Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course CDI 3 – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation with Driving

Sem/AY Second Semester/2021-2022

Module No. 1

Lesson Title INTRODUCTION TO TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAND TRANSPORTATION

Week 3
Duration

Date March 14, 2022 - April 8, 2022

Descripti This module 1 deals with the introduction about traffic management and accident
on of the investigation which includes the important terms needed in understanding the
Lesson course, the early modes of transportation, and the development of traffic control
devices and other road safety devices.

Learning Outcomes
Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning
Learning outcomes: • Discuss the overview of the course.
Outcomes • Discuss and familiarized to the important terms in understanding the
course. • Illustrate the early modes of transportation.
• Discuss and familiarized the development of traffic control devices and other
road safety devices.

Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

Objectives • Explain briefly the overview of the course.
• Define the important terms in understanding the course.
• Illustrate the early modes of transportation.
• Independently discuss the development of traffic control devices and other
road safety devices.

Student Learning Strategies

 Online A. Synchronous Online Learning via Google Meet
Activities ✓You will be directed to attend in a Two-hours class discussion on Introduction
(Synchrono to Theories of Crime Causation.
us/Asynchro ✓To have access to the Online Discussion, link will be forwarded 1 day before
the scheduled time and date.
nous)

✓The online discussion will happen on ________ and ___ 2021, from
8:00-10:00AM via Google Meet.
✓Assessment tasks will be online discussion or post reply and essay via Google
Classroom.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

✓For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the schedule
of activities for this module.

Note: Synchronous Online Learning refers to the event in which student participants will
meet in a virtual classroom to discuss the lesson via Google Meet.

B.Asynchronous Online Learning via Google Classroom.

✓Link of recorded video lectures, powerpoint presentations, learning
materials and other related information to the course will be uploaded via
Google Classroom before the scheduled date and time as reflected in our
Course Guide.
✓Assessment tasks will be discussion posting or post reply and essay via Google
Classroom.
✓Students enrolled in Asynchronous should at least attend the online class once
in every 2 weeks via Google Meet. Link will be forwarded a day before the
scheduled meeting.
✓For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the schedule
of activities for this module.

Note: Asynchronous online learning refers to the platform via Google Classroom for
discussions wherein students will answer the posted questions for discussion and to have
access of learning materials, information, and assessment tasks. This is also to facilitate
constraints of time and place among network/internet connection of the students.

C. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What is traffic management and traffic accident investigation?
2. What are the early modes of transportation?
3. What is the development of traffic control devices?
 Offline Lecture Guide
Activities
(e-Learnin INTRODUCTION
g/
1. Definition of Terms
Self-Paced
Traffic
)
- It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by
combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the
purpose of travel.
- It was derived from the word “trafficare” which means “to carry on trade “.
Congestion
- A situation in which a place is crowded with people or vehicles, so that it is
difficult to move around.

Traffic Congestion
- A condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized
by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing.
Major Causes of Traffic Congestion
1. Physical Inadequacy
2. Poor Control Measures
3. Human Errors
4. Poor Maintenance
 Management
- It is the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose.
Traffic Management
- It is the method of control for roadwork, that is, the measures that are generally
intended to improve road safety for all its users and ease congestion or
control the use of the cars.
- It is the systematic administration and operation of traffic.
Scope of Traffic Management
In connection with the above stated causes of congestion, authorities
conceived that a systematic and effective traffic management is needed
which includes but not limited to the following:
1. All public surface facilities traversing and parking and all types of
conveyances for the movement of persons and things.
2. All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow these
public facilities for such movements.
3. All agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting,
stopping, prohibiting or controlling the use of these facilities.
Traffic Unit
- Any person using the roadway as a pedestrian or driver including the vehicle or
animal he is using.

Accident
- Any unexpected occurrence which results to unintended death, injury or
damage to property.
Traffic Accident
- Any accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way.
Traffic Accident Investigation
- Systematic process of establishing facts and circumstances pertaining to a
traffic accident.

Operation
- Pertains to a course or series of acts to effect a certain purpose; manner or;
action or a vital or natural process of activity.
Roadway
- It refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor vehicle pass.
Shoulder
- It refers to either side of the roadway, especially along highways.
Traffic way
- It refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of
which any part is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular
traffic as a matter of right or custom.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

 Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAND TRANSPORTATION

Transportation is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one
location to another for the purposes of travel. Man’s need to travel dates back as early as
the creation of human beings. Biblical passages alleged that when Adam and Eve ate the
fruit of the forbidden tree, God sent them out of the Paradise of Eden.
Since then, the human race expanded and our ancestors constantly move from one
place to another to enable them to survive and others for various reasons. Other biblical
passages mentioned that Moses was chosen by God to speak to the Pharaoh of Egypt to
let his children out of Egypt. So, the children of Israel were gloriously brought out of
Egypt to serve God.
Soon, others became nomadic. They constantly migrate from one place to another
according to their own detailed knowledge of exploitable resources. The term nomad,
from the Greek word “to pasture “, was originally used to refer to pastoralists –groups
that migrate in an establishment pattern to find pasturelands for their own domestic
livestock. However, the term has since been generalized to include all non-settled
populations, of which there are three types;
• Foraging population – who wander in search of their food. It is estimated that 99%of
all humanity once lived in this way.
• Pastural nomads – who move with their families, belongings, and herds of cattle,
camel, sheep, or goats through an annual cycle of pastures whose availability
is determined by the alteration of hot and cold wet or dry seasons.
• It compromises the gypsies, tinkers and similar itinerants in urban and complex
societies.
What worth nothing is how man travelled during the ancient period? It is believed
that early human beings travelled to places by foot, carrying their loads on their backs or
in their heads while other pulled crude sleds. They used every means to make their
transportation with the least time and effort.

2.1 EARLY MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

2.1.1 Manpower Transportation

It originated in the Stone Age during the primitive years wherein man
used sled. With the invention of sled, early men have gotten the idea for
skiffs – pieces of smooth board resembling sled runner but worn on the
feet of the hunter and snow- shoes. The first water craft and the
manpower ran probably evolved from the floating log.
1. Carrying pole
2. Back load and Tumpline
3. Sledge on rollers
4. Sledge on runners
5. Travois

2.1.2 Animal Power

1. Ox – first domesticated in Mesopotamia

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay
 2. Reindeer – first domesticated in Siberia around the beginning of
the Christian era.
3. Dog – first animal domesticated
4. Donkey – first domesticated in the Middle East.
5. Llama – in pre- Columbian America, the Llama was the only new
world animal other than the dog capable of domestication for use in
transport.
6. Elephant – Carthagians used African elephant in their war against
Rome.
7. Horse –used around 2,000 B.C.
8. Camel – bred by the Arab nomads
9. Yak – a long- haired type of cattle that lives in a high altitude on the
Tibetan Plateau.

2.1.3 Wind Power

1. Ancient Chinese Kite – first used for transportation when a Korean
general employed one in bridge building.
2. Da Vinci’s Ornithopter – made use of the flight of the birds and his
notebooks sketched a number of ornithopter which derives its
principal support and propelling from flapping wings like those of a
bird.
3. Montgolfier Balloon – brothers Joseph Michel and Jacques Entienne of
France have successfully released several balloons when they
propose
to use two condemned prisoners for the first ascent with passengers.
Pilatre de Rozier, a natural historian protested this and claimed the
honour for himself. In 1783, he and the Marquis d’ Arlanoes became
first men to make a free balloon ascent.
4. Siemen’s Rocket Plane – Ernst Werner Von Siemens, in 1847, designed
a rocket plane which was to be propelled by the explosive force of
gunpowder.
5. Lilienthal Glider- Otto Lilienthal, a German inventor also made a
study of the flight of the birds and experimented with ornithopter,
going so
far as to build a model ornithopter. His chief work was with gilders
6. Dumont’s Airship – Alberto Santos Dumont, a Brazilian who
experimented with the steam-powered balloons in Paris made his first
balloon ascent in 1897 and in 1898, he completed the construction of
his first airship.
7. Wright Brother’s Flying Machine – build biplane kite with over 200
different wing types which they tested in a wind tunnel of their own
invention, before they conducted their first man-carrying powered
machine.
8. Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis –the first solo flight from New York to
Paris was made by Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh in May 1927.

2.1.4 Vehicle History

1. Wheel was invented probably in Western Asia
a) Cart with solid wheels on fixed axle – it represents an early
step in the evolution of wheeled vehicles. Its solid wheels
which were made of a single piece of wood rotated on single
axle.
b) Sumerian chariot with flank wheels –about 2400 B.C., it had
solid wheels built of three pieces.
 c) Greek Quadriga with spoken wheels – drawn by four horses,
it was a light and elegant vehicle for gentleman about 250 B.C.
d) Roman Carpentum¬- a closed two-wheeled cart, the favoured
vehicle when Roman women journeyed outside the city.
e) Italian Cocchio (1288) –a traveling wagon in which the
passengers were protected by a covering or leather or cloth
fixed over a wooden framework.
2. Wheeled vehicles could not use the narrow paths and trails used
by pack animals, and early roads were soon built.
3. The Romans are the major roads builders in the ancient world.
4. John L. Macadam – perfected by Macadamized Road in England
about 1815.
5. After the falls of the Romans in the 5th century, land haulage
generally declined because highways suffered from inadequate
maintenance.
Such improvements, however, as the horse collars (10th century), the
addition of spring to coaches, new methods of roads construction, and
the introduction of toll roads (18th century) all continued to ease and
speed land travel.
6. Significant improvement of road vehicle began with the adaption
of coach spring about 1650.
7. John Palmer introduced his first fast mail coach in March of 1785.
8. The invention of Bicycle- early 19th century served as nursery of
automobile builders. One of the modern ancestors of the modern
bicycle was the Hobbyhorse, or Dan horse.
9. In 1817, German Baron Von Drais in 1817 introduced a steerable
wheel, creating the “draisienne “or “dandy horse “.
10. In 1838, Kirkapatrick Macmillan, a Scottish blacksmith, made the
first machine with pedals, which were attached to and drove the
rear wheel
by means of cranks.
11. Pnuematic Tires – introduced by a Scot named John Boyd Dunlop
appeared in late 19th century (about 1888).
12. Motor Vehicle – the first mode of transportation to challenge the
railroads.
13. French Entiene Lenoir – made possible the introduction of
motorized carriages by his invention in the 1860’s and 1870’s of the
internal
Combustion Engine.
14. Nicolaus Otto and Gottlieb Daimler – pioneered the manufacture of
gas engines, and later Daimer became a successful automobile
manufacture.
15. Rudolf Diesel - a German engineer who developed an engine, which
requires no electrical ignition system or carburetor and uses other
form of liquid fuel called the diesel fuel.
16. Automobile found its greatest popularity in the U.S. as the first
HORSELESS CARRIAGE (1890s).
17. Henry Ford (1908) – introduced the Model T which was so popular
that in 1914, Ford had adopted MASS PRODUCTION.
18. Felix Wankel (1956) – a German mathematician who developed an
advanced type of engine, named after him that operates very
differently from gas and diesel engines. It was started by a moving
crankshaft.
2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND OTHER ROAD
SAFETY DEVICES

The arrival of the automobile in the early 1900s started a revolution in travel -
and traffic control devices have developed to keep modern day travelers moving ever
more safely and efficiently to their destinations. Road signs were the first traffic control
devices to direct travelers on their journeys. The evolution of these road signs provides
a fascinating insight not only into the evolution of traffic control devices, but also to the
pace of economic and social development in our Nation.

2.2.1 Traffic Light

December 10, 1868 — The first gas-lit traffic lights were installed outside
the Houses of Parliament in London. Proposed by British railway engineer J.P.
Knight to control the traffic of horse carriages, gas lights were manually controlled
by a police officer using semaphore arms. At night, gas-lit red and green lights were
used, but still changed by a police officer. The lights became a safety hazard as they
sometimes exploded and injured police officers.

1912 — A traffic control device was placed on top of a tower in Paris at the Rue
Montmartre and Grande Boulevard, with a revolving four-sided metal box on top of
a glass showcase where the word “Stop” was painted in red and the word “Go”
painted in white.

1912 — As automobile traffic increased, American policeman Lester Wire

designed the first electric traffic light. It was first installed in Cleveland, Ohio, on
August 5, 1914, at the corner of 105th and Euclid Avenue.

1917 — First interconnected traffic signal system installed in Salt Lake City, with
six connected intersections controlled simultaneously from a manual switch.

1920 — William Potts, a Detroit policeman, invented the first four-way and three
colored traffic lights. He introduced yellow lights to indicate the light would
change soon. Detroit became the first city to implement the four-way and
three-colored traffic lights.

1920 — Los Angeles installs five signals on Broadway manufactured by the Acme
Traffic Signal Co. The signals paired “Stop” and “Go” semaphore arms with small
red and green lights and bells that rang just before the flags changed.

1920s — In a predominately Irish neighborhood in Syracuse, New York, traffic

lights were vandalized frequently. The Irish citizens objected to the red light on
top, which they viewed as a symbol of British oppression of Ireland (represented
by green lights
at the bottom). City officials flipped the signals in that neighborhood to have
green lights on top.

1923 — Garrett Morgan received a patent for an electric traffic signal. The
African American inventor owned a sewing machine company in Cleveland and,
after witnessing a horrific accident, worked on his automated traffic signal
system. GE paid him $40,000 for the invention.
 1928 — Charles Adler Jr. developed a sonically actuated traffic light. To operate it,
drivers pulled up to a red light and honked their horns to make the light change.
Installed in Baltimore, it was the first actuated traffic signal in the United States
and served as the basis for modern traffic signals.

1929 — Adler also invented a pedestrian push button, which was installed
in Baltimore—the first pedestrian-actuated signal.

1950s — Computerized detection used in traffic lights. A pressure plate was

placed at intersections so computers would know that a car was waiting at the
red light.

1960s — As computers improved, they could monitor traffic and change lights in
an even more efficient way.

1990s — The countdown timer was introduced to traffic lights to help

pedestrians know whether they have enough time to cross the road before the
signal changes color.

2010s — Connected vehicles can communicate with traffic signals and other
vehicles. This can vastly improve speed, timing, and efficiency at
intersections— perhaps as much as 40 percent as more vehicles get
connected, according to Washington State University research.

2.2.2 Traffic Signs, Marker and Safety Devices

In fact, as early as 1899, horseless carriage owners in New York City met at
the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel for the purpose of forming an automobile club - the
predecessor of the American Automobile Association - and part of their function
was to place and maintain signs on principal local highways to guide drivers
through the area or to specific sites.

1905, the Buffalo Automobile Club installed an extensive signpost network in

the New York State.

In 1909, the Automobile Club of California undertook the task of signing the
principal highways within a 250-mile radius of San Francisco.

The First Signing Manual

Also in 1924, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO,
the forerunner of AASHTO) took earlier efforts one step further by issuing a
report that combined the previous efforts to standardize sign shapes and colors.
The importance of the AASHO report is that it became the basis for the first
guidebook, Manual and Specifications for the Manufacture, Display, and Erection
of U.S. Standard Road Markers and Signs, in 1927.

Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), Volume 1

• In 1935, the first MUTCD was published
• 1937, printed version was published.
• The 1937 printed version was only 166 pages; content was separated into
four parts that addressed signs, markings, signals, and islands.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

• The 1935 edition set the standard for types of signs by classifying them as
regulatory, warning, or guide signs.
• The 1935 MUTCD also defined some pavement markings.

Seatbelts
Lap belts were first offered as a traffic safety equipment option in American
cars in 1949 by Nash. Saab was the first manufacturer to offer them as standard
gear in 1958. It became standard in all vehicles. Today’s three-point lap and
shoulder belts were actually patented in the 1950s but weren’t standard
equipment until much later. The first compulsory seatbelt law was enacted in
1970 in Australia. Ironically, the “Live Free or Die” State of New Hampshire
remains the only U.S. State without a mandatory seat belt law.

Today, we now have devices that monitor traffic with devices implanted in
pavement, traffic cams are everywhere, and even solar power provides electricity
for signage on our roadways. Like in most areas of our life, technology is rapidly
affecting driving and driving safety.