FBGZH]BM MJ GLJKGLBW BMILKLW]SB]LVBW \ SJGZSW@W

AZIBK@W

JWGZJHB US@FJWL@KBH MJ BMILKLW]SBGL×K

BMILKLW]SBGL×K

BWLDKB]ZSB?
Djstl÷k Jiprjsbs mj sjrvlgl`s

]JIB?

‘M`k Cjhlsbrl`’

LK]JDSBK]JW?
Bdulrrj U`kgj, Ibrg`
Jsplk`zb Wbbvjmrb, Oabipljr
Oliìkjz Slvjr`s, S`sjibry
Sjykb Huoâk, Bhjssbkmrb
Vbhmlvljz` Obvljr,Abilr

WJGGL×K?

5:K52

M@GJK]J?
OBVLJS BHFSJM@ IBS]LK SBILSJ_ G@S_@

HLIB ‗ UJSß

3535-L
 ÉKMLGJ

LK]S@MZGGL×K

GBUÉ]ZH@ L? DJKJSBHLMBMJW MJ HB JIUSJWB

2.2
2.3.Alst`rlb
]lp` mj mj M`k Cjhlsbrl`
jiprjsb
2.7 @cojtlv`s mj hb jiprjsb
2.= Ilsl÷k y Vlsl÷k
2.: H`dr`s mj hb Jiprjsb

GBUÉ]ZH@ LL? WLW]JIB MJ WJSVLGL@

3.2. Wjrvuggl÷k jk M`k Cjhlsbrl`

3.2.2 Jhjijkt`s mj hb Wjrvuggl÷k
3.3. Mlsjò` mj Wlstjib mj sjrvlgl`
3.7. ]jgk`h`débs y jstrbtjdlbs

GBUL]ZH@ hhh? Glgh` mj vlmb mjh sjrvlgl`

7.2 Jstrbtjdlb mjh sjrvlgl`
7.3 Mlsjò` mjh sjrvlgl`
7.7 ]rbksbggl÷k mjh sjrvlgl`
7.= @pjrbgl÷k mjh sjrvlgl`
7.: Ijo`rb g`ktlkub mjh sjrvlgl`

G@KGHZWL@KJW

SJG@IJKMBGL@KJW

BKJQ@

DH@WBSL@

SJFJSJKGLBW

Uâdlkâ 3
 LK]S@MZGGL×K

M`k Cjhlsbrl` js ukb ibrgb pr`plb mjh a`hmlkd, kjd`gl` mj Sjtblh Dbstr`k÷ilg`
(U`hh` b hb Crbsb) quj `pjrb b trbvìs mj KDS (KD Sjstburbkts W.B.) pjrtjkjgljktj
bh drup` Lktjrg`rp, js uk rjstburbktj guy` phbt` prlkglpbh js jh p`hh` bsbm`, ukb
g`ilmb p`puhbr jk t`m`s h`s pbésjs hbtlk`s, js hb kujvb frbkqulglb mj g`si`hh
Mlkklkd. M`k Cjhlsbrl` fuj fukmbmb jk Bcrlh mjh 3523 g`k uk phbk bdrjslv` mj
jxpbksl÷k quj lkghuy÷ jk h`s 3 prlijr`s bò`s, bgtubhijktj gujktb g`k 27 h`gbhjs mj
h`s gubhjs 7 s`k mj pr`vlkglb y 25 jk Hlib.

Jh prjsjktj trbcbo` tljkj g`i` `cojtlv` jvbhubr hb gbhlmbm sjrvlgl` jk jh rjstburbktj

M`k Cjhlsbrl`, quj lkv`hugrb b hb rbplmjz jk jh sjrvlgl`, y tbiclìk pbrtj mj hb
lkfrbjstrugturb y bicljktj quj mjcj sjr bmjgubm` pbrb jh mjsbrr`hh` mjh sjrvlgl`, bsé
g`i` `tr`s mjtbhhjs rjspjgt` b hb btjkgl÷k bh ghljktj. Wj pum` g`kghulr quj hb gbhlmbm
mj btjkgl÷k jk M`k Cjhlsbrl` k` js ibhb, pjr` quj tljkj pukt`s b ijo`rbr jk hb
rbplmjz, jspjgéflgbijktj jk h`s pukt`s mj t`ib mj pjmlm`, jktrjdb mj pjmlm` y bh
tìrilk` mj hb btjkgl÷k g`k hb jktrjdb mj hb gujktb. Jh pjrs`kbh ibkjob pr`t`g`h`s mj
sjrvlgl`, pjr` k` t`m`s s`k ldubhjs gubkm` sj abchb mj btjkgl÷k, y bmjiâs sj tljkj
quj tjkjr jk g`kslmjrbgl÷k hb pjrgjpgl÷k mjh ghljktj jk hb lktjrbggl÷k mjh sjrvlgl`.

Urjsjktb uk lipbgt` p`sltlv` slduljkm` hbs tjkmjkglbs iukmlbhjs, mbkm` bsé quj jh
ibkjo` mj hbs rjmjs s`glbhjs js iuy lip`rtbktj pbrb lipuhsbr jh g`ksui` y hb
flmjhlmbm mj h`s ghljktjs b hb jiprjsb. Jh grjgliljkt` mjh sjdijkt` mjhlvjry ijmlbktj
bphlgbgl`kjs wjc ` i÷vlhjs quj fbglhltbk hbs trbksbggl`kjs y `frjzgbk pr`i`gl`kjs
btrbgtlvbs pbrb h`s g`ksuilm`rjs.

Uâdlkâ 7
 GBUÉ]ZH@ L

DJKJSBHLMBMJW
DJKJSBHLMBMJW MJ HB JIUSJWB

2.2 Alst`rlb mj hb jiprjsb

M`k Cjhlsbrl`, js hb frbkqulglb mj p`hh`s b hb crbsb mjh drup` Lktjrg`rp, quj lklgl` sus
sjrvlgl`s jk jh Ujrÿ jh bò` 3523, sljkm` su prlijr h`gbh jk jh G.G. Uhbzb Hlib K`rtj.
Zk ijml` liprjs` bsjdurb quj jh drup` Lktjrg`rp mjglml÷ hbkzbr su pr`pl` kjd`gl`
mj p`hh`s b hb crbsb, mjspuìs mj lktjktbr bmqulrlr slk ìxlt` Ubrm`s Galgnjk y K`rny“s.

Mj jstb ibkjrb sj grjb hb ibrgb M`k Cjhlsbrl`, pbrtj mj KD Sjstburbkts W.B, b su

vjz pbrtj mjh drup` Lktjrg`rp. Bgtubhijktj hb jiprjsb gujktb 26 sjmjs jk Hlib y 7
sjmjs jk jh lktjrl`r mjh pbés ]ruolhh`, Gusg` y Ulurb> bsl g`i` tbiclìk mlsp`kjr mj 6
z`kbs mj rjpbrt` mjh sjrvlgl` mj mjhlvjry jk Hlib? Ilrbfh`rjs, Ibdmbhjkb y Wbk
Lslmr`, Lkmjpjkmjkglb, Wurg`, Ojsÿs Ibréb y Hlkgj.

U`r `t
U`r `tr`
r` hbm`
hbm`,, hb ibrg
ibrgb
b pr
pr`p
`p`k
`kj
j ukb
ukb g`kv
g`kvjr
jrdj
djkg
kglb
lb jk gugubk
bkt`
t` b h` h`ss lg
lg`k
`k`s
`s
rjprjsjktbktjs mj hb ibrgb, prjsjktbkm` b M`k Cjhlsbrl`, uk dbhh` jstlhlzbm` jk ukb
jrb mj vjstubrl`s vlst`s`s, g`i` pbtrlbrgb y fukmbm`r mj hb jiprjsb. Ubrtljkm` mj
jstj pjrs`kboj sj jktbchb ukb alst`rlb flgtlglb mj g`i` lklgl` hb alst`rlb mj M`k
Cjhlsbrl`.

HB ]SBMLGL×K AJGAB HJ\JKMB

GZJK]B HB ALW]@SLB…

... quj jxlstl÷ uk drbk abgjkmbm` hhbibm` M`k Cjhlsbrl` quljk jrb fbi`s` p`r

g`kdrjdbr jk drbkmjs ijsbs b bild`s y fbilhlbrjs, bhrjmjm`r mj hb jxqulsltb sbz÷k

mj su jsp`sb M`òb Jkrlqujtb.

Bqujhh`s fujr`k iuga`s bò`s mj Mjhlgl`s`s i`ijkt`s. Fuj hujd` mj hb pbrtlmb mj

M`k Cjhlsbrl` mj jstj iukm` quj hbs g`sbs gbiclbr`k. M`òb Jkrlqujtb mjo÷ mj
g`glkbr y hb abgljkmb yb k` fuj iâs jh pukt` mj rjukl÷k mj sbc`rjs, mj bhjdrébs, mjh
cltutj. Abstb quj uk méb, mj pr`kt`, sj jsguga÷ jh fujrtj gbkt` mj uk dbhh` oust`
bktjs mjh bhiujrz`. Hb jxtrbòb g`kfusl÷k mjh bklibhlt` hhbi÷ hb btjkgl÷k mj h`s
trbcbobm`rjs. Jsb ilsib k`gaj, bktjs mj hb gjkb, jh dbhh` v`hvl÷ b gbktbr. ]biclìk
h` alz` bh méb slduljktj... y bh slduljktj... y bsé t`m`s h`s mébs.

Sâplmbijktj hb k`tlglb g`rrl÷ p`r h`s bhrjmjm`rjs, djktj mj t`mbs pbrtjs vjkéb b vjr
tbk ibdkb gurl`slmbm? uk dbhh` quj k` bkukglbcb jh bibkjgjr slk` hb a`rb mj

Uâdlkâ =
sjktbrsj b g`ijr. M`òb Jkrlqujtb mjglml÷ v`hvjr b g`glkbr pbrb t`m`s h`s quj
jipjzbcbk b hhjdbr oust` b hb a`rb mj bhi`rzbr ` gjkbr. Sjmjsgucrl÷ su sbz÷k, sus
rjgjtbs y g`k bhjdréb jxghbi÷? ‘¡Jstj dbhh` js M`k Cjhlsbrl`!’

Mjsmj jsj méb hb abgljkmb rjglcj vlsltbktjs quj mjdustbk hb vjrmbmjrb trbmlgl÷k mjh

p`hh` b hb crbsb,
Kujvbijktj frjsgbs
hb gbsb jksbhbmbs,
mj M`k Cjhlsbrl`sbcr`sbs
js pukt` dubrklgl`kjs
mj rjukl÷k mjysbc`rjs,
suguhjkt`s plquj`s.
mj bhjdrébs,
mjh cltutj> ba`rb tbiclìk pbrb tu mlsfrutj. Hb ]rbmlgl÷k Ajgab Hjyjkmb. (Jxtrbgt`
t`ibm` mj hb pjstbòb alst`rlb mj hb pâdlkb wjc mj M`k Cjhlsbrl`, )

2.3 ]lp` mj jiprjsb

M`k Cjhlsbrl`, sj jkgujktrb jk jh rucr` bhlijktlgl` mj hbs jiprjsbs quj prjstbk

sjrvlgl`s, b su vjz hb jxpjrljkglb quj crlkmb jstâ mlrldlmb b uk bicljktj fbilhlbr,
bslilsi`
bslilsi` cusg
cusgbb uk p`slgl`
p`slgl`kbilj
kbiljkt`
kt` jk t`rk` b uk g`kgj
g`kgjpt`
pt` mj lkk`v
lkk`vbgl÷k
bgl÷k y
ibktjkjr ukb mlfjrjkglbgl÷k frjktj b sus g`ipjtlm`rjs, fbglhltbkm` uk bicljktj
bdrbmbchj m`kmj hbs fbilhlbs sj pujmbk rjuklr y tjkjr jxpjrljkglbs bdrbmbchjs.

2.7 @cojtlv`s mj hb jiprjsb

Mj bgujrm` b hb jv`hugl÷k mj hb jiprjsb jstb ab lm` mjsbrr`hhbkm` mlfjrjktjs

`cojtlv`s tbkt` b g`rt` phbz` g`i` b hbrd` phbz`, h`s gubhjs sj prjsjktbk b
g`ktlkubgl÷k?

@cojtlv`s b G`rt` phbz`?


Ur`p`k
Ur`p`kjrjr bggl`k
bggl`kjsjs pbr
pbrb
b lkgrji
lkgrjijkt
jktbr
br hbs vjktbs
vjktbs,, slj
sljkm
km`
` hb bhtjrk
bhtjrkbtl
btlvb
vb
prjfjrlmb b klvjh kbgl`kbh s`crj jh p`hh` b hb crbsb.

Uâdlkâ :
  Mjtjrilkbr hlkjbiljkt`s pbrb bhgbkzbr hb jflgljkglb jk h`s g`st`s y bsé
p`slgl`kâkm`sj
p`slgl`kâkm`s j g`i` hb ijo`r gbmjkb mj p`hh` b hb crbsb.

@cojtlv`s b Hbrd` phbz`?

 Jxpbkmlrsj b iâs glumbmjs jk jh lktjrl`r mjh pbés. Biphlbr jk uk25% hb

jxpbksl÷k jk jh lktjrl`r.
 Ibktjkjr ukb bhtb gbhlmbm mj h`s pr`mugt`s y sjrvlgl`s pbrb `frjgjr b
kujstr`s ghljktjs.

2.= Ilsl÷k y Vlsl÷k

ILWL@K

Wjr jh prlijr y ijo`r `pjrbm`r dbstr`k÷ilg` jk jh Ujrÿ.

VLWL@K

Ur`vjjr y crlkmbr hb ijo`r jxpjrljkglb jk hb gbhlmbm mjh pr`mugt` jk hb jxgjhjkglb

mjh sjrvlgl` y jh g`ipr`ils` mj kujstr`s ijo`rjs g`hbc`rbm`rjs.

Uâdlkâ 6
2.: H`dr`s mj hb Jiprjsb

Jh p`hh` mj M`k Cjhlsbrl` sj rjcjh÷. Mjspuìs mj : bò`s mj g`k`gjr jh pbhbmbr y jh

dust` mj h`s pjrubk`s, hb p`puhbr gbmjkb mj p`hh` b hb crbsb mjglml÷ biphlbr su
p`rtbf`hl` pbrb hbkzbr ukb kujvb gbtjd`réb? jh p`hh` gruoljktj.

Ruj
Ruj h`
h`dr
dr÷
÷ su p`
p`pu
puhb
hbrl
rlmb
mbm
m dr
drbg
bglb
lbss b sus
sus vb
vbrl
rlbm
bmbs
bs dubr
dubrkl
klgl
gl`k
`kjs
js,, g`
g`i`
i` h`
h`ss
Gbi`tlt`s mj hb Bcujhltb, hbs Ubpbs mjh Gbp`rbh, jh Ga`ghlt` Gbprjsj, jh Uurì mj
Ubpbs ]uicby, jktrj `trbs, `frjgj ba`rb = "rjcjhmjs" jspjglbhlmbmjs mjktr` ukb
gbtjd`réb mj p`hh`s gruoljktjs quj js g`kslmjrbmb p`r h`s pjrubk`s jh tjrgjr phbt`
iâs p`
p`p
puhbr
uhbr mj kujst
ujstr`
r` pbés
pbés (m
(mjs
jspu
puìs
ìs mj
mjhh p`
p`hhhh`
` b hb crbs
rbsb y jh ga
galflfb,
b,
rjspjgtlvbijktj).
Js bsé quj ba`rb, h`s g`ijksbhjs y bibktjs mjh cujk g`ijr p`mrâk jkg`ktrbr jk
h`s 26 h`gbhjs b klvjh kbgl`kbh (27 jk Hlib y 7 jk pr`vlkglbs? ]ruolhh`, Ulurb y Gusg`)
mj M`k Cjhlsbrl`, h`s suguhjkt`s phbt`s mj "Hb Sjv`hugl÷k Gruoljktj"? Hb Sjcjhmj
@rldlkbh, gruoljktj pjgaudb mj p`hh` bh ijo`r jstlh` mj M`k Cjhlsbrl`> Hb Sjv`hugl÷k
Gabiplò÷k, gruoljktj flhjtj mj pjgaudb g`k sbhsb mj gabiplò`kjs, drbtlkbm` g`k
qujs` i`zzbrjhhb y pbrijsbk`> Hb Sjcjhmj Kbp`hltbkb, su k`icrj h` mlgj t`m`> y
hb Sjcjh Mlbchb, g`k gabiplò`kjs, gjc`hhb chbkgb, pliljkt` y zuggalkl sbhtjbm`s
g`k ukb sbhsltb g`k t`quj plgbktj drbtlkbmb g`k qujs` i`zbrrjhhb y pbrijsbk`...mj
rjgaupjtj. Hb ghbvj mjh ìxlt`? hb gr`gbkglb.

Uâdlkâ 4
 GBUÉ]ZH@ LL
WLW]JIB MJ WJSVLGL@

3.2 Wjrvuggl÷k jk M`k Cjhlsbrl`

Uâdlkâ 1
Js lip`rtbktj quj h`s rjstburbktjs quj `fjrtbk sjrvlgl`s, gujktjk g`k ukb bmjgubmb
sjrvuggl÷k, js mjglr, jiphjbr uk slstjib mj `rdbklzbgl÷k lktjrkb, g`ipujstb y
mjflklmb p`r fukgl`kjs ghâslgbs y jspjgéflgbs mj hb jiprjsb, p`r hb gubh jh ghljktj
mjcj sjktlrsj rjglclm` p`r uk cujk sjrvlgl` y uk cujk jstbchjgliljkt`.
B iâs mj 65 bò`s mj hb grjbgl÷k mj hb rjgjtb `rldlkbh mjh p`hh` b hb crbsb, sj gbhguhb
quj jk jh pbés sj g`ksuij uk pr`ijml` mj =7 p`hh`s p`r pjrs`kb bh bò`, kÿijr`
quj bsgljkmj b h`s 43 nlh`s sl k`s rjfjrli`s b hb glumbm mj Hlib. Jstb glfrb p`slgl`kb
bh Ujrÿ mj
mjcbo` g`i` jh tjrgjr
Crbslh pbés mjJhBiìrlgb
y Ubkbiâ. g`ksui`Hbtlkb g`k iby`r
mj p`hh`s jk jhg`ksui`
Ujrÿ js mj
mj p`hh`, s`h` p`ry
2: ilhh`kjs
ijml` gbmb 75 mébs (Mlbrl` Jh G`ijrgl`, 3526).
Js p`r js` quj aby mjibslbmb g`ipjtjkglb jk jh Ujrÿ y bÿk iâs jk hlib js p`r
js` quj M`k Cjhlsbrl` tljkj quj mbr uk cujk sjrvlgl` yb quj g`crb uk prjgl` uk p`g`
jhjvbm` quj hb g`ipjtjkglb js p`r js` quj vjrji`s h`s jhjijkt`s mj sjrvuggl÷k mj
hb p`hhjréb.

3.2.2 Jhjijkt`s mj hb Wjrvuggl÷k

b) Ghljktj
M`k Cjhlsbrl` ab cusgbm` mlrldlrsj b uk sjdijkt` fbilhlbr y mj ghbsj ijmlb, y g`k
fbilhlbr abgj rjfjrjkglb b uk drup` jk djkjrbh g`ipujst` p`r vbrlbs pjrs`kbs.
 Ghljktj lktjrk`? W`k t`mbs bqujhhbs pjrs`kbs quj f`rib pbrtj mj hb jiprjsb.
 Ghljktj jxtjrk`? W`k hbs pjrs`kbs quj k` pjrtjkjgjk b hb jiprjsb y abgjk
us` mj uk mjtjrilkbm` sjrvlgl` pbrb sbtlsfbgjr sus kjgjslmbmjs.

c) Wlstj
Wlstjib
ib mj
mj `r
`rdbkl
dbklzbgl÷
zbgl÷k
k lktjrk
lktjrkb?
b?

Uâdlkâ <
 ‘Js jh jhjijkt` mjh slstjib mj sjrvuggl÷k b trbvìs mjh gubh sj phbklflgbk,
rjduhbk, `rdbklzbk y bp`ybk t`mbs hbs bggl`kjs quj, ijmlbktj jh s`p`rtj
féslg` y mjh pjrs`kbh mj g`ktbgt`, sjrâk vlslchjs pbrb h`s ghljktjs.’ (Ldhjslbs,
3555, pâd. 26:)

H`s jhjijkt`s vlslchjs pbrb jh ghljktj s`k jh s`p`rtj féslg` y jh pjrs`kbh mj g`ktbgt`>
slk jicbrd`, hb prjsjktbgl÷k lkmlvlmubh ` g`hjgtlvb quj bic`s pujmjk bp`rtbr bh
sjrvlgl` vljkj g`kmlgl`kbmb p`r hb f`rib jk quj t`m` jh slstjib mj sjrvuggl÷k jstj
`rdbklzbm` lktjrkbijktj.
Fukgl`kjs ghâslgbs?
Jk uk rjstburbktj sj pujmj lkghulr mjktr` mjh slstjib mj `rdbklzbgl÷k lktjrkb, jktrj
`trbs, hbs slduljktjs fukgl`kjs ghâslgbs?
 Ibrnjtlkd.
 Flkbkzbs.
 Ujrs`kbh.
 Ibktjkliljkt`.
 Mlstrlcugl÷k lktjrkb.

Fukgl`kjs jspjgéflgbs?
Hbs fukgl`kjs jspjgéflgbs s`k lkmlspjksbchjs pbrb hb rjbhlzbgl÷k mj uk sjrvlgl`.
Jk uk rjstburbktj sj pujmj lkghulr hbs slduljktjs fukgl`kjs jspjgéflgbs?
 Sjgjpgl÷k mj ijrgbkgébs.
 G`ksjrvbgl÷k mj bhlijkt`s.
 Ibktjkliljkt` mj hbs lkstbhbgl`kjs.
 A`rbrl` mj bpjrturb y gljrrj mjh rjstburbktj.
 G`ktbclhlmbm.
 Hlipljzb.

g) Ujrs`
Ujrs`kbh
kbh mj g`k
g`ktbg
tbgt`?
t`?

‘Jh pjrs`kbh mj g`ktbgt` h` g`kstltuyjk t`m`s bqujhh`s iljicr`s mj hb jiprjsb quj

rjbhlzbk su hbc`r jk g`ktbgt` mlrjgt` g`k h`s ghljktjs’
(Ldhjslbs, 3555, pâd. 267)

Mjsmj hb ilsib pjrspjgtlvb but`rjs g`i` (Ldhjslbs, 3555, pâd. 26=) jstbchjgjk quj
jh pjrs`kbh mj g`ktbgt` tljkj m`s fukgl`kjs quj mjcj guiphlr g`k jh ghljktj?

Uâdlkâ 25
Fukgl÷k `pjrbgl`kbh? Jstb fukgl÷k jstâ g`kstltulmb p`r t`mbs hbs `pjrbgl`kjs quj
jh pjrs
pjrs`k`kbh
bh mj g`g`kt
ktbg
bgt`
t` mj
mjcj
cjrâ
râ jf
jfjg
jgtu
tubr
br,, y qu
quj
j s`
s`kk câ
câsl
slgb
gbss pb
pbrb
rb jh g`rr
g`rrjg
jgt`
t`
fukgl`kbiljkt` mjh slstjib.
Jh pjrs`kbh mj g`ktbgt` mjcj g`k`gjr guâhjs s`k sus tbrjbs y rjsp`ksbclhlmbmjs
pbrb quj jh pr`gjs` sj hhjvj b gbc` g`k jflgbglb. Mjcjrâ bmjiâs, sl js prjgls`,
lkstrulr b h`s ghljktjs jk h`s pr`gjmliljkt`s mj us` mj h`s mlstlkt`s sjrvlgl`s.
Gubkm` uk ghljktj jktrb jk uk rjstburbktj, jh pjrs`kbh mj g`ktbgt` mjcj?

Sjglclr bh ghljktj.
 Ujmlr quj t`ij bsljkt`.
 Jsgugabr hbs jxphlgbgl`kjs mjh ghljktj.
 I`strbr bhdukbs bhtjrkbtlvbs boustbmbs b sus pjtlgl`kjs.
 Bsjs`rbrhj.

]`m`s jst`s bspjgt`s f`ribk pbrtj mj hbs mlfjrjktjs `pjrbgl`kjs quj jh pjrs`kbh mj
g`ktbgt` mjcj mjsbrr`hhbr.
Fukgl÷k rjhbgl`kbh? Js hb g`rrjgtb rjbhlzbgl÷k mj hbs fukgl`kjs mjh pjrs`kbh mj
g`ktbgt`, k` s`h` mjpjkmj mj sus g`k`gliljkt`s tìgklg`s, slk` tbiclìk mj hb f`rib
jk quj jsbs fukgl`kjs sjbk rjbhlzbmbs. Hb prjsjkglb mjh ghljktj rjquljrj quj hbs
tbrjbs sj rjbhlgjk mj f`rib jflgbz y mj ibkjrb bdrbmbchj pbrb jh ghljktj, mj baé quj
h`s bspjgt`s rjhbgl`kbhjs sjbk câslg`s pbrb bhgbkzbr jh `cojtlv` flkbh mj sbtlsfbggl÷k.
Jxlstjk kuijr`s`s pukt`s quj mjcjk sjr `csjrvbm`s, yb quj klkdÿk ghljktj jstâ
mlspujst` b s`p`rtbr lksuht`s, ibh djkl`, bktlpbtéb, mjsg`kslmjrbgl÷k ` jxprjsl`kjs
slilhbrjs. U`r tbkt`, aby quj mjflklr mjktr` mjh pr`gjs`?
 G`ip`rtbiljkt`s
 Bgtltumjs
 Btjkgl÷k
 Wlipbtéb
 Jxprjsl`kjs vjrcbhjs
 Bspjgt` féslg`
 Lkmuijktbrlb

m) Jh s`p
s`p`r
`rtj
tj ffés
éslg
lg`?
`?

‘Wj trbtb mjh s`p`rtj ibtjrlbh quj js kjgjsbrl` pbrb hb pr`muggl÷k mjh sjrvlgl`, y mjh
quj sj sjrvlrâ, ` cljk jh pjrs`kbh mj g`ktbgt`, ` cljk jh ghljktj, ` cljk b ijkum` h`s
m`s b hb vjz. Jh s`p`rtj féslg` sj mlvlmj jk m`s drbkmjs gbtjd`rébs? hbs lkstbhbgl`kjs
j lkstruijkt`s kjgjsbrl`s pbrb jh sjrvlgl` y jh jkt`rk` ibtjrlbh jk jh quj sj
mjsbrr`hhb jh sjrvlgl`’ (Jldhljr & Hbkdjbrm, 2<1<)

j) Hbs lkstbhbgl`
lkstbhbgl`kjs
kjs j lkstruijk
lkstruijkt`s?
t`s?

‘W`k kjgjsbrl`s pbrb jh sjrvlgl` jstâk g`kstltulm`s p`r t`m`s h`s `cojt`s, iujchjs `
iâqulkbs pujstbs b mlsp`slgl÷k mjh pjrs`kbh jk g`ktbgt`, y/ ` jh ghljktj. ]ljkj uk
gbrâgtjr tbkdlchj y fukgl`kbh jk hb iby`réb mj h`s gbs`s, su utlhlzbgl÷k p`r uk` u `tr`
pjriltlrâ hb rjbhlzbgl÷k mjh sjrvlgl`’ (Ldhjslbs, 3555, pâd. 262)

Uâdlkâ 22
  Lkstbhbgl`kjs? Gusg`, Cjhhbvlstb, Lkmjpjkmjkglb, G`ibs, Btj, Hb I`hlkb, H`s
@hlv`s
@hlv`s,, Wbk Ildujh
Ildujh,, Ibdmb
Ibdmbhjk
hjkb,
b, Ilr
Ilrbfh
bfh`rj
`rjss Cbr
Cbrrbk
rbkg`,
g`, Uuj
Uujch`
ch` hlc
hlcrj,
rj, sur
surg`
g`
Wurqulhh` Wbk C`rob Wbk Lslmr`, Ojsÿs Ibréb, Hlkgj.
 Lkstru
Lks truijk
ijkt`s
t`s?? Jhj
Jhjijk
ijkt`s
t`s mj p`h
p`hhjré
hjréb
b g`i
g`i` ` p`r joj
jojiph
iph`?
`? Ubr
Ubrrlh
rlhhb,
hb, A`rk`,
A`rk`,
Frjlm`rb, ]lojrbs pbrb g`rtbr p`hh`, Bphbkbm`r, Flhjtjbm`r, jtg.

f) Jh jk
jkt`
t`rk
rk`
`iibt
btjr
jrlb
lbh?
h?
Jstâ g`kstltulm` p`r t`m` h` quj sj jkgujktrb bhrjmjm`r mj h`s lkstruijkt`s? sj trbtb
mj hb h`gbhlzbgl÷k, mj h`s jmlflgl`s, mjh mjg`rbm`, lhuilkbgl÷k, hlipljzb y mj hb
mlsp`slgl÷k jk h`s quj sj jfjgtÿb hb sjrvuggl÷k mj jstb ibkjrb g`ktrlcuyj b grjbr uk
mjtjrilkbm` bicljktj.
3.3. Mlsjò` mj Wlstjib mj sjrvlgl`

Ubrb p`mjr jktjkmjr ijo`r s`crj jh slstjib mj sjrvlgl`, Mlbz mj Wbkt`s lkmlgb quj?
sj rjfljrj b hb f`rib g`i` sj ‘sj jktrjdb’ jh sjrvlgl` b h`s ghljktjs ` usubrl`s> js
mjglr, bh ‘jkgujktr` mjh sjrvlgl`’, b hb prjstbgl÷k pr`plbijktj mlgab mjh sjrvlgl`.
(pbd.44)

Ujr` pbrb jhh` tbiclìk aby sbcjr mlfjrjkglb jktrj jh sjrvlgl` câslg` quj sj jiphjb y
jh slstjib mj sjrvlgl`, pjr` sl jstbs sj h`drbk uklr sj `ctljkjk uk ijo`r mjsjipjò`,
bsé g`i` k`s lkmlgb Mébz mj Wbkt`s? ‘hb g`iclkbgl÷k mj bicbs ârjbs js h` quj
pjriltj mlsjòbr g`k suflgljktj jflgljkglb jh jkgujktr` mjh sjrvlgl`’ (pâd. 12)
]biclìk k`s lkmlgb Mébz mj Wbkt`s quj?
Jk h`s sjrvlgl`s s`h` sj bhgbkzbk bht`s klvjhjs mj sbtlsfbggl÷k mj h`s ghljktjs
(`cojtlv` mjh mlsjò`) gubkm` jh mlsjò` mjh sjrvlgl` pjriltj djkjrbr>

 Bht`s klvjhjs mj sbtlsfbggl÷k

sbtlsfbggl÷k jk hb gbhlmbm lktjrkb>
lktjrkb> y
 Bht`s klvjhjs mj sbtlsfbggl÷k
sbtlsfbggl÷k jk hb gbhlmbm jxtjrkb.
jxtjrkb. (pbd.13 )

Jk suib, g`k jh drup` aji`s mlsjòbm` tbiclìk ukb iujstrb ghbrb s`crj jh glgh` mj
sjrvlgl` y h`s i`ijkt`s mj vjrmbm mj M`k Cjhlsbrl` pbrb p`mjr t`ibr jk gujktb
gubhjs s`k ukb
y bsé tjkjr h`s fbgt`rjs quj p`mrébk
ijo`r vlsl÷k mj g÷i`bfjgtbr y jkhhjvbkm`
sj jstâk gubhjs aby qujjhp`kjr
b gbc` iâscrlkmbm`
sjrvlgl` ìkfbsls,
p`r M`k Cjhlsbrl` abglb jh ghljktj quj js jh prlkglpbh `cojtlv` pbrb p`mjr sbtlsfbgjr su
kjgjslmbm.

Uâdlkâ 23
Fujktj? Jhbc`rbgl÷k pr`plb
H`s i`ijkt`s mj hb vjrmbm y i`ijkt`s grétlg`s mj hb vjrmbm quj g`i` drup`
aji`s p`mlm` lmjktlflgbr s`k h`s slduljktjs?
I`ijkt`s mj hb vjrmbm

2. G`rmlb
G`rmlbhlm
hlmbm
bm jk hb cl
cljkv
jkvjkl
jklmb
mb bh h`g
h`gbh.
bh.
3. Bibclhlmb
Bibclhlmbm m jk jh i`ijkt`
i`ijkt` q quj
uj abgjk
abgjk hb jktrjdb
jktrjdb m
mj
j hb gbrt
gbrtb.
b.
7. Fbglhlmbm
Fbglhlmbmjs
js mj ijml` mj pbd`
pbd` ppbrb
brb jh ghljktj.
ghljktj.
=. Hb bgtltum
bgtltum y j
jhh rjspjt`
rjspjt` g`k quj
quj sj mmlrldj
lrldj jh i`z`
i`z` ab
abgéb
géb jh gghljktj
hljktj..
:. Jh bicljktj
bicljktj bgbg`djm
`djm`r,
`r, bip
biphl`
hl` y s`crj t`m`
t`m` g÷i
g÷i`m`
`m` pbr
pbrbb h`s ghlj
ghljktjs.
ktjs.

Jst`s bspjgt`s p`sltlv`s sj mbk jk hb iby`réb mj h`s h`gbhjs mj hb jiprjsb M`k

Cjhlsbrl`, m`kmj jh sjrvlgl` crlkmbm` quj sj rjbhlzb b h`s g`ksuilm`rjs qujmb
sbtlsfjga`, js p`r jkmj quj sj g`kvljrtjk jk ghljktjs flmjmldk`s rjpltljkm` su vlsltb
bh h`gbh bslmubijktj. U`r `tr` hbm`, jh ghljktj sbtlsfjga` hhjdb b g`iuklgbr b `tr`s
sus jxpjrljkglbs p`sltlvbs g`k jh sjrvlgl` rjglclm`, mj jstb ibkjrb M`k Cjhlsbrl`
`ctltljk
`c jkj
j g`i`
g`i` cj
cjkj
kjflflgl
gl`
` ukb
ukb ml
mlfu
fusl
sl÷k
÷k qu
qujj jh gh
ghlj
ljkt
ktj
j sbtl
sbtlsf
sfjg
jga`
a` rjbh
rjbhlz
lzb
b b sus
sus
bilstbmjs, fbilhlbrjs y g`k`glm`s.

I`ijkt`s grétlg`s mj hb vjrmbm

2. Hb
3. Bspjgt`
Bspj gt``rb
mji`rb
mji mjh
mjhmj
hudbr
hudbr
rj j
jk
k jh
rjgjpg l÷ktrbksgurs
gjpgl÷k trbksgurs`
y uc
uclgbg `l÷k
lgbgl÷kmjh
mjmj
h méb
méb.
.
ijsb jk a`rb
a`rbss plg`.
7. Jh tljip`
tljip` quj ssjj mji`
mji`rbrb mj hhj
hhjvbr
vbr b hb iijsb
jsb jh p
pjmlm`
jmlm` rrjbhlz
jbhlzbm`.
bm`.

Uâdlkâ 27
 =. Gbrbgtjrés
Gbrbgtjréstlgbs
tlgbs `rdbk
`rdbk`hìpt
`hìptlgbs
lgbs mj
mj hb g`ilmb.
g`ilmb.
:. G`ksuhtb
G`ksuhtb s`
s`crj
crj g`k
g`kf`ril
f`rilmbm
mbm mjh pj
pjmlm`
mlm` j lkt
lktjrrup
jrrupgl÷k
gl÷k jk hb i
ijsb.
jsb.
H`s i`ijkt`s grétlg`s quj sj abk lmjktlflgbm` jk jh trbksgurs` mjh glgh` mj sjrvlgl`s
mj M`k Cjhlsbrl`, k`s mbk ukb lmjb mj hb lksbtlsfbggl÷k quj sj pujmb gbusbr jk jh
ghljktj y h`s pr`chjibs quj sj bgbrrjbk mjclm` b jst`s, p`r jhh` sj jkfbtlzbrâ jk
ijo`rbr h`s pukt`s ijkgl`kbm`s g`k ukb pr`pujstb bhtjrkbtlvb pbrb jvltbr gubhquljr
lkg`kvjkljktj qujg`kgjpt`
k` tjkdb uk ibh sj prjsjktj y sljiprj mbr
` jxpjrljkglb mjukb s`hugl÷k bhBmjiâs,
hb jiprjsb. ghljktj pbrb
quj quj
jk jstj
i`ij
i` ijkt
kt`
` sj sb
sbcj
cj sl uk ghghlj
ljkt
ktj
j vb b sjdu
sjdulr
lr ku
kujs
jstr`
tr`ss pr`g
pr`gjs
js`s
`s mj sjsjrv
rvlg
lgl`
l` `
sliphjijktj vb b mjobr mj abgjrh`.

3.7. ]jgk`h`débs y jstrbtjdlbs

Jh us` mj hbs tjgk`h`débs pbrb prjstbr uk sjrvlgl` mlfjrjktj jk h`s ÿhtli`s bò`s ab
sl
slm`
m` uk`
uk` mj h`
h`ss jhji
jhjijk
jkt`
t`ss iâ
iâss lip`
lip`rtb
rtbkt
ktjs
js gubk
gubkm`
m` mj p`
p`sl
slgl
gl`k
`kbi
bilj
ljkt
kt`
` mj
rjstburbktjs sj trbtb. Bsé ilsi`, Lpbtbd`klg (3523) ijkgl`kb bh rjspjgt` quj?
‘Hbs
‘Hbs js
jstr
trbt
btjd
jdlb
lbss s`k
s`k hb f`
f`ri
rib
b jk qu
quj
j jh mjpb
mjpbrt
rtbi
bijk
jkt`
t` mj uk
ukb
b
`r
`rdb
dbkl
klzb
zbgl
gl÷k
÷k phbk
phbklfl
lflgb
gb ‘Ruj
‘Ruj’’ lk
lkvj
vjrs
rsl`
l`kj
kjss j lk
lklg
lglb
lbtlv
tlvbs
bs vb b hhhhjv
jvbr
br
bmjhbktj y ‘G÷i`’ hbs vb b jojgutbr, pbrb quj jh ârjb mj L] byumj bh
kjd`gl` b utlhlzbr hbs tjgk`h`débs mj hb lkf`ribgl÷k g`i` ajrrbiljktbs
jstrbtìdlgbs, mj ibkjrb mj h`drbr sus `cojtlv`s mj kjd`gl`.’
U`r `tr` hbm`, hb liphjijktbgl÷k mj jstrbtjdlbs quj byumbk b `ptlilzbr hb vjh`glmbm
mj btjkgl÷k y jktrjdb mj pr`mugt`s, ab lipuhsbm` ukb trbksf`ribgl÷k jk hb f`rib mj
btjkgl÷k quj `frjgjk b sus ghljktjs.
Jk gubkt` b M`k Cjhlsbrl` phbktjb 6 jstrbtjdlbs quj vbk mlrldlm` b h`s bspjgt`s
djkjrbhjs, hbs gubhjs s`k h`s slduljktjs?
 Ur`p
Ur`p`k
`kjr
jr bg
bggl
gl`k
`kjs
js pbrb
pbrb lk
lkgr
grji
jijk
jktb
tbrr hb
hbss vj
vjkt
ktbs
bs?? Hb
Hbss bg
bggl
gl`k
`kjs
js mj
pjkjtrbgl÷k mj ijrgbm` pjriltlrâk ijo`rbr jh klvjh mj vjktbs, yb quj
jstbs jstbrâk mlrldlmbs b `ctjkjr iby`r gbktlmbm mj g`ijksbhjs.
 Uhbktjbr jstrbtjdlbs mj mjsbrr`hh` mj pr`mugt` y pjkjtrbgl÷k mj ijrgbm`?
Hbs bggl`kjs mj mjsbrr`hh` mj pr`mugt` y mjsbrr`hh` mj ijrgbm` byumbk b
g`ksjdulr jh rjsuhtbm` mj hbs jstrbtjdlbs phbktjbmbs g`k jh ilsi` k`icrj.
 Ur`p`kjr bggl`kjs pbrb rjvjrtlr h`s rjsuhtbm`s flkbkgljr`s kjdbtlv`s? H`s
rjsuhtbm`s flkbkgljr`s kjdbtlv`s sjrâk ijo`rbm`s b pbrtlr mj bggl`kjs mj

mjsbrr`hh` mj pr`mugt`, pjkjtrbgl÷k mj ijrgbm` y mjsbrr`hh` mj ijrgbm`,

mjclm` b quj bh ldubh quj jk hb prlijrb, jstâk `rljktbmbs b btrbjr ukb
iby`r gbktlmbm mj g`ijksbhjs.

Uâdlkâ 2=
  Uhbktjbr lkgrjijktbr jk hb rjktbclhlmbm s`crj hb lkvjrsl÷k p`r pr`yjgt`? Jh
lkgrjijkt` mj hb rjktbclhlmbm mj hb lkvjrsl÷k p`r pr`yjgt` sj `ctjkmrâ k`
s`h` g`k bggl`kjs mj pjkjtrbgl÷k mj ijrgbm`, slk` tbiclìk, g`k jh g`ktr`h
bmjg
bmjgub
ubm`
m` mj hb lk
lkvj
vjrs
rsl÷
l÷k?
k? jh us`
us` ÷p
÷ptltli`
i` mj
mjhh rjgu
rjgurs
rs`
` y uk bm
bmjg
jgub
ubm`
m`
bkâhlsls bktjs mj su bphlgbgl÷k.
 Mjtj
Mjtjri
rilk
lkbr
br hlkj
hlkjbi
bilj
ljkt
kt`s
`s pbrb
pbrb bh
bhgb
gbkz
kzbr
br hb jflg
jflglj
ljkg
kglb
lb jk g`
g`st
st`s
`s?? Hb
jstrbtjdlb pbrb bhgbkzbr jflgljkglb jk g`st`s tljkj quj vjr g`k uk bkâhlsls
mj h`s pr`gjs`s prlkglpbhjs, y mj quì ibkjrb jst`s g`k jh bmjgubm`
g`ktr`h, pjriltjk hb jflgljkglb quj sj rjfhjobrâ tbkt` jk jh g`st` mj vjktbs
g`i` jk h`s g`st`s `pjrbtlv`s.
 Ur`p`kjr bggl`kjs pbrb f`rtbhjgjr hb Guhturb @rdbklzbgl`kbh? U`r ÿhtli`, js
kjgj
kjgjsb
sbrl
rl`
` f`
f`rtb
rtbhj
hjgj
gjrr hb guhtu
guhturb
rb `rdb
`rdbkl
klzb
zbgl
gl`k
`kbh
bh mj hb jipr
jiprjs
jsb
b pb
pbrb
rb
jipr
jiprjk
jkmj
mjrr hb
hbss bggl
bggl`k
`kjs
js mj mjsb
mjsbrr`
rr`hh`
hh` mj pr`m
pr`mug
ugt`
t`,, pj
pjkj
kjtr
trbg
bgl÷
l÷k
k mj
ijrgbm` y mjsbrr`hh` mj ijrgbm`. G`ktbkm` mj jstb ibkjrb g`k jh bp`rtj
iuy lkmlspjksbchj mjh gbpltbh auibk` pbrb hb jfjgtlvlmbm quj sj jstâ
cusgbkm`.

Js lip`rtbktj tjkjr jk gujktb quj hb jiprjsb pjrtjkjgj b ukb g`rp`rbgl÷k, g`k ukb
guhtu
guhturb
rb j lkt
lktjrj
jrjsj
sjss pr`
pr`pl`
pl`s.
s. Hbs jst
jstrbt
rbtjdl
jdlbs
bs phb
phbktj
ktjbmb
bmbss ab
abstb
stb jh i`i
i`ijkt
jkt`,
`, abk
s`p`rtbm` jk bhduk`s gbs`s `p`slgl÷k, gubkm` jh mlrjgt`rl` ab mjflklm` quj k` jstâ
bhlkjbmb g`k hbs p`hétlgbs g`rp`rbtlvbs quj prjsjktbk uk jkf`quj iâs biphl`.

Uâdlkâ 2:
Bkjx`s
Bkjx` 2

Uâdlkâ 26
Sjfjrjkglbs?
 M`k Cjhlsbrl` (s.f). Alst`rlb..
Alst`rlb Sjgupjrbm` mj?
attps?//www.m`kcjhlsbrl`.g`i.pj/alst`rlb
 Djstl÷k (352=). U`hhjréb M`k Cjhlsbrl`. Sjgupjrbm` mj?
attps?//djstl`k.pj/jg`k`ilb/jiprjsbs/p`hhjrlb-m`k-cjhlsbrl`-prjpbrb-
attps?//djstl`k.pj/jg`k`ilb/jiprjsbs/p`hhjrlb-m` k-cjhlsbrl`-prjpbrb-
hbkzbiljkt`-ibslv`-ibrgb-:1=13-k`tlglb/
 Ga`u, O. (3524). Uhbk jstrbtìdlg` pbrb rjfh`tbr hb jiprjsb m`k Cjhlsbrl`
pjré`m`. Sjgupjrbm` mj
pbrb jh pjré`m`.
attp?//rjp`slt`rl`.uslh.jmu.pj/cltstrjbi/ZWLH/3<4=/7/3524PMbvlhb-
Kbobrr`PSJWZIJK.pmf
 Mlbz mj Wbkt`s W.B.(2<<
W.B.(2<<1). mjhh Wjrvlgl`? pbs` b pbs`.
1). Mlsjò` mj pbs`. Ibmrlm?
Jmlgl`kjs Mlbz
Mlbz mj WWbkt`s,
bkt`s, W.B. Sjgupjrbm` mj?
attps?//c``ns.d``dhj.g`i.pj/c``ns0
lm9RthTjVnur`sG&prlktsjg9fr`ktg`vjr#v9`kjpbdj&q&f9fbhsj
 LUbtbd`klg
LUbtb d`klg G`ksu htlkd Dr`up. (3523). Hb lip`rtbkglb mj hbs jstrbtjdlbs.
G`ksuhtlkd jstrbtjdlbs .
Sjgupjrbm` mj attp?//lpbtbd`klg.ch`dsp`t.g`i/3523/54/v-
cjabvl`rurhmjfbuhtvih`.atih
 Fujktj
Fujk tjss jh
jhjg
jgtr
tr`k
`klg `s..(s.f).
lg`s Sjgupjrbm` jk k`v.34,3524,mj
attps?//sjibkbjiprjsbrlbh.g`i/m`k-cjhlsbrl`-hbkzb
attps?//sjibkbjiprjs brlbh.g`i/m`k-cjhlsbrl`-hbkzb-kujvb-pr`pujstb
-kujvb-pr`pujstb-bh-
-bh-
ijrgbm`/
 Mlbrl`
Mlb rl` Jh G`
G`ijr
ijrgl`
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