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?

neLtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; tptrhapfs; kw;Wk;

njhopyhsu;fs; Mw;wpa gq;if tpsf;F.

2. ntF[dj; jiytuhf fhe;jpapd; epiyia cWjpg;gLj;jpa

fhuzpfis Muha;f.

3. gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kfhj;kh

fhe;jpapd; gq;ifg; gw;wp tpthjp.

9.8 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

1. ,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010

2. f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018

3. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.

G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id > 2010

4. ,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016

5. [t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij>

miyfs; ntspaPll
; fk;> nrd;id> 2013

140
 myF – 10

[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy - xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;

- nrsup - nrsuh rk;gtk;

fl;likg;G
10.0 mwpKfk;
10.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
10.2 [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy
10.3 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
10.4 nrsup - nrsuh rk;gtk;
10.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
10.6 RUf;fk;
10.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
10.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
10.9 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

10.0 mwpKfk;

xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl;ljd; %yk; ,e;jpa Njrpag;

Nghuhl;lk; Ntfk; ngw;wJ. ,e;j ,af;fk; uTyl; rl;lk;> [hypad;
thyhghf; gLnfhiy kw;Wk; gpw NrhjidfSf;F vjpu;tpidahf
,Ue;jJ. kfhj;kh fhe;jp> ,e;jpa kf;fspd; MjuTld;>
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; gpupl;b\; Nguurpd; mbj;jsj;ij
mirj;jhu;. ,e;j ,af;fk; fpyhgj; ,af;fj;ijAk; ,izj;jJ.
NkYk; tq;fhsj;ijr; Nru;e;j gy jiytu;fs; xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;jpd; ,yl;rpaq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLtij cWjp nra;jdu;.
,Ug;gpDk;> nrsup-nrsuh rk;gtk;> ,af;fj;ij gytPdg;gLj;jpaJ>
,J Gul;rpfu FOf;fspd; kWkyu;rr
; pf;F toptFj;jJ. ,e;j gpupT
[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy> xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; kw;Wk;
Gul;rpfu FOf;fspd; tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J tpupthf tpthjpf;Fk;.

141
3.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpj;jy;

xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpw;F toptFj;j R+o;epiyfis Muha;jy;

xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpw;Fg; gpwF cUthd Gul;rpf; FOf;fspd;

Nehf;fj;ij gFg;gha;T nra;jy;

10.2 [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy

,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfo;rr
; pahf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
epfo;rr
; pf;F gpwF jhd; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; xU kf;fs;
,af;fkhf khwpaJ. Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; Kbtpy; ,e;jpa
ghJfhg;G rl;lk; KbTWk; epiyapy; ,Ue;j fhuzj;jpdhy;
Gul;rpfisAk; td;KiwAk; jtpu;fF
; k; nghUl;L Mq;fpy muR xU
Gjpa ghJfhg;G rl;lj;ij nray;gLj;j vz;zpaJ. me;j
mbg;gilapy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lNk uTyl; rl;lk; MFk;.
,r;rl;lg;gb Mq;fpy muRf;F tiuKiw ,y;yhj mjpf mjpfhuk;
,Ue;jJ. muRf;F vjpu;g;G njuptpf;Fk; kf;fis ifJ nra;J
fhytiuapd;wp rpiwapy; itf;fKbAk; vd;w mk;rk; ,r;rl;lj;jpy;
,lk;ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,e;jpau;fs; ,r;rl;lj;ij fLikahf vjpu;j;jdu;.
nusyl; rl;lj;ij vjpu;j;J ehnlq;Fk; Nghuhl;lq;fs; eilngw;wd.
uTyl; rl;lj;ij vjpu;j;J fhe;jp rj;jpahfpufj;ij Jtq;fpdhYk;
kf;fs; elj;jpa td;Kiw rk;gtq;fis mLj;J rj;jpahfpufj;ij
fhe;jp epWj;jpdhu;. fhe;jpabfs; rj;jpahfpufj;ij epWj;jpdhYk;
muR jdJ mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffis iftpltpy;iy.

gQ;rhgpy; uTyl; rj;jpahfpufk;

gQ;rhgpy; cs;s mkpu;jru]py; lhf;lu; irGjPd; fpr;RY lhf;lu;

rj;aghy; MfpNahu; rj;jpahfpufj;ij mkpu;jrurpy; top elj;jpdu;.
Mdhy; mtu;fs; ,UtUk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy;

142
milf;fg;gl;ldu;. ifJ nra;ag;gl;l jiytu;fis tpLjiy
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W mkpu;jru]; kf;fs; NghyP]; mYtyfk;
Nehf;fpg; Nguzp nrd;wdu;. jilia kPwpr; nrd;w kf;fSf;Fk;
NghyPRf;Fk; iffyg;G Vw;gl;L NghyPrhupd; Jg;ghf;fpr; R+l;by; 20
Ngu; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. ,jid fz;l kf;fs; nfhjpj;njOe;J
NghyPrhu; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdu;. gy fl;blq;fs; jP itj;J
nfhSj;jg;gl;ld. je;jpf; fk;gpfs; mWj;njwpag;gl;ld. ,uz;L
Mq;fpy ngz;fs; gyj;j fhakile;jdu;. rl;lk; xOq;F
rPu;Fiye;jJ. gQ;rhg; khfhz ftu;duhf ,Ue;j ikf;Nfy; X lau;
mkpu;jru]; efiu ,uhZt trk; xg;gilj;jhu;. 1919 Vg;uy; 11
md;W gpupNfbau; lau; vd;gtu; mkpu;jru]; uhZt mjpfhupahf
nghWg;Ngw;whu;. mtu; epiyikia fl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jhu;.

mkpu;jru]py; uhZt rl;lk; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. murhq;f

mlf;F Kiwf;F gypahNdhUf;F ,uq;fy; $l;lk; NghLtjw;F
Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ. 1919 Vg;uy; 13 md;W [hypad; thyhghf;fpy;
$l;lk; eilngWk; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. md;Wjhd;
rPf;fpau;fSf;F Gdpjkhd igrhfp jpdk; MFk;.[hypad;thyhghf;
vd;gJ neba Rtu;fshy; R+og;gl;L xU FWfpa Eiothapiy
cila ePz;l rJu ikjhdk;. mjpy; Rkhu; 20 Mapuk; Ngu;
$bapUe;jdu;. mq;F $bapUe;j kf;fSf;F gpupNfbau; n[duy;
nu[pdhy;l; lau; md;W fhiy gpwg;gpj;j $l;lk; jil cj;juT
gw;wp vJTk; njupahJ. jilia kPwp $l;lk;
eilngw;wJ.,ijf;fz;L NfhgKw;w lau; giltPuu;fSld; [hypad;
thyhghf; nrd;W Kd;dwptpg;G VJkpd;wp Njhl;lhf;fs; jPUk; tiu
10 epkplq;fs; epWj;jhky; jd;Dila tPuu;fis nfhz;L Rl;lhu;.
1650 Rw;Wf;fs; tplhky; Rl;ljhy; Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
mg;ghtp kf;fs; khz;ldu; .fhaj;jhy; NkYk; gyu; kbe;jdu;. ,e;j
[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy murpd; NfhuKfj;ij kf;fSf;F
ntspg;gLj;jpaJ .MAjkw;w kf;fs; kPJk;> ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfs;
kPJk; muR kpUfj;jdkhf jhf;fpaJ midtUf;Fk; mjpu;r;rpia
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

143
murpd; mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffs;

[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiyf;F gpd;Gk; mkpu;jrurpy; uhZt

eltbf;iffs; njhlu;e;jd. mkpu;jrurpSk;>yh$upYk; ,uhZt
rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. kf;fis ,opTgLj;Jk; gy cj;juTfs;
ntspaplg;gl;ld. mkpu;jrurpy; kf;fs; Mq;fpNya mjpfhupfis
ghu;f;Fk;Nghnjy;yhk; tzf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j cj;juit kPwpa fLikahfj;
jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;. kf;fs; Giftz;bapy; gazk; nra;tjw;F
mDkjpf;fg; gltpy;iy. ,uz;L ,sk;ngz;fs; jhf;fg;gl;l me;j
njUtpy; nry;Yk; nghJkf;fs; ele;J nry;y $lhJ vd;Wk;
jiuapy; tpOe;J Cu;e;J nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd cj;jutplg;gl;lJ.
ifJ nra;ag;gl;ltu;fs; Fw;wthspf; $z;by; milf;fgl;Lj;
jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu; .me;j tPjpapy; rTf;fb rJf;fk; xd;W fl;lg;gl;L
mjpy; Fw;wthspfs; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;L mbf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;.
Mq;fpNya ngz;kzpahd nry;tp nru;Tl;il jhf;fpajhf
re;Njfg;gl;l ,isQu;fs; me;j rTf;fj;jpw;Fnfhz;Ltug;gl;L
mtu;fSf;F jyh 30 firabfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. uhZt
rl;lj;jpd; Jiznfhz;L kf;fs; fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhf
elj;jg;gl;ldu;. Vg;uy; 14Mk; ehs; F[;ud;thyh vd;w ,lj;jpy;
tpkhdj;jpypUe;J gs;spapd; kPJ Jg;ghf;fp R+L elj;jg;gl;lJ.

`d;lu; tprhuizf;FO

gQ;rhg; gLnfhiy ehnlq;Fk; gjw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ehl;L

kf;fis ,opTgLj;Jk; epiyapy; murhq;fj;jhy; mspf;fg;gl;l
tpUJfs; mtkhd rpd;dq;fs; MFk; vd;W $wp utPe;jpuehj; jh$u;
jdf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;j tpUij jpUg;gpf; nfhLj;jhu;.mJNghy
fhe;jpabfs; mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;j nfa;ru;,`pe;j; vd;w
gl;lj;ijAk; Mq;fpy murplk; jpUk;g mspj;jhu;. jiyik
MSeupd; epu;thf rigapd; cWg;gpdu; gjtpia rq;fud; ehau;
vd;gtu; uh[pdhkh nra;jhu; .,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; cau;kl;l
ePjp tprhuiz FO xd;iw cldbahf mikj;J ,J Fwpj;J
tprhupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wpaJ .gQ;rhg;
gLnfhiy eilngw;w ,lj;ij ghu;itapLtjw;F fhe;jpabfSf;F

144
mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;lJ. gQ;rhg; gLnfhiy gw;wp cldbahf
tprhuiz elj;j Nkhjpyhy; NeU> mg;gh]; jpahg;[p> fhe;jp>
re;jhdk; MfpNahu; nfhz;l xU tprhuizf; FOitAk; fhq;fpu];
epakpj;jJ. me;j fhq;fpu]; tprhuizf;FO gQ;rhg; gLnfhiy
gw;wpa gy cz;ikfis ntspapl;lJ. uTyl; rl;lk; tpyf;fpf;
nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk; >ikf;Nfy; X lau;> jsgjp nu[pdhy;l; lau;
MfpNahu; gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk; vd;w gupe;JiufisAk; mf;FO
njuptpj;jJ. fLk; vjpu;g;G cUthdijf; fz;l Mq;fpy muR
ePjpgjp `d;lu; jiyikapy; xU xOq;fpd;ik tprhuiz FOit
epakpj;jJ. me;j tprhuiz FO v`d;lu; tprhuizf; FO vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. uhZtr;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhz;l
eltbf;iffs; gw;wp tprhupg;gJ FOtpd; Nehf;fk;.

1920 Nk khj ,Wjpapy; me;j FO mjd; mwpf;ifia

rku;g;gpj;jJ . FOtpypUe;j Mq;fpNyau;fSf;Fk; ,e;jpau;fSf;Fk;
,ilNa fUj;J NtWghLfs; ,Ue;jikahy; me;j mwpf;if
ngUk;ghd;ikapdu; mwpf;if kw;Wk; rpWghd;ikapdu; mwpf;if
vd;W ,U gFjpfshf vOjg;gl;lJ. vr;rupf;if ,d;wp
Rl;ljw;fhfTk; Njhl;lhf;fs; jPUk; tiu Rl;ljw;fhfTk; jsgjp
laiu me;j mwpf;if fz;bj;jJ . uhZt eltbf;if gQ;rhg;ig
fpsu;rr
; papy; ,Ue;J fhg;ghw;wpaJ vd;w thjj;ij epuhfupj;jJ.
gQ;rhg; gLnfhiy 2014,y; gpuhd;rpYk; ngy;[paj;jpYk; eilngw;w
nfhLikfis xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;baJ. NkYk;> jsgjp laiu
,uf;fkw;w muf;fd; vd;W me;j mwpf;if tu;zpj;jJ. ,U
mwpf;iffSNk Kd;dwptpg;gpd;wp Rl;lijAk; uhZt rl;l
eltbf;iffisAk; rpiwj;jz;lidiaAk; fz;bj;jdu;. me;j
tprhuizf; FO mwpf;ifia guprPypj;j ,e;jpa murhq;fk;
gQ;rhgpy; eilngw;w gy epfo;rr
; pfs; jtpu;ff
; g; gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;W
fUjpaJ. nghJf;$l;lj; jil cj;juit kf;fs; ed;F mwpar;
nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mJ fUjpaJ. mNj rkak; gpupl;b\;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; gpuGf;fs; mit gpupl;b\; Ml;rpia ,e;jpahtpy;
ghJfhj;jjw;fhf n[duy; laiu ghuhl;baJ. gjtp tpyfpa
n[duy; laUf;F xU tPuDf;F cupa kupahijAld; Mq;fpNyau;

145
topaDg;G tpoh elj;jpdu;. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J INuhg;gpa ngz;fs;
&gha; 20000 nfhz;l gz Kbg;igAk; tPuthisAk; guprhff;
nfhLj;jdu;. mtu; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpia fhj;jtu; vd;W Gfog;gl;lhu;.
,e;jg; gLnfhiyf;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtu;fis vy;yhk; kd;dpf;f
nghJkd;dpg;G rl;lk; xd;iwAk; muR ,aw;wpaJ.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1. Vg;uy; 13> 1919 md;W [hypad; thyhghf;fpy; epuhAjghzpahd

,e;jpau;fs; kPJ fz;%bj;jdkhd Jg;ghf;fpr; R+L elj;jpajw;F
ahu; fhuzk;?

2. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiyf;Fg; gpwF jdJ iel;

gl;lj;ijj; Jwe;j ftpQupd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

10.3 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;

,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; xU kpfg;

ngUk; jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. gQ;rhg; gLnfhiyAk;
mjd;gpwF eilngw;w uhZt eltbf;iffspy; fhe;jpapd; kdjpy;
Ntjid Vw;gLj;jpd. gQ;rhg; gLnfhiy gw;wp tprhupj;J me;j
FOtpd; mwpf;if kf;fSf;F ePjpapd; Nky; mtek;gpf;ifia
Vw;gLj;jpd. murhq;fk; JUf;fp Ry;jhDf;F ,ioj;j mePjp
fhe;jpia mjpu;r;rp milar; nra;jJ. vdNt Mq;fpy muRf;F
vjpuhf xU kpfg;ngupa Nghuhl;lj;ij Jtq;f Ntz;bajd;
mtrpaj;ij fhe;jpabfs;czu;e;jhu;.

JUf;fp Ry;jhDf;F ,iof;fg;gl;l mePjpf;F vjpuhf fpyhgj;

,af;fk; 1919,y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,ij fhe;jp Mjupj;jhu;.
,e;Jf;fisAk; K];ypk;fisAk; xd;W Nru;j;J tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLf;f ,J cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W mtu;
fUjpdhu;. 1920 khu;r; 10Mk; Njjp fhe;jp[p fpyhgj; ,af;f nray;
jpl;lj;jpy; jhd; Kjd;Kjyhf jdJ xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij
gw;wp fhe;jp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

146
fhe;jpapd; mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;jhd; fpyhgj; khehL epakpj;j
FO xj;Jioahik jpl;lj;ijg; gw;wpa jdJ mwpf;ifia
rku;g;gpj;jJ. 1920 [_d; ,uz;lhk; ehs; me;j mwpf;ifapy;
Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jgb xj;Jioahik jpl;lk; Mf];l; Kjy; Njjpad;W
nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gw;wp KbntLf;f
nrg;lk;gu; 4Mk; ehs; yhyh y[gjpuha; jiyikapy; rpwg;G
fhq;fpu]; fy;fj;jhtpy; $baJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy; xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ijg; gw;wpa jPu;khdj;ij fhe;jp Kd;nkhopa lhf;lu;
fpl;RY topnkhopa Nkhjpyhy; NeUTk; myp rNfhjuu;fSk;
Mjupj;jdu;. rp.Mu;.jh]; Nghd;w jiytu;fs; fLikahf
vjpu;j;jhYk; xj;Jioahik jPu;khdk; ngUk;ghd;ikahd thf;F
tpj;jpahrj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. rpwg;G fhq;fpu]py;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPu;khdj;ij 1920 brk;gupy; ehfGup fhq;fpu];
mq;ff
P upj;jJ.

xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; vd;gJ muR ntw;wpfukhf nray;gl

,Jtiu ,e;jpau;fis mioj;J te;j xj;Jiog;ig cWjp
mjdhy; Vw;gLfpw ,og;GfisAk; NrhjidfisAk; nghWj;Jf;
nfhs;fpwhu; xU jhu;kPf ,af;fkhf fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; rfpg;Gj;
jd;ikANk Mjhukhff; nfhz;l xU ,af;fkhFk;.

,af;fj;jpd; jpl;lq;fs;

xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; ,uz;L jpl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. xd;W

vjpu;kiw jpl;lk; kw;wJ cld;ghl;L jpl;lkhFk;.

vjpu;kiwj; jpl;lq;fs;

• Nju;jypy; Nghl;baplhkYk; > thf;fspf;fhkYk; rl;lkd;wj;ijg;

Gwf;fzpj;J muRf;F xj;Jiof;fhky; ,Ug;gJ
• ePjpkd;wq;fisg; Gwf;fzpg;gJ> mjhtJ tof;fwpQu;fs;
jq;fs; ePjpkd;wg; gzpiag; Gwf;fzpg;gJ
• Mq;fpyf; fy;tp epiyaq;fis Gwf;fzpg;gJ
• NghyP]; >uhZt gzpfisg; Gwf;fzpg;G>

147
• tpNjrp nghUs;fs; Fwpg;ghf me;epaj; Jzpfis
gad;gLj;jhky; ,Ug;gJ
• muR tpUe;J kw;Wk; tpohf;fspy; gq;Nfw;fhky; ,Uj;jy;
• murpy; nfsut cWg;gpdu; gjtp tfpg;gtu;fs; me;j gjtpia
uh[pdhkh nra;jy;> murhq;fj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; rpwg;G
gl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tpUJfis Vw;f kWj;jy; >Vw;fdNt
ngw;wpUe;j gl;lq;fis jpUk;gf; nfhLj;jy;
• tup nrYj;jhik Mfpait vjpu;kiw jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa
mk;rq;fshFk;.

cld;ghl;L jpl;lq;fs;

• Njrpa gs;spfs; fy;Y}upfspy; ehL KOtjpYk; Vw;gLj;jp

khztu;fs; Njrpa fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; fy;tp gapy nra;jy;
• tof;Ffis jdpg;gl;lKiwapy; tprhupj;J jPu;g;gspf;f
ePjpkd;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;
• RNjrp nghUl;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kf;fsplk; tpsf;Fjy;
• ,e;J K];yPk; xw;Wik fhz Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
jPz;lhikia xopf;f ghLgLjy;

,af;fj;jpd; Nghf;F

• ,e;jpa rl;lkd;wq;fspy; fsq;fg;gl;l mikg;Gfshf fUjpa

fhe;jp mtw;iwg; Gwf;fzpf;f Ntz;LkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu; .
1920 etk;gupy; ele;j rl;lkd;w Nju;jypy; fhq;fpu];
Gwf;fzpj;jJ.

• rl;lkd;w Gwf;fzpg;Gf;F Mjuthf jiytu;fs; ehL KOtJk;

Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;jdu;. ,jd; gadhf fhq;fpu]; gy
khfhzq;fspy; rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jiyg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ.e

• ePjpkd;wq;fis gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; fUtpfshf

fUjpdhu; fhe;jp. ePjpkd;wq;fis Gwf;fzpj;J kf;fspd;
tof;Ffis gQ;rhaj;J kd;wq;fspd; %yk; jPu;j;Jf;
nfhs;SkhW kf;fis mtu; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;. mjd;gb

148
 E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd tof;fwpQu;fs; jq;fsJ njhopiy
iftpl;ldu;.

• yhyh y[gjpuha;> uh[h[p >b.gpufhrk;> t.c.rp.Nghd;Nwhu; mjpf

tUtha; juf;$ba tof;fwpQu; njhopiyf; iftpl;L
ePjpkd;wq;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;jdu;.

• xj;Jioahik ,af;fj; jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf murhq;f

fy;tpf;$lq;fSk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld. muR elj;Jk;
fy;tpf;$lq;fspy; fy;tp fw;gJ ghtk; vd fUjpdhu; fhe;jp
.Mq;fpyf;fy;tp eQ;R fye;j ghy; Nghd;wJ vd;W tu;zpj;jhu;.

• fhe;jpapd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W fy;Y}upfspy; gapYk;

khztu;fs; fy;Y}upia Gwf;fzpj;J xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;L te;jdu;.gy gs;spf;$lq;fSk;
fy;Y}upfSk; %lg;gl;ld. fhrp ,e;J gy;fiyf;fofk;
khztu;fspd; NtiyepWj;jj;jhy; nraypoe;jJ. midj;Jf;
filfSk; %lg;gl;ld.

• F[uhj; tpj;ahgPj;> gPfhu; tpj;ahgPj;> tq;fhs Njrpa

gy;fiyf;fofk;> Njrpa K];ypk; gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk;
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Njrpa gs;spfSk; ehnlq;Fk;
Jtf;fg;gl;ld. khztu;fs; Mq;fpy muR elj;Jk; fy;tp
epiyaq;fis tpl;L ,e;j Njrpa fy;tpf; $lq;fspy; Nru;e;J
gapyj; njhlq;fpdu;.

• ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fis Gwf;fzpj;jy; ,jd; xU gFjpahf

,Ue;jJ. ntspehl;L Jzpia njhl;lhNy ghtk; vdf;
fUjpatu; fhe;jp. Vnddpy; ,e;jpa nerTj; njhopy; erpe;J
Nghdjw;Ff; fhuzNk Nkiyehl;L Jzpfspy; ,wf;FkjpahFk;
vdf; fhe;jp fUjpdhu;.

• myfhghj;jpy; [tfu;yhy; NeUtpd; J}z;Ljyhy; Jzpia

thq;Ftjpy;iy vd Jzp tpahghupfs; rgjk; vLj;jdu;. ,ij
nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhf tpahghup kz;ly; vd;Dk; mikg;G
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ehnlq;Fk; tpNjrp Jzp tpw;gid nra;Ak;

149
 filfis fhq;fpu];fhuu;fSk; fpyhgj; njhz;lu;fSk; kwpay;
nra;jdu;.

• jkpo;ehl;by; gy ,lq;fspy; Jzp tpahghupfNs md;dpaj; Jzp

vjpu;g;Gg; Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fSf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jdu;. me;epa
Jzpfs; %l;il %l;ilahf gk;gha; Nghd;w ngUefuq;fspy;
kf;fshy; vupf;fg;gl;ld. ,jw;F khwhf fju; Jzp
fhq;fpu];fhuu;fspd; ,d;wpaikahj Milahf khwpaJ.

• ehL KOtJk; ifj;jwpfSk; ifuhl;ilfSk; epWtg;gl;ld.

ehl;Lg;gw;W kpf;f Njrpa Nghuhl;l tPuupd; rpd;dkhf fju;
khwpaJ .murpay; njhz;lu;fs;> tptrhapfs;> njhopyhsu;fs;>
khztu;fs; Mfpa midtUk; fju; E}y; E}w;fTk;>fju; Mil
mzpaTk; Kw;gl;ldu;. fpuhk Fbirf; ifj;njhopy;fs;
Cf;Ftpf;fg; gl;ld. RNjrp nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf
RNjrp filfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld.

• me;epag;gl;lq;fis jk;NkhL itj;jpUj;jYk;> mtu;fs; nfhLj;j

tpUJfshy; jk;ik myq;fupj;Jf; nfhs;tJk; mtkhdnkd
,e;jpaj; jiytu;fs; fUjpdu;. vdNt ugPe;jpuehj; jh$u;>
fhe;jp[p Nghd;Nwhu; Mq;fpy muR jkf;F mspj;j
gl;lq;fisAk;>tpUJfisAk; jpUk;g mspj;jdu;.

• ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; NghyP];> uhZtg; gzpg; Gwf;fzpg;G kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf K];ypk;fs; NghyP];
uhZtk; Gwf;fzpg;gpy; Fwpahf ,Ue;jdu;.

• uhZtj;jpy; gzpGuptNjh my;yJ uhZtj;Jf;F Ms;Nru;g;G

cjtp nra;tNjh ,];yhkpa ek;gpf;iff;Fk; rl;lj;jpw;Fk;
tpNuhjkhdJ vd;W mfpy ,e;jpa fpyhgj; FO mwptpj;jJ.
uhZtj;jpy; gzpGupAk; K];ypk;fs; ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fis
kPwpatu;fshtu; vd rka fl;lis gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Jgw;wpa
tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;j gy;fiyf;fof khztu;fs;
gQ;rhgpw;Fk;> vy;iyg;Gwg; gFjpfSf;Fk; mDg;gp
itf;fg;gl;ldu;.

150
• kfhj;kh fhe;jpAk; ve;j ,e;jpaDk; uhZtj;jpYk; >muRj;
JiwapYk; gzpahw;WtJ ghtk; vd;W $wpdhu;.

• khz;NlF nrk;];Nghu;L rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;l

rl;lkd;wj;ij Jtf;fp itg;gjw;fhf ,e;jpah tUif Gupe;j
fhq;fpu]; Gwf;fzpj;jJ Gwf;fzpj;jJ. 21 [dtup 10Mk; ehs;
nrd;idf;F te;j kf;fs; Gwf;fzpj;jdu;.filfs;
milf;fg;gl;ld.

• md;W khiy nkupdh flw;fiuapy; eilngw;w

nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; fhq;fpu]; rhu;gpy; mtuJ tUif
fz;bf;fg;gl;lJ. mNj rkak; flw;fiuapd; kw;nwhU
gf;fj;jpy; ePjpf;fl;rpapdu; mtUf;F tuNtw;G mspj;jdu;.

• fpgp Vohk; E}w;whz;by; kyghupy; te;J jq;fpa mNugpa

tpahghupfspd; topj;Njhd;wy;fNs kyghu; khg;gps;isfs; vd;w
K];ypk;fs; Mtu;. fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ vOr;rp ngw;w
khg;gpisfs; jq;fs; jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lNghJ
Mu;g;ghl;lk; nra;jdu;.

• mypKjypahu; vd;w jpUuq;fhb rkaj; jiytu;

murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf fpsu;rr
; p nra;tjw;fhf ufrpa
Vw;ghLfis nra;J te;jhu;. 1921 Mf];L khjj;jpy; kyghupy;
cs;s vuehL> ts;StehL Mfpa jhYfhf;fspy; khg;gpis
K];ypk;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;fs;.

• vt;tpjj; J}z;LjYk; ,y;yhky; mtu;fshfNt

fpsu;e;njOe;J Mq;fpNyau;fis jhf;fpdu;. murhq;ff;
fl;blq;fs; jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;ld. rl;lk; xOq;F KOikahf
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• muR epu;thfk; nrayw;Wg; NghdJ. gpd; murhq;fj;Jf;F

vjpuhf fpsk;gpa ,e;j fpsu;rr
; p ,e;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhf
jpUk;gpaJ. mtu;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; R+iwahlg;gl;ld. muR

151
 uhZtj;jpd; JizAld; ,e;j khg;gps;is fpsu;rr
; pia
eRf;fpaJ.

• myp rNfhjuu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. xj;Jioahik

,af;fj;jpd; xU gFjpahf nray;gl;l fpyhgj; ,af;fk;
khg;gpis fpsu;rr
; papy; Kbe;jJ. `pe;J K];ypk;fspilNa
,jd; fhuzkhf fUj;J NtWghLfs; tsuj; Jtq;fpd.
jkpo;ehl;by; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; gytPdg;gl;lJ.

• muRf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ey;nyz;zj;ij tsu;g;gjw;fhf

1921 etk;gu; 17Mk; ehs; Nty;]; ,sturu; ,e;jpahTf;F
te;jhu;. mtuJ tUifia ntw;wpfukhf nfhz;lhLtjpy;
murhq;fk; Mu;tkhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; fhq;fpu]; mtuJ
tUifia Gwf;fzpj;J NtiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;lJ. mtu;
tUifia vjpu;j;J eilngw;w Nghuhl;lj;jpy; td;Kiw
ntbj;jJ. ,jpy; gyu; capupoe;jdu;. Mapuf;fzf;fhd
,isQu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpy;
<Lgl;L ifJ nra;ag;gl;l midtiuAk; tpLjiy nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fhe;jp gupe;Jiuf; fbjk; vOjpdhu;.

• murhq;fk; mlf;FKiwia iftplhtpl;lhy; rl;l kWg;G

,af;fj;ij gu;Njhypapy; Jtq;fg; Nghtjhf vr;rupj;jhu;. Mdhy;
muR fhe;jpapd; vr;rupf;ifiag; nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy.

10.4 nrsup - nrsuh rk;gtk;

gPfhu; khepyj;jpy; Nfhuf;G+u; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s xU fpuhkj;jpd;

ngau; nrsup nrsuh vd;gjhFk; .mq;F ehl;bd; gpw gFjpfisg;
Nghy; me;epag; nghUl;fs; Gwf;fzpg;G Nghuhl;lk; jPtpukhf
eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. me;j Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ xU
NghyP];fhuu; njhz;lu;fs; rpyiu jhf;fptpl;lhu;. mij mwpe;J 500
njhz;lu;fSk; fpuhk kf;fSk; fhty; epiyaj;jpw;F nrd;W
mjpfhupia re;jpj;J Kiwapl;ldu;. gpd; rkhjhdk; Vw;gl;L
mikjpahf jpUk;gpf;nfhz;bUe;j mtu;fis NghyPrhu; jhf;fp

152
fhag;gLj;jpa $wg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; NfhgKw;w kf;fs; iffyg;gpy;
<Lgl;ldu; .,jdhy; Vw;gl;l td;Kiw rk;gtj;jpy; NghyPrhu;
Jg;ghf;fp R+L elj;jpdu;.

,jdhy; NkYk; Nfhgk; nfhz;L ntFz;nlOe;j kf;fs; mq;fpUe;j

fhty; epiyaj;jpw;F jP itj;jdu;. jg;gpNahl Kad;w 21
NghyP];fhuu;fSk; xU rg;-,d;];ngf;lUk; jP itj;J
nfhSj;jg;gl;ldu;. nrsup nrsuhtpy; ntbj;j td;Kiw epfo;rr
; p
fhe;jpia kdk; Ntjid milar; nra;jJ. mfpk;ir Nghuhl;lk;
td;Kiw epfo;rr
; pfSf;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vdf;
fUjpdhu; fhe;jp. NkYk; m`pk;ir Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F cupa
gapw;rpAk; kf;fs; jutpy;iy vd fUjpa fhe;jp xj;Jioahik
,af;fg; Nghuhl;lj;ij epWj;JtJ vd KbT nra;jhu;.

rpiwf;F ntspNa ,Ue;j fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO cWg;gpdu;fisf;

fye;J Ngrpa kfhj;kh fhe;jp 1922 gpg;utup 12-Mk; ehs;
xj;Jioahik ,af;fg; Nghuhl;lj;ij epWj;jpdhu;. xj;Jioahik
Nghuhl;lj;ij iftpl;L RNjrp epu;khz jpl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s
nrhd;dhu;. fhe;jpia murhq;fk; ifJ nra;jJ.
tprhuizapd;NghJ gk;gha;> nrd;id> nrsup nrsuh kw;Wk; gpw
,lq;fspy; Vw;gl;l td;Kiwr; nray;fSf;F rhe;jp KO
nghWg;igAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. xj;Jioahik ,af;fg; Nghuhl;lk;
jpBnud epWj;jg;gl;lijg; gyUk; fz;bj;jdu;.

fd;dpahFkupapy; xU fpuhkk; td;Kiwapy; <Lgl;lJ vd;gjw;fhf

,khyaj;jpd; mbthuj;jpy; cs;s xU fpuhkk; Vd; jz;bf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd Nfl;lhu; Nkhjpyhy; NeU. Nghuhl;lk; ntw;wpngw
Ntz;ba Neuj;jpy; czu;r;rptag;gl;L fhe;jp epWj;jp tpl;lhu; vd
Fiwgl;Lf; nfhz;lhu; rp.Mu;.jh];. ,af;fj;ij gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F
gjpy; fhe;jp mij epWj;jp tpl;lij mwpe;J NfhgKw;whu;
[tfu;yhy; NeU. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpy; FiwghLfs;
fhzg;gl;lhYk;> Nghuhl;lk; epWj;jg;gl;lhYk; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; rpwg;ig Fiwj;J
kjpg;gpl KbahJ. Kjd; Kiwahf fhq;fpu]; fhe;jpapd;
jiyikapy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf ehL jOtpa jPtpu

153
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;lJ. ehl;bd; midj;J gFjpfspYk;
gFjpfspYk; xNu Fwpf;Nfhis kf;fs; Kd;itj;jdu;.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpatu; ahu;?

2. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; vg;NghJ mjpfhug;G+u;tkhf

njhlq;fg;gl;lJ?

3. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf tof;fwpQu; njhopiy

tpl;L ntspNawpa rpy Kf;fpa tof;fwpQu;fspd; ngaiuf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.

4. etk;gu; 1919 ,y; ele;j Kjy; mfpy ,e;jpa fpyhgj; fkpl;bapy;

epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPu;khdq;fisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

10.5 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk;

tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;

1. 1919 Vg;uy; 13 md;W [hypad; thyhghf;fpy; epuhAjghzpahd

,e;jpau;fs; kPJ fz;%bj;jdkhd Jg;ghf;fpr; R+L elj;jpajw;F
mkpu;jru]pd; ,uhZtj; jsgjp n[duy; lau; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.

2. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiyf;Fg; gpwF utPe;jpuehj; jh$u;

jdJ iel; gl;lj;ijj; Jwe;jhu;.

3. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; kfhj;kh fhe;jpahy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

4. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; 1 Mf];l; 1920 md;W mjpfhug;G+u;tkhf

njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

5. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; njhlq;fpaNghJ tof;fwpQu; njhopiy

tpl;L ntspNawpa tof;fwpQu;fspy; rpyu; rp.Mu;.jh];>
Nkhjpyhy; NeU> vk;.Mu;.n[afu; kw;Wk; v];.fpl;rN
; yt;.

6. etk;gu; 1919 ,y; mfpy ,e;jpa fpyhgj; fkpl;bapy; gpd;tUk;

jPu;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld:

154
• cj;Njr mikjp nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; gq;Nfw;G ,Uf;fhJ.

• gpupl;b\; nghUl;fs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLk;.

• murhq;fj;Jld; xj;Jioahik nfhs;if Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

10.6 RUf;fk;

• ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; [hypad; thyhghf;

gLnfhiy Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfo;rr
; pahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j epfo;r;rpf;F gpwF jhd; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; xU
kf;fs; ,af;fkhf khwpaJ.

• uTyl; rl;lg;gb Mq;fpy muRf;F tiuKiw ,y;yhj mjpf

mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ.

• gQ;rhgpy; cs;s mkpu;jru]py; lhf;lu; irGjPd; fpr;RY lhf;lu;

rj;aghy; MfpNahu; rj;jpahfpufj;ij mkpu;jrurpy; top
elj;jpdu;. Mdhy; mtu;fs; ,UtUk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L
rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldu;.

• gQ;rhg; khfhz ftu;duhf ,Ue;j ikf;Nfy; X lau;

mkpu;jru]; efiu ,uhZt trk; xg;gilj;jhu;.

• 1919 Vg;uy; 11 md;W gpupNfbau; lau; vd;gtu; mkpu;jru];

uhZt mjpfhupahf nghWg;Ngw;whu;.

• murhq;f mlf;F Kiwf;F gypahNdhUf;F ,uq;fy; $l;lk;

NghLtjw;F Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ.

• 1919 Vg;uy; 13 md;W [hypad; thyhghf;fpy; $l;lk;

eilngWk; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• jilia kPwp $l;lk; eilngw;wJ.,ijf;fz;L NfhgKw;w

lau; giltPuu;fSld; [hypad; thyhghf; nrd;W Kd;dwptpg;G
VJkpd;wp Njhl;lhf;fs; jPUk; tiu 10 epkplq;fs; epWj;jhky;
jd;Dila tPuu;fis nfhz;L Rl;lhu;.

155
• 1650 Rw;Wf;fs; tplhky; Rl;ljhy; Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
mg;ghtp kf;fs; khz;ldu; .fhaj;jhy; NkYk; gyu; kbe;jdu;.

• MAjkw;w kf;fs; kPJk;> ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfs; kPJk; muR

kpUfj;jdkhf jhf;fpaJ midtUf;Fk; mjpu;r;rpia
Vw;gLj;jpaJ

• ehl;L kf;fis ,opTgLj;Jk; epiyapy; murhq;fj;jhy;

mspf;fg;gl;l tpUJfs; mtkhd rpd;dq;fs; MFk; vd;W $wp
utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; jdf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;j tpUij jpUg;gpf;
nfhLj;jhu;.

• mJNghy fhe;jpabfs; mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;j

nfa;ru;,`pe;j; vd;w gl;lj;ijAk; Mq;fpy murplk; jpUk;g
mspj;jhu;.

• fLk; vjpu;g;G cUthdijf; fz;l Mq;fpy muR ePjpgjp `d;lu;

jiyikapy; xU xOq;fpd;ik tprhuiz FOit epakpj;jJ.
me;j tprhuiz FO v`d;lu; tprhuizf; FO vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

• uhZtr;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;

gw;wp tprhupg;gJ FOtpd; Nehf;fk;.

• me;j tprhuizf; FO mwpf;ifia guprPypj;j ,e;jpa

murhq;fk; gQ;rhgpy; eilngw;w gy epfo;r;rpfs; jtpu;ff
; g;
gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;W fUjpaJ. nghJf;$l;lj; jil cj;juit
kf;fs; ed;F mwpar; nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mJ fUjpaJ.

• ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; xU

kpfg; ngUk; jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

• 1920 khu;r; 10Mk; Njjp fhe;jp[p fpyhgj; ,af;f nray;

jpl;lj;jpy; jhd; Kjd;Kjyhf jdJ xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ij gw;wp fhe;jp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

156
• xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; ,uz;L jpl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
xd;W vjpu;kiw jpl;lk; kw;wJ cld;ghl;L jpl;lkhFk;.

• Nju;jypy; Nghl;baplhkYk; > thf;fspf;fhkYk; rl;lkd;wj;ijg;

Gwf;fzpj;J muRf;F xj;Jiof;fhky; ,Ug;gJ

• ePjpkd;wq;fisg; Gwf;fzpg;gJ> mjhtJ tof;fwpQu;fs;

jq;fs; ePjpkd;wg; gzpiag; Gwf;fzpg;gJ

• Mq;fpyf; fy;tp epiyaq;fis Gwf;fzpg;gJ

• murpy; nfsut cWg;gpdu; gjtp tfpg;gtu;fs; me;j gjtpia

uh[pdhkh nra;jy;> murhq;fj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; rpwg;G
gl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tpUJfis Vw;f kWj;jy; >Vw;fdNt
ngw;wpUe;j gl;lq;fis jpUk;gf; nfhLj;jy;

• Njrpa gs;spfs; fy;Y}upfspy; ehL KOtjpYk; Vw;gLj;jp

khztu;fs; Njrpa fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; fy;tp gapy nra;jy;

• tof;Ffis jdpg;gl;lKiwapy; tprhupj;J jPu;g;gspf;f

ePjpkd;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;

• gPfhu; khepyj;jpy; Nfhuf;G+u; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s xU

fpuhkj;jpd; ngau; nrsup nrsuh

• ,q;F Vw;gl;l td;Kiw rk;gtj;jpy; NghyPrhu; Jg;ghf;fp R+L

elj;jpdu;. ,jdhy; NkYk; Nfhgk; nfhz;L ntFz;nlOe;j
kf;fs; mq;fpUe;j fhty; epiyaj;jpw;F jP itj;jdu;.

• jg;gpNahl Kad;w 21 NghyP];fhuu;fSk; xU rg;-

,d;];ngf;lUk; jP itj;J nfhSj;jg;gl;ldu;.

• nrsup nrsuhtpy; ntbj;j td;Kiw epfo;rr

; p fhe;jpia
kdk; Ntjid milar; nra;jJ.

• m`pk;ir Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F cupa gapw;rpAk; kf;fs; jutpy;iy

vd fUjpa fhe;jp xj;Jioahik ,af;fg; Nghuhl;lj;ij
epWj;JtJ vd KbT nra;jhu;.

157
• ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;jpd; rpwg;ig Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl KbahJ.

10.7 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

,uhZtr; rl;lk;: ,J xU murhq;fj;jhy; rhjhuz rptpy;

nray;ghLfspd; Neub ,uhZtf; fl;Lg;ghl;il Rkj;JtJ my;yJ
rptpy; rl;lj;ij ,ilepWj;JtJ> Fwpg;ghf Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l
gpuNjrj;jpy; my;yJ jw;fhypf mtruepiyf;F gjpyspf;Fk;
tifapy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLtJ MFk;.

jzpf;if: Ngr;R> nghJj; jfty; my;yJ gpw jfty;fis

mlf;Fjy;> mj;jifa nghUs; Ml;Nrgidf;FupaJ> jPq;F
tpistpf;Fk;> czu;jpwd; my;yJ 'rq;flkhdjhf' fUjg;gLfpwJ.

iel;`_l;: ,J xU kdpjDf;F gpupl;b\; uh[h my;yJ uhzpahy;

mtuJ rhjidfs; my;yJ mtuJ ehl;bw;F mtu; nra;j
Nritf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; gl;lkhFk;.

rpj;jhe;jk;: ,J fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ,yl;rpaq;fspd; mikg;ghFk;>

Fwpg;ghf nghUshjhu my;yJ murpay; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilia cUthf;FfpwJ.

10.8 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOJ.

2. 1920 ,y; nfhy;fj;jh mku;tpy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fisAk; rhrdj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.
3. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; rpy kiwKf tpisTfs; vd;d?
4. nrsup nrsuh rk;gtj;ijg; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOJ.

158
neLtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; nray;ghLfis tptup

10.9 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

1. ,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010

2. f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018

3. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.

G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk;
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id > 2010

4. ,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016

5. [t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij>

miyfs; ntspaPll
; fk;> nrd;id> 2013

159
 njhFjp IV

,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fspd;

NkNyhl;lk; (1923 - 1947) Kf;fpag;
gpur;rpidfs;

myF – 11

Rauh[;af; fl;rp- irkd; fkp\d; mwpf;if- NeU

mwpf;if - [pd;dhtpd; 14 mk;rf; Nfhl;ghLfs; -
G+uz Rauh[;aj; jPu;khdk;

fl;likg;G

11.0 mwpKfk;
11.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
11.2 Rauh[;af; fl;rp
11.3 irkd; fkp\d;
11.4 NeU mwpf;if
11.5 [pd;dhtpd; 14 mk;rf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
11.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
11.7 RUf;fk;
11.8 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
11.9 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
11.10 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

11.0 mwpKfk;

Rauh[;af;fl;rp vd;gJ gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; ,ul;il Ml;rp

jpl;lj;ij Kwpabf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1919Mk;
Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lj;jpd; Njhy;tp irkd; FO
cUthf;fj;ij Jupjg;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j Mizaj;jpy; ru; irkd;
cl;gl VO ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
mjpy; ve;j ,e;jpaUk; Nru;f;fg;gltpy;iy> ,J epiwa

160
tpku;rdq;fSf;F toptFj;jJ. irkd; fkp\d; Gwf;fzpg;G
fhty;Jiw mlf;FKiwahy; ifahsg;gl;lJ. ,e;j gpupT irkd;
fkp\d; gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpf;Fk;. NkYk; NeU mwpf;if kw;Wk;
G+uz Rauh[;aj; jPu;khdk; Fwpj;Jk; tpupthf tpthjpf;fg;gLk;.

11.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

• Rauh[;af; fl;rpapd; cUthf;fk; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

• irkd; fkp\d; cUthf;fj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; Fwpj;J

Muha;jy;

• irkd; fkp\d; mwpf;if Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLtjw;F fhuzkhd

fhuzpfis gFg;gha;T nra;jy;

• G+uz Rauh[;aj; jPu;khdk;> NeU mwpf;if kw;Wk; [pd;dhtpd;

gupe;Jiufs; gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpj;jy;

11.2 Rauh[;af; fl;rp

Rauh[;af; fl;rpapd; Njhw;wk;

nrsup nrsuh rk;gtj;ij njhlu;e;J xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;

kfhj;kh fhe;jpahy; jpBnud epWj;jg;gl;lJ fhq;fpu];
jiytu;fSf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ngUj;j Vkhw;wj;ij je;jJ. fhe;jp
cs;spl;l jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. fhq;fpu]; jiyik
,d;wp jtpj;jJ. ,e;epiyapy; 1922,y; yf;Ndhtpy; $ba mfpy
,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b mLj;j fl;l eltbf;if njhlu;ghd
gupe;Jiu toq;Ftjw;fhf rl;lkWg;G tprhuiz FO xd;iw
mikj;jJ. FO rku;g;gpj;j mwpf;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l gupe;Jiufspy;
Kf;fpakhdJ [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy> fpyhgj; mePjp
Mfpatw;iwf; fz;bj;J xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpdu; rl;lkd;w
Nju;jypy; Nghl;baplyhk;> rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Eioe;J xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ij njhluyhk; vd;gjhFk;. Mdhy; fhe;jpabfspd;

161
fUj;Jf;F Kuzhf ,Ue;j fhuzj;jpdhy; brk;gupy; fahtpy; $ba
fhq;fpu]; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; xU rpwg;gk;rkhf ,Ue;j
rl;lkd;w Gwf;fzpg;igj; njhlu;tJ vd KbT nra;jJ .vdNt
rl;lkd;w EioTf;fhf thjhba rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; jdJ
jiyikg; gjtpapypUe;J tpyfp GJ fl;rpia Jtf;fpdhu; .
fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf gpsTw;wJ. Gjpjhf mikf;fg;gl;l
mikg;G Rauh[;[pa fl;rp MFk;.

khw;wk; Ntz;lhjtu;

fhe;jpabfspd; topKiwfspy; khw;wk; ,y;yhky; njhlu;e;J Nghuhl

Ntz;Lk;> rl;lkd;w Gwf;fzpg;G njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpatu;fs;
khw;wk; Ntz;lhjtu; vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;. vk;Nf md;rhup
uq;frhkp Iaq;fhu; uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup MfpNahu; khw;wk; tpUk;ghj
Kd;dzpj; jiytu;fs;. rl;lkd;w EioT Mok; njupahky; fhiy
tpLtJ Nghd;wJ. rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fs; ,Ue;J nfhz;L mij
,aq;ftplhky; nra;tnjd;gJ Kd;Df;Fg; gpd; Kuzhd nray;
vd;Wk; mJ tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Ntfj;ij Fiwj;J tpLk;
vdTk; khw;wk; tpUk;ghNjhu; fUjpdu;.mJNghd;W rl;lkd;wq;fspy;
kpl;lha; toq;fpaJ Nghy ,Uf;FNkad;wp nuhl;b jpd;wJ Nghy;
MfhJ vd ,tu;fs; thjpl;ldu;.

khw;wk; Ntz;batu;

fhq;fpurpd; rl;lkd;w Gwf;fzpg;G nfhs;ifapy; khw;wk; Ntz;Lk;

vd;W tpUk;gpatu;fs; khw;wk; Ntz;batu; vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; Nkhjpyhy; NeU Nghd;w jiytu;fs; khw;wk;
tpUk;gpa Kd;dzpj; jiytu;fs; Mtu; .jpUj;jg;gl;l rl;lkd;wk;
vd;gJ mjpfhu tu;ff
; j;jpdu; mzpe;Jnfhz;l Kf%b MFk; mij
tpyf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpdhu; rpj;juQ;rd; jh];.
rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fs; Eioe;J Mq;fpNya murpd; eltbf;iffs;
midj;ijAk; vjpu;j;J xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij njhlu;e;J
elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W thjpl;ldu;. NkYk; rl;lkd;wj;ij Klf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mtu;fs; tpUk;gpdu;.

162
1923 [dtup Kjy; ehsd;W Nkhjpyhy;NeUTk;> rpj;juQ;rd;jhRk;
Rauh[;af; fl;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;. rpj;juQ;rd;jh]; fl;rpapd;
jiytuhfTk; Nkhjpyhy; NeU mjd; nrayhsuhfTk;
nray;gl;ldu;. 1924 Mf];l; 16>17 Njjpfspy; fy;fj;jhtpy; ele;j
fl;rpapd; nghJf;FO $l;lj;jpy; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. Rauh[;af; fl;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

• vy;yhtpj rl;lG+u;tkhd topfs; %ykhfTk; ,e;jpa kf;fs;

Rauh[;aj;ijg; ngWjy;

• kj;jpa khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspy; murhq;fj;jpd; rhu;gpy; nfhz;L

tug;gLk; midj;J rl;lq;fisAk; Kwpabj;jy;

• cs;shl;rpapy; Rahl;rp kw;Wk; epu;thfk; guty; Kiw

• kf;fs; gpujpepjpfSf;F murhq;f mjpfhupfs; fl;Lg;gl;bUj;jy;

nghJkf;fs; eyDf;fhf ghLgLtjd; %yk; murhq;f mjpfhuk;
ghjpf;fhky; jq;fis ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;jy;

• rkju;kf; nfhs;iff;Fk; Rje;jpu jdpkdpj czu;r;rpFkpilNa

cs;s ,ilntspia Fiwj;jy;

• ,e;jpahtpd; ,ay;ghd Rakupahijia typAWj;jp ehl;bd;

ngUikia epiyehl;ly;

Rauh[;af; fl;rpapd; gzpfs;

Rauh[;af; fl;rpapd; gzpfis rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F cs;Nsahd

gzpfs; rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNaahd gzpfs; vd ,Utifahfg;
gpupf;fyhk;. rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Rauh[;af;fl;rp murhq;f tuT nryTj;
jpl;lj;Jf;F mDkjp toq;fhJ. murhq;fk; nfhz;LtUk; rl;l
kNrhjhf;fis epuhfupf;Fk;. vt;tpj murhq;f gjtpfisAk; Vw;fhJ.
Njrpa eyd;fis gw;wpa jPu;khdq;fis nfhz;L tUk;. fhq;fpurpd;
epu;khzg; gzpfSf;fhf thjhLk;. ,e;jpahtpd; tsk; tPzhtijj;
jLg;gjw;fhd nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;Wk;.
epyr;Rthd;jhuu;fs;> Fj;jifjhuu;fs;> Kjyhspfs;> njhopyhspfs;
MfpNahu; ,ilNa ,zf;fkhd njhlu;ig cUthf;f ghLgLk;.

163
rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNa Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp ,e;J K];ypk;fSf;F
,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis ePf;Fjy;>gy;NtW rKjha
kf;fspilNa xw;Wikia tsu;j;jy;> gpuhkzu; gpuhkzuy;yhjhu;
,ilNa cs;s gpzf;if Nghf;Fjy;> jPz;lhikia Nghf;fp
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhupd; epiyia cau;j;Jjy;> fpuhk epWtdq;fis
Vw;gLj;Jjy;> fhe;jpapd; jpl;lj;ij nray;gLj;Jjy;> me;epag;
nghUl;fis Gwf;fzpj;jy;> ,e;jpahtpd; epiy Fwpj;J
ntspehLfspy; gpur;rhuk; nra;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis nra;jy;
MfpaitahFk;.

rhjidfs;

Rauh[;af; fl;rp fhq;fpu]pd; mq;fkhfNt nray;gl;lJ. ggpupl;b\;

murpd; Ruz;ly; nfhs;ifia kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
mjpfhuk;>mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jplk; ,Ue;J kf;fsplk; khwNtz;Lk;
vd;gij typAWj;jpaJ.

kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy;> Nkhjpyhy; NeU murhq;fk; nfhz;Lte;j

Njr tpNuhj eltbf;iffs; midj;ijAk; vjpu;j;jhu;. vuthlh
rpiwapy; Nehahy; thbf; nfhz;bUe;j fhe;jp cldbahf
tpLtpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w jPu;khdj;ij nfhz;L te;jhu;
Nkhjpyhy; NeU. jPu;khdk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l md;Nw fhe;jp tpLjiy
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;ij jahupg;gjw;fhd
xU tl;l Nki[ khehL $l;l Ntz;Lk; vd kw;nwhU jPu;khdj;jpd;
%yk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu; Nkhjpyhy; NeU. murhq;f kNrhjhf;fs;
Rauh[;af; fl;rpapdupd; fLikahd fz;ldj;Jf;Fk; vjpu;g;Gf;Fk;
Mshfpd. ,e;jpa epjp kNrhjhTk; Rauh[;af;fl;rpapduhy;
vjpu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa Fw;wr;rl;lj; jpUj;j kNrhjhTk;> EioT
rl;lj;jpUj;j kNrhjhTk;>,e;jpa jPu;itkNrhjhTk; epuhfupf;fg;gl;ld.
Njrj; jiytu;fis ifJ nra;jJ> ,q;fpyhe;jpd; ,d xJf;fy;
nfhs;if> INuhg;gpa epWtdq;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l rYiffs;
>ghuhSkd;w eilKiwfs; kPwg;gLjy; Mfpait gw;wp
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Njrpa fl;rpapdu;
tpdhf;fis vOg;gpdu;.

164
khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspYk; Rauh[;[paf; fl;rpapdu; murpd; Mjpf;fg;
Nghf;ifj; jPtpukhf vjpu;j;jdu;. If;fpa khfhzj;jpy;
Rauh[;af;fl;rp fl;Lg;ghl;NlhL nray;gl;lJ. nrd;id
rl;lkd;wj;jpy; rj;jpa%u;j;jpapd; jiyikapy; ,aq;fpa Rauh[;af;
fl;rp Ml;rp gPlj;jpy; ,Ue;j ePjpf;fl;rpf;F ngupa rthyhf ,Ue;jJ.
ePjpf; fl;rpf;F vjpuhf ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPu;khdj;ij rj;jpa%u;j;jp
Mjupj;jhu;.

Rauh[;af; fl;rpapd; jiytuhf tpsq;fpa rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; 1925

[_d; khjk; kuzkile;jhu;. mtuJ kiwtpw;Fg; gpd; fl;rp
gytPdkile;jJ. rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fshf Rauh[;af;fl;rpapdu;
,Ue;jhYk; rl;lkd;wk; nray;glhky; ,Uf;Fk; mstpw;F
,tu;fshy; nray;gl Kbatpy;iy. NkYk; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
Njrpa fl;rpfSf;F ngUthupahd vz;zpf;if ,y;iy. ,tu;fs;
ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;w khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspy; $l vJTk; rhjpf;f
Kbatpy;iy .Nju;jypy; gq;F ngw;w ,tu;fs; rpy fhupaq;fspy;
murhq;fj;jpw;F xj;Jioj;jdu;.murhq;fk; ,tu;fsplk; gupT
fhl;baJ. ,jdhy; Rauh[;af; fl;rp rpwpJ rpwpjhf tPo;rr
; p
mile;jJ mjd;gpd; eilngw;w Nju;jypy; ,f;fl;rp
Nghl;bapltpy;iy.

11.3 irkd; fkp\d;

irkd; fkp\d;> 1928> murpayikg;G njhlu;ghd rPu;jpUj;jq;fis

Ma;T nra;tjw;Fk; nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> murhq;fj;jpd;
nray;ghLfis tprhupj;J nghUj;jkhd mwpf;iffisj;
jahupg;gjw;Fk; 1927 ,y; ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gg;gl;l VO gpupl;b\;
ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fis cs;slf;fpa xU rl;lg;G+u;t
MizakhFk;. Mizaj;jpd; jiytu; ru; irkd; [hd;. 1919 Mk;
Mz;L ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk;> gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; khfhzq;fspd;
MSiff;F ,ul;il Ml;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;j ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
,jw;F ,e;jpa kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fLk; vjpu;g;G fpsk;gpaJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;jpa kf;fs; ,e;j murhq;f tbtj;ij jpUj;j

165
Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhupdu;. NkYk;> rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
gupe;Jiug;gjw;fhf gj;J Mz;LfSf;F xU fkp\id epWTtjd;
%yk; murhq;f eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis
rPu;jpUj;Jtjw;fhd xU tpjpiaAk; ,e;j rl;lk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
1920 ,y;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;j fd;ru;Ntbt; fl;rpapdu;
> njhopw;fl;rpf;F vjpuhd Nju;jypy; Njhy;tpailthu;fs; vd;W
gae;jdu;. mtu;fs; jq;fs; fhydpfspd; kPjhd jq;fspd;
fl;Lg;ghl;il xg;gPll
; stpy; mDgtkw;w fl;rpf;F khw;WtJ
Fwpj;Jk; gae;jdu;. vdNt 1927 ,y;> gpujk ke;jpup ];lhd;yp
ghy;lt
; pd;> jiytu; ru;[hd; irkd; cl;gl VO vk;.gp.f;fs;
mlq;fpa xU Mizaj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;.

,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;G tptfhuq;fspd; epiyia tprhupf;Fk;

nghWg;G irkd; fkp\Df;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy;
fy;tp kw;Wk; murhq;f gpujpepjpj;Jt epWtdq;fspy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
fkp\Df;F toq;fg;gl;l Kf;fpag; gzpfshFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; xU
nghWg;ghd murhq;fj;ij epWTtJ Fwpj;J mwpf;if
Nfl;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Mizak; jdJ tprhuizapy; gpupl;b\; muR
murpay; rhrdj;ij filg;gpbj;jJ vd;Wk;> ,e;jpa
khepyq;fSldhd gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; cwit fUj;jpy;
nfhs;stpy;iy vd;Wk; fz;lwpe;jJ.

irkd; fkp\d; ehL KOtJk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ngUk;

mjpUg;jpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ> Vnddpy; Njrj;ij
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; fkp\dpy; ve;j ,e;jpaUk;
Nru;f;fg;gltpy;iy. gpu;fd;n`l;gpuG> irkd; fkp\dpy; ,Ue;J
,e;jpau;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fis tpyf;fpaij epahag;gLj;jpdhu;>
'fkp\d; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ> fkp\dpd; cWg;gpdu;fs;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak; vd;whu;.

,jd; tpisthf> cWg;gpdu;fs; gazk; nra;Ak; ,lnky;yhk;

fkp\Df;F fWg;Gf; nfhb Vw;wp tuNtw;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
cWg;gpdu;fs; ehl;bw;F te;j jpdj;jpy; ehL jOtpa `u;j;jhy;
mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.

166
irkd; fkp\d; Gwf;fzpg;G

irkd; fkp\d; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ KOtJk; Mq;fpNyag;

gpujpepjpfis kl;LNk nfhz;bUe;jJ. ve;j ,e;jpaiuAk;
Nru;f;ftpy;iy> vdNt tutpUf;Fk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; VNjDk;
,Ue;jhy;> ,e;jpa kf;fspd; tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;whJ vd
kf;fs; njupe;J nfhz;ldu;. midj;J Kf;fpa KbntLf;Fk;
mjpfhuq;fSk; fhydpj;Jt murhq;fj;jpd; iffspy; ,d;Dk;
cWjpahf ,Ug;gjhy;> ,ul;ilahl;rp Nfypf;$j;jhe xd;whfNt
fUjg;gl;lJ. KOtJkhf Mq;fpNyau;fNs ,lk; ngw;w irkd;
Fotpd; mwptpg;G gutyhd vjpu;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Vnddpy; mjpy;
xU ,e;jpau; $l ,y;iy. ,ij ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s midtUk;
xUkdjhf fz;bj;jdu;.

vdNt Mizaj;ijg; Gwf;fzpf;f xt;nthU fUj;Jila

jiytu;fshYk; xUkdjhf jPu;khdk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mizaj;jpd;
cWg;gpdu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; ,wq;fpa ehspy; (gpg;utup 3> 1928)
midj;J Kf;fpa efuq;fspYk; `u;j;jhy; mDrupf;fg;gl;ld.
fkp\Df;F vjpuhf kf;fs; Mu;g;ghl;lk;> Nguzpfs; kw;Wk; fWg;Gf;
nfhbfs; Ve;jp Cu;tyq;fs; elj;jpdu;.

“irkNd jpUk;gpg; Ngh” vd;w thrfk; Ngdu;fs;> gjhiffs;

kw;Wk; fhj;jhbfspy; $l gjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mizak; nry;Yk;
,lnky;yhk; fUg;Gf; nfhbfs; fhl;lg;gl;ld. fhty;Jiwapd;
mlf;FKiw fLikahfTk; ,uf;fkw;wjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
Cu;tyq;fs; jhf;fg;gl;ld.

yh$upy; jPtputhj rfhg;jj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j jiytu;fspy; xUtuhd

yhyh y[gjp uha; kPJ kpfTk; fLikahd jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
taJ Kjpu;e;j jiytuhd mtu; yj;jpfshy; jhf;fg;gl;lhu;>
gLfhakile;j mtu; rpy ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwFkuzkile;jhu;.
yhyhy[gjp uhapd; kuzk; Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf
kpfg;ngupa ntWg;ig cUthf;fpaJ. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;>
fhq;fpu]{f;Fs; xU Kf;fpakhd tsu;rr
; pahf G+uz Rauh[;ak;
my;yJ KOikahd Rje;jpuk; mjd; Nehf;fkhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

167
KOikahd Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ gpupl;b\; njhlu;gpypUe;J Kw;wpYk;
Jz;bf;fg;gLtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

yl;RkzGupapy; irkd; FOtpdUf;F vjpuhf [t`u;yhy; NeUTk;

[p.gp.ge;Jk; elj;jpa vjpu;g;Gf; $l;lj;jpy; jbab
gpuNahfKk;>Jg;ghf;fpr; R+Lk; elj;jg;gl;lJ. Njrj; jiytu;fs; kPJ
elj;jg;gLk; jhf;Fjy; mtu;fspd; Njrpa Rakupahijia
mtkhdg;gLj;JtJ Nghy; ,Ue;jJ. irkd; FOtpdu; ,e;jpa
kf;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j ntWg;ig rk;ghjpj;jdu;. ,Wjpahf irkd;
FOtpd; mwpf;if 1930,y;,uz;L njhFjpfshf ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

irkd; FOtpd; mwpf;if

irkd; FOtpd; gupe;Jiufs; gpd;tUkhW:

• khepy Rahl;rp nfhz;Ltug;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,ul;il Ml;rpf;F

gjpy; khepy Rahl;rp nfhz;Ltug;gl Ntz;Lk;.

• khepy epu;thfj;jpy; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfshd mikr;ru;fSf;F

NkYk; mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

• khepy rl;lkd;wq;fs; tpupTgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;

• khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; murhq;f rhu;Gila epakd cWg;gpdu;fs;

,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

• K];ypk;fSf;F rpwg;ghd Nghjpa tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

• cau; ePjpkd;wq;fs; kj;jpa murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;

• kj;jpapy; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa gFjpfSk;> kd;du; khepyg;

gFjpfSk; xd;whf ,ize;j $l;lhl;rp Vw;glNtz;Lk;

• gj;J Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw murpayikg;G rl;lj;ij

guprPyid nra;Ak; rl;l fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F gjpy; NjitahdNghJ

168
guprPyid nra;tjw;F cupa tifapy; Gjpa rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;

• ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gu;khit jdp ehlhf gpupj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;

• tl Nkw;F vy;iy khepyj;jpy; rl;lkd;wk; mikf;fg;gl

Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.

irkd; FOtpd; Nehf;fk; ed;whf ,Ue;jhYk; mjpy; ,e;jpa

vtUf;Fk; ,lk; juhky; NghdJ khngUk; murpay; jtwhFk;.
mjdhy;jhd; midj;Jf; fl;rpfSk; irkd; FOit
Gwf;fzpj;jdu;. irkd; FOtpd; tUifapd;NghJ fhq;fpu];
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij iftpl;bUe;jhYk;> Njrk; jOtpa
Gwf;fzpg;G ,af;fj;ij ,jd;%yk; elj;jpaJ. irkd; FOtpd;
mwpf;ifAk; jiytu;fisj; jpUg;jp nra;atpy;iy. ftu;dUf;Fk;>
itrpuha;f;Fk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; khepy Rahl;rp
jpl;lj;ij Nfypf;$j;jhf;fpd.

NeU mwpf;if

irkd; FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJ gw;wp gpupl;b\; gpuGf;fs; mitapy;

Ngrpa ,e;jpa tptfhu nrayhsuhd gpu;n`d;n`l; gpuG
,e;jpau;fs; midtUk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj;jf;f xU murpay;
rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpj; jUkhW ,e;jpa jiytu;fSf;F rthy;
tpLj;jhu;. 1928 Nk khjk; gk;ghapy; $ba %d;whtJ midj;Jf;
fl;rp khehl;by; ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lj;ij vOJk; nghWg;G
Nkhjpyhy; NeUtpd; jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;l FOtplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;FOtpdu; 25 Kiwf;F Nky; $b tpthjpj;J
murpayikg;G gw;wp Rakhf KbntLj;J mtu;fspd; mwpf;ifia
1928 Mf];l; 10Mk; ehs; rku;g;gpj;jdu;. mJNt NeU
mwpf;ifahFk;.

NeU mwpf;ifapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

• nlhkpdpad; me;j];J cldbahd Fwpf;NfhshfTk; G+uz

Rauh[;ak; ,Wjp yl;rpakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

169
• ,e;jpahtpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfsYk; ,ize;j $l;lhl;rp
murhq;f Kiw mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

• tFg;Gthup Nju;jy; gpujpepj;Jtk; xopf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

• muR ve;j xU kjj;jpw;Fk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy;

mjpfhukspj;jy; $lhJ

• rka rhu;gw;w Kiwapy; murpayikg;G ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;

tlNkw;F vy;iy khfhzk; gpw khepyq;fSf;F rkkhff; fUjg;gl
Ntz;Lk;

• 19 mbg;gil cupikfs; mq;ff

P upf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
khepyq;fSf;F Rahl;rp toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;

• kj;jpa rl;lkd;wk; ,U mitfisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; kf;fSf;Fk; khepyq;fSf;Fk; Nghjpa
mstpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fpilf;Fk;

• ,e;jpa cr;r ePjpkd;wNk ,Wjp Nky; KiwaPlL

; kd;wk; Mf
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;

• murpayikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;l Kjy; %d;W Mz;L

fhyj;jpw;Fs; kj;jpa mikr;ruit VNjDk; xU fhuzk; fhl;b
fiyf;fg;glf;$lhJ

• ,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;ig epu;tfpf;f xU ghJfhg;G FO

mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

• gpujk ke;jpup kw;Wk; mikr;ru;fs; murpay; rl;lk; kw;Wk;

ghuhSkd;w rl;lq;fSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L nray;glNtz;Lk;

• kd;du; khepyq;fs; midj;Jk; ghuhSkd;w mjpfhu vy;iyf;F

cl;gl;l ,aq;fNtz;Lk;

170
11.5 [pd;dhtpd; 14 mk;rf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

NeU mwpf;if gw;wp K];ypk;fs; ,ilNa xUkpj;j fUj;J

Vw;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; nksyhdh mGy;fyhk; Mrhj;> lhf;lu;
md;rhup> b.Nf.nru;thdpNghd;w Njrpa K];yPk; jiytu;fs; NeU
mwpf;ifia mg;gbNa Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu; . [pd;dhTk; mtuJ
Mjuthsu;fSk; fhe;jpapd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij vjpu;j;jhYk;
$l;Lj; njhFjp Kiwia Mjupj;jdu;. MfhfhDk; mtuJ
Mjuthsu;fSk; K];ypk;fSf;F jdpj;njhFjp toq;fg;gLtij
Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. ru; KfkJ egpAk; mtuJ Mjuthsu;fSk; NeU
mwpf;ifia KOikahf vjpu;j;jdu;. NeU mwpf;if gw;wp
K];ypk;fs; ,ilNa cs;s fUj;J NtWghLfis jPu;f;Fk;
nghUl;L KfkJ myp [pd;dh K];yPk;fspd; midj;J fl;rpfs;
khehL xd;iw nly;ypapy; $l;bdhu;. mjdbg;gilapy;
K];ypk;fspy; gy gpuptpdupd; fUj;Jf;fis mwpe;J mjd;
mbg;gilapy; xU jpl;lj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhLf;FkhW
[pd;dhNfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhu;. mjd; mbg;gilapy; cUthdJjhd;
KfkJ myp [pd;dhtpd; 14 mk;r jpl;lk; MFk;. tUq;fhy
murpay; mikg;G jdJ 14 mk;r jpl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
mike;jhy; jhd; K];ypk;fs; mjid Vw;ghu;fs; vd;W
[pd;dh$wpdhu; .mtuJ 14 mk;rf;Nfhl;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;F xU $l;lhl;rp Ntz;Lk; .me;j murpayikg;gpy;

kj;jpa khepy mjpfhu gq;fPl;Lf;Fg; gpd; vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fs;
khepyq;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

2. khepyq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; Rahl;rpapd; msT xNu khjpupahf

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vt;tpj NtWghLk; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ

3. xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; rpWghd;ikapdu; rl;lkd;wj;jpYk;

cs;shl;rp kd;wq;fspy; Nghjpa mstpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngw
Ntz;Lk.

4. kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; %d;wpy; xU gFjp ,lq;fs;

K];ypk;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

171
5. vy;yh tFg;gpdUf;Fk; jdpj; njhFjpfspd; mbg;gilapy;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;fg; gl Ntz;Lk;

6. gQ;rhg; tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw gFjpfs; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;

tho;fpd;w K];ypk;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd vz;zpf;ifapy;
ghjpf;fpw tifapy; khw;wq;fs; nra;af;$lhJ

7. mbg;gil cupikfs; midj;J r%fq;fSf;Fk; nghJthf

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

8. gk;ghapypUe;J rpe;J gFjp gpupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

9. rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; nfhz;L tug;gLk; NghJ tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw

khfhzk; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNa NtWghLfs; VJkpd;wp rkkhf
nfhz;Ltug;gl Ntz;Lk;

10. Ntiy tha;g;Gfspy; K];ypk;fSf;F NghJkhd mstpy; gq;F

,Uf;Fk;gb top nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;

11. K];ypk; gz;ghL> rkak; >nkhop> fy;tp> rl;lq;fs; Mfpait

ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

12. kj;jpa khepy mikr;ru;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwe;j

%d;wpy; xU gq;fhtJ K];ypk; mikr;ru;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

13. muR gzpfs; midj;jpYk; K];ypk;fSf;F Nghjpa ,lq;fs;

xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

14. murpyikg;gpd; khw;wq;fis khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspd;

xg;Gjypd;wp kj;jpa rl;lkd;wk; kl;LNk nra;jy; $lhJ

[pd;dhtpd; 14 mk;rj; jpl;lj;ij midj;J K];yPk; gpuptpdUk;

mq;ff
P upf;ftpy;iy. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpahsu;fs; NeU
mwpf;ifiaAk; [pd;dhtpd; jpl;lj;ijAk; epuhfupj;jdu;. [pd;dhtpd;
14 mk;r Nfhl;ghLfs; K];ypk; kf;fspd; vz;zq;fspd;
gpujpgypg;ghf ,Ue;jNj jtpu ,dr;rpf;fiy jPu;j;J Njrpaj;ij
tsu;f;Fk; tifapy; mikatpy;iy .vdNt mjd; nfhs;iffSk;
vLgltpy;iy

172
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1. Rauh[;a fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; Nehf;fk; vd;d?

2. irkd; FOit cUthf;fpatu; ahu;?
3. irkd; FOit ,e;jpaj; jiytu;fs; Vd; Vw;ftpy;iy?
4. irkd; FOtpw;Fvjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhak; mile;J ,we;j
,e;jpaj; jiytu; ahu;?
5. 1919 mk Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lk;Vd; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ?
6. fhq;fpu]pd; ve;j mku;tpy; G+uz Rauh[;aj;jpw;fhd jPu;khdk;
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ?

11.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk;

tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;

1. Rauh[;a fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; Nehf;fk; murhq;fj;jpd;

,ul;ilahl;rp jpl;lj;ij Kwpabg;gjhFk;.

2. 1927 ,y;> gpujku; ];lhd;yp ghy;l;tpd; jiytu; ru; irkd;

cl;gl VO vk;.gp.f;fs; mlq;fpa xU Mizaj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;.

3. irkd; FOtpd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; mjd; cUthf;fk; ,e;jpaj;

jiytu;fspilNa ngUk; mjpUg;jpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ> Vnddpy;
Njrj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; FOtpy; ,e;jpau; ahUk;
Nru;f;fg;gltpy;iy.

4. irkd; FOtpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhakile;j yhyh

y[gjp uha; ,we;jhu;.

5. 1919 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd;

khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;j ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

6. fhq;fpu]; mjd; yh$u; mku;tpy; G+uz Rauh[;af; Nfhupf;ifia

mwptpf;Fk; jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ

173
11.7 RUf;fk;

• 1922,y; yf;Ndhtpy; $ba mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b

mLj;j fl;l eltbf;if njhlu;ghd gupe;Jiu toq;Ftjw;fhf
rl;lkWg;G tprhuiz FO xd;iw mikj;jJ.

• brk;gupy; fahtpy; $ba fhq;fpu]; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd;

xU rpwg;gk;rkhf ,Ue;j rl;lkd;w Gwf;fzpg;igj; njhlu;tJ
vd KbT nra;jJ

• rl;lkd;w EioTf;fhf thjhba rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; jdJ

jiyikg; gjtpapypUe;J tpyfp GJ fl;rpia Jtf;fpdhu;.
fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf gpsTw;wJ.

• Gjpjhf mikf;fg;gl;l mikg;G Rauh[;[pa fl;rp MFk;.

• fhe;jpabfspd; topKiwfspy; khw;wk; ,y;yhky; njhlu;e;J

Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;> rl;lkd;w Gwf;fzpg;G njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;W
$wpatu;fs; khw;wk; Ntz;lhjtu; vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;.

• fhq;fpurpd; rl;lkd;w Gwf;fzpg;G nfhs;ifapy; khw;wk; Ntz;Lk;

vd;W tpUk;gpatu;fs; khw;wk; Ntz;batu; vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;.

• rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; Nkhjpyhy; NeU Nghd;w jiytu;fs; khw;wk;

tpUk;gpa Kd;dzpj; jiytu;fs; Mtu;

• vy;yhtpj rl;lG+u;tkhd topfs; %ykhfTk; ,e;jpa kf;fs;

Rauh[;aj;ijg; ngWjy;> kj;jpa khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspy;
murhq;fj;jpd; rhu;gpy; nfhz;L tug;gLk; midj;J
rl;lq;fisAk; Kwpabj;jy; Rau;[haf; fl;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
MFk;.

• Rauh[;af; fl;rpapd; gzpfis rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F cs;Nsahd

gzpfs; rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNaahd gzpfs; vd
,Utifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

174
• rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Rauh[;af;fl;rp murhq;f tuT nryTj;
jpl;lj;Jf;F mDkjp toq;fhJ. murhq;fk; nfhz;LtUk; rl;l
kNrhjhf;fis epuhfupf;Fk;.

• rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNa Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp ,e;J

K];ypk;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis
ePf;Fjy;>gy;NtW rKjha kf;fspilNa xw;Wikia tsu;j;jy;
Mfpa gzpfis nra;jJ.

• Rauh[;af; fl;rp fhq;fpu]pd; mq;fkhfNt nray;gl;lJ.

ggpupl;b\; murpd; Ruz;ly; nfhs;ifia kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. mjpfhuk;>mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jplk; ,Ue;J
kf;fsplk; khwNtz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;jpaJ.

• khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspYk; Rauh[;[paf; fl;rpapdu; murpd;

Mjpf;fg; Nghf;ifj; jPtpukhf vjpu;j;jdu;. If;fpa
khfhzj;jpy; Rauh[;af;fl;rp fl;Lg;ghl;NlhL nray;gl;lJ.

• irkd; fkp\d;> 1928> murpayikg;G njhlu;ghd

rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Ma;T nra;tjw;Fk; nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;>
murhq;fj;jpd; nray;ghLfis tprhupj;J nghUj;jkhd
mwpf;iffisj; jahupg;gjw;Fk; 1927 ,y; ,e;jpahTf;F
mDg;gg;gl;l VO gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fis
cs;slf;fpa xU rl;lg;G+u;t MizakhFk;.

• KOtJkhf Mq;fpNyau;fNs ,lk; ngw;w irkd; Fotpd;

mwptpg;G gutyhd vjpu;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Vnddpy; mjpy;
xU ,e;jpau; $l ,y;iy.

• ,jd; tpisthf> cWg;gpdu;fs; gazk; nra;Ak; ,lnky;yhk;

fkp\Df;F fWg;Gf; nfhb Vw;wp tuNtw;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
cWg;gpdu;fs; ehl;bw;F te;j jpdj;jpy; ehL jOtpa
`u;j;jhy; mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.

• “irkNd jpUk;gpg; Ngh” vd;w thrfk; Ngdu;fs;> gjhiffs;

kw;Wk; fhj;jhbfspy; $l gjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

175
• yh$upy; jPtputhj rfhg;jj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j jiytu;fspy;
xUtuhd yhyh y[gjp uha; kPJ kpfTk; fLikahd jhf;Fjy;
elj;jg;gl;lJ

• irkd; FOtpd; mwpf;if 1930,y;,uz;L njhFjpfshf

ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

• khepy Rahl;rp nfhz;Ltug;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,ul;il Ml;rpf;F

gjpy; khepy Rahl;rp nfhz;Ltug;gl Ntz;Lk;.

• khepy epu;thfj;jpy; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfshd mikr;ru;fSf;F

NkYk; mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

• khepy rl;lkd;wq;fs; tpupTgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;

• irkd; FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJ gw;wp gpupl;b\; gpuGf;fs; mitapy;

Ngrpa ,e;jpa tptfhu nrayhsuhd gpu;n`d;n`l; gpuG
,e;jpau;fs; midtUk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj;jf;f xU murpay;
rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpj; jUkhW ,e;jpa jiytu;fSf;F rthy;
tpLj;jhu;.

• ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lj;ij vOJk; nghWg;G Nkhjpyhy; NeUtpd;

jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;l FOtplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ,f;FOtpdu; 25 Kiwf;F Nky; $b tpthjpj;J murpayikg;G

gw;wp Rakhf KbntLj;J mtu;fspd; mwpf;ifia 1928
Mf];l; 10Mk; ehs; rku;g;gpj;jdu;. mJNt NeU mwpf;ifahFk;.

• nlhkpdpad; me;j];J cldbahd Fwpf;NfhshfTk; G+uz

Rauh[;ak; ,Wjp yl;rpakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

• ,e;jpahtpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfsYk; ,ize;j $l;lhl;rp

murhq;f Kiw mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

• tFg;Gthup Nju;jy; gpujpepj;Jtk; xopf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

• NeU mwpf;if gw;wp K];ypk;fs; ,ilNa cs;s fUj;J

NtWghLfis jPu;f;Fk; nghUl;L KfkJ myp [pd;dh

176
 K];yPk;fspd; midj;J fl;rpfs; khehL xd;iw nly;ypapy;
$l;bdhu;.

• mjd; mbg;gilapy; cUthdJjhd; KfkJ myp [pd;dhtpd;

14 mk;r jpl;lk; MFk;.

• kj;jpa khepy mikr;ru;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifapy;

Fiwe;j %d;wpy; xU gq;fhtJ K];ypk; mikr;ru;fs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

• muR gzpfs; midj;jpYk; K];ypk;fSf;F Nghjpa

,lq;fs; xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

• [pd;dhtpd; 14 mk;rj; jpl;lj;ij midj;J K];yPk;

gpuptpdUk; mq;ff
P upf;ftpy;iy.

• Mq;fpNya Ml;rpahsu;fs; NeU mwpf;ifiaAk; [pd;dhtpd;

jpl;lj;ijAk; epuhfupj;jdu;.

11.8 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

,ul;ilahl;rp: ,J ,uz;L Ml;rpahsu;fs; my;yJ mjpfhupfSf;F

mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

VfNghfk;: xU Fwpg;gpl;l egu; my;yJ epWtdk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l

nghUspd; xNu cw;gj;jpahsuhf ,Uf;Fk; R+o;epiyia ,J
Fwpf;fpwJ.

rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;: rl;lq;fis vOjp ,aw;Wgtu;> Fwpg;ghf

rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,Ug;gtu;.

11.9 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. Rauh[;af; fl;rpapd; nray;ghLfs; ahit ?

2. irkd; FOtpd; gupe;Jiufs; ahit?

177
3. G+uz Rauh[;aj; jPu;khdk; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.

neLtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. irkd; FO vjpu;g;G Nghuhl;lk; gw;wp tptup.

2. NeU mwpf;ifapd; gupe;Jiufis Muha;f.
3. K];ypk;fspd; eyidg; ghJfhf;f [pd;dh mwpKfg;gLj;jpa
gupe;Jiufis tpsf;Ff.

11.10 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

1. ,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010

2. f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018

3. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.

G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id > 2010

4. ,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016

5. [t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij>

miyfs; ntspaPl;lfk;> nrd;id> 2013

myF – 12

rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;> jz;b ahj;jpiu

fl;likg;G

12.0 mwpKfk;
12.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
12.2 rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;

178
12.3 jz;b ahj;jpiu
12.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
12.5 RUf;fk;
12.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
12.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
12.8 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

12.0 mwpKfk;

fhe;jp Kd;itj;j Nfhupf;iffis ,u;tpd; gpuG Gwf;fzpj;jjw;F

Neubahd vjpu;tpidahf rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; ,Ue;jJ. cg;G tup
jpzpg;Gf;F vjpuhf fhe;jp rgu;kjp Mrpukj;jpypUe;J jz;b
flw;fiuf;F mzptFj;Jr; nrd;w gpwF ,af;fk; Ntfk; ngw;wJ.
,e;j gpupT fPo;g;gbahik ,af;fj;jpd; mk;rq;fis tpupthf
tpthjpf;Fk;. fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jk;> fuhr;rp mku;T kw;Wk; tl;l
Nkir khehLfs; gw;wpAk; tpthjpf;Fk;.

12.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

• jz;b ahj;jpiu kw;Wk; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; gw;wp tpupthf

tpthjpj;jy;

• fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpjpKiwfis tpsf;Fjy;

12.2 rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;

xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpw;F gpd; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l kpfg;ngupa xU

kf;fs; ,af;fk; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; MFk;. mJ
Jtf;fg;gLtjw;F gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;jd .yh$upy;
eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; jPu;khdk; ,aw;wg;gl;ljd;
mbg;gilapy; 1930 Mk; Mz;L [dtup 26-Mk; ehs; ehd; Rje;jpu
jpdkhf nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. mjdhy; cj;Ntfk; ngw;w fhe;jp jdJ
11 mk;r Nfhupf;ifia ntspapl;lhu;. kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; vOjpa

179
11 Nfhupf;iffspy; G+uz kJtpyf;F> cg;G tup ePf;fk;> epy tup
Fiwg;G> murhq;fr; nryT Fiwg;G> murpay; ifjpfspd; tpLjiy
Nghd;w Nfhupf;iffs; mlq;fpapUe;jd. ,e;j Nfhupf;iffs;
kWf;fg;gl;lhy; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gLk; vd;W fhe;jp
vOjpdhu; . Mdhy; me;jf; Nfhupf;iff;Fg; gjpyspfhky; it];uha;
,u;tpd; gpuG mij myl;rpak; nra;jhu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf fhe;jp
1930 mf;Nlhgu; 14-Mk; ehs; rgu;kjp Mrpukj;jpy; eilngw;w
fhq;fpu]; nraw;FOtpd; Kbtpd;gb cg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPwp
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij jiyikNaw;W elj;jg;Nghtjhf fhe;jp
mwptpj;jhu;.

mbj;jl;L kf;fis ghjpj;j cg;Gtup tpjpg;ig vjpu;j;J

Nghuhl;lj;ijj; Jtf;fpa fhe;jpia Mq;fpNyau; vs;sp eifahbdu;.
fhe;jp mwptpj;jcg;G rj;jpahfpufj;ij NjdPu; fpz;zj;jpy; tpOe;j
Gay; vd fUjpdhu; itrpuha; ,u;tpd; gpuG. fhq;fpu];
jiytu;fspy; gyUk; cg;Gf;Fk; Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fk; vd;d
njhlu;G vd Nfl;ldu;. Mdhy; kfhj;kh fhe;jp cg;G
rj;jpahfpufj;ij kpfTk; typik tha;e;j MAjkhf fUjpdhu;.

12.3 jz;b ahj;jpiu

rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpy; KjyhtJ cg;G rl;lj;ij kPWtJ vd;W

fhe;jp KbT nra;jhu; . mg;NghJ cg;G fha;r;Rk; cupikia muR
nfhz;bUe;jJ. vdNt jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; ahNuDk; cg;G
fha;r;RtJ rl;lg;gb Fw;wkhFk;. vdNtjhd; cg;G tup tpjpg;G
mwptpg;ig vjpu;j;J jdJ Nghuhl;lj;ijj; Jtf;fpdhu; fhe;jp. 1930
khu;r; 12Mk; ehs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l 78 Mrpuk rPlu;fSld; jdJ
rgu;kjp Mrpukj;jpypUe;J 385 fpNyh kPl;lu; njhiytpy; cs;s
jz;b flw;fiuf;F ghjahj;jpiuahf Gwg;gl;lhu; fhe;jp. me;j
rj;jpahfpuf ahj;jpiu nry;Yk; NghJ mtuJ ghjk; gl;l ,lj;jpy;
vy;yhk; Nghuhl;lg;nghwp cz;lhdJ vdf; $wpAs;shu; [tfu;yhy;
NeU. fhe;jp nrd;w topnaq;Fk; kf;fs; jpuz;L te;J MjuT
mspj;jdu;. jz;b flw;fiu Nehf;fp Gwg;gl;l me;j ahj;jpiuapy;
Nruj; njhz;lu;fs; gyu; Ftpe;jdu;. fhe;jp ele;J nrd;w

180
fpuhkq;fspy; vy;yhk; mtUf;F cw;rhf tuNtw;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
fpuhk mjpfhupfs; Ntiyia tpl;L tpyfp Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
<Lglyhapdu;.

,Ugj;J ehd;F ehl;fs; eilg; gazj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; Vg;uy; 5Mk;

ehs; fhiy ehd; jhz;b flw;fiuia mile;jhu;. mq;F xU ehs;
tpujj;ijAk; g[idiaAk; Nkw;nfhz;l fhe;jp kWehs; 6Mk;
Njjp rl;lj;ij kPwp flw;fiuapy; cg;ig ms;spdhu;. mg;NghJ
mtu; tpLj;j mwpf;ifapy; Vg;uy; 13Mk; ehs; tiu cs;s
fhyj;ij Njrpa thuk; vdf;nfhz;lhl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mg;NghJ
cg;G rj;jpahfpufj;ij kf;fs; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mg;gb
fye;J nfhs;s Kbahjtu;fs; tpNjrp Jzpg; Gwf;fzpg;G>
fjiug;gad;gLj;JtJ gw;wpa gpur;rhug; gzpapy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;ij Mq;fpy muR Fiwthf
kjpg;gPL nra;jdu;. ,ijj; jLg;gjw;F ve;j Kaw;rpAk;
vLf;ftpy;iy. cg;G fha;r;Rk; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kf;fs; <Lgl;L
rl;lj;ij kPwpdu; . ,ijj; njhlu;e;J gy efuq;fspy; fjtilg;G
Nghuhl;lq;fSk;>fpuhkq;fspy; tupnfhlh ,af;fKk; eilngw;wd.
ehL KOtJk; xU tpjkhd vOr;rp fhzg;gl;lJ.

gPfhupy; tdr; rl;lq;fs; kPwg;gl;ld. tpNjrpj; Jzp

Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. fs;Sf;filfs; kwpay; nra;ag;gl;ld.
tq;fhsj;jpYk; F[uhj;jpYk; tupnfhlh ,af;fk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nkhjpyhy; NeU> [t`u;yhy; NeU tPjpfspy; cg;ig tpw;W
rl;lj;ij kPwpdu;. cg;G rl;lj;ij kPwp jkpo;ehl;by;
uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup E}W njhz;lu;fSld; jpUr;rpapypUe;J
Ntjhuz;aj;jpw;F ghjahj;jpiuahf nrd;W ,uz;L ehs; Kfhkpl;L
cg;G rl;lj;ij rl;lj;ij kPwpdhu;. `u;j;jhy; mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
mjpy; ngz;fs; ngUthupahf fye;J nfhz;ldu;. mtu;fs;
midtUk; NghyP]hu; jbab gpuNahfj;jpw;F Mshfpdu;. nrd;id
flw;fiuapy; eilngw;w midj;Jf; fl;rpf; $l;lk; MAjk; jhq;fpa
NghyPrhuhy; fiyf;fg;gl;lJ. Jg;ghf;fpr; R+l;by; 3 Ngu; ,we;jdu; 5
Ngu; gLfhakile;jdu;. midj;Jf; fl;rpfSk; NghyPrpd;
mj;JkPwiy fz;bj;jdu;. Jg;ghf;fpr;R+L gw;wp tprhupj;j nrd;id

181
kfh[d rig td;Kiwf;F fhuzk; NghyPrhu; vd;w KbTf;F
te;jJ. ,t;thW cg;G rj;jpahfpufk; kf;fs; ,af;fkhf
tpuptile;jJ.

rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; xU mk;rkhd tpNjrpj; Jzp Gwf;fzpg;G

rpy ,lq;fspy; jPtpukhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. gk;ghapy; Gwf;fzpg;G
kf;fspd; Nguhjuitg; ngw;wJ. jkpo;ehl;by; gy khtl;lq;fspy;
nerthsu;fs; tpNjrp Jzpf;fil fSf;F Kd; kwpay; nra;jdu;.
Nryj;jpy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd nerthsu;fs; tPL tPlhfr; nrd;W
tpNjrp Jzpf;F vjpuhf gpur;rhuk; nra;jdu;. Nfhak;Gj;J}upy;
nerthsu;fs; tpNjrp JzpfisAk;> fs;Sf;filfisAk; kwpay;
nra;jdu;.

kJiuapy; Rg;guhkd; tpNjrp Jzp Gwf;fzpg;ig ntw;wpfukhf

nra;jhu;. mtu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dUk; 2 Mapuk;
nerthsu;fs; fs;Sf;fil kwpay; nra;jdu;. ,J njd;dpe;jpahtpd;
gy gFjpfspy; eilngw;wJ . tupnfhlhf; fpsu;rr
; p F[uhj;jpYk;
If;fpa khfhzj;jpYk; kpfj; jPtpukhf eilngw;wJ. 1928,y;
ty;ygha; gl;Nly; tupnfhlh ,af;fj;ij ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpa
gpd;du; mg;Nghuhl;lk; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ gpw
khtl;lq;fSf;Fk; gutpaJ. mfkjhghj;> R+uj;> GNuhr; Mfpa
,lq;fs; tupnfhlh fpsu;r;rp ikaq;fshf jpfo;e;jd. fpsu;r;rpia
mlf;f murhq;fk; mlf;FKiwia ifahz;lJ.

rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;l jiytu;fs; ifJ

nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldu;. [tfu;yhy; NeU 1930
Vg;uy; 16 ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. fhe;jp Nk 5y; ifJnra;ag;gl;L
G+dhtpy; cs;s vuthlh rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,g;gb
jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lijf; fz;bj;J ,e;jpah KOtJk;
fpsu;rr
; p gutpaJ. njhopyhsu;fspd; Nghuhl;lj;jhy; Rkhu; 40
Miyfs; %lg;gl;ld. nrd;idapYk; NghyPrhu; fz;%bj;jdkhf
njhz;lu;fisj; jhf;fpdu;. ng\htupy; vy;iy fhe;jp vd;W
miof;fg;gl;l mg;Jy; fghu;fhd; jdJ rptg;G rl;il
njhz;lu;fSld; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;lhu;. ,e;j
,af;fj;jpd; NghJ Rkhu; 103 Ngu; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. 400f;Fk;

182
Nkw;gl;Nlhu; gaq;fu fhakile;jdu;. gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs;
rpiw itf;fg;gl;ldu;. mtrufhyr; rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;L ,af;fk;
eRf;fg;gl;lJ.

1931 gpg;utup 17 fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhdJ.khu;r;

5Mk; Njjp ,af;fj;ij epWj;jp itg;gjhf mwptpj;jhu; fhe;jp.
,e;j rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ
me;epaj; Jzp Gwf;fzpg;G> fs;Sf;fil kwpay; Mfpait
ehnlq;Fk; gutyhf eilngw;wd. murhq;fj;jpd; mlf;FKiwahy;
rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; njhz;lu;fs; gyu; tYtpoe;jdu;.
mNjrkak; mlf;FKiwahy; ,af;fj;ij xLf;f KbahJ vd;gij
murhq;fKk; czu;e;jJ. vdpDk; Mq;fpNya muir vjpu;j;Jg;
Nghuhl ve;j jpahfj;ij Vw;fTk;> ve;jj; Jd;gj;ijAk; jhq;fpf;
nfhs;sTk; kf;fs; jahuhf ,Ue;jhu;fs; vd;gij ,e;j ,af;fk;
njspthf fhl;baJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,af;fk; ,uz;L Mz;Lfs;
njhlu;e;jJ. 1934 ,y; Vg;uy; khjk; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; fhe;jpahy;
jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;lJ.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1. fhe;jp rgu;kjp Mrpukj;jpy; ,Ue;J jz;b tiu jdJ

eilg;gazj;ij njhlq;fpaNghJ vj;jid Ngu; mtUld;
nrd;whu;fs;?
2. fhe;jp jz;bf;F mzptFj;j gpwF Vd; rl;lj;ij kPwpdhu;?
3. rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpy; ngz;fs; vt;thW gq;F nfhz;ldu;?
4. fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jk; vg;NghJ ifnaOj;jhdJ?
5. ve;j Mz;L rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; fhe;jpahy; thg]; ngwg;gl;lJ?

12.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdhf;fSf

;fhd tpilfs;

1. khu;r; 12> 1930 md;W> fhe;jp rgu;kjp Mrpukj;jpypUe;J jz;bapy;

cs;s flYf;F 72 rPlu;fSld; mzptFg;igj; njhlq;fpdhu;.

183
2. Vg;uy; 6 md;W> fhe;jp jz;bapy; flYf;Fr; nrd;w gpwF> cg;Gr;
rl;lj;ij kPwpajw;fhd milahskhf flNyhuj;jpypUe;J rpwpJ
cg;ig vLj;jhu;. cg;G kf;fspd; mbg;gilj; Njit vd;Wk;> cg;G
tup Viofspd; eyDf;F vjpuhdJ vd;Wk; fhe;jp ek;gpajhy;
rl;lj;ij kPw KbT nra;jhu;.
3. kJf;filfs; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L nghUl;fis tpw;gid
nra;gtu;fs; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;Jtjd; %yk; ngz;fs;
fPo;g;gbahik ,af;fj;jpy; jPtpukhf gq;F ngw;wdu;.
4. fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jk; 5 khu;r; 1931 md;W ifnaOj;jhdJ.
5. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; Vg;uy; 1934 ,y; fhe;jpahy; thg];
ngwg;gl;lJ.

12.5 RUf;fk;

• xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpw;F gpd; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l kpfg;ngupa

xU kf;fs; ,af;fk; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; MFk;. mJ
Jtf;fg;gLtjw;F gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;jd

• kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; vOjpa 11 Nfhupf;iffspy; G+uz

kJtpyf;F> cg;G tup ePf;fk;> epy tup Fiwg;G> murhq;fr;
nryT Fiwg;G> murpay; ifjpfspd; tpLjiy Nghd;w
Nfhupf;iffs; mlq;fpapUe;jd.

• ,e;j Nfhupf;iffs; kWf;fg;gl;lhy; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;

njhlq;fg;gLk; vd;W fhe;jp vOjpdhu; .

• Mdhy; me;jf; Nfhupf;iff;Fg; gjpyspfhky; it];uha; ,u;tpd;

gpuG mij myl;rpak; nra;jhu;.

• ,jd; fhuzkhf fhe;jp 1930 mf;Nlhgu; 14-Mk; ehs; rgu;kjp

Mrpukj;jpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; nraw;FOtpd; Kbtpd;gb
cg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPwp rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij jiyikNaw;W
elj;jg;Nghtjhf fhe;jp mwptpj;jhu;.

184
• 1930 khu;r; 12Mk; ehs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l 78 Mrpuk
rPlu;fSld; jdJ rgu;kjp Mrpukj;jpypUe;J 385 fpNyh kPl;lu;
njhiytpy; cs;s jz;b flw;fiuf;F ghjahj;jpiuahf
Gwg;gl;lhu; fhe;jp.

• fhe;jp nrd;w topnaq;Fk; kf;fs; jpuz;L te;J MjuT

mspj;jdu;. jz;b flw;fiu Nehf;fp Gwg;gl;l me;j
ahj;jpiuapy; Nruj; njhz;lu;fs; gyu; Ftpe;jdu;.

• fhe;jp ele;J nrd;w fpuhkq;fspy; vy;yhk; mtUf;F cw;rhf

tuNtw;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ,g;Nghuhl;lj;ij Mq;fpy muR Fiwthf kjpg;gPL nra;jdu;.

,ijj; jLg;gjw;F ve;j Kaw;rpAk; vLf;ftpy;iy. cg;G
fha;r;Rk; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kf;fs; <Lgl;L rl;lj;ij kPwpdu; .

• cg;G rl;lj;ij kPwp jkpo;ehl;by; uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup E}W

njhz;lu;fSld; jpUr;rpapypUe;J Ntjhuz;aj;jpw;F
ghjahj;jpiuahf nrd;W ,uz;L ehs; Kfhkpl;L cg;G
rl;lj;ij rl;lj;ij kPwpdhu;

• Vg;uy; 13Mk; ehs; tiu cs;s fhyj;ij Njrpa thuk;

vdf;nfhz;lhl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mg;NghJ cg;G
rj;jpahfpufj;ij kf;fs; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mg;gb
fye;J nfhs;s Kbahjtu;fs; tpNjrp Jzpg; Gwf;fzpg;G>
fjiug;gad;gLj;JtJ gw;wpa gpur;rhug; gzpapy; <Lgl
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;.

• tupnfhlhf; fpsu;r;rp F[uhj;jpYk; If;fpa khfhzj;jpYk;

kpfj; jPtpukhf eilngw;wJ.

• 1931 gpg;utup 17 fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhdJ.khu;r;

5Mk; Njjp ,af;fj;ij epWj;jp itg;gjhf mwptpj;jhu; fhe;jp.
,e;j rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ.

185
12.6 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

murpay; ifjpfs;: jq;fs; murpay; ek;gpf;iffSf;fhf rpiwapy;

milf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F ,e;j thu;j;ij gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

xg;ge;jk;: ,J ,U jug;gpdupilNa ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l Kiwahd

xg;ge;jkhFk;

rptpy; cupikfs;: mit jhuhsthj murhq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd;

%ykhfNth my;yJ ePjpj;Jiw tpsf;fj;jpd; %ykhfNth> cupa
nray;Kiwapd;wp RUf;fptplhj cj;juthjq;fs; kw;Wk;
Rje;jpuq;fs;.

12.7 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;
1. jz;b ahj;jpiu gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;G vOjTk;.
2. rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; Nghf;F ahJ?

neLtpil tpdhf;fs;
1. rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpf;fTk;

12.8 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

1. ,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010
2. f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l
tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018
3. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.
G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id > 2010
4. ,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016
5. [t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij>
miyfs; ntspaPll
; fk;> nrd;id> 2013

186
 myF – 13

tl;lNkir khehLfs; kw;Wk; fpupg;]; J}Jf;FO

fl;likg;G

13.0 mwpKfk;
13.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
13.2 tl;lNkir khehLfs;
13.2.1 G+dh xg;ge;jk;
13.3 1935Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk;
13.4 jdpegu; rj;jpahfpufk;
13.5 fpupg;]; J}Jf;FO
13.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
13.7 RUf;fk;
13.8 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
13. Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
13.10 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

13.0 mwpKfk;

tl;lNki[ khehLfs; ,e;jpa r%fj;jpy; cs;s gpsit

ntspr;rj;jpw;F nfhz;L te;jd. Kjy; tl;lNki[ khehL ,e;J-
K];ypk; NtWghLfis ntspf;nfhzu;e;jhYk;> ,uz;lhtJ
tl;lNki[ khehL K];ypk;fs;> jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdu;>
fpwp];jtu;fs; kw;Wk; gpw rpWghd;ikapdupd; mjpUg;jpia
ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. NkYk;> ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gpujku; uhk;Nr
nkf;nlhdhy;l; mwptpj;j tFg;Gthup xg;ge;jk; fhe;jpf;Fk; gp.Mu;.
mk;Ngj;fUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdupd;
gpur;ridfs; gw;wpa fUj;jpay; NtWghLfis ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
,e;j gpupT tl;l Nkir khehLfs; kw;Wk; G+dh xg;ge;jj;jpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij MuhAk;. Mf];l; rYif kw;Wk; fpupg;]pd;
Kd;nkhopT gw;wpa tptuq;fSk; tpupthf tpthjpf;fg;gLk;.

187
13.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

• tl;l Nkir khehLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;jy;
• G+dh xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kbit tpupthf tpthjpj;jy;
• Mf];l; rYif kw;Wk; fpupg;]pd; Kd;nkhopit Muha;jy;

13.2 tl;lNkir khehLfs;

irkd; fkp\d; mwpf;if [_d; 1930,y; ntspaplg;gl;lNghJ

,e;jpahtpd; murpay; r%fj;jhy; ntspg;gilahf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. gy;NtW murpay; fl;rpfs; gy;NtW
tpjkhf fUj;Jfis njuptpj;Js;sd. fhe;jpapd; jiyikapy;
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij fhq;fpu]; njhlq;fpaJ. NeUmwpf;if
,WjpahdJ my;y vd;Wk;> ehl;bYs;s midj;J r%fq;fspd;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj; jiytu;fSld; fye;jhNyhrpj;j gpd;dNu
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; K];ypk;fs; fUjpdu;.
ehl;bd; murpay; R+o;epiyapy; xU Kl;Lf;fl;il Vw;gl;lJ. Mq;fpy
murhq;fk; ehl;L kf;fSf;fhd Rauh[;aj;jpd; ve;j tbtj;ijAk;
fUj;jpy; nfhs;s tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,J tpuf;jpf;F toptFj;jJ> ,J
mbf;fb td;Kiw Nkhjy;fspd; tbtj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

1931 ,y;> gpupl;ldpy; 1931 ,y; njhopw;fl;rp murhq;fk; kPz;Lk;

mjpfhuj;jpw;F te;jJ. ,J ,e;jpau;fSf;F ek;gpf;ifia
Vw;gLj;jpaJ> Vnddpy; njhopyhsu; jiytu;fs; vg;NghJk;
,e;jpau;fspd; Nfhupf;iffSf;F MjuthfTk; mDjhgkhfTk;
,Ue;jdu;. Gjpa murpayikg;G rPu;jpUj;jq;fis guprPypg;gjw;F
trjpahf> murhq;fj;jhy; xU tl;l Nkir khehL yz;ldpy;
elj;jg;gl;lJ. midj;J r%fq;fisr; Nru;e;j ,e;jpa
murpay;thjpfs;> mjhtJ ,e;Jf;fs;> ,e;j khehl;by; K];ypk;fs;>
rPf;fpau;fs; kw;Wk; fpwp];jtu;fs; fye;J nfhs;SkhW Nfl;Lf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. me;j khehl;by;> midj;J ,e;jpau;fspd;
rhu;ghfTk; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; fl;rp vd;W fUjg;gLk; fhq;fpu];
fl;rpapd; rhu;ghf jdpahfg; Ngr fhe;jp KbT nra;jhu;. kw;w

188
midj;Jf; fl;rpfSk; FWq;FOthjf; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij kl;LNk
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtjhfTk;> mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;WtJ
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf ,y;iy vd;gNj mtuJ thjk;.

Kjy; tl;l Nkir khehL

tl;l Nkir khehl;bd; Kjy; mku;T etk;gu; 12> 1930 md;W

yz;ldpy; njhlq;fpaJ.fhq;fpui]j; jtpu midj;Jf; fl;rpfSk;
,jpy; fye;J nfhz;ld. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;> rl;l kWg;G
,af;fj;ijj; njhlu;e;J fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs; rpiwapy; ,Ue;jdu;.
NeU mwpf;if KOtijAk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lkhf
mky;gLj;Jk; tiu murpay; rhrd tpthjq;fspy; <Lgl
kWj;Jtpl;ldu;.

khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l 89 cWg;gpdu;fspy; 58 Ngu; gpupl;b\;

,e;jpahtpy; gy;NtW r%fq;fspy;,Ue;J Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;
Mtu;. kPjKs;s 31 cWg;gpdu;fs; rk];jhdq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw
murpay; fl;rpfis cs;slf;fpatu;fs; Mtu;. K];yPk;
gpujpepjpfspy; nksyhdh K`k;kJ myp n[s`u;> Fitj;-,-
Mrk;> ru; K`k;kJ \hgp> ru; Mfh fhd; kw;Wk; nksy;tp
/g];y;-,-`f; Nghd;w Kf;fpa egu;fs; gq;F ngw;wdu;.

Kjyhk; tl;l Nki[ khehl;by; tUq;fhy ,e;jpa murhq;fk; gw;wp

ePz;l tpthjq;fs; eilngw;W %d;W Kf;fpa KbTfs;
vLf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G gw;wpa Kf;fpa KbT
vLf;fg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpy muRf;F rkkhf ,e;jpah jpfo Ntz;Lk;
vd;W kf;fs; epidg;gjhy; nlhkpdpad; me;j];ij ,e;jpah ngw
cldbahf Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
vy;NyhuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpNyau;fshy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w ,e;jpa khepyq;fSk; muru;fshy; Msg;gLfpd;w
rk];jhdq;fspy; xd;Wgl;Nl Mf Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij RNjr
muru;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. vdNt $l;lhl;rp murpay; mikg;G
cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. kj;jpa
muirAk; khepy mstpy; nghWg;Gs;s Vw;gLj;j KbT
nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mdhy; fl;LgLj;Jk; mjpfhuj;ij murhq;fNk

189
njhlu;e;J itj;jpUf;Fk; vd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. KjyhtJ
tl;lNkir khehl;by; murpay; gpur;rpidfspy; fUj;J xw;Wik
Vw;gl;lJ. Mdhy; tFg;Gthjg; gpur;rpid njhlu;ghf
fUj;njhw;Wik Vw;gltpy;iy. jho;j;jg;gl;ltu;fSf;Fk;
K];ypk;fSf;Fk; jdpj; Nju;jy; njhFjp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nfhupf;if vOe;jJ. rPf;fpau;fSk; ,NjNghy; jdpj; Nju;jy;
njhFjp Ntz;Lnkd;wdu;. tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gw;wp ve;j
KbTk; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy. 1931 [_iy khjk; khehL KbT
ngw;wJ.

fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jk;

tl;lNki[ khehl;bd; KbTfis fhq;fpu]; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;stpy;iy. NkYk; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ijj; njhlu;e;J
elj;Jtnjd KbT nra;jJ.fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs; vy;yhk;
rpiwf;$lq;fspy; ,Ue;jNghJk; Nghuhl;lj;ij njhlq;Ftjw;fhd
Vw;ghLfs; Mu;tj;JlDk; Ntfj;JlDk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
epiyikapd; jPtpuj;ij czu;e;j ,u;tpd; gpuG fhe;jpAk; gpw
fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO cWg;gpdu;fSk; tpLjiy nra;ag;gLthu; vd;W
mwptpj;jhu;. mwptpg;gpd;gb fhe;jpAk; fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fSk;
tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldu;. fhq;fpu]; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j jil tpyf;fpf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Vnddpy; Kjy; tl;lNki[ khehL Kbe;jJk;>
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; NkYk;
Kd;Ndw;wk; fhz Ntz;Lkhdhy;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; KO
xj;Jiog;Gk; MjuTk; Njitg;gLk; vd;gij gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;
czu;e;jJ. vdNt> it];uha; ,u;tpd; gpuG fhe;jpia
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;F mioj;jhu;. Ngr;Rthu;j;ijiaj; njhlu;e;J> ve;j
Kd;epge;jidAk; Kd;itf;fhky;> rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij
KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu fhe;jp xg;Gf;nfhz;lhu;.rPdpthr rh];jpup
Nrfu; MfpNahupd; rkur Kaw;rpahy; fhe;jp it];uha; ,u;tpd; gpuG
re;jpf;fr; rk;kjpj;jhu;. mt;tpUtupd; re;jpg;Gfs; 1931 gpg;utup 17
,y; ,Ue;J khu;r; 5 tiu ele;j re;jpg;G tpisthf fhe;jpf;Fk;
,u;tpDf;Fk; ,ilNa cld;ghL Vw;gl;lJ mJNt fhe;jp-,u;tpd;
xg;ge;jk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

190
fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW:

• murpay; rl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpa vy;iyfs; njspthf

tiuaWf;fg;gLk;

• tl;lNki[ khehl;by; fhq;fpu]; fye;J nfhs;tjw;fhd

Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

• rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gLk;

• NghyP]; mj;JkPwy; gw;wpa tprhuiz typAWj;jg;glkhl;lhJ.

• RNjrp njhopw;rhiyfis Cf;Ftpf;f murhq;fk;

xg;Gf;nfhz;ljhy; tpNjrp nghUs; Gwf;fzpg;G iftplg;gLk;

• rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; gw;wp murhq;fk; gpwg;gpj;j Mzpfs;

midj;Jk; tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gLk;

• NkYk; rl;lkWg;G rk;ge;jkhf njhlug;gl;l tof;Ffis

murhq;fk; iftpLk;

• rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l rk;ge;jkhf ifJ nra;ag;gl;l

midtUk; tpLjiy nra;ag;gLtu;

• mguhj njhif tR+ypf;fg;gl khl;lhJ

• Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fis jz;bg;gjw;fhf nfhz;Ltug;gl;l NghyPrhu;

tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gLtu;

• ifg;gw;wg;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fs; jpUg;gp mspf;fg;gLk;

• gpw efuhl;rp nrhj;Jf;fs; midj;Jk; toq;fg;gLk;

• gjtpiaj; Jwe;Njhu; kPz;Lk; Ntiyapy; Nru;j;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gLtu;

• cg;Gr;r;rl;lk; eilKiwapypUf;Fk; vd;w NghjpYk; nrhe;j

cgNahfj;jpw;fhf kf;fs; cg;G vLf;fyhk;.

191
fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jk; gu];gu ek;gpf;ifapd; kPJ
nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l rkhjhd cld;ghL MFk; Kjd;Kiwahf
Mq;fpNya murhq;fk; fhq;fpuir jdf;F rkkhf kjpj;J fhq;fpu];
gpujpepjpahd fhe;jpAld; nra;Jnfhz;l rkurk;
cld;gbf;ifahFk;.

,uz;lhk; tl;l Nkir khehL

khehl;bd; ,uz;lhtJ mku;T 7 nrg;lk;gu; 1931 ,y; yz;ldpy;

njhlq;fpaJ. ,e;j ,uz;lhtJ tl;l Nkir khehl;by; ,e;jpahtpd;
tUq;fhy murpay; rl;likg;Gk; rpWghd;ikapdupd; tFg;Gthup
gpujpepjpj;JtKk; gpujhdkhf tpthjpf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;tpuz;by;
tFg;Gthj gpujpepj;Jtj;ij gw;wp tpthjpg;gjpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd
gpujpepjpfs; Mu;tj;Jld; ,Ue;jdu;. ,e;jpahtpw;F Rahl;rp
toq;Ftjw;F Kd; rpWghd;ikapdupd; tFg;Gthj gpur;rid
jPu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W murhq;fj;jpd; rhu;gpy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mdhy; fhe;jp me;j thjj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.

Mq;fpNyau; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNawhj tiu

tFg;Gthupg;gpur;rid jPuhJ vd fhe;jp thjpl;lhu; .
jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F jdpj;njhFjp toq;fg;gLk; Mq;fpy murpd;
jpl;lj;ij fhe;jp vjpu;j;jhu;. mg;gb toq;fg;gl;lhy; jPz;lhik
epue;jukhf;fg;gl;LtpLk; vd;W fUjpa fhe;jp jpl;lj;ij mbNahL
vjpu;j;jhu;. ,e;jpa jiytu;fSf;F ,ilNa ,J gw;wpa fUj;J
cld;ghL ,y;yhjjhy; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F mspf;f Ntz;ba
ghJfhg;Gfs; gw;wp gpupl;b\; murhq;fNk KbT nra;Ak; vd;W
mwptpj;jhu; gpujku; uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;L .mjd; tpisNt
tFg;Gthup jPu;T MFk;. jdJ Kaw;rpapy; Njhy;tp mile;j
fhe;jpapd; Njhy;tpia Vw;Wf;nfhz;L ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhu;. rl;l
kWg;G ,af;fk; kPz;Lk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpNyau; mij
fLikahf xLf;f Kaw;rp vLj;jdu;. fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;L
vuthlh rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;. fhq;fpu]; rl;ltpNuhjkhd
mikg;G vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. fhq;fpurpd; nrhj;Jf;fs;
midj;Jk; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;ld.

192
tFg;Gthupj; jPu;T

gpupl;b\; gpujku; uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;l; jdJ tFg;Gthup jPu;it

1932 Mf];l; 17Mk; ehs; mwptpj;jhu;. tFg;Gthup gpuptpd;gb
K];ypk;fs;> ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s INuhg;gpau;fs;> rPf;fpau;fs;
MfpNahUf;F jdpj; njhFjpfs; xJf;fg;gLk;. jdpj; njhFjpfspy;
,lk;ngwhj gpw jFjpAila thf;fhsu;fs; nghJj; njhFjpapy;
thf;fspg;gu;. jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;fhd jdpj; njhFjpfs; xJf;fg;gLk;.
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpau;fs; jq;fsJ tFg;G thupahf thf;fspg;gu;.
tu;j;jfk;> njhopy;> Njhl;lj; njhopy; Mfpatw;Wf;Fk;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLk; vd;w mk;rq;fis ,J
nfhz;bUe;jJ. fhq;fpu]; ,e;j tFg;Gthup jPu;it fLikahf
vjpu;j;jJ. ,e;j tFg;Gthupj; jPu;T kf;fspilNa gpupit
Vw;gLj;jf;$baJ vd;W midtUk; fUjpdu;. rkak;> tFg;G> ,lk;>
njhopy; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gpupf;fg;gl;lhy; ,e;jpahtpd;
xUikg;ghLk;> xw;WikAk; rPu;Fiye;J tpLk; vd fhq;fpu];
fUjpaJ.

13.2.1 G+dh xg;ge;jk;

uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;bd; tFg;g;thwpj; Nju;itfz;L fhe;jpabfs;

mjpu;r;rpAk; NtjidAk; mile;jhu;. gpupl;b\; gpujkUf;F mtu;
vOjpa fbjj;jpy; jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F jdpg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nfhLf;Fk; Kbit khw;whtpl;lhy; jhd; rhFk; tiu
cz;zhtpujj;ij Jtf;fg;Nghtjhf fbjk; vOjpdhu;.
gpujkuplkpUe;J jpUg;jpahd gjpy; tuhj fhuzj;jpdhy; Fwpj;j
ehspy; fhe;jp cz;zhtpujj;ijj; Jtf;fpdhu;. ,e;jg;
gpur;ridiaj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf ty;ygha; gNly;> rNuh[pdpehAL>
mk;Ngj;fu;> vk;.rp.uh[h> uh[Nfhghyr;rhup> uhN[e;jpugpurhj;
Nghd;Nwhu; tpupthf tpthjpj;j gpd;du; xU cld;ghl;Lf;F
te;jdu;.me;j cld;ghNl G+dh xg;ge;jk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.,g;
G+dh xg;ge;jk; 1932 nrg;lk;gu; 26Mk; ehs; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

193
G+dh xg;ge;jj;jpd; mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

• jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;nfd jdpj; njhFjpfs; ,Uf;fhJ.

• gpw ,e;Jf;fisg; NghyNt nghJj; njhFjpfspy;

thf;fspg;ghu;fs;

• nghJj; njhFjpfspy; jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;nfd Fwpg;gpl;l

,lq;fs; xJf;fg;gLk;

• xt;nthU xJf;fg;gl;l ,lj;Jf;Fk; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; ehd;F

Ntl;ghsu;fis jq;fSf;Fs; ,Ue;J Nju;e;njLg;gu;.

• jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F cs;shl;rp kz;lu;e;fspYk;

NghJg;gepfspYk; Nghjpa ,lq;fs; mspf;fg;gLk;.

%d;whtJ tl;l Nki[ khehL

,e;jpaj; jiytu;fs; tFg;Gthj rpf;fiy jPu;g;gjpy; <Lgl;Lf;

nfhz;bUe;jNghJ %d;whtJ tl;l Nki[ khehL 1932 etk;gu;
17,y; ,Ue;J brk;gu; 24tiu eilngw;wJ. mk;khehl;bw;F 46
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpupl;b\; murhq;f tpRthrpfs; kl;LNk
gpujpepjpfshf miof;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. fhq;fpu]; ,jpy;
fye;Jnfhs;stpy;iy. ,uz;lhtJ tl;l Nki[ khehl;bd; NghJ
mikf;fg;gl;l Jizf;FOf;fspd; mwpf;iffs; gw;wpNa tpthjk;
eilngw;wJ. ,e;jpaf; $l;lhl;rp> $l;lhl;rpr; rl;lkd;wk;> ePjpkd;wk;>
kd;du; khepyq;fs; ,iztJ Nghd;w gy murpay; rl;lg;
gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa KbTfs; vLf;fg;gl;ld. ,k;KbTfisvy;yhk;
cs;slf;fpa nts;is mwpf;if jahupf;fg;gl;L 1933 khu;r; khjk;
gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.me;j nts;is
mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJjhd; 1935 ,e;jpa
murhq;fr; rl;lkhFk;.

194
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1. Kjy; tl;lNkir khehl;by; gq;Nfw;w rpy K];ypk;

gpujpepjpfspd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

2. %d;whtJ tl;l Nkir khehL vg;NghJ njhlq;fpaJ?

3. G+dh xg;ge;jk; 1932 vd;why; vd;d?

4. jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdUf;F jdpj; njhFjpfis toq;fpa

tFg;Gthupj; jPu;it mwptpj;jtu; ahu;?

13.3 1935Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk;

%d;W tl;lNki[ khehLfspd; tpisthfg; Gjpa

murpayikg;Gf;fhd mbj;jsk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.khehl;L KbTfis
cs;slf;fpa nts;is mwpf;if gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. me;j mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; kNrhjh
jahupf;fg;gl;L 1935 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lkhf
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

• gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa khepyq;fisAk; ,e;jpa kd;du;

khepyq;fisAk; nfhz;l mfpy ,e;jpa $l;lhl;rp mikf;fg;gLk;.

• khepy ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiw ePf;fg;gl;L kj;jpapy; ,ul;ilahl;rp

Kiw nray;gLk;.

• kj;jpa $l;lhl;rp rl;lkd;wk;> khepyq;fsit kf;fsit Mfpa

,uz;L mitfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. rl;l mikg;G rk;ge;jkhd
rpf;fy;fisNah kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepy muRf;Fk; ,ilNa
vof;$ba NtWghLfisNah my;yJ xU khepyj;jpj;Jf;Fk;
,d;ndhU khepyj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;glf;$ba jfuhiwNah jPu;j;J
itg;gjw;nfd cr;r ePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• murhq;f mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa gl;bay;> khepyg; gl;bay;>

nghJg;gl;bay; vd;W %d;W tifahf gq;fPL nra;ag;gl;ld.

195
• rpWghd;ikr; rKjhaq;fSf;fhd Nju;jy; ghJfhg;Gf;fSk;> ,l
xJf;fL
P fSk; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.

• khepyk; rk;gj;jg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fis mikr;ru;fspd;

nghWg;gpy;tpl;L khepy Rahl;rpf;F tif nra;ag;gl;lJ.

• ,e;jpa tptfhu nrayUf;fpUe;j ,e;jpa rigia ePf;fptpl;L

mjw;Fg; gjpy; xU rpyiu nfhz;l MNyhridf; FO
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

• gu;kh ,e;jpahtplkpUe;J gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. i`juhghj;jpd;

gFjpahf ,Ue;j gPfhu; kj;jpa muRld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ,e;j murpay; rl;lj;jpd; khw;wj;ij murhq;fk; kl;LNk nra;a

KbAk;.

Mf];L mwptpg;G

1939 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; Kjy; Njjp ,uz;lhtJ cyfg; Nghu;

Jtq;fpaJ. itrpuha; ypd;ypj;Njh gpuG ,e;jpaj; jiytu;fis
fye;J MNyhrpf;fhky; ,e;jpahTk; Nghupy; <Lgl;Ls;sjhf
jd;dpr;irahf mwptpj;jhu;. fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO ,e;j mwptpg;ig
td;ikahff; fz;bj;jJ. ,jdhy; gy;NtW murpay; mikg;Gfis
Nru;e;j gpujpepjpfis fye;J MNyhrpj;j gpd;du; xU nts;is
mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lhu;. mjd;gb Nghu; Kbe;j gpd;du;
,e;jpahtpd; murpay; mikg;G Kiwia KOikahf gpupl;b\;
murhq;fk; kWguprPyid nra;Ak; vd;Wk; cldbahf ,e;jpahTf;F
mjpf mstpw;F mjpfhu khw;wk; nra;tJ vd;gJ ,ayhJ vd;Wk;
me;j nts;is mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;. ,ij fhq;fpu];
fLikahf fz;bj;jJ. ,e;j mwptpg;G kpFe;j Vkhw;wj;ij
nfhLg;gjhf cs;sJ vd;whu; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;. nuhl;b Nfl;ljw;F
fy;jhd; fpilj;jJ vd;whu; kfhj;kh fhe;jp.

,e;j nts;is mwpf;ifiaf; fz;bj;J khepyq;fspy;

Ml;rp nra;j midj;J fhq;fpu]; mikr;ru;fSk; gjtp tpyfpdu;.
vdNt fhq;fpu]; Ml;rp nra;j khepyq;fspy; vy;yhk; ftu;dupd;
MNyhrfu; muR Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. NkYk; mq;F ftu;dupd;

196
mlf;FKiw Ml;rp jq;F jilapd;wp nray;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.
fhq;fpu]; mikr;ru;fs; gjtp tpyfpaij nfhz;lhLk; nghUl;L
1939 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; 22 Mk; ehs; tpLjiy ehshf
nfhz;lhl Ntz;Lk; vd K];yPk;fis Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu; KfkJ
myp [pd;dh.

1940 Mz;L ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupy; ,q;fpyhe;J kpfTk;

Nrhjidahd fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. mr;rkaj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;J ngUk;
Njhy;tpia re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.vdNt Nghu; Kaw;rpapy;
,e;jpau;fspd; xj;Jiog;Gk; MjuTk; mtrpakhd xd;whf
mike;jJ. vdNt ,e;jpau;fspd; Mjuitf; ngWk; nghUl;L 1940
Mf];L 8 Mk; ehs; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if gw;wp mwptpj;jhu;
it];uha; gpuG.mJNt Mf];l; mwptpg;G vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

me;j mwptpg;gpd;gb>

• ,e;jpahtpw;F nlhkpdpad; jFjpia toq;FtNj gpupl;b\;

murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;.

• ,e;jpau;fNs mtu;fsJ murpay; mikg;G Kiwia tFj;Jf;

nfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gLtu;.

• Nghu; Kbe;j clNdNa mj;jifa murpay; mikg;G

Kiwia tFj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLk;.

• Gjpa murpay; mikg;G gpupl;b\; fhkd; nty;j; gFjpahf

nray;gLk;

• murpayikg;G khw;wk; nra;Ak;NghJ rpWghd;ikapdupd;

fUj;Jf;fSf;F KO ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;

• ,e;jpa gpujpepjpfSf;F ,lkspf;Fk; tifapy; Ml;rpf;FO

tpupTgLj;jg;gLk;

• ,e;jpa gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l xU MNyhridf; FO

mikf;fg;gLk;

197
Kjd;Kiwahf ,e;jpah gpupl;b\;fhkd;nty;j; ehLfSf;F
,izahdJ vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahTf;F
nlhkpdpad;cupik toq;fg;gLtjhf mspf;fg;gl;l cWjpnkhopAk;
Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gl;lJ. ,e;j mwptpg;G ,e;jpa jiytu;fspd;
vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis KOikahf G+u;j;jp nra;atpy;iy. Nghu;
Kbe;jTld; nlhkpdpad; jFjp toq;Ftjw;fhd fhyf;nfL
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

13.4 jdpegu; rj;jpahfpufk;

it];uha; ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuGtpd; Mf];l; mwptpg;Gk; fhq;fpu];

jiytu;fSf;F ek;gpf;if jutpy;iy. kw;nwhU Nghuhl;lj;ijj;
Jtf;FkhW fhq;fpu]; fhe;jpiaf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ljw;fhf>
Nghu;f;fhy neUf;fbia kdjpy; nfhz;l kfhj;kh fhe;jp kf;fs;
,af;fj;jpw;F gjpyhf jdpegu; rj;jpahf;fpufj;ij Jtf;FtJ vd
jPu;khdpj;jhu;. ,e;jpau;fspd; tpLjiy czu;it cyFf;Ff; fhl;l
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; milahs Nghuhl;lkhfNt jdpegu;
rj;jpahf;fpufj;ij fUjpdhu; fhe;jp. Kjy;jdpegu; rj;jpahfpufpahf
Mr;rhu;ah tpNdhghghNt Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1940mf;Nlhgu;
17Mk; ehs; Nghiu vjpu;j;J gpur;rhuk; nra;J rj;jpahfpufj;ij
Jtf;fpdhu;. gpd;du; mtu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L 3 khjk; rpiw
jz;lid ngw;whu;. mLj;j rj;jpahfpufp [tfu;yhy; NeU Mthu;.
mtu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L mtUf;F MWkhj fhyk; iw jz;lid
toq;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; ty;ygha; gl;NlYk;> Rgh\; re;jpuNghRk;
ifjhfpdu;. vy;yh khepyq;fspYk; fhq;fpu]; cWg;gpdu;fs; jdpegu;
rj;jpahf;fpufj;jpy; gq;Nfw;W ifjhfpdu;. 1941 Mk; Mz;L ,Wjp
tiu eilngw;w ,e;j rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;l 30>000
Ngu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. jdpegu; rj;jpahfpufk; gpupl;ldpd;
Kaw;rpia xd;Wk; ghjpf;ftpy;iy. NkYk; mjw;F kf;fs; MjuTk;
fpilf;f tpy;iy.

itrpuha; ypd;ypj;Njh gpuG NkYk; 5 ,e;jpa gpujpepjpfis

Nru;j;Jf;nfhz;L jdJ Ml;rpia tpupTgLj;jp ,Ug;gjhf
mwptpj;jhu;. NkYk;> jdp egu; rj;jpahfpufj;jpd; NghJ ifJ

198
nra;ag;gl;l midtiuAk; tpLjiy nra;jhu;. ,Ug;gpDk; fhe;jp
Nghuhl;lj;ij njhlu;e;J elj;j tpUk;gpdhu;. Mdhy; Nghupy;
epiyik kpfTk; Nkhrkhfp nfhz;bUe;jikahy; gu;Njhypapy; $ba
fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO jdpegu; rj;jpahf;fpufj;ij tpyfpf;
nfhz;ljhf 19Mk; ehs; mwptpj;jJ. fhe;jpapd;
Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f rj;jpahfpuf jiyikg; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;J
mtu; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf kf;fis jpul;Lk;
nghWg;G mtuplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. Nghu; Kaw;rpapy; fhq;fpu];
gq;Nfw;f Kbe;jjhy; Mq;fpNya muR ,e;jpau;fSf;F cldbahf
rpy murpay; rYiffis toq;f jPu;khdpj;jJ .mjd; tpisNt
fpupg;]; J}Jf;FO mikf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.

13.5 fpupg;]; J}Jf;FO

brk;gu; 1941 ,y; [g;ghd; Ngu;y; JiwKfj;ijj; jhf;fpa gpwF>

[g;ghdpag; gilfspd; mLj;j ,yf;fhf ,e;jpah ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ
njspthfj; njupe;jJ. Vg;uy; 1942 ,y;> gpupl;ld; ru; ];lh/Nghu;L
fpupg;i] ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gpaJ. NghUf;Fg; gpwF> NguuR kw;Wk;
fhkd;nty;j;ij tpl;L ntspNaWk; cupikAld; KOikahd
nlhkpdpad; me;j];Jf;fhd midj;J khfhzq;fSf;Fk; mtu; xU
tha;g;ig toq;fpdhu;. ,e;jpahTld; Nru tpUk;ghj ve;j khfhzKk;
Rje;jpu ehlhf khwyhk; vd;Wk; fpupg;]; gupe;Jiuj;jhu;. Nghu;
,e;jpahit neUq;Fk; NghJ (rpq;fg;G+u; 15 gpg;utup 1942 md;W
tPo;e;jJ> uq;$d; khu;r; 8 md;W kw;Wk; me;jkhd; jPTfs; khu;r; 23
md;W)> Mq;fpNyau;fs; filrpahf ,e;jpahtpd; nghJf; fUj;ij
ntd;nwLf;f rpy Kaw;rpfisnra;a Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ.
brk;gu; 1941 ,y;> th\pq;ldpy; ru;rr
; pYldhd jdJ Ngr;Rf;fspy;
,e;jpa murpay; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpa jiyg;ig &];nty;l;
vOg;gpdhu;. [dtup 2 md;W> rg;U kw;Wk; n[afu; Nghd;w ,e;jpa
jhuhsthj jiytu;fs; cldb nlhkpdpad; me;j];J kw;Wk;
it];uhapd; epu;thfj;ij Njrpa murhq;fkhf tpupthf;fk; nra;a
Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jdu;.

199
[g;ghd; ,e;jpahit jhf;Fk; Mgj;J ,Ue;j fhuzj;jpdhy;
,e;jpau;fspd; xj;Jiog;Gk;> $l;L Kaw;rpAk; muRf;F
Njitg;gl;lJ. vdNt Nghu; Kaw;rpfspy; ,e;jpahit <Lgl
itg;gjw;fhf murpay; uPjpahf jilahf cs;s gpur;ridfis
rupnra;a Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij Mq;fpy muR czu;e;J
nfhz;lJ. ,e;jpau;fspd; Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd xj;Jiog;ig cldbahf
ngw Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W mnkupf;f FbauRj;
jiytu; &];nty;lL
; k; tw;GWj;jpdhu;.Ner ehLfspd; rhu;gpy; Nghupy;
<Lgl;bUe;j ehLfspy; xd;whd Njrpa rPdhtpd; jiytu; rpahq;Nf
Nrf;> fhe;jp> NeU Nghd;w jiytu;fis re;jpj;J Ngr;Rthu;j;ij
elj;jpdhu; .,e;jpau;fspd; murpay; Nfhupf;iffs; cldbahf
jPu;f;fg;gl eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W muRf;F
Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhu;. ,e;jpahitg; gw;wpa Mq;fpNyaupd;
nfhs;ifapy; mbg;gil khw;wk; Njit vd;W typAWj;jpatu;
mg;Nghija Nghu;f;fhy mikr;ruitapy; ,lk;ngw;w ml;yp Mthu;.
muRf;F mtu; mspj;j Nahridapd; mbg;gilapNyNa fpupg;];
J}Jf;FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

1942 khu;r; 22Mk; Njjp jdJ jpl;lq;fSld; nly;yp te;J

Nru;e;jhu; ];lh/Nghu;l; fpupg;];. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s midj;J
jug;gpdUlDk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jpdhu;. itrpuha; ypd;ypj;Njh
gpuG kw;Wk; fhq;fpu]; rhu;gpy; [tfu;yhy; NeU >K];ypk; yPf;fpd;
rhu;gpy; Kfkjyp [pd;dh> gpd;jq;fpa cWg;gpdu;fspd; rhu;gpy;
lhf;lu; mk;Ngj;fu;> ,e;J kfh rigapd; rhu;gpy; rtu;ff
; u; >ypguy;
fl;rpapd; rhu;gpy; b.gp.rhg;U MfpNahu;fis re;jpj;J Ngrpdhu;. jhd;
elj;jpa Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; Vw;fdNt nfhz;L
te;j jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk; 1942 khu;r; 30 ,y; jdJ
Vw;ghLfis mwptpj;jhu;. ,JNt fpupg;]; Vw;ghLfs; vdg;gLfpwJ.

fpupg;]; Vw;ghLfs;

• Nghu; Kbe;jTld; ,e;jpahTf;F gpupl;b\; fhkd;nty;j;jpy;

,Ue;J gpupe;J nry;yf;$ba mjpfhuj;NjhL $ba nlhkpdpad;
me;j];J toq;fg;gLk;

200
• Nghu; Kbe;j clNdNa ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lj;ij
tiutjw;fhd murpayikg;G rl;l kd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;

• ,e;jpa murpay; epu;za rigapy; rigapy; ,e;jpahtpy;

,Ue;Jk; RNjr rk];jhdq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; gpujpepjpfs;
,lk;ngWthu;fs;

• gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa cWg;gpdu;fs; khfhz rl;lkd;w

Nguitfspdhy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLthu;fs;

• RNjr rk];jhd gpujpepjpfs; rk];jhd kd;du;fshy;

epakpf;fg;gLthu;fs;

• murpay; epu;za rig ,aw;wpa murpay; rl;lj;ij gpupl;b\;

ghuhSkd;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L me;j mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpahTld;
cld;gbf;if Vw;ghL gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; nra;J nfhs;Sk;

• Gjpa murpay; rl;lj;ij xg;Gf;nfhs;sj; jahuhf ,y;yhj

,e;jpa khepyk; khw;wk; vJTk; ,y;yhky; ,g;NghJ
eilKiwapy; cs;sJ Nghd;W njhlu;e;J nray;glyhk;

• murpay; epu;za rigapd; Gjpa murpay; rl;lj;ij Vw;gJk;

Vw;f kWg;gJk; RNjr kd;du;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F tplg;gLk;.
mJNghyNt ,e;jpahTldhtJ mJ tpUk;Gfpw ve;j khepy
muRld; MtJ my;yJ vjDlDk; Nruhky; ,Ug;gJk;
mtu;fspd; Nkyhd tpUg;gj;jpw;F tplg;gLk;

• rpWghd;ikapdu; gpur;rpidia gw;wp tpthjpf;fg;gLk;

• mjpfhu khw;wk; gw;wpa gpur;rpidfs; midj;Jk; ,e;jpa

murpay; epu;za rigf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa
Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jpajd; tpisthf Vw;gLk; cld;gbf;if
%ykhf jPu;f;fg;gLk;

• jw;NghJ cs;s murpay; rl;lj;jpy; khWjy;fs; vJTk;

nra;ag;gl khl;lhJ

201
• Gjpa murpayikg;G rl;lk; jahupf;fg;gLk; tiu uhZt
eltbf;iffs; ghJfhg;G Mfpaitfis Mq;fpy muir
njhlu;e;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

,e;jpahtpYs;s rigfspYk;> fhknty;j; rigapYk; ,e;jpahtpd;

Kf;fpa gpuptpdupd; jiytu;fs; Neubahf fye;J nfhs;syhk;.
fpupg;rpd; “ tpiue;J %o;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; tq;fpapd; ngaupy; gpd;
Njjpapl;L toq;fg;gl;l fhNrhiy” vd;W tu;zpj;jhu; kfhj;khfhe;jp.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

5. Ngu;y; JiwKfj;ij [g;ghd; vg;NghJ jhf;fpaJ?

6. ru; ];lh/Nghu;l; fpupg;]{f;Fk; fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fSf;Fk;

,ilNa ele;j Ngr;Rthu;j;ij Vd; Njhy;tpaile;jJ?

13.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk;

tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;

1. Kjy; tl;lNki[ khehl;by; gq;Nfw;w K];ypk; gpujpepjpfs;

nksyhdh K`k;kJ myp n[s`u;> Fitl;-,-Mrk;> ru;
K`k;kJ \/gp> ru; Mfh fhd; kw;Wk; nksytp /g];y;-,-
`f;.
2. %d;whtJ tl;l Nkir khehL 1932 etk;gu; 17 md;W
njhlq;fpaJ.
3. G+dh xg;ge;jk; 1932 gp.Mu;. mk;Ngj;fu; kw;Wk; vk;.Nf. fhe;jp
jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdupd; murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Fwpj;J
nra;ag;gl;ljhFk;.
4. gpupl;b\; gpujku; uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;l; tFg;Gthupj;jPu;it
mwptpj;jhu;.
5. [g;ghd; brk;gu; 1941 ,y; Ngu;y; JiwKfj;ijj; jhf;fpaJ.
6. KO Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf nlhkpdpad; me;j];J
toq;Ftij fhq;fpu]; vjpu;j;jjhy;> fpupg;]; kw;Wk; fhq;fpu];
jiytu;fSf;F ,ilNaahd Ngr;Rthu;j;ij Njhy;tpaile;jJ.

202
13.7 RUf;fk;

• tl;lNki[ khehLfs; ,e;jpa r%fj;jpy; cs;s gpsit

ntspr;rj;jpw;F nfhz;L te;jd.

• tl;l Nkir khehl;bd; Kjy; mku;T etk;gu; 12> 1930 md;W

yz;ldpy; njhlq;fpaJ.fhq;fpui]j; jtpu midj;Jf;
fl;rpfSk; ,jpy; fye;J nfhz;ld.

• Kjyhk; tl;l Nki[ khehl;by; tUq;fhy ,e;jpa murhq;fk;

gw;wp ePz;l tpthjq;fs; eilngw;W %d;W Kf;fpa KbTfs;
vLf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G gw;wpa Kf;fpa KbT
vLf;fg;gl;lJ.

• Mq;fpy muRf;F rkkhf ,e;jpah jpfo Ntz;Lk; vd;W

kf;fs; epidg;gjhy; nlhkpdpad; me;j];ij ,e;jpah ngw
cldbahf Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
vy;NyhuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

• tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gw;wp ve;j KbTk;

vLf;fg;gltpy;iy. 1931 [_iy khjk; khehL KbT ngw;wJ.

• tl;lNki[ khehl;bd; KbTfis fhq;fpu]; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;stpy;iy. NkYk; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ijj; njhlu;e;J
elj;Jtnjd KbT nra;jJ

• ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; NkYk;

Kd;Ndw;wk; fhz Ntz;Lkhdhy;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
KO xj;Jiog;Gk; MjuTk; Njitg;gLk; vd;gij gpupl;b\;
murhq;fk; czu;e;jJ. vdNt> it];uha; ,u;tpd; gpuG
fhe;jpia Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;F mioj;jhu;.

• 1931 gpg;utup 17 ,y; ,Ue;J khu;r; 5 tiu ele;j re;jpg;G

tpisthf fhe;jpf;Fk; ,u;tpDf;Fk; ,ilNa cld;ghL
Vw;gl;lJ mJNt fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

203
• fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jk; gu];gu ek;gpf;ifapd; kPJ
nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l rkhjhd cld;ghL MFk; Kjd;Kiwahf
Mq;fpNya murhq;fk; fhq;fpuir jdf;F rkkhf kjpj;J
fhq;fpu]; gpujpepjpahd fhe;jpAld; nra;Jnfhz;l rkurk;
cld;gbf;ifahFk;.

• khehl;bd; ,uz;lhtJ mku;T 7 nrg;lk;gu; 1931 ,y; yz;ldpy;

njhlq;fpaJ. ,e;j ,uz;lhtJ tl;l Nkir khehl;by;
,e;jpahtpd; tUq;fhy murpay; rl;likg;Gk; rpWghd;ikapdupd;
tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;JtKk; gpujhdkhf tpthjpf;fg;gl;ld

• jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F jdpj;njhFjp toq;fg;gLk; Mq;fpy murpd;

jpl;lj;ij fhe;jp vjpu;j;jhu;. mg;gb toq;fg;gl;lhy; jPz;lhik
epue;jukhf;fg;gl;LtpLk; vd;W fUjpa fhe;jp jpl;lj;ij mbNahL
vjpu;j;jhu;

• jdJ Kaw;rpapy; Njhy;tp mile;j fhe;jpapd; Njhy;tpia

Vw;Wf;nfhz;L ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhu;. rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;
kPz;Lk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpNyau; mij fLikahf xLf;f
Kaw;rp vLj;jdu;.

• fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;L vuthlh rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;.

• gpupl;b\; gpujku; uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;l; jdJ tFg;Gthup jPu;it

1932 Mf];l; 17Mk; ehs; mwptpj;jhu;. tFg;Gthup gpuptpd;gb
K];ypk;fs;> ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s INuhg;gpau;fs;> rPf;fpau;fs;
MfpNahUf;F jdpj; njhFjpfs; xJf;fg;gLk;.

• ,e;j tFg;Gthupj; jPu;T kf;fspilNa gpupit Vw;gLj;jf;$baJ

vd;W midtUk; fUjpdu;. rkak;> tFg;G> ,lk;> njhopy;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gpupf;fg;gl;lhy; ,e;jpahtpd;
xUikg;ghLk;> xw;WikAk; rPu;Fiye;J tpLk; vd fhq;fpu];
fUjpaJ.

• uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;bd; tFg;g;thwpj; Nju;itfz;L fhe;jpabfs;

mjpu;r;rpAk; NtjidAk; mile;jhu;.

204
• gpupl;b\; gpujkUf;F mtu; vOjpa fbjj;jpy;
jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F jdpg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nfhLf;Fk; Kbit
khw;whtpl;lhy; jhd; rhFk; tiu cz;zhtpujj;ij
Jtf;fg;Nghtjhf fbjk; vOjpdhu;

• G+dh xg;ge;jk; 1932 nrg;lk;gu; 26Mk; ehs; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;nfd jdpj; njhFjpfs; ,Uf;fhJ.

• gpw ,e;Jf;fisg; NghyNt nghJj; njhFjpfspy;

thf;fspg;ghu;fs;

• nghJj; njhFjpfspy; jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;nfd Fwpg;gpl;l

,lq;fs; xJf;fg;gLk;

• %d;whtJ tl;l Nki[ khehL 1932 etk;gu; 17,y; ,Ue;J

brk;gu; 24tiu eilngw;wJ. mk;khehl;bw;F 46
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpupl;b\; murhq;f tpRthrpfs; kl;LNk
gpujpepjpfshf miof;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;

• nts;is mwpf;if jahupf;fg;gl;L 1933 khu;r; khjk; gpupl;b\;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.me;j nts;is
mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJjhd; 1935
,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lkhFk;.

• %d;W tl;lNki[ khehLfspd; tpisthfg; Gjpa

murpayikg;Gf;fhd mbj;jsk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.khehl;L
KbTfis cs;slf;fpa nts;is mwpf;if gpupl;b\;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• me;j mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; kNrhjh jahupf;fg;gl;L 1935

Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lkhf epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

• 1940 Mz;L ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupy; ,q;fpyhe;J kpfTk;

Nrhjidahd fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.

• vdNt ,e;jpau;fspd; Mjuitf; ngWk; nghUl;L 1940 Mf];L

8 Mk; ehs; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if gw;wp mwptpj;jhu;

205
 it];uha; gpuG.mJNt Mf];l; mwptpg;G vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

• Nghu;f;fhy neUf;fbia kdjpy; nfhz;l kfhj;kh fhe;jp

kf;fs; ,af;fj;jpw;F gjpyhf jdpegu; rj;jpahf;fpufj;ij
Jtf;FtJ vd jPu;khdpj;jhu;.

• Kjy;jdpegu; rj;jpahfpufpahf Mr;rhu;ah tpNdhghghNt

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1940mf;Nlhgu; 17Mk; ehs; Nghiu
vjpu;j;J gpur;rhuk; nra;J rj;jpahfpufj;ij Jtf;fpdhu;

• 1942 khu;r; 22Mk; Njjp jdJ jpl;lq;fSld; nly;yp te;J

Nru;e;jhu; ];lh/Nghu;l; fpupg;];. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s midj;J
jug;gpdUlDk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jpdhu;.

• jhd; elj;jpa Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; Vw;fdNt

nfhz;L te;j jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk; 1942 khu;r; 30 ,y;
jdJ Vw;ghLfis mwptpj;jhu;. ,JNt fpupg;]; Vw;ghLfs;
vdg;gLfpwJ.

13.8 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

rpWghd;ikapdu;: ,J xU fyhr;rhu uPjpahf my;yJ ,d uPjpahf

NtWgl;l FOthf cs;sJ.

jypj;: ,J 'jPz;lj;jfhjtu;fs;' vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;

,e;jpahtpd; kpff; Fiwe;j rhjpiar; Nru;e;jtu;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

fhkd;nty;j;: ,J gpupl;b\; Nguurpd; midj;J Kd;dhs;

gpuNjrq;fSk; nfhz;l 54 cWg;G ehLfspd; murpay; rq;fkhFk;.

13.9 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jk; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOJ.

2. ,uz;lhk; tl;lNki[ khehL Njhy;tpaile;jjw;F vd;d
fhuzk;?

206
3. jPz;lj;jfhjtu;fSf;F jdpj; njhFjpfs; toq;fg;gLtij fhe;jp
Vd; vjpu;j;jhu;?

4. Mf];l; rYifapy; xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOJ.

neLtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. %d;W tl;l Nkir khehLfspd; KbTfis Muha;f

2. G+dh xg;ge;jj;jpd; fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; tpisTfis tpupthf
tpthjp.
3. ru; ];lh/Nghu;l; fpupg;]; Kd;itj;j Vw;ghLfis tpsf;Ff.

13.10 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

1. ,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010

2. f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018

3. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.

G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk;
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id > 2010

4. ,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016

5. [t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij>

miyfs; ntspaPll
; fk;> nrd;id> 2013

207
 myF - 14

nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;- ,e;jpa Njrpa

uhZtk; - mikr;ruit gzp jpl;lk;- Neub eltbf;if
ehs; - kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; - ,e;jpag; gpuptpid
fl;likg;G

14.0 mwpKfk;
14.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
14.2 nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;
14.3 ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk;
14.4 mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO
14.4.1 Neub eltbf;if ehs;
14.5 kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;
14.6 ,e;jpag; gpuptpid
14.7 Kf;fpa MSikfs;
14.8 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;
14.9 RUf;fk;
14.10 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;
14.11 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
14.12 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

14.0 mwpKfk;

fpupg;]; jpl;lk; kPjhd mjpUg;jpahy; nts;isaNd ntspNaW

,af;fk; Mf];l; 1942 ,y; njhlq;fpaJ..,af;fk; td;Kiwahf
khwpajhy; gy jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. Rgh\; re;jpu
Ngh]; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpd; gq;fspg;G gw;wp
tpthjpf;fhky; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; gw;wpa Gupjy;
KOikailahJ. ,e;j gpupT ,e;jpahit mjd; Rje;jpuj;ij
Nehf;fp efu;j;jpa Kf;fpa epfo;Tfis tpthjpf;Fk;. gpupl;b\;
mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FO epWTjy; kw;Wk; kTz;l;Ngl;ld;
gpuGthy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l jpl;lk; Nghd;w epfo;Tfs; mlq;Fk;.

208
,e;jpag; gpuptpid kw;Wk; mjDld; ele;j ,dthjf; nfhiyfs;
Fwpj;Jk; tpthjpf;fg;gLk;.

14.1 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

• nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpj;jy;
• Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpd;
gq;fspg;ig tpsf;Fjy;
• gpupl;b\; mikr;ruit J}Jf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiufisg; Gupe;J
nfhs;jy;
• kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpag; gpuptpid gw;wp tpupthf
tpthjpj;jy;

14.2 nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;

fpupg;]; Kd;nkhopT NeU kw;Wk; fhq;fpu]hy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ>

mjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,e;jpahtpy; KbntLf;Fk; KO mjpfhuk;
,e;jpau;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk; KOikahd mikr;ruit murhq;fj;ijf;
NfhupaJ. khfhzq;fspd; Rje;jpuk; vd;w fUj;J kj;jpa Ml;rpAld;
tYthd kw;Wk; xd;Wgl;l ,e;jpahit cUthf;Fk; fhq;fpu]pd;
Nehf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ. ,e;jf; Nfhupf;iffis gpupl;b\; muR
epuhfupj;jJ. [g;ghd; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ
gilnaLj;j $ba mghak; ,Ue;jJ mg;gb xU epiy Vw;gl;lhy;
gpupl;ld; ,e;jpahitf; fhg;ghw;Wk; vd;gjw;F vt;tpj cj;juthjKk;
,y;iy. Mq;fpNyau; ehl;il tpl;Lr; nrd;why; ,e;jpahit
jhf;Ftjw;fhf fhuzk; ,Uf;fhJ vd;W fUjpa kfhj;kh fhe;jp
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ijj; Jtf;fpdhu;.

,af;fj;jpw;fhd R+o;epiyfs;

,af;fk; ntbj;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

fpupg;]; J}Jf;FOthy; ,e;jpau;fSf;F Vkhw;wNk Vw;gl;lJ.mJ

mnkupf;fu;fisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mDg;gg;gl;l mikg;G

209
vd;W ,e;jpau;fs; ek;gpdu; fpupg;]; J}Jf;FOtpd; Njhy;tpia
mLj;J murhq;fk; ,e;jpa jiytu;fSf;F jpUg;jp mspf;f $ba
jPu;it toq;Fk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; mg;gb vJTk;
epfotpy;iy. ,e;jpah xU ehlhf ,y;yhikahy; ahuplk;
mjpfhuj;ij nfhLg;gJ vd;W njupatpy;iy vd;w gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;jpd; epiy fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fis NkYk;
Nfhgg;gLj;jpaJ. [g;ghdpa Mf;fpukpg;gpd; tpisthf ,yq;if>
rpq;fg;G+u;> kNyrpah Mfpa ehLfspy; ,Ue;J gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd
,e;jpa mfjpfs; Fbngau;e;jdu;. mJNghy Mq;fpNyau;fSk; jg;gp
te;jdu;. Mdhy; Mgj;J Fiwe;j gFjp Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F gpupj;J
nfhLf;fg;gl;lijf; fz;l fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs; nfhjpj;njOe;jdu;.

mu;j;jkw;w Nghupd; kPJ NfhgKk; tpNuhjKk; ,Ue;jJ> Fwpg;ghf

gu;kpag; Nghupy; fhakile;j Mapuf;fzf;fhd tPuu;fs;
jpUk;gpaNghJ midtUk; NtjidAw;wdu;.czT jhdpaq;fspd;
tpiyfs; cau;e;jd; muprp kw;Wk; cg;G jl;Lg;ghLk; ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpahtpy; epWj;jg;gl;Ls;s ngUk;ghyhd gpupl;b\;> mnkupf;f

kw;Wk; M];jpNuypa tPuu;fs; ,e;jpau;fis Nkhrkhf elj;jpdhu;fs;;
mtu;fspy; gyu; ,e;jpa ngz;fis fw;gopj;jdu;. tq;fhsk; kw;Wk;
mrhkpy; rhjhuz kdpju;fspd; glFfs; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;ld

tq;fhsj;jpYk; m];]hkpYk; [g;ghdpau;fspd; jhf;Fjypd; mr;rk;

fhuzkhf mopf;fg;gl;lJ. fhe;jp `up[dpy; vOjpdhu;> „fpof;F
tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s kf;fSf;F glFfs; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ>
Kf;fpa cWg;Gfis ntl;LtJ Nghd;wJ‟ (3 Nk 1942).

czT jhdpaq;fspd; neUf;fbapd; NghJ> ,e;jpar; re;ijfs;

fWg;Gr; re;ijahsu;fs; kw;Wk; yhgk; <l;Lgtu;fshy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,J Fwpg;ghf fpof;F ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
Viofis kpfTk; ghjpj;jJ.

Aj;jk; rpy tu;j;jfu;fisAk; Kjyhspj;Jt nry;te;ju;fisAk;

Mf;fpaJ> Mdhy; gdpahf;fs; kw;Wk; khu;thupfspd; ngUk;
gFjpapdu; kyhah kw;Wk; gu;khtpy; 1942 Mk; Mz;bd;
eLg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,og;Gfis re;jpf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;. fhq;fpu];

210
fhupaf; fkpl;bapy; ,Ue;j Kjyhspj;Jtf; $WghL mijf;
ftdpj;jJ.

njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspy; [g;ghdpau;fspd; ntw;wpf; fij

INuhg;gpau;fspd;> Fwpg;ghf Mq;fpNyau;fspd; Nkd;ikia
epuhfupj;jJ.

rpq;fg;G+u;> kNyah gu;kh Mfpait xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf [g;ghdhy;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;l NghJ [g;ghdpa uhZtk; ,e;jpahTf;Fs;
Eiotjw;fhd mghak; ,Ue;jJ .,e;jpahit ,q;fpyhe;J
fhg;ghw;Wk; vd;w ek;gpf;if ,y;yhj epiyia cUthfpaJ. ,e;j
neUf;fbia rkhspf;f nts;isaid ntspNaw;wp ,e;jpahit
fhg;ghw;wj; Jzpe;jdu; fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs;.

,q;fpyhe;Jf;F neUf;fb nfhLf;Fk; tifapy; [g;ghDf;F MjuT

nfhLj;jhu; Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];. [g;ghNdhL
xj;Jiof;FkhW ,e;jpa kf;fisAk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;. [g;ghdpa
ntw;wp fz;L kf;fs; kfpo;e;jdu;. Mdhy; fhq;fpu]; [g;ghdpa
Mf;fpukpg;G Mjpf;fj;ij tpUk;ghky; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lj;ij newpg;gLj;j vz;zpdu;.

Mdhy; fhe;jp [g;ghDf;F MjuT jUtij tpUk;gtpy;iy.

mtUila $w;Wg;gb [g;ghd; ,e;jpahitj; jhf;fpdhy;
,q;fpyhe;J rpq;fg;G+u; kNyrpah gu;khtpy; nra;jJNghy; vjpu;g;gpd;wp
gzpe;JtpLk;. me;epiyapy; [g;ghdpa uhZtk; Mq;fpy
Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij tpl Nkhrkhf ,Uf;Fk;. khwhf ,q;fpyhe;J
,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNawpdhy; [g;ghd; ,e;jpahit
jhf;Ftjw;fhd fhuzk; vJTk; ,Uf;fhJ. vdNt [g;ghd;
,e;jpahit jhf;Ftjw;F Kd; Mq;fpNyau; ,e;jpahit tpl;L
ntspNaw Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ijg; gw;wp fhe;jp `up[d;
gj;jpupifapy; njhlu;e;J vOjpdhu;. vdNt me;epad; ntspNaw
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj fhe;jpapd; jPu;f;fkhd jPu;khdk; MFk;.

fhe;jpapd; nts;isaNd ntspNaW jPu;khdk; gw;wp

tpthjpg;gjw;fhf fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO 1942 [_iy 14-Mk; Njjp
thu;jhtpy; $baJ. fhe;jpapd; Kbit mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;>

211
[tfu;yhy; NeU> nra;aJ KfkJ> myp Mrg; MfpNahu;
vjpu;j;jdu;. ,Wjpapy; midtUk; fhe;jpapd; jPu;khdj;ij Vw;Wf;
nfhz;ldu;. mj;jPu;khdk; xU rpy khw;wq;fNshL gk;ghapy; Mf];L
7 8 Njjpfspy; $ba mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b fkpl;bahy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.mf;$l;lj;jpy; Ngrpa fhe;jp ehd; cq;fSf;F
rpwpa ke;jpuj;ijr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fpNwd;. nra; my;yJ nrj;Jkb
vd;gJ me;j ke;jpukhFk;. xd;W ehk; ,e;jpahit tpLtpf;fNtz;Lk;
my;yJ me;j Kaw;rpapy; capu; Jwf;f Ntz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; mbik
epiyapy; ,e;jpahit ghu;g;gjw;F ehk; capu; tho $lhJ vd;whu;.

Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nghf;F

fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b $l;lk; 1942 Mf];l; 8 ,uT 10 kzpf;F

KbTw;wJ. Mdhy; mjpfhiyapy; fhe;jpAk; fhq;fpu];
jiytu;fSk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. xU thuj;Jf;Fs; ehL
KOtJk; cs;s Kf;fpa fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fis murhq;fk; ifJ
nra;Jtpl;lJ. mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; rl;ltpNuhjkhd mikg;G
vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. fhq;fpurpypUe;J epjp midj;Jk;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; ntspaPLfs; midj;Jk;
epWj;jg;gl;ld. filfs; milg;G jil nra;ag;gl;lJ. fhq;fpu];
,af;fj;ij gw;wpa nra;jpfis ntspaplf; $lhJ vd
gj;jpupiffs; jil nra;ag;gl;ld. rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;l
khepy murhq;fq;fSf;F KO mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa
mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffs; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ij
Jtf;fj;jpNyNa mlf;fp tplyhk; vd muR KbT nra;jJ. Mdhy;
Mq;fpNya muR mlf;FKiwia ifahz;lij thndhyp
topahfTk;> Mq;fhq;F cs;s mjpfhupfs; topahfTk; Nfs;tpg;gl;L
kf;fs; nfhjpj;njOe;jdu;. kf;fs; jd;dpr;irahf fpsu;rr
; papy;
<Lgl Jtq;fpdu;. mtu;fSf;F njupe;j Kiwfis vy;yhk; kf;fs;
ifahz;L Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLj;jhu;fs;. fhq;fpu]; Copau;fs;
nghJf;$l;lq;fspd; %yk; murhq;fj;jpd; nraiy fz;bj;jhu;fs;.
tpahghupfs; filailg;G nra;jhu;fs;. njhopyhsu;fs;
NtiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldu;. khztu;fs; fy;tpf; $lq;fis
Gwf;fzpj;jdu;. tptrhapfs; tupnfhlhf; fpsu;r;rpiaj; Jtf;fpdu;.

212
gy murhq;f Copau;fs; gjtpfis Jwe;jhu;fs;. Cu;tyq;fs;
Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld .filfs;> rhuha filfs;>
[Tspf;filfs;> ePjpkd;wq;fs;> fhty; epiyaq;fs; Mfpait
kwpay; nra;ag;gl;ld. flNyhug; gFjpfspy; cg;G tup rl;lk;
kPwg;gl;lJ.ePjpkd;wq;fs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
ngz;fSk; ngUthupahf fye;J nfhz;ldu;.

jiytu;fs; vy;yhk; rpiwapy; ,Ue;j fhuzj;jpdhy; fz;fhzpg;Gk;

fl;Lg;ghLk; ,y;yhj kf;fs; $l;lk; td;Kiw nray;fspy; <Lgl
Muk;gpj;jJ. Mf];l; 11 12 Njjpfspy; kl;Lk; by;ypapy;
nghJkf;fs; kPJ elj;jpa Jg;ghf;fpr; R+l;by; 6 Ngu; capupoe;jdu;.
114 Ngu; gLfhakile;jdu;. nghJkf;fspd; td;nray;fs;
NghyPrhupd; Jg;ghf;fpr; R+L ,JNt md;whl epfo;rr
; pfshfpd.
epiyik ehSf;Fehs; fl;Lf;flq;fhky; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jJ.
kf;fSf;F topfhl;l jiytu;fs; ntspapy; ,y;iy. Vnddpy;
ngUk;ghyhNdhu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;bUe;jdu;. NghyP]; mlf;FKiw
njhlu;e;jjhYk;> mtru rl;lq;fis nfhLikahYk;> kf;fspd;
Nfhgk; NkYk; mjpfupj;jJ. fhq;fpu]; nghJ mwptpg;G vJTk;
tpltpy;iy vd;gjhy; jdpg;gl;l njhz;lu;fs; vjpu;g;G
eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl Muk;gpj;jdu;. ,J ntF tpiutpy;
kfj;jhd ,af;fkhf tYtile;jJ. fu;ehlfh Mfpa gFjpfspy;
tptrhapfs; Mq;fpy Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf ufrpa nfhupy;yh
Nghuhl;lj;ij njhlu;e;jdu;. kNdhfu; Nyhfpah> mUzh Mr/g;
myp> n[agpufh\; ehuhaz; MfpNahu; ufrpa Gul;rp ,af;fj;jpd;
Kd;dzpj; jiytuhf tpsq;fpdu;. td;Kiwg; Gul;rp eltbf;iffs;
ehnlq;Fk; gutpd. fLikahd mlf;FKiw Ml;rpia muR
fl;ltpo;j;J tpl;lJ. jbab jhf;Fjy;> Jg;ghf;fpr; R+Lfs;>
$l;lq;$l;lkhf njhz;lu;fis ifJ nra;jy; Mfpait
ele;Njwpd. tprhuiz ,y;yhky; jz;lidfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
,Wjpapy; murhq;fk; Gul;rpia mlf;fpaJ. 1942 etk;gu; khjk;
Kbtjw;Fs; nts;isaNd ntspNaW Gul;rp mlq;fpaJ.

213
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

kw;w Nghuhl;lq;fis Nghy; ,e;j Nghuhl;lKk; mfpk;ir topapy;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd fhe;jp tpUk;gpdhu;. Mdhy; jiytu;fs; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;l fhuzj;jhy; Nghuhl;lq;fs; td;Kiw ghijf;F
jpUk;gpd. mjd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis gpd;tUkhW $wyhk;;

jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l fhuzj;jpdhy; nts;isaNd

ntspNaW ,af;fk; jiyikaw;wNghuhl;lkhf khwpaJ. gk;gha;
fhq;fpu]; $l;lk; Kbe;j kWehNs jiytu;fs; midtUk; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;L tpl;ldu;. nray;jpl;lj;ij gw;wp kf;fSf;Fk; xU
njsptpy;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; kf;fs; td;Kiw ghijapy;
<Lgl;ldu;. Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fSf;F njspthd jpl;lk; vJTk;
nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. NeU nfhLj;j jpl;lq;fs; If;fpa
khfhzj;Jf;F kl;LNk nghUe;Jtjhf ,Ue;jJ .Nghuhl;lj;ij
nfhLg;gjw;F Kd; fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;L tpl;lhu;. xt;nthU
,lq;fspYk; eilngw;w Gul;rpfspd; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; gw;wp fhq;fpu];
njhz;lu;fs; KOtJk; mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. fl;Lg;ghL ,y;yhjjhy;
xt;nthU khepyKk; mij jd; Nghf;fpy; Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;jpaJ.
xU gFjpapy; elg;gJ kW gFjpf;F njupahky; Ngha;tpl;lJ.
,jdhy; ,af;fk; tYtpoe;jJ.

Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fspilNa nra;jp Nghf;Ftuj;J ,y;iy.

fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; efuq;fSf;Fk; ufrpakhf nra;jpfis mDg;g
Kbatpy;iy. `pe;J K];ypk;fspilNa gjl;l epiy Vw;gl;lNghJ
Jtq;fg;gl;l Mrhj; K];ypk; thndhyp ,af;fj;ij elj;j
gad;gltpy;iy nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; fhq;fpu];
,af;fkhfNt fUjg;gl;lJ. Njrpa ,af;fkhf fUjg;gltpy;iy.
KfkJ myp [pd;dh K];ypk;fis Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;Jnfhs;s
Ntz;lhk; vd Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. ,e;J kfhrigAk;
mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Mu;tk; fhl;ltpy;iy. Ner ehLfs; gf;fk;
Nru;e;jjhy; ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];Lfs; murhq;fj;ij Mjupj;jdu;.
vdNt Mu;v];l; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F midj;J mikg;Gfspd; MjuT
fpilf;ftpy;iy. nghUs; trjpapd;ikAk; Njhy;tpaila fhuzk;
MdJ. gzk; gilj;jtu;fs; gy fhuzq;fspdhy; nghUs; cjtp

214
nra;a Kd;tutpy;iy. MAj gyKk; nghUs; trjpAk; ngw;w
Mq;fpy Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij vjpu;j;Jg;NghuhLtjw;F Njitahd
nghUs; trjp Gul;rpahsu; ,lk; ,y;iy. Mq;fpNya murhq;fk;
Nghuhl;lj;ij Jtf;f mtfhrk; mspf;Fk; vd;Wk; >Nghuhl;lj;ij
xLf;f Kd; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;shJ vd;Wk; ek;gpdhu;
fhe;jp. fhe;jpabfspd; ek;gpf;if ngha;ahdJ. rpahq;Nf N\f;>
&];nty;l; Nghd;Nwhu; ,e;jpahTf;F Jizahf ,Ug;ghu;fs; vd;W
vjpu;ghu;j;jhu;. Mdhy; mtu; vjpu;ghu;j;jthW vJTk; elf;ftpy;iy.
murhq;f Copau;fSk; NghyPRk;> uhZtj;jpdUk; murhq;fj;jpw;F
tpRthrkhf ,Ue;jdu;. NghyPRk;> uhZtKk; ,ize;J epd;W
Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;fpdu;. fpsu;rr
; pia xLf;f epu;thf ,ae;jpuk;>
NghyP];. uhZtk; midj;ijAk; muR KLf;fp tpl;lJ.fpsu;rr
; pia
mlf;f mJ ve;j KiwiaAk; ifahs jaq;ftpy;iy.
murhq;fj;jpd; mlf;FKiwf;F Kd;dhy; jiyikAk; jf;f
jpl;lKk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;
tPo;rr
; pAw;wJ.

Gul;rpapd; rpwg;Gfs;

,e;jpa tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; vg;NghJk; ,y;yhj mstpw;F

ngz;fSk; gq;Nfw;wdu;. mUzh Mrg; myp RNyhr;rdh fpUghspdp
Nghd;w ngz;fSk; gs;sp fy;Y}up khztpfSk; fye;J nfhz;ldu;>
Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; kPJ ,e;jpah nfhz;bUe;j rPw;wj;ijAk; Rje;jpuk;
mila ehL nfhz;bUe;j cWjpiaAk; ,e;j Gul;rpia cyfpw;F
njspthf czu;j;jpaJ. ,e;j kf;fs; rf;jpf;F Kd;G ,dp Mq;fpy
muR mjpf ehl;fs; <L nfhLf;f KbahJ vd;gJ cWjp
nra;ag;gl;lJ. [kPd;jhu;fSk; epyr;Rthd;jhu;fSk; ,e;j
,af;fj;jpw;F cjtpdu;. murhq;f mYtyu;fs; Fwpg;ghf fPo;epiy
Copau;fs; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F kiwKfkhf cjtp nra;jdu; .kf;fs;
Rje;jpuk; ngw jq;fspd; cupikia epiyehl;bf; nfhs;s
jpahfq;fisAk; Jd;gq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; cWjp mtu;fspd;
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; %yk; njupate;jJ. K];ypk;fs; ,e;j ,af;fj;ij
Mjupf;ftpy;iy MapDk; vjpu;f;ftpy;iy. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;ij
jiytu;fs; rpiwapy; ,Ue;jNghJ kf;fs; vOr;rpAld; elj;jpdu;.

215
,e;j Nghuhl;lj;jpd;NghJ ehl;bd; rpy gFjpfspy; ,iz
murhq;fq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghiu fhuzk; fhl;b gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; ,e;j
,af;fj;ij ,Uk;Gf;fuk; nfhz;L mlf;fpaJ. ,e;j ,af;fk; Rgh\;
re;jpuNgh]pd; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; jhf;Fjy; njhlq;f
J}z;LNfhyhf ,Ue;jJ.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

1. „nts;isaNd ntspNaW‟ gpur;rhuk; vg;NghJ njhlq;fg;gl;lJ?
2. nts;isaNd ntspNaW jPu;khdj;ij vjpu;j;j jiytu;fs; ahu;?

14.3 ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk;

Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpuNgh];

Nejh[p vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jtu;. mtu; Mrhj; `pe;j;
/ngs[; (,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk;) epWtdu; Mthu;. ,e;jpahtpy;
Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpia KbTf;F nfhz;LtUtNj ,e;j uhZtj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.1897Mk; Mz;L [dtup 23Mk; Njjp xuprh
khepyk; fl;lhf;fpy; gpwe;jhu;. mtuJ je;ij xU tof;fwpQu; kw;Wk;
mtuJ jhahu; xU rka ek;gpf;ifAila ngz; Mthu;. rpWtaJ
KjNy Njrgf;jp nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mtu; gpurpnld;rp fy;Y}upapy;
,Ue;jNghJ> Nguhrpupau; Xld; ,e;jpahTf;F vjpuhd rpy
fUj;Jf;fis njuptpj;jhu;. ,jdhy; Nfhgkile;j Ngh]; jdJ
Nguhrpupaiu jhf;fpdhu;. ,e;j nraYf;fhf mtu; fy;Y}upapy;
,Ue;J ePf;fg;gl;lhu;. gs;spapYk; fy;Y}upapYk; rpwe;j khztuhf
,Ue;jhu;. 1911 ,y;> fy;fj;jh khfhzj;jpy; nkl;upFNy\d; Nju;tpy;
Kjyplk; ngw;whu;. Kjy; tFg;gpy; jj;Jtj;jpy; gl;lg;gbg;ig
Kbj;jhu;. 1919 ,y;> mtu; jdJ je;ijahy; ,e;jpa rptpy; ru;tPr];
Nju;tpy;gq;Nfw;f ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. ,e;jj; Nju;tpy;
ehd;fhk; ,lk; ngw;whu; Nejh[p. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiyf;Fg;
gpwF> mtu; jdJ rptpy; ru;tPr]; gapw;rpia tpl;Ltpl;L 1921 ,y;
,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhu;. jpUk;gp te;j gpwF> mtu; ,e;jpa Njrpa

216
fhq;fpu]py; cWg;gpduhdhu;. Nj\;ge;J rpj;juQ;rd; jh]pd; fPo;
gzpahw;w kfhj;kh fhe;jp mtUf;F mwpTWj;jpdhu;.

gpd;du;> jh]; mtuJ „murpay; FU‟ Mdhu;. 1928 ,y;> kfhj;kh

fhe;jp xU jPu;khdj;ij Kd;nkhope;jhu;> mjpy; mtu; ,uz;L
Mz;LfSf;Fs; ,e;jpahTf;F nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mq;fpNyauplk; Nfhupdhu;. ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;Fs;
Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,e;jf; Nfhupf;ifia epiwNtw;wj; jtwpdhy;> G+uz
Rauh[;aj;Jf;fhfg; Nghuhl midj;J ,e;jpau;fSf;Fk; fhq;fpu];
miog;G tpLf;Fk; vd;Wk; mtu; jPu;khdj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F fhe;jp[p toq;fpa fhyfl;lj;ij Ngh]; kw;Wk;
NeU vjpu;j;jdu;. gpd;du;> mtu; fhyj;ij xU tUlkhf Fiwj;jhu;.
NeU Gjpa jPu;khdj;jpw;F thf;fspj;jhu;> Mdhy; Ngh]; ,e;jj;
jPu;khdj;jpw;F thf;fspf;f kWj;Jtpl;lhu;.

1930 ,y;> rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ Ngh]; ifJ

nra;ag;gl;lhu;. fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> mtu; rpiwapy;
,Ue;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; xg;ge;jj;ijAk; ,af;fj;ij
jpUk;gg; ngWtijAk; vjpu;j;jhu;. gpd; mtu; kPz;Lk; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. cly;eyf;FiwT fhuzkhf> Xuhz;Lf;Fg; gpwF
rpiwapy; ,Ue;J ntspNa te;jhu;. mtu; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
ntspNaw;wg;gl;L INuhg;ghtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. ,U ehLfSf;Fk;
,ilNa murpay;-fyhr;rhu njhlu;Gfis Nkk;gLj;j INuhg;ghtpy;
rpy ikaq;fisj; jpwf;f mtu; Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. rpwpJ
fhyk; fopj;J> mtu; ,e;jpahTf;Fs; Eioe;jhu;> jilia kPwpa
fhuzj;jpw;fhf kPz;Lk; xU tUlk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. 1937-y;
fhq;fpu]; VO khepyq;fspy; Ml;rpf;F te;j NghJ mtu; rpiwapy;
,Ue;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

1938y; `upGuh fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd; jiytuhdhu;. mNj Mz;by;>

mtu; xU jpl;lf;FOit epWtpdhu;. mtuJ gjtpf;fhyk;
Kbe;jJk;> jpupGup fhq;fpu]; $l;lj; jiytuhdhu;. ,uz;lhk;
cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ> mtu; xU jPu;khdj;ij Kd;nkhope;jhu;>
mjpy; mtu; MW khjq;fSf;Fs; ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyau;fspd;
Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhupdhu;.

217
Mq;fpNyau;fs; mt;thW nra;aj; jtwpdhy; ehl;by; fpsu;r;rp
Vw;gLk; vdTk; mtu; jPu;khdj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,e;j
jPu;khdj;ij rpy fhq;fpu]; cWg;gpdu;fs; vjpu;j;jdu;. ,ijaLj;J>
jiytu; gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;J ghu;tu;L gpshf; vd;w
mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhu;. ,jw;Fg; gpwF> mtu; ,e;jpahtpy; xU
ntF[d ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhu;> mjw;F Vuhskhd kf;fs;
Mjutspj;jdu;. ,jw;fhf mtu; fy;fj;jhtpy; tPl;Lf; fhtypy;
itf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1941 ,y;> mtu; Mg;fhdp];jhd; topahf
n[u;kdpia mile;jhu;. Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F vjpuhfg; Nghupl
n[u;kdp kw;Wk; [g;ghdpd; cjtpiag; ngw;whu;. tpiutpy;> mtu;
NubNah ngu;ypd; Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpdhu; kw;Wk; mtuJ
xypgug;Gfs; ,e;jpau;fspilNa cw;rhfj;ijj; J}z;bd.

1943y; rpq;fg;G+u; nrd;W Mrhj; `pe;j; /ngs[; vd;w mikg;ig

cUthf;fpdhu;. ,e;j ,uhZtj;jpd; ngUk;ghyhd tPuu;fs; ,e;jpa
Nghu;f; ifjpfs;. Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F vjpuhfg; Nghupl Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nehf;fj;Jld; ,e;jg; gil ,e;jpahTf;Fr; nrd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpw;F nry;Yk; topapy;> me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghu; jPTfis
tpLtpj;jJ. 1944 ,y;> ,e;j ,uhZtj;jpd; jiyikafk;
uq;$Df;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. khu;r; 18> 1944 ,y;> ,uhZtk; gu;kh
vy;iyiaf; fle;J ,e;jpahit mile;jJ. vdpDk;> ,uz;lhk;
cyfg; Nghupy; [g;ghDk; n[u;kdpAk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ld> ,jdhy;
,uhZtj;jhy; mjd; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;w Kbatpy;iy.

rpy Mjhuq;fspd;gb> Mf];l; 18> 1945 md;W ijthdpd; ijNg

(/ghu;Nkhrh) kPJ tpkhd tpgj;jpy; Ngh]; ,we;jhu;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
,e;jf; $w;iw ep&gpf;f ve;j MjhuKk; ,y;iy. ,jdhy;> mtuJ
kuzk; ,d;Dk; ku;kkhfNt cs;sJ.

,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk;

,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; (INA) 1942 ,y; Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]hy;

epWtg;gl;lJ. mtu;fs; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ (1939-
1945) ,e;jpa kz;zpy; ,Ue;J fhydpj;Jt rf;jpfis J}f;fp vwpa
Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;Jld; mr;R ehLfSf;F gf;fgykhf

218
,Ue;jdu;. ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; „Mrhj; `pe;j; /ngs[;‟ vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gl;lJ.

[g;ghdpag; gilfs; 1941 ,y; kyhahtpy; Mq;fpNyau;fisj;

Njhw;fbj;jd. ,e;j rk;gtk; njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpy; trpf;Fk;
,e;jpa kf;fSf;F cj;Ntfk; mspj;jJ. ,e;jpau;fs; xd;W $b
njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpy; ,Ue;J gy rq;fq;fis Vw;ghL nra;jdu;.
gpuPjk; rpq; mj;jifa mikg;gpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu;>
[g;ghdpa mjpfhup Nk[u; G[p`huhTld; Nru;e;J> Nkhfd; rpq;fplk;
ifg;gw;wpa ,e;jpa tPuu;fisf; nfhz;L ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;ij
cUthf;FkhW Nfhupdu;. Kjypy; jaf;fk; fhl;bdhYk;> Nkhfd; rpq;
rk;kjpj;jjhy;> G[p`huh mtuplk; ruzile;j Rkhu; 40>000 ,e;jpa
tPuu;fis xg;gilj;jhu;. ,J ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk;
cUthtjw;F top tFj;jJ. rpq;fg;G+u;> gpg;utup 1942 ,y;
[g;ghdpauplk; ruzile;jJ. mg;NghJ [g;ghdpy; trpf;Fk; Gul;rpfu
Mu;tyu; uh\; gp`hup Ngh];> [g;ghdpy; thOk; Rje;jpu ,e;jpau;fs;
vd;w rq;fj;ij Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. [_d; 15> 1942 ,y; ghq;fhf;fpy;
xU khehL eilngw;wJ> mq;F xU Njrpa ,e;jpa ,uhZtk;
mikf;fg;gLk; vd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. Ie;J Ngu; nfhz;l
nraw;FO mikf;fg;gl;L mjd; jiytuhf uh\; gp`hup Ngh];
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; cUthf;fk; Kiwahf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,jw;fpilapy;> Rgh]; re;jpu Ngh]; 17 [dtup 1941 md;W

fy;fj;jhit tpl;L ntspNawp Mg;fhdp];jhd; topahfg; gazk;
nra;J n[u;kdpf;F te;jhu;. ngu;ypdpy;> mtu; ehLfle;j ,e;jpa
murhq;fj;ij Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. NkYk; n[u;kdpf;F Mjuit
toq;fpdhu;. mtu; jdJ Nehf;fq;fisAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk;
ngu;ypd; thndhyp %yk; xypgug;gj; njhlq;fpdhu;. njhlu;ig
Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. Ngh];> mNlhy;/g; `pl;yUlDk;> [g;ghDlDk;
njhlu;G nfhz;lhu;> ,e;jpahtpy; kpfg;ngupa cw;rhfk;
fpsu;e;njOe;jJ. n[u;kdpapy; cs;s ,e;jpau;fs; mtUf;F
'Nejh[p' vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdu;> ,e;j Neuj;jpy; 'n[a;-`pe;j;'
vd;w Kof;fk; ,q;F njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

219
[_d; 1943 ,y; Nlhf;fpNahTf;F te;j Ngh];> [g;ghdpag; gpujk
ke;jpup `pNlfp NlhN[hthy; (1941-44) md;Gld; tuNtw;f;fg;gl;lhu;.
[g;ghd; ,e;jpahTf;F cjtp nra;jJ. 1943 Mk; Mz;L [_iy 2
Mk; Njjp Nghi] rpq;fg;G+u; te;jile;jNghJ ngUk; $l;lk;
rpq;fg;G+upy; jpuz;lJ. [_iy 4 Mk; Njjp uh\; gp`hup Ngh];
uh[pdhkh nra;jhu;. NkYk; Ngh]; fpof;F Mrpahtpy; ,e;jpa
Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Mf];l; 25
md;W> Ngh]; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpd; jiyikg; nghWg;ig
Vw;whu;. 1943 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; 21 Mk; Njjp> Mrhj; `pe;jpd;
jw;fhypf murhq;fj;ij mikg;gjhf mwptpj;jhu;> 23 Mk; Njjp
gpupl;ld; kw;Wk; mnkupf;fh kPJ Nghiu mwptpj;jhu;.

mjd;gpd; Nejh[p rpq;fg;G+upy; ,Ue;J Nlhf;fpNah nrd;whu; [g;ghd;

gpujku; NlhN[h Nejh[pAk; fpof;fhrpa khehl;by; fye;Jnfhz;ld.
me;j khehl;by;jhd; [g;ghd; gpujku; me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghu; jPTfis
Nejh[paplk; xg;gilj;jhu;. mjd;gpd; me;jkhDf;F nrd;w Nejh[p
me;jkhDf;F \hfpj; vd;w ngaiuAk; epf;NfhghUf;F Rauh[; vd;w
ngaiuAk; R+l;bdhu;. ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;jpd; jiyik
ikaj;ij rpq;fg;G+upypUe;J uq;$Df;F khw;wpdhu;. 1944 gpg;utup
4Mk; ehs; Nejh[p jdJ tuyhw;W rpwg;Gkpf;f
,e;jpag;gilnaLg;ig uq;$dpy; ,Ue;J Jtq;fpdhu;. ,e;jpa Njrpa
uhZtk; ,e;jpah gu;kh vy;iyapy; gpupl;b\; gilapd; vjpu;g;ig
Kwpabj;J ,e;jpahTf;Fs; Eioe;jJ. ,e;jpa kz;zpy; Njrpa
nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ. Njrpa fPjk; ,irf;fg;gl;lJ. fLikahd
NghUf;Fg;gpd; [g;ghd; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZt $l;Lg; gil 1944
Vg;uy; 6,y; uhZt Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j nfh`pkhitf;
ifg;gw;wpaJ. Nk khjj;Jf;Fs; ,k;ghYk; $l;Lg;gil trk;
te;JtpLk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; gUt kio
FWf;fpl;ljhy; uhZt jsthlq;fSk; czTg;nghUl;fSk; te;J
Nru;tJ jilgl;lJ. NkYk; mg;gFjpapy; gpupl;b\; $Ljy;
gilapdu; te;jjhy; $l;Lg;gil gpd;thq;f Neu;e;jJ.

gpupl;b\; gil 1945 Nk khjk; uq;$idf; ifg;gw;wp 23 Mapuk;

,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpdiu Nghu;f; ifjpfshfg; gpbj;jJ. gpd;du;

220
mtu;fs; tprhuizf;fhf ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gg;gl;ldu;. 1945
Mf];l; 15Mk; ehs; [g;ghd; ruzile;jJ. Nejh[papd; Nehf;fk;
epiwNtwtpy;iy. MdhYk; mtu; u\;ahtpd; JizNahL
gpupl;lDf;F vjpuhf Nghupl jpl;lkpl;lhu;. Mdhy; u\;ah nry;Yk;
topapy; Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; 1945 Mf];l; 18 ,y; Njrpa
rPdhtpd; jiyefu; ijigapy; ele;j tpkhd tpgj;jpy; mfhy
kuzk; mile;jhu;.

,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; gw;wpa kjpg;gPL

Nejh[p jiyikapy; nray;gl;l ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; ,e;jpa

tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; xU rpwg;ghd ,lj;ijg;
ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZt tPuu;fspd; Nghuhl;lk;
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;f Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F ,izahf
elj;jg;gl;lJ. mJkl;Lkd;wp gpupl;b\; uhZtj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpa
mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; tPuu;fis nfhz;L ,dpAk; ,e;jpahit
mlf;fpahs KbahJ vd;w cz;ikia Gjpa murhq;fk; czu;e;J
nfhz;lJ. xd;gJehLfshy; mq;ff
P upf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa Rje;jpu
jw;fhypf murhq;fKk; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpd; tPur;
nray;fSk; ,e;jpahTf;F ru;tNjr me;j];ij nfhLj;jd. NkYk;
,e;jpa tpLjiyapd; mtrpaj;ij cyfehLfs; czuTk; nra;jd.

,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu; Kbe;j gpd; ,e;jpa murhq;fk; ,e;jpa

Njrpa uhZt mjpfhupfs; rpyu; kPJ tof;F njhlu;e;jJ.
murhq;fj;ij vjpu;j;J Nghupl;ldu; vd;W mtu;fs; kPJ Fw;wk;
rhl;lg;gl;lJ. ,t;tof;F \heth];> yl;Rkp Nrfy; kw;Wk; jpy;yhd;
Mfpa %tiu ikakhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. 1945 etk;gu; 5Mk; ehs;
nly;yp nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; Jtq;fpa ,e;j tof;F ehl;L
kf;fspilNa ngUk; gugug;igAk; gjl;lj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
Fw;wk;rhl;lg;gl;l mjpfhupfspd; rhu;ghf tof;if vjpu;nfhs;s
fhq;fpu]; jPu;khdpj;jJ. tof;F elj;j epjp jpul;lg;gl;lJ. 12
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF NeU tof;fwpQu; rPUil mzpe;J tof;F
tprhuizapy; thjpl;lhu;. ePjpkd;wk; mjpfhupfs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l
Fw;wq;fs; ep&gpf;fg;gl;ljhy; $wp mtu;fis tho;ehs; KOtJk;
ehLflj;j jPu;g;gspj;jJ. gpd;du; 1946[dtup 3Mk; ehs; gpupl;b\;

221
jiyikj; jsgjp jz;lidia Fiwj;J cj;jutpl;lhu;. gpd;du;
gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; tof;if js;Sgb nra;jJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa
uhZt mjpfhupfs; kPjhd nrq;Nfhl;il tof;F ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa iky;fy; MFk;.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

3. Mrhj; `pe;j; /ngs[;[pd; „ epWtdu; ahu;?
4. Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; cUthf;fpa ngz;fs; gilg;gpuptpd; ngau;
vd;d?

14.4 mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO

1946 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahTf;fhd gpupl;b\; mikr;ruitg; gzpapd;

Nehf;fk; gpupl;b\; uh[;[paj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpaj; jiyikf;F
mjpfhuj;ij khw;WtJ gw;wp tpthjpj;J jpl;lkpLtjhFk;.
fhkd;nty;j; ehLfspy; nlhkpdpad; me;j];jpd; fPo; ,e;jpahtpw;F
Rje;jpuk; toq;FtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. . ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujk
ke;jpup fpsnkd;l; upr;ru;l; ml;ypapd; Kaw;rpahy; ,e;j gzp
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; khepyr; nrayu; yhu;l; ngjpf;-
yhud;]; >tu;j;jf thupaj;jpd; jiytu; ru; ];lh/Nghu;l; fpupg;];>;
kw;Wk; V.tp mnyf;rhz;lu; MfpNahu; cWg;gpdu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.
,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;jpahtpd; it];uha; Ntty; gpuG gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy.

mikr;ruitf; FOtpd; gpd;dzp

1945 Mf];L 15-Mk; Njjp [g;ghd; ruzile;jNjhL ,uz;lhtJ

cyfg; Nghu; KbTf;F te;jJ. gpd;du; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; eilngw;w
nghJj; Nju;jypy; njhopyhsu; fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;wJ. fpskd;l;
ml;yp gpujkuhdhu;. Gjpa murhq;fk; 1946 Jtf;fj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy;
kj;jpa khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspy; Nju;jy;fs; elj;jg;gLk; vd
mwptpj;jJ. nly;yp nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; ele;j ,e;jpa Njrpa
,uhZt jsgjpfs; gw;wpa tof;F ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhd R+o;epiyia cUthf;fpaJ. ,J kf;fis
vOr;rp nfhs;sr; nra;jJ. 1945 ,y; eilngw;w nghJj; Nju;jypy;
,e;Jf;fs; fhq;fpuirAk;> K];ypk;fs; K];ypk; yPf;ifAk;

222
Mjupj;jjhy; ,e;J K];yPk; NtWghL Ntfkhf tsu;e;jJ. 1946
gpg;utup 19Mk; Njjp gk;ghapy; ele;j flw;gil tPuu;fspd;
fpsu;rr
; pAk;>mk;ghyh> fuhr;rp> nrd;id> fy;fj;jh> uq;$d; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; Vw;gl;l mjd; gpujpgypg;Gk; gpupl;lDf;F ftiyia
nfhLj;jd. gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;w J}Jf;FO ,e;jpahTf;F te;J
,e;jpa murpay; epiyia kjpg;gPL nra;J nrd;wJ. me;j
kjpg;gPl;bd; mbg;gilapy; mikr;ruit J}Jf; FOit
,e;jpahTf;F mDg;g Mq;fpy murhq;fk; KbT nra;jJ.

mikr;ruit J}Jf; FOtpd; Nehf;fk;

,e;jpa tptfhu Jiw nrayu; ngj;jpf; yhud;]; gpuG tu;j;jf

mikr;ru; ru; ];lh/Nghu;l; fpupg;]; >flw;gil mikr;ru; Vtp
mnyf;rhz;lu; MfpNahu; mlq;fpa mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FO 1946
khu;r; 23Mk; Njjp ,e;jpahTf;F te;jJ. ,e;jpau;fSf;F
mjpfhuj;ij khw;wpf; nfhLg;gijj; Jupjg;gLj;JtJk;> mjw;fhd
jpl;lj;ij tFj;Jf; nfhLg;gNj J}Jf;FOtpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
,e;jpa kf;fs; midtUk; tpUk;GtJ Rje;jpuk; vd;gijg; gpujku;
ml;yp xg;Gf;nfhz;lhu;. vdNt gaDs;s tifapy; cjTk;
Nehf;fj;Jld; J}Jf;FO nry;tjhfTk; mJ ntw;wp ngw Ntz;Lk;
vd;W tpUk;GtjhfTk; njuptpj;jhu;. $Lkhdtiu KO mstpy;
,e;jpah tpLjiy miltjw;F J}Jf;FO cjtp nra;Ak; vd;whu;.
Mdhy; ,e;j mwptpg;ig K];yPk;yPifj; jtpu kw;w midj;J
gpuptpdUk; tuNtw;wdu;. ,e;jpaj; jiytu;fSld; tpupthf
tpthjpj;j gpd; gpuptpidthjj;ij ,e;j mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO
epuhfupj;jJ. xd;Wgl;l ,e;jpahTf;Fs; ghfp];jhd; Nfhupf;ifia
vt;thW eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ gw;wp Nahrpj;J mtu;fs;
jpl;lj;ij 1946 Nk 16Mk; ehs; ntspapl;ldu;. ,e;j murpayikg;G
jPu;Nt mikr;ruit J}Jf;FOj; jpl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

,j;jpl;lk; ehd;F gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ;

1. ,e;jpa A+dpad;
2. murpayikg;G rl;lkd;wk; mikj;jy;
3. ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk;

223
4. murpayikg;G rl;l kd;wj;jpw;Fk; gpupl;lDf;Fk; ,ilNa
xg;ge;jk; nra;jy;

jpl;lq;fs;

• ghfp];jhd; vd;w ngaupy; jdpehL xd;iw xd;iw cUthf;f

,ayhJ. ghfp];jhd; jpl;lj;ij nray;gLj;j KbahJ.
mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk; njuptpf;fg;gl;ld.

• ,e;jpahitAk; RNjr muRfisAk; nfhz;l If;fpa ,e;jpah

cUthf Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j If;fpa muR ntspAwT> ghJfhg;G>
nra;jpj; njhlu;G> Nghf;Ftuj;J> Njitahd epjp jpul;Ljy;
Nghd;w mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• If;fpa murpdhy; xU kj;jpa epu;thf rig> rl;lkd;wk;

Mfpait mikf;fg;gLk;. ,itfSf;F gpupl;b\; ,e;jpah
kw;Wk; RNjr muRfspypUe;J gpujpepjpfs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L
mDg;gp itf;fg;gLtu;.

• rl;lkd;wj;jpy; cs;s ,e;J K];ypk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; nkhj;j

gpujpepjpfspd; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffs; NkYk; rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F
te;jpUf;Fk; nkhj;j cWg;gpdu;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd
thf;Ffs; Mfpaitfspd; %yk; ,dg;gpur;ridia
jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

• kj;jpa muRf;F xJf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs; Nghf vQ;rpAs;s

mjpfhuq;fs; khepy muRfis rhUk;.

• ,e;jpa khepyq;fs; %d;W FOf;fshf gpupf;fg;gLk;. Kjy;

FOtpy; nrd;id gk;gha; If;fpa khepyk; gPfhu; kj;jpa khepyk;
xuprh Mfpa khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;jd.

• ,uz;lhtJ FOtpy; gQ;rhg; tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw gFjpfspy;

Mfpa khepyq;fs; ,Ue;jd.

• %d;whtJ FOtpy; tq;fhsk; m];]hk; Mfpa khepyq;fs;

,Ue;jd. ,e;j xt;nthU FOtpdUk; mtutu;fSf;fhd
xg;ge;jq;fs; nra;J nfhz;L mtutu; khepyf; FOTf;F

224
 nghJthf xU epu;thf rigAk; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;syhk;.

• Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; mikg;ig cUthf;Fk;

Nehf;fj;Jld; ,e;jpa murpay; epu;za rig xd;W
mikf;fg;gLk;.

• khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdu;fs; 10 yl;rk; kf;fs; njhiff;F

xU gpujpepjp vd;w tpfpjhr;rhuj;jpy; me;je;j khepyq;fspd;
kf;fs; njhiff;F Vw;g khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspy; %yk;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

• RNjr muRfs; jq;fs; khepyq;fspy; thOk; kf;fs;

njhiff;F Vw;g jq;fSf;Fs; Ngrp KbT nra;J
gpujpepjpfis mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.

jpl;lj;jpd; ed;ik>jPikfs;

• mikr;ruit J}Jf;FOtpd; jpl;lk; vd;w Gjpa jpl;lj;ij tpl

rpwe;jjhf ,Ue;jJ.

• ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fiw vd;dntd;why; ,j;jpl;lj;ij

Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
my;yJ mij mg;gbNa iftpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ.

• $l;lhl;rpapy; Nru;tJk; NruhjJk; khepyq;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F

tplg;gl;lJ.

• khepyq;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; xU mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ

gw;wpa njspT ,y;iy.

• Njrpa xw;Wikia ghJfhf;Fk; ngaupy; ghfp];jhd;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

• murpayikg;G rl;l kd;wj;ij gw;wpa tpguq;fs;

njsptpy;yhky; ,Ue;jd.

225
• khepy murhq;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpjpfSk; gyjug;gl;l
tpsf;fq;fis fpsg;g $baitahf ,Ue;jd.

• vdpDk;> mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FO jpl;lk; gpw,e;jpa

jpl;lq;fis tpl rpwg;ghd xd;whFk;.

• gpsTglhj If;fpa ,e;jpahTf;F murpay; rl;lj;ij gupe;Jiu

nra;jJ.

• ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; tFg;Gthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;L

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

• murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil tpupTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.

• nghUj;jkhd murpay; mikg;ig cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;

nghWg;G nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

,ilf;fhy muR

,ilf;fhy muR fhq;fpu]; tpUk;gpaij Nghd;w xU Vw;ghl;il

nra;J tpl;L mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FO 1946 [_d; 29Mk; ehs;
,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;wJ .mjd;gpd; eilngw;w ,e;jpa
murpayikg;G rl;l kd;wj; Nju;jypy; fhq;fpu]; mNkhf
ntw;wpiag; ngw;wJ. 210 nghJ ,lq;fspy; 199 ,lq;fis
fhq;fpu]; ifg;gw;wpaJ. 296 nkhj;j cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l
me;j kd;wj;jpy; fhq;fpuRf;F 212 ,lq;fs; fpilj;jd.mNjNghy;
K];yPk; yPfpw;F 73 ,lq;fs; kl;LNk fpilj;jd .vt;tpj
cld;ghLk; ,d;wp jd;dpr;irahf murpayikg;G rl;l kd;wj;jpy;
fhq;fpu]; fye;J nfhs;Sk; vd;Wk; fhq;fpu]; jd;
tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FO jpl;lj;ij
khw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; vd;Wk; NeU gj;jpupf;ifahsu;fs; $l;lj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. ,ijNa fhuzkhff; $wp ,e;j murhq;fj;jpy; Nru
kWj;J tpl;lhu; [pd;dh. Kjypy; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;ij
mikf;f kWj;j fhq;fpu]; gpd;du; murhq;fj;jpy; Nru rk;kjpj;jJ.
1946 Mf];l; 12-Mk; Njjp ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;ij mikf;Fk;
gb it];uha; Ntty; gpuG [t`u;yhy; NeUitf; Nfl;Lf;

226
nfhz;lhu;. me;j miog;ig NeU Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy;
[pd;dh kWj;Jtpl;lhu;.

14.4.1 Neub eltbf;if ehs;

fhq;fpurpd; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;jpy; Nru kWj;j [pd;dh 1946

Mf];l; 16Mk; ehs; Neub eltbf;if ehshf mDrupf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W K];yPk; yPf;fpd; rhu;ghf Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. me;j ehis
kf;fs; Jf;f jpdkhf fUjNtz;Lk; vd Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhu;.
Mq;fpy Ml;rpia vjpu;g;gjw;F gjpyhf fhq;fpuNrhL Nkhjy;
Nghf;if filgpbj;jhu;. fy;fj;jhtpy;> 16 Mf];l; 1946 md;W> yPf;
nghJ Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; NtiyepWj;jq;fis Vw;ghL nra;jJ>
,jd; tpisthf efuk; KOtJk; Nkhjy;fs; kw;Wk; fytuq;fs;
Vw;gl;ld. njhlu;e;J ehd;F ehl;fSf;F Fk;gy; fytuk; ePbj;jJ>
mjd; gpwF gbg;gbahf ,ay;G epiy jpUk;gpaJ. fy;fj;jhtpy;
gpukhz;l Cu;tyj;jpy; elj;jpajpy; mg;ghtp ,e;Jf;fSk;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;.mtUila nrhj;Jf;fs; R+iwahlg;gl;ld. tPLfs;
nfhSj;jg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; td;Kiwapy; ,wq;fpajhy; fy;fj;jh
uj;jf;fsupahf khwpaJ. 30>000 Ngu; capupoe;jdu;. 20>000 Ngu;
fhaKw;wdu;. fytuk; fy;fj;jhtpy; kl;Lkd;wp etfhsp Nghd;w
fpof;F tq;fhs efuq;fSf;Fk; gutpaJ. Mapuf;fzf;fhd
,e;Jf;fs; mfjpfshf gPfhUf;Fnrd;wdu;. gPfhupy; ,Ue;j
rpWghd;ikapdiu ,e;Jf;fs; gopf;F gop thq;fpdu;.
,df;fytuj;jpy; vjpnuhyp midj;J khfhzq;fspYk;
gpujpgypj;jJ. Neub eltbf;if ehs; Nkhrkhd ehshf Kbe;jJ.
gPfhu; epfo;rr
; pfis fhuzk; fhl;b KfkJ myp [pd;dh jdJ
ghfp];jhd; Nfhupf;ifia Mq;fpy murplk; typAWj;jpdhu;.

14.5 kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;

muRf;Fk;> fhq;fpuRf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Kl;Lf;fl;ilia cilf;f

fLikahf VjhtJ nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njspthfj; njupe;jJ.
1947 Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 20 Mk; Njjp> gpupl;b\; gpujku; ml;yp
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU mwptpg;ig

227
nra;jhu; .[_d; 1948f;F gpw;gFjpapy; nghWg;Gs;s ,e;jpau;fspd;
iffSf;F mjpfhuj;ij khw;WtNj murhq;fj;jpd; cWjpahd
Nehf;fk; vd;W ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mwptpj;j ml;yp ,e;j Kaw;rpia
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,d;Dk; xU tUlj;jpy; Mq;fpNyau;fs; ehl;il
tpl;L ntspNaWthu;fs; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;F Kd;
,e;jpa kf;fs; jq;fs; fUj;J NtWghLfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. [_d; 30Mk;Njjpf;Fs; murhq;fk; ,e;jpahtpw;F mjpfhu
khw;wk; nra;J tpLk; vd;Wk; ahUf;F mjpfhuj;ij khw;wpf;
nfhLg;gJ vd;gij murhq;fk; KbT nra;Ak; vd;Wk;> Ntty;
gpuGtpu;fF
; g; gjpyhf itrpuhahf nksd;lN
; gl;ld; gpuG
epakpf;fg;gLthu; vd;Wk; mwptpj;jhu; NkYk; Gjpa it];uha;
,e;jpau; iff;F mjpfhuj;ij khw;wpf; nfhLghu; vd;w cWjpahd
mwptpg;G ,e;jpahtpy; ey;y tuNtw;ig ngw;wJ.

ml;ypapd; mwptpg;igj; njhlu;e;J ,e;jpah te;j nksd;lN

; gl;ld;
gpuG itrpuhahf gjtpNaw;w clNdNa kfhj;kh fhe;jp>[pd;dh>
NeU> Mrhj; > gl;Nly; Nghd;w Kf;fpa jiytu;fis re;jpj;Jg;
Ngrpdhu;. Mdhy; ghfp];jhd; Nfhupf;ifapy; ,Ue;J rpwpJk;
tpl;Lf;nfhLf;f jahuhf ,y;iy Kfkjyp [pd;dh. ehl;Lg;
gpuptpid Njitahd jPik vd;gij xj;Jf; nfhz;lhu; NeU.
jiytu;fSld; Ngrpa gpd;du; ehl;by; gpuptpid nra;ahky; ,e;jpa
murpay; Njf;fepiyia jPu;f;f KbahJ vd;w njspthd KbTf;F
te;jhu; nksz;l;Ngl;ld;. ml;ypapd; mwpf;ifia xl;b xU
jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jhu;. mj;jpl;lk; mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FO
jpl;lj;ijNa xj;jpUe;jJ. mikr;ruitapd; xg;GjYf;F mDg;gp
itf;fg;gl;lJ. mikr;ruit mjpy; rpy khw;wq;fis nra;J
jpUg;gp mDg;gpaJ. jpUj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l jpl;lj;ij mg;NghJ
rpk;yhtpy; jd;Dld; jq;fpapUe;j NeUtplk; fhl;bdhu;
nksz;l;Ngl;ld;. mijghu;j;j NeU mij mq;NfNa epuhfupj;jhu;.
mjd;gpd; rPu;jpUj;jf; fkp\duhf ,Ue;j tp.gp.Nkddpd; JizAld;
jdJ jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jhu;. mJNt kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F ,q;fpyhe;J murpd; mq;ff
P huk;

228
fpilj;jTld; 1947> Mf];L 3 Mk; ehs; nksz;l;Ngl;ld; ,e;jpa
kf;fSf;F thndhypapy; mwptpj;jhu;.

jpl;lj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

• ,e;jpa gpuptpid cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ltpl;lJ. ,e;jpahitg;

gpupj;J jdpj;jdp ehLfs; cUthf;fg;gLk;. ,uz;L ehLfSk;
mtutu; tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g murpay; mikg;ig cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;syhk;.

• ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;l kd;wj;jpd; Ntiy ve;j

,ilA+Wkpd;wp eilngWk;.

• Gjpjhf vOjg;gLk; murpay; rl;lk; mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj

gFjpfSf;F nghUe;jhJ.

• eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; murpayikg;G rl;l kd;wj;ij

Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj gFjpfspy; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l jdp
kd;wj;jpd; %yk; mg;gFjpfspy; tpUg;gk; mwpag;gLk;.

• gQ;rhg; tq;fhs rl;lkd;wq;fs; ngUk;ghd;ik K];ypk;fis

nfhz;l khtl;lq;fspd; gpujpepjpfSf;Fk; gpwUf;Fnkd vd
,U gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gLk;.

• rpe;J rl;lkd;wk; ahu; gf;fk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

mJNt jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

• tlNkw;F vy;iy khfhzj;jpy; ,g;gpur;ridia kf;fs;

thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

• gYrp];jhd; kf;fSila fUj;ij mwptjw;fhd Kiwia

itrpuha; KbT nra;thu;. gQ;rhg; tq;fhsk; rpy;n`l; Mfpa
gFjpfspy; Nju;jy; elj;jp murpayikg;G rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtu;.

• kd;du; khepyq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FO

jpl;lj;jpy; fz;Ls;s tpjpfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.

229
• ,e;jpahit ,uz;lhf gpuptpidia nra;tjhy; Vw;glf;$ba
epu;thf tpisTfis rk;ge;jg;gl;l mjpfhupfSld; tpthjpj;J
jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

• murhq;fk; mjpfhu khw;wj;ij mwptpf;fg;gl;l Njjpf;F

Kd;djhfNt nra;ayhk;.

tq;fhsk;> gQ;rhg; Mfpa khepyq;fspd; tpUg;gg;gb mitfspd;

gpuptpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. fpof;F tq;fhsk;> Nkw;F
tq;fhsKk; fpof;F gQ;rhGk; ,e;jpahTld; Nru tpUg;gk;
njuptpj;jd. rpy;n`l; khtl;lj;jpy; ele;j $l;lj;jpy; Kbtpd;gb
me;j khtl;lj;jpd; ngUthupahd gFjpfs; fpof;F ghfp];jhDld;
,izf;f KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw khepyKk;
kf;fs; tpUg;gj;jpd; gb ghfp];jhDld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW
gpuptpid %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l khepyq;fspd; vy;iyfis
epu;zak; nra;a ru; rpupy; nul;fpspg; vd;gtupd; jiyikapy;
tprhuiz FO xd;W mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

5. 1946 Mk; Mz;bd; gpupl;b\; mikr;ruitj; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk;

vd;d?
6. ve;j Njjpapy; „Neub eltbf;if jpdk;‟ mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ?
8. Ntty; gpuGtpw;f;Fg; gjpyhf ahu; itrpuhahf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lhu;?

14.6 ,e;jpag; gpuptpid

,e;jpag; gpuptpid gw;wpa KbthdJk; murhq;fk; Ntfkhf

nray;gl;lJ. gpuptpid jpl;lj;jpw;F tbtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa
tpLjiy kNrhjh jahupf;fg;gl;L gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk; 1947 [_iy 18-Mk;
ehs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.,r; rl;lj;jpd;gb ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;

230
Mfpa ,uz;L nlhkpdpad;fs; 1947 Mf];l; 15Mk; ehspy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

• Mq;fpNya muR mtu; ngw;wpUe;j ,e;jpa Ml;rp mjpfhuq;fs;

midj;Jk; ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; Mfpa nlhkpdpad; trk;
xg;gilf;fg;gLk;.

• ,e;j ,uz;L nlhkpdpaq;fSk; jdpj;jdpNa vy;iyfshf

tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s epyg;gFjpfis Vw;gjw;Fk; kWg;gjw;Fk;
me;j nlhkpdpad;fSf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.

• xt;nthU nlhkpdpaDk; jiyik MSeu; xUtiu

ngw;wpUf;Fk;. mtu; murpay; mikg;gpd; jiytuhf
tpsq;Fthu;. mtu; rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;Gs;s
mikr;ruitapd; gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy; epu;thfk; nra;thu;.

• ,uz;L nlhkpdpad;fspd; murpayikg;G epu;za rigfSk;

me;je;j nlhkpdpad; tpUg;gq;fs; Njitf;Nfw;g murpay;
mikg;gpid cUthf;Fk;.

• ,e;j murpayikg;G epu;za rigfNs me;j nlhkpd;aq;fspd;

kj;jpa rl;lkd;wk; MfTk; nray;gLk; .

• ,uz;L nlhkpdpad;fspYk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J tUfpw

rl;lq;fs; me;je;j nlhkpdpad; rl;lkd;wq;fspy; jpUj;jp
mikf;fg;gLk; tiu ,g;NghJs;sthNw nray;gLk; .

• ,e;jpa rk];jhd muRfspd; kPJ cs;s Mq;fpyg; Nguurpd;

Mjpf;fk; ePf;fg;gl;LtpLk;.

• Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;l rk];jhd muru;fs; mtu;fspd;

tpUg;gq;fSf;F Vw;g ,e;jpa A+dpadpNyh ghfp];jhDlNdh
Nru;e;Jnfhs;syhk;. ,e;jpahTlNdh>ghfp];jhDlNdh Nru
tpUg;gkpy;iy vdpy; Rje;jpu ehL vdg; gpufldg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;syhk;.

231
• ,q;fpyhe;J muru; ,Jtiu nfhz;bUe;j ,e;jpag; Nguuru; vd;w
gl;lKk; ePf;fg;gl;LtpLk;.

• ,e;jpa rptpy; ru;tP]; mjpfhupfSf;F mspf;fg;gl;bUf;fpw

gzpfSk; mjpfhuq;fSk; njhlu;e;J eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk;
.gjtp fhyk; Kbfpw tiu gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk; cupik
mtu;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk;.

,e;j Rje;jpuk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ,e;jpahtpd; tpLjiy

mjpfhug;G+u;tkhf cWjp nra;a gl;L tpl;lJ.

14.7 Kf;fpa MSikfs;

kfhj;kh fhe;jp

kfhj;kh fhe;jp ekJ Njrj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j jiytu;. mtu; 2

mf;Nlhgu; 1869 ,y; gpwe;jhu;. mtu; ngau; Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j;
fhe;jp. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ue;J jpUk;gpa gpwF> ,e;jpahtpy; rl;lg;
gapw;rpiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;. NfhfNytpd; miog;gpd; Ngupy;> mtu;
njd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpw;Fr; nrd;whu;> mq;F 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kw;gFjpapy; murhq;fk; ,e;jpau;fis ngUk; ghFghl;bw;Fk; kpfTk;
mtkhdfukhd rpfpr;irf;Fk; cl;gLj;jpaJ. mtu;
njd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpy; cz;ik> mfpk;ir kw;Wk; kdpjdpd;
fz;zpaj;jpd; ntw;wpahsuhfg; Gfo; ngw;whu;. mtu; 1914 ,y;
,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUk;gp> jdJ tho;ehspd; vQ;rpa Mz;Lfis
jdJ jha;ehl;bw;fhf mu;g;gzpj;jhu;. gpupl;b\; muir vjpu;j;Jg;
Nghuhl KbT nra;jhu;. ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; ele;j Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lk; fhe;jpa rfhg;jk; (1920-1948) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
cyf tuyhw;wpy; Kjd;Kiwahf> xU Jwtp murpay;thjp> xU
ehl;ilr; rhu;e;jpUf;Fk; kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd kf;fis topelj;jp>
td;Kiwapy;yhik> xj;Jioahik kw;Wk; fPo;g;gbahik Nghd;w
El;gq;fspd; eilKiw gad;ghl;ilf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhu;. 1942 ,y;>
fhe;jp Mq;fpNyau;fis ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaWkhW miog;G
tpLj;jhu;> mjw;fhf kf;fs; NghuhLkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.

232
Mq;fpNyau;fs; Ie;J Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF KO Rje;jpuk; mspj;J
(Mf];l; 15 md;W 1947) ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNawpdu;. 1948
[dtup 30 md;W> fhe;jp ,e;J Njrpathjpahd ehJuhk;
Nfhl;Nrthy; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.

[tu;`u;yhy; NeU

NeU xU Kf;fpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuu;> Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

,Wjpf; fl;lj;jpy; kfhj;kh fhe;jpf;F mLj;jgbahf ,Ue;jhu;.
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> [tu;`u;yhy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gpujkuhdhu;
kw;Wk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; ,e;jpa murpaypy; ika
egu;fspy; xUtuhfj; njhlu;e;jhu;. Kf;fpa Rje;jpuj; jiytUk;
kpjthjpAkhd Nkhjpyhy; NeUtpd; kfdhd [t`u;yhy; NeU>
kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; topfhl;Ljypd; fPo; ,e;jpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd;
jiyrpwe;j jiytuhf cUntLj;J> 1947 ,y; Rje;jpu ehlhf
mikf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J 1964 ,y; mtu; ,wf;Fk; tiu gpujkuhfg;
gzpahw;wpdhu;. mtu; xU ,iwahz;ik> Nrhryp];l;> kjr;rhu;gw;w
kw;Wk; [dehaf Fbaurhd etPd ,e;jpa Njrpa murpd;
rpuw;gpahff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;.

Nkhjpyhy; NeU

Nkhjpyhy; NeU ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Muk;g Mz;Lfspy;

xU Kf;fpa eguhf ,Ue;jhu;. kpjthjpahd mtu;> 1919-1920 kw;Wk;
1928-1929 Mfpa ,UKiw fhq;fpu]pd; jiytuhdhu;. mtu;
Rauh[;ag; Nru;e;jhu;.

KfkJ myp [pd;dh

KfkJ myp [pd;dh xU ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuu;> K];yPk;

yPf;fpd; jiyrpwe;j jiytu; kw;Wk; Rje;jpu ghfp];jhdpd; Kjy;
gpujkuhdhu;. mtuJ murpay; tho;f;ifapd; Muk;g Mz;Lfspy;>
[pd;dh ,e;J-K];yPk; xw;Wikapd; milahskhf ,Ue;jhu;>
,e;jpahtpw;F Rje;jpuk; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf fhq;fpu]; fl;rpf;Fs;
gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> fhq;fpu]hy; Vkhw;wkile;j mtu;>
K];ypk; yPf;fpy;Nru;e;jhu;.

233
rp.uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup

rp. uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup xU Kf;fpa Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l tPuu;> ,e;jpa

Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhu;> mtu; ,e;jpahtpd;
filrp ftu;du; n[duyhf Mdhu;> ,e;jpah Fbaurhf khWk; tiu
gzpahw;wpdhu;. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;l Mz;Lfspy;>
KfkJ myp [pd;dh kw;Wk; K];ypk; yPf; Mfpa ,UtUlDk;
Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;j tpUk;gpdhu;. gpd;du; rp.Mu;. jpl;lk; vd
mwpag;gl;lij Kd;nkhope;jhu;. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> mtu;
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J xU Kf;fpa murpay;thjpahdhu;>
goikthj Rje;jpuf; fl;rpia epWtpdhu; kw;Wk; [t`u;yhy;
NeUit fLikahf tpku;rpj;jhu;.

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf

9. mg;Jy; f/gu; fhd; kw;Wk; rptg;G rl;ilfspd; Nfhupf;iffs;

vd;d?
10. Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapd; epWtdu; ahu;?

14.8 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wf; Nfs;tpfisr; rupghu;f;f

gjpy;fs;

1. nts;isaNd ntspNaW gpur;rhuk; Mf];l; 1942 ,y;

njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

2. [t`u;yhy; NeU> G+yhgha; Njrha; kw;Wk; uh[;Nfhghyhr;rhup

MfpNahu; nts;isaNd ntspNaW jPu;khdj;ij vjpu;j;jdu;.

3. Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; Mrhj; `pe;j; /ngsi] epWtpdhu;.

4. Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; xU ngz;fs; gilg;gpupit cUthf;fpdhu;>

mJ uhzp [hd;rp nu[pnkd;l; vd;W mwpag;gl;lJ.

5. 1946 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpw;fhd gpupl;b\; mikr;ruitg;

gzpapd; Nehf;fk;> gpupl;b\; uh[;[paj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpaj;
jiyikf;F mjpfhuj;ij khw;WtJ gw;wp tpthjpj;J

234
 jpl;lkpLtjhFk;. fhkd;nty;j; ehLfspy; nlhkpdpad;
me;j];jpd; fPo; ,e;jpahtpw;F Rje;jpuk; toq;FtNj ,jd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.

6. K];yPk; yPf; 1946 Mf];l; 16 Mk; Njjpia „Neub

eltbf;if jpdkhf‟ filg;gpbf;f KbT nra;jJ.

7. ml;yp> 20 gpg;utup 1947 md;W> Mq;fpNyau;fs; 1948 [_d;

30f;Fs; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ntspNaWthu;fs; vd;W mwptpj;jhu;.

8. yhu;l; kTz;l;Ngl;ld; yhu;l; Ntnty;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

9. mg;Jy; f/gu; fhd; kw;Wk; rptg;G rl;ilf;fhuu;fs; xU

RNar;iria Nfhupdu;

10. rp.uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup goikthj Rje;jpuf; fl;rpia epWtpdhu;.

14.9 RUf;fk;

• Mq;fpNyau; ehl;il tpl;Lr; nrd;why; ,e;jpahit

jhf;Ftjw;fhf fhuzk; ,Uf;fhJ vd;W fUjpa kfhj;kh
fhe;jp nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ijj; Jtf;fpdhu;.

• nts;isaNd ntspNaW jPu;khdk; xU rpy khw;wq;fNshL

gk;ghapy; Mf];L 7 8 Njjpfspy; $ba mfpy ,e;jpa
fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b fkpl;bahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
mf;$l;lj;jpy; Ngrpa fhe;jp ehd; cq;fSf;F rpwpa
ke;jpuj;ijr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fpNwd;. nra; my;yJ nrj;Jkb
vd;gJ me;j ke;jpukhFk;.

• fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b $l;lk; 1942 Mf];l; 8 ,uT 10 kzpf;F

KbTw;wJ. Mdhy; mjpfhiyapy; fhe;jpAk; fhq;fpu];
jiytu;fSk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. xU thuj;Jf;Fs; ehL
KOtJk; cs;s Kf;fpa fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fis murhq;fk;
ifJ nra;Jtpl;lJ.

235
• jiytu;fs; vy;yhk; rpiwapy; ,Ue;j fhuzj;jpdhy;
fz;fhzpg;Gk; fl;Lg;ghLk; ,y;yhj kf;fs; $l;lk; td;Kiw
nray;fspy; <Lgl Muk;gpj;jJ.

• Mf];l; 11 12 Njjpfspy; kl;Lk; by;ypapy; nghJkf;fs; kPJ

elj;jpa Jg;ghf;fpr; R+l;by; 6 Ngu; capupoe;jdu;

• murhq;fj;jpd; mlf;FKiwf;F Kd;dhy; jiyikAk; jf;f

jpl;lKk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; nts;isaNd ntspNaW
,af;fk; tPo;rr
; pAw;wJ.

• Nejh[p vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; ,e;jpa

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jtu;. mtu; Mrhj;
`pe;j; /ngs[; (,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk;) epWtdu; Mthu;.

• 1938y; `upGuh fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd; jiytuhdhu;. mNj

Mz;by;> mtu; xU jpl;lf;FOit epWtpdhu;. mtuJ
gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe;jJk;> jpupGup fhq;fpu]; $l;lj; jiytuhdhu;.

• Nejh[p jiyikapy; nray;gl;l ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk;

,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; xU rpwg;ghd ,lj;ijg;
ngw;Ws;sJ.

• ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZt tPuu;fspd; Nghuhl;lk; nts;isaNd

ntspNaW ,af;f Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F ,izahf elj;jg;gl;lJ

• n[u;kdpapy; cs;s ,e;jpau;fs; mtUf;F 'Nejh[p' vd;w

gl;lj;ij toq;fpdu;> ,e;j Neuj;jpy; 'n[a;-`pe;j;' vd;w
Kof;fk; ,q;F njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

• u\;ah nry;Yk; topapy; Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; 1945

Mf];l; 18 ,y; Njrpa rPdhtpd; jiyefu; ijigapy; ele;j
tpkhd tpgj;jpy; mfhy kuzk; mile;jhu;.

• ,e;jpa tptfhu Jiw nrayu; ngj;jpf; yhud;]; gpuG tu;j;jf

mikr;ru; ru; ];lh/Nghu;l; fpupg;]; >flw;gil mikr;ru; Vtp

236
 mnyf;rhz;lu; MfpNahu; mlq;fpa mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FO
1946 khu;r; 23Mk; Njjp ,e;jpahTf;F te;jJ.

• ,e;jpau;fSf;F mjpfhuj;ij khw;wpf; nfhLg;gijj;

Jupjg;gLj;JtJk;> mjw;fhd jpl;lj;ij tFj;Jf; nfhLg;gNj
J}Jf;FOtpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

• xd;Wgl;l ,e;jpahTf;Fs; ghfp];jhd; Nfhupf;ifia vt;thW

eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ gw;wp Nahrpj;J mtu;fs;
jpl;lj;ij 1946 Nk 16Mk; ehs; ntspapl;ldu;.

• ,e;j murpayikg;G jPu;Nt mikr;ruit J}Jf;FOj; jpl;lk;

vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

• Kjypy; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;ij mikf;f kWj;j fhq;fpu];

gpd;du; murhq;fj;jpy; Nru rk;kjpj;jJ. 1946 Mf];l; 12-Mk;
Njjp ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;ij mikf;Fk; gb it];uha;
Ntty; gpuG [t`u;yhy; NeUitf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. me;j
miog;ig NeU Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.

• fhq;fpurpd; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;jpy; Nru kWj;j [pd;dh

1946 Mf];l; 16Mk; ehs; Neub eltbf;if ehshf
mDrupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W K];yPk; yPf;fpd; rhu;ghf Nfl;Lf;
nfhz;lhu;.

• 1947 Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 20 Mk; Njjp> gpupl;b\; gpujku;

ml;yp ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU
mwptpg;ig nra;jhu; .

• [_d; 1948f;F gpw;gFjpapy; nghWg;Gs;s ,e;jpau;fspd;

iffSf;F mjpfhuj;ij khw;WtNj murhq;fj;jpd; cWjpahd
Nehf;fk; vd;W ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mwptpj;j ml;yp ,e;j
Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;

• mjd;gpd; rPu;jpUj;jf; fkp\duhf ,Ue;j tp.gp.Nkddpd;

JizAld; jdJ jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jhu;.

237
• mJNt kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F ,q;fpyhe;J murpd; mq;ff
P huk; fpilj;jTld;
1947> Mf];L 3 Mk; ehs; nksz;l;Ngl;ld; ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F
thndhypapy; mwptpj;jhu;.

• ,e;jpa tpLjiy kNrhjh jahupf;fg;gl;L gpupl;b\;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk;
1947 [_iy 18-Mk; ehs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

• ,r; rl;lj;jpd;gb ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; Mfpa ,uz;L

nlhkpdpad;fs; 1947 Mf];l; 15Mk; ehspy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

14.10 Kf;fpa thu;j;ijfs;

ghrprk;: ,J ru;thjpfhu rf;jp> vjpu;g;ig tYf;fl;lhakhf

mlf;Fjy; kw;Wk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; INuhg;ghtpy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w r%fj;jpd; tYthd gilg;gpupT Mfpatw;why;
tifg;gLj;jg;gLk; jPtpu tyJrhup> ru;thjpfhu mjp jPtpu
Njrpaj;jpd; xU tbtkhFk;.

Nfhu;l; khu;\pay;: ,J xU ,uhZt ePjpkd;wk; my;yJ ,uhZt

rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; MAjg;gil cWg;gpdu;fspd; Fw;wj;ij
jPu;khdpf;f elj;jg;gLk; tprhuizahFk;.

Fbnahg;gk;: ,J murpayikg;gpy; khw;wk; Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd

nghJg; gpur;rpidapy; thf;fhsu;fspd; midj;J cWg;gpdu;fspd;
Neub thf;nfLg;ghFk;.

14.11 Ra kjpg;gPL Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;
1. nts;isaNd ntspNaW jPu;khdk; Kd;itj;j Nfhupf;iffs;
vd;d?
2. Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]pd; murpay; gq;fspg;Gfs; gw;wp xU rpW
Fwpg;ig vOJ.

238
3. 1946 rpk;yh khehl;by; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpa tp\aq;fs;
ahit?
4. kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lj;ijg; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.

neLtpil tpdhf;fs;
1. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpw;F toptFj;j
R+o;epiyfisg; gw;wp tpthjp.
2. ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpd; gq;if Muha;f.
3. Njrpathj Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpd; gq;fpid
tpsf;Ff.
4. gpupl;b\; mikr;ruit J}Jf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiufisg; gw;wp
tpthjp.
5. ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa jiytu;fspd;
gq;fspg;ig gFg;gha;T nra;f.

14.12 NkYk; thrpg;Gfs;

1. ,.vk;.v];.ek;G+jpupghl;> fp. ,yf;Ftd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tuyhW> ghujp Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id > 2010

2. f.ntq;fNlrd;> gp.v];. re;jpugpuG> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tuyhW> tp.rp.gg;spNfrd;];> uh[ghisak;> 2018

3. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj;> V. [p. Ntq;flhr;rhup> f.

G+uzr;re;jpud;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp> milahsk;
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id > 2010

4. ,ye;ij R. uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> fpof;F

gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2016

5. [t`u;yhy; NeU> t. uh.> [t`u;yhy; NeU: Rarupij>

miyfs; ntspaPll
; fk;> nrd;id> 2013

239