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Metallurgy 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 866 (2020) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/866/1/012033
Thermocyclic deformation, annealing, and physical properties
of low-carbon steel 10
A N Prudnikov1, V A Prudnikov2, A R Fastykovskii1 and A A Umansky1
1
Siberian State Industrial University, 42 Kirova Street, Novokuznetsk, 654007, Russia
2
LLC “MSB Engineering”, 11-A Pavlovskogo Street, 654007, Russia
Е- mail: [email protected]
Abstract. The results of the influence of thermocyclic forging and annealing in the range of
100 ÷ 900 °C on the microstructure, coercive force and linear expansion of steel 10. Hot cyclic
forging was carried out on slabs 900×700×500 mm in size on the hydraulic press with a force
of 20 MN under industrial conditions of ZSMK OJSC (Novokuznetsk). Subsequently, the
billets were rolled on a 3 mm thick sheet at OAO NMZ (Novosibirsk). The use of preliminary
thermocyclic deformation increases the coercive force by no more than 8%. The possibility of
reducing the coercive force of sheet steel made using thermocyclic forging was shown to be
almost 3 times lower than the initial untreated state due to subsequent annealing at 900 °C for
10 hours. In addition, this annealing mode reduces the average linear expansion temperature
coefficient of sheet steel by 6% in the temperature range of the test 50-450 ºС.
1. Introduction
In most industries, the vast majority of blanks, parts and structural elements of products from various
materials are used after hardening technologies – deformation, thermal or surface chemical-thermal
treatments. However, increasingly stricter requirements for materials used in modern technology have
led to the emergence of integrated technologies, including the combined use of various methods and
techniques for the formation and management of the structure and, therefore, the properties of these
materials. Such technologies include thermo-mechanical, mechano-thermal and more complex type –
deformation thermocyclic treatment (DTT).
The technological modes of these treatments combine various types of cold and hot deformation
with heating, holding at fixed temperatures and cooling over a wide range of speeds. In the literature,
DTT is widely covered as a technology used for hardening ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys,
including steel, cast iron and aluminum alloys [1-7]. Much less attention is paid to the problem of
improving the electrical, magnetic, thermal and other physical properties of various materials. Such
publications include the work of the authors [1.8-12].
One of the promising areas for the use of DTT can be the structural low-carbon steel properties that
are close to the properties of some groups of soft magnetic materials, in particular commercially pure
iron and electrical steel, combined with enhanced mechanical and technological properties. In
addition, subsequent heat treatment, which affects its structure and the most important properties, can
serve as an additional reserve for improving the properties of low-carbon steel.
For magnetically soft materials, such properties can be electrical, magnetic, and thermal (electrical
resistivity, electrical conductivity, magnetization reversal loss at different frequencies, coercive force,
coefficient of thermal expansion, etc.). Therefore, the aim of the work was to study the effects of
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
Metallurgy 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 866 (2020) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/866/1/012033
preliminary thermocyclic forging and subsequent annealing on physical properties, in particular,
coercive force and linear expansion of hot-rolled steel sheet 10.
2. Materials and methods of research
Low-carbon high-quality steel 10 was taken as a research material. Steel was smelted at NKMK OJSC
(Novokuznetsk). The chemical composition of the experimental steel are shown in table 1.
Table 1. The chemical composition of the experimental sheet steel 10.
Steel Components, weight. %
grade С Si Mn P S Cr Ni Cu As Fe
10sp 0.13 0.22 0.42 0.014 0.018 0.05 0.04 0.20 0.06 res.
A slab of experimental steel 900×700×500 mm in size was subjected to hot cyclic forging. The
forging scheme is a single-pass by platens with flat strikers with a blank setting-up. The slabs were
deformed in the forging and thermal workshop of ZSMK OJSC (Novokuznetsk) on the hydraulic
forging press with a force of 20 MN. The technology of thermocyclic forging is described in [10], and
its main parameters and mode are given below. The heating temperature for forging was 1250 °С; the
slab holding time in the furnace before forging was 2 hours (without taking into account the heating
time). To heat the workpieces for deformation, a continuous gas furnace was used. The forgings were
cooled in air to 200-300 °C. The number of forging cycles was 10, the degree of deformation in each
cycle was 6–8%. The total degree of deformation was 65–68%, the total forging coefficient ~ 1.90.
Subsequently, the blanks were rolled at OJSC “NMZ” n.a. A.N. Kuzmin (Novosibirsk) per sheet 3 mm
thick at the rolling mill 810 according to industrial technology. The heating temperature of the blanks
for rolling was 1120÷1250 °C, the holding time was 2÷2.5 hours. The technological mode of sheet
manufacturing from steel 10 is described in more detail in [2].
Samples cut from the sheet were annealed in resistance furnaces of SNOL type. To study the steel
microstructure the OLYMPUS GX-51F optical microscope was used. To determine the temperature
coefficient of linear expansion (TCLE) of steel samples, a high-temperature dilatometer DIL 402C
with a measurement error of 00,1·10-6 К-1 was used. Determination of the coercive force was carried
out on the KIFM-1 coercimeter with a flux probe on rectangular sheet samples with a thickness of 3
mm and a size of 90×120 mm. The measurement error was 4 A/m.
3. Results and discussion
One of the most important properties of soft magnetic materials is the coercive force, which
determines the energy loss due to magnetization reversal of magnetic circuit elements. First of all, this
applies to the cores of magnetic cores, transformers and other structural elements [13]. In this regard,
the value of the coercive force was determined for hot-rolled steel 10, manufactured according to the
industrial rolling regime and using preliminary DTT. In the first case, it amounted to 214 A/m, and in
the case of using thermocyclic forging 232 A/m. Such an increase in coercive force due to the use of
preliminary thermocyclic forging modes in the manufacture of hot-rolled sheet steel 10 can be
explained by the changes occurring in its microstructure.
This is, first of all, grinding of ferrite grains and pearlite colonies oriented along the rolling
direction, which is consistent with the results of metallographic studies carried out in [2]. Such a
refinement of the structural components and, consequently, an increase in the length of the interphase
grain boundaries, which are places of accumulation of crystal structure defects (dislocations,
vacancies, etc.) in the structure of sheet steel 10 made using DTT, is the reason for the increase in its
coercive force.
Quite often, in special fields of industry, magnetic elements operate at elevated and lowered
temperatures, including the widespread plate-type stacked cores with an electrically insulating coating,
sealed magnetic contacts (reed switches), and other similar products. Therefore, for the soft magnetic
materials from which such products are made, one of the important characteristics is the characteristic
2
Metallurgy 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 866 (2020) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/866/1/012033
of thermal expansion – the temperature coefficient of linear expansion (TCLE). Studies on the effect
of thermocyclic forging on the linear expansion of steel 10 showed that the use of DTT practically
does not affect the true thermal expansion coefficient. The magnitude of its change after cyclic forging
and rolling on a sheet does not exceed 5% (figure 1). However, one can note a tendency for the
coefficient to exceed the coefficient of low test temperatures (up to 300 °C) by 5% compared with the
coefficient of hot-rolled steel of industrial manufacture and the opposite change in the thermal
expansion coefficient for higher test temperatures (300-450 °C).
Figure 1. The effect of thermocyclic forging on the linear expansion
of hot-rolled steel sheet 10 (sheet thickness 3 mm).
Further, the effect of subsequent annealing for 10 h on the physical properties of sheet steel 10
(thickness 3 mm) subjected to DTT was studied. It was found that an increase in the annealing
temperature from 100 to 900 °C with an increments of 100 °C leads to a consistent decrease in the
coercive force of steel (figure 2). Its intense decrease was noted at higher annealing temperatures
starting from 600 °С. The minimum value of the coercive force corresponds to annealing at a
temperature of 900 °C and is 83 A/m, which is almost 3 times lower than that of samples without heat
treatment. Apparently, the decrease in the coercive force of sheet steel fabricated using DTT with an
increase in the annealing temperature is explained by the general decrease in the level of stresses and
defects in the crystal structure (vacancies, dislocations, etc.) formed in the metal as a result of the
deformation and cooling modes used as well as a significant increase in ferrite grain and a slight
decrease in the volume fraction of pearlite colonies.
Figure 2. The effect of the heating temperature with cooling in the furnace on the coercive force of
steel 10 made using DTT.
3
Metallurgy 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 866 (2020) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/866/1/012033
The curves of the temperature dependence of the linear expansion of steel 10 made using
thermocyclic forging on the test temperature after annealing for 10 h at 600, 700, 800, and 900 °C and
without heat treatment are shown in figure 3.
(а) (b)
Figure 3. The effect of annealing temperatures at 600, 700 ºС (а) and 800, 900 ºС (b) with a holding
time of 10 h on the linear expansion of hot-rolled sheet steel 10 made using DTT.
Based on the analysis of the temperature dependence curves of the true thermal expansion
coefficient of steel 10 made using preliminary thermocyclic forging, after annealing for 10 h at 600,
700, 800, and 900 °C, graphical dependences of the average coefficient over the test temperature
intervals on the annealing temperature are constructed (figure 4).
Figure 4. The effect of annealing temperature on the average TCLE in various temperature ranges for
testing hot-rolled sheet steel 10 made using DTT.
The obtained dependences α – T test and α av – T test makes it possible to conclude that the tendency
of steel 10 to thermal expansion decreases after annealing at all studied temperatures. Moreover,
annealing of steel at 800 and 900 °C reduces the temperature coefficient of linear expansion more
significantly. This decrease averages over 6% in the entire temperature range of the testings (up to 450
°C). In addition, the most significant annealing at 800 and 900 °C reduces the average TCLE in the
low temperature range of 50-100 and 50-200 °C. So, after annealing at 800 °С this decrease is 8 and
12%, and after annealing at 900 ° С – 7 and 12%, respectively, in comparison with thermally untreated
samples.
4
Metallurgy 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 866 (2020) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/866/1/012033
4. Conclusions
1. The use of thermocyclic forging for the manufacture of steel sheet 10sp (thickness 3 mm) increases
the value of its coercive force by no more than 8% compared with the industrial mode and does not
significantly affect thermal expansion.
2. The subsequent high annealing (900 °С) for 10 h of sheet steel 10 made using thermocyclic
forging, allows its coercive force by almost 3 times to be reduced compared to thermally untreated
steel, and also to reduce the true values of thermal expansion coefficient on average by more than 6%
in the range up to 450 °C.
3. The largest decrease in the average coefficient of thermal expansion of steel 10 after this
annealing mode for various test temperatures is observed in the low-temperature zone (from 50 to 200
°C) and amounts to 7-10% compared to its initial state.
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