WELCOME TO

MECH 211, Mechanical

Engineering Drawing
Time: M _ W _ _ 10:15 - 11:30

Credits: 3.5 Session: Fall 2013

Introduction

Lecture 1
Whatever area you will
choose…

This course is fundamental.

A bit of history
• The objective need to communicate
A bit of history
• The time line
History in
Artistic
“Paper could take about
anything”

Observe the way

the posts are crossing

Have you ever seen

such a construction?
The fundamental difference ?

Artistic Drawing Mechanical/Technical drawing

Content of the Course
Introduction to graphic language and design — means and
techniques. The third and the first angle projections.
Orthographic projection of points, lines, planes and solids.
Principal and auxiliary views. Views in a given direction.

Sectional views. Intersection of lines, planes and solids.

Development of surfaces. Drafting practices. Dimensioning,
fits and tolerancing. Computer-aided drawing and solid
modelling. Working drawings — detail and assembly
drawing. Design practice. Machine elements representation.
Case Study
 Content of the CourseA, B, C, D ARE

B C
 Content of the Course A, B, C, D ARE

AB, BC, CD, DA, CA ARE LINES

A

B C
 Content of the Course A, B, C, D ARE

AB, BC, CD, DA, CA ARE LINES

A
ABC, CDA ARE PLANES

B C
 Content of the Course A, B, C, D ARE

AB, BC, CD, DA, CA ARE LINES

A
ABC, CDA ARE PLANES

ABCD IS A SOLID

B C
Content of the Course A, B, C, D ARE

AB, BC, CD, DA, CA ARE LINES

A
ABC, CDA ARE PLANES
CASE
STUDY ABCD IS A SOLID

INTERSECTION

PERSPECTIVE ISOMETRIC

COMMUNI
CATION EXPLAIN
WITH TEXT GRAPHICS
B
C
 Mission of the Course
• Enables the students to learn the techniques and
standard practices of technical graphics
• At the end of the lectures, one would be able to:
– Read a working or assembly drawing (blueprint)
– Represent mechanical components in multiview orthographic
representation
– Create conceptual design sketches
– Create assembly drawings (limited)
– Capability to use AutoCAD for 2-D representations

* The amount of acquired skills will be proportional to the capabilities, will and effort of the individuals
 Main Objective of the Course
• To acquire essential skills that are part of the mechanical
engineering practice

• To be able to communicate with other mechanical

engineering professionals regardless their spoken
language

• To be able to communicate with manufacturers of

mechanical systems
 Class Logistics
• 3 teaching hours/week M-W-- 10:15 –11:30

• 12 weeks and one Review week

• 2 hour of tutorial – following the class

• 4 hours of laboratory – every 4 Weeks

• 3 parallel sections
 Class
http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~nrskumar

Required textbook Recommended textbook

 Class
• Tutorial materials – handed in during tutorial periods, also

available on the web. Tutorials will be held in AUTOCAD labs and

set of practicing drawings available on the web site to learn

AUTOCAD

• Assignments: 8 – available on the internet

• Solutions to the assignments will be with PODs after assignment

due date

• RECOMMENDATION: Attend the classes!

 Class
Lect Textbook Description
# Chapter
1 1, 6 Introduction to graphic language and design, means and techniques, views of a
geometric object, multiview projections, applications and examples - , 
2 2, 3, 4 Instruments, geometric constructions, CAD tools, demonstration examples - , 
3 5, 7, 8, 10 Sketching and shape description, shape generation, sectional and auxiliary views,
examples and applications - , 
4 19 Descriptive Geometry– Points and lines, examples -  
5 19 Descriptive Geometry – Points and lines, examples - , 
6 20 Descriptive Geometry – Parallelism & perpendicularity – examples - , 
7 21 Descriptive Geometry – Solids in space and Intersections – examples - , 
8* 21, 22 Descriptive Geometry – Intersections, examples, , 
9 22 Descriptive Geometry – Developments, examples, - , 
10 11, 12 Dimensioning and tolerancing, examples and applications - , 
11 13 Threads, fasteners, springs, gears, examples - , 
12 14 Design and working drawings – examples, Design case study - , 
13 ---- Makeup class, Review–, 
* During the tutorial period of week # 8, the midterm test will be carried
 - PowerPoint presentation,  - Material available on course website,  Lecture to be done on board/screen
 Class Instructor and Contacts
Instructor: Dr. S. Narayanswamy

Office: EV Building

Room: 004 –124

Phone: 848-2424 (7923)

Office Hours: _ _ _ J _ 10:00 –12:00 or by

appointment e-mail: [email protected]

Course Web Site: http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~nrskumar/

 What you have to do
• Attend the lectures, laboratories and tutorials – try to understand
the objectives as well as the procedures

• Use time at home to read and study the chapters in the book – use
the material posted on the internet

• Do your home-work by yourself – consult only your colleagues,

tutor, lab instructor or class instructor

• Submit on time your assignments

• Write the midterm test – this is a good measurement means for

your performance in the class

• Write the final exam with confidence that you will do very well
Midterm Exams
• Scheduled for October 28th, 2013 and it will be
conducted during the tutorial period.

• The midterm test is not mandatory but is

recommended

• If the midterm result is better than the final, it will

be counted for 10% towards final grade.
Laboratory
• There is lab component to this course
• You will be learning about few machineries
• There are four of them done in H-1067
once 4 weeks (4 hours a week).
• Safety is important and the details are
available in the course outline.
Grading Scheme
• To pass, it is imperative to work during the term.
• The following grading scheme will be used for those who
wrote the midterm and their grade is higher than the
grade in the final:
– Assignments: 16%
– Midterm Examination: 10%
– Laboratory 14%
– Final Examination 60%
• who do not write the midterm or their
midterm grade in below the final:
– Assignments: 16%
– Laboratory 14%
– Final Examination 70%
Content of the first lecture
• Graphics as communication means
• A bit of history
• Multiview representation and orthographic
projections
• Technical procedures
• How to generate multi-view orthographic
projection
• Representation rules
Mechanical
Geometr
is a fundamental thing!

In Nature

In Human Need

• http://www.webshots.com/g/55.html
Introduction
to Graphic Language and Design
• Why graphics is necessary?
– Communicate information that would not be possible to
exchange in writing

• Why not use pictures to communicate visual information?

– Usually, a drawing represents something that exists just at
conceptual level

• Why not use pictorial representation?

– The information contained in a drawing must be used to build an
accurate component/system.
What is Drawing?
• Drawing is a graphic representation of a real
thing, an idea, or a proposed design

• Why graphic representation?

• Graphic method of representation is a basic
natural form of communication of ideas that is
universal and timeless.

• It is impossible to explain things through text.

 Graphic
A simple component!

• How hard to
define in words?

• Try to describe in words

the following
representation: A
Graphic
MECHANISM
Graphic
• Graphics language is universal
Graphic

• The information can be conveyed regardless the

spoken language

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2. ÐŷƁţāŖĉ 5. Z´¶ $æÊ¿£ŠŠŠ 8. š^?%ëŢŪųĺ З— 11. ※—‘…€
3. ®@µ¶œƒ/ 6. €¶¸¹ì±®wd]Ê !;8 9. €ßu $*” éÐÐ
Graphic
• When spoken language is known, the information is more
accurate
Essentials of a good drawing
• Should represent the concept/idea/geometry
clearly

• Should be able to communicate with others with

out doubt

• Should respect the manufacturing feasibility

• Should favor a lot standardization

Let’s see how to make a good mechanical drawing!

Views
• An object could be represented in more ways:
 Projections/ Drawing Basics
• The way one is visualizing an object
(Simple and sufficient)
• Two basic projection types – use parallel
projection

Perspective Parallel
Projections and views (brief)
What is perspective representation
• Representation of objects based on the rule of distance: 2
identical object are seen different from different distances
– shape is deformed too
• This type of representation is not used for technical
purposes in Mechanical Engineering
What should be drawn?
• What is seen – follow certain rules
Views - Multi-view representation
Project the visible and hidden
edges/corners
Views - Multi-view representation
Multi-views
• A part is represented in multiple views (a single part is
seen as more than one part)

• The representation makes the user to fully understand

the shape of the part, to perceive the relative proportions
of the geometric features and to position the features one
with respect to another

• The parallel projection principle and the alignment of the

features is used in the representation
Type of
Projection
• The component is aligned with
respect to the principal projection
planes
– Top (T) or Horizontal (H)
– Front (F) or Vertical (V)
– Side (S) or Profile (P)

• The projection is carried such that

each feature parallel to the
projection planes to be seen as true
length
Object
Projection
Projection
Projection

Third angle projection First angle projection

Relative position of the views
• All views must be aligned with respect
to each other – feature to feature
Drafting strategies (3
 Technical
• When representing the third view, scale, divider
of miter line is used to ensure the alignment of
the three views
Exampl

• Represent the shown component using multiple

view representation
 Exampl
• Start with the front view
• The edge C cannot be seen but is
represented by a dashed line (hidden
feature)

C
Exampl
• Align the top view with respect to the
front view

C
 Exampl
• Complete the representation
• Later, dimensioning and comments will
be added to the drawing
The principal projection

• The object should

be aligned with
respect to the
projection planes
The principal projection
- unfolded
• Notice the relationship
between the features

• The depth – distance

from the front to the
object is measured in
the Horizontal and
Profile
Multi-view Projection
How to generate
• Assume the given part as

shown besides.

• Position the part in a

convenient way, to simplify

the representation as much

as possible
Multi-view Projection
How to generate
• Select the position of the

projection planes

• Start with one of the

projections – usually the front

view

• Each edge is represented

based on the principle of the

parallel projection
Multi-view Projection
How to generate • Complete the first view.
• Use the basic representation
Principles:
• visible edge is seen as a full
line
• non-visible feature is
represented by a dash-line
• axes of symmetric features
are represented by dash-dot
lines
Multi-view Projection
How to generate
• Continue with the second view
• Make sure that you have
accurately align the two views.
• Use the same rules for
representation.
• The alignment lines must be
perpendicular to the edge of
the projection planes
• (The lines of sight are always
perpendicular to the fold line).
Multi-view Projection
How to generate • Continue with the third view
• Make sure that you have
accurately align all views.
• Use the same rules for
representation.
• The alignment lines must be
perpendicular to the edges of
the projection planes
• (The lines of sight are always
perpendicular to the
corresponding fold lines).
Multi-view Projection
Drawing
• Complete the representation
• Separate the top from the
profile view along the edge
(fold line)
• Unfold the three views to lay
them on the same plane
Multi-view Projection
Drawing
• This is the 3-view
orthographic representation
of the selected part
(FLANGE)

• * Do not erase any of the

lines when writing a test
Orthographic multi-

• The above part will be projected on all 6

projection planes
Orthographic multi-
Orthographic multi-
Orthographic multi-
Orthographic multi-
Orthographic multi-

Solid models
Minimum number of
• Certain shapes could be described in less number of
views
• One must use the minimum number of views for
representation
Minimum number of
• Do not produce more views than necessary
Centerline
• Axi-symmetric features are indicated with
a dash-point line - CENTERLINE
Hints on understanding
• Try to “see” the way a solid is created
out of primitives
Hints on understanding
• Complex shapes could be generated using Boolean
operations
Pay attention to edges
Projections and views (brief)
Where drawing is used?
• It is important to know the rationale
of drawing
• Drawing is an international
communication language
• Fast way to convey certain type
of information
• Limited number of concepts are
better represented by drawing, but
not all
The design
• Drawings are created to represent
parts that do not exist yet
• The designed parts are intended to
be manufactured
• The drawings must carry all the
necessary information that enables the
fabrication of the part
The design
• Design involves constrained creation
• Constraints:
• Technology limits
• Human and environment concerns
• Durability and reliability
• Cost
• Market requirements
• Etc.
The design
• REPRESENTATION
• PERCEPTION
Basic requirements to be able to
• KNOWLEDGE
perform a design
• INTUITION
All the above interacts in your
• CONCEPT judgment even if you are not
• PURE CONCEPT aware of it
• EMPIRICAL CONCEPT You have to train your judgment
to be able to perform solution-
• NOTION solving based thinking
• IDEA The graphic helps you to do so
The design
• A design is created after analysis,
full understanding of requirements
and constraints and synthesis
• Two individuals may not come with
the same solution to the same
problem
• Example: Connect two straight pipes ND 4” to avoid
leaking of the gas and to permit easy maintenance
of the segment
Solutions to the problem
• Multiple: flanges, clips, clamps, seals, etc.
1. Problem Defn.
2. Concept
and ideas The design process
3. Solutions
4. Models/
Prototype
5. Production
and working
drawings

Concurrent engineering
approach
The design process
The design process
Drawings in
product

Designer

Function
Sketches

drawin
Prod.
al
Vendors/
Mechanical
Customers
Engineer
Production
Shops
Assembly Assembly
Drawings Drawings

Quality
Assurance Assembly
Drawings in
product
A Component !