Maney Publishing
Hohokam Petroglyphs of the Sierra Pinacate, Sonora and the Hohokam Shell Expeditions
Author(s): Julian D. Hayden
Source: Kiva, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Winter, 1972), pp. 74-83
Published by: Maney Publishing on behalf of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society
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HOHOKAMPETROGLYPHSOF THE SIERRAPINACATE,
SONORAAND THE HOHOKAMSHELL EXPEDITIONS
JULIAND. HAYDEN
ABSTRACT
The presenceof an extensive and uniquedisplayof Hohokam
petroglyphs (TinajaRomero)on thesoutheast
at a waterhole sideof
the SierraPinacate,Sonora,promptedexamination of thedesigns
thereinand of the reasonfortheiroccurrence at thisplace.The
tinajais locatedon a majortrailwhichleadsfromtheGilaRiverin
Arizonato theGulfof California, whencecametheshellusedby
the Hohokam.The displaycontainsrepeatedexamplesof a figure,
not seenheretofore amongHohokampetroglyphs, whichresembles
a cardiumor pectenshell.A searchfor otherexamplesof this
"shell"figure locatedonlyonesitecontainingit,at a passfarto the
north,on a majorHohokamshellroute.As a resultofthesearch, a
numberof trailsusedby shelltransporters weretracedout,andan
unexpectedhypothesiswas developed,that the Hohokamwere
solelyresponsible forthe petroglyphs of Pimeriaand Papagueria.
Amargosans of northwestern Sonoraand of southern Arizona,of
the SonoranBrownware tradition,otherthantheTrincheras folk,
seemnot to havemadepetroglyphs at anytime.Theshellgathering
expeditions of theHohokammaybe analogousto thesaltgathering
journeysof thePapago,and Tinaja Romeroseemsto havebeena
watering place forthe Hohokam,on sufferance of theunfriendly
Pinacatefios, as was Tinaja del CuervoforthePapagoin historic
times.
The erectionof a structure of speculationand inferenceupon a base as
insubstantialas theoccurrence of twoisolatedHohokampetroglyph displays
in the SierraPinacateof extremenorthwestern Sonoramay seemunwar-
ranted.The stability of sucha structure mayappearthemoreunlikely, since
Hohokampetroglyphs haveneverbeencatalogued, anddefiniteknowledge of
themis confinedto a fewscattered archeological and
reports unrecorded but
wide-spread observation of themby fieldworkers. Nevertheless,a carefully
detailedexaminationof one of thePinacatedisplaysin particular mayshed
lightupon such diversebut relatedsubjectsas theHohokam shellexpeditions
and the Papago salt gathering, the isolationof the occupantsof the Sierra
Pinacateenclavefromthe generalstreamof culturechangewithout, and the
originofpetroglyph traditionin theArizona-Sonora deserts.
Since thepetroglyphs of theHohokamandadjacentareashavenotbeen
studied,therehas been a generaland rathercasual beliefthat,as Haury
(1950:472) put it, in commenting upon theVentanaCave region,"...rock-
cutpictures areeverywhere." Withthisin mind,thescarcityofpetroglyphs in
the 600-squaremilearea of theSierraPinacate,whichappearsto havebeen
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occupiedby the Pinacatefio bandof the Amargosan Arenefios, or Sand
Papagos,since the end of the Altithermal Period, was most striking.Since,
nearthecloseof 1971,after nearly thirteen yearsofsurveying thePinacate
region,morethansixtysiteshavebeenlocated, studied andrecorded bythis
writer,itseemsunlikely thatmanypetroglyph displayshavebeenoverlooked.
Yet onlytwo are knownat the presenttime,despitethepresence, at
waterholes and alongtrails,of cleanblackwallsof basalt,elsewhere the
favoriteworking surfaces ofpetroglyph artists.
Thefirst ofthese,at TinajaHuarache highonthewestsideofthesierra,
consists of a rowof fourdiscernible figures,andfurther figuresareto the
right of
ofthese,apparently sheepand circles, of now obscured bydeposited
salts.Thefigures havebeenpeckedintotheundercut wallofa tankscoured
to an average depthofeightfeetintosolidbasalt,andsincetheyareabout
twelve inches belowhighwater markandaboutfivefeetabovethetankfloor,
musthavebeencutata timeoflowwater. A plunge poolattheupstream end
ofthetankis aboutthirteen feetdeep,andthree footholds havebeencutin
thelowerendofthetank, which isnotoverhanging, toprovide accesstothis
probably nearly permanent The
watersupply. petroglyph designs areamong
thosecommonly found indisplays assumed tobe ofHohokam origin.
The secondandmoreimportant display, thebasisforthispaper,was
foundatTinajaRomero onthesoutheast curve ofthelavafields ofthesierra,
andiscutinthevertical faceofa basaltflowto either sideofthestream-cut
notchabovethetankitself, whichis a plungepool(Figure1). Centering on
thisnotch,a ten-foot long face about four feet is
high solidly covered with
petroglyphs, whileto theleftofthisa largefaceiswellfilled withdesigns. In
additionto typicalHohokamfigures of snakes, humans, lizards,a zigzag,
circles,a cross,etc.(Figure 2), a moststriking patternstands outfrom allthe
rest.This,a shield-like outlinecontaining verticallineseither in parallelor
radiating from a basalpointonthecircumference oftheoutline, isunlike any
seenelsewhere inHohokam territory; itandvariations ofitoccurmorethana
scoreoftimes. Interestingly, a majorportion ofthedisplay hasbeenpartially
obliterated by rubbing a cobble over the rough basaltface,scrubbing away
thedesert varnish, andseveral ofthese"shield"figures havethenbeendeeply
peckedintotheprepared surface.
Otherthanforthepresence ofthepetroglyphs, theoccupation areaat
Tinaja Romero is typical of the Sierra Pinacate sitesin general. a high,
On
well-drained shoulder southofthestream channel wereSanDieguito PhaseI
toolsandflakes ofPluvialtimes, anda fewAmargosa PhaseI toolsofearly
post-Altithermal times.Below,nearand in a sandyswalereaching to the
arroyo, wereAmargosa PhaseII flakesand tools,Yumansherds and other
tracesofPinacatefio occupation, withtwoHohokam SacatonPhasered-on-
buffsherds. A fewTrincheras purple-on-brown sherdswerefoundin the
generalarea,andarenotuncommon in theregion.
TinajaRomero,then, seemsto be importantin threerespects:it contains
theonlyextensive Hohokampetroglyph displaythusfarseenin thePinacate;
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Figure1. View of Tinaja Romerofromdownstream. Tank is dry,holdingwateronly
afterrains.Two "shell"figures
visiblemidwaybetweenstream notchandleft
edgeofpicture.
........
........
... a
r,
"""""":~
::l:::~ii
a::i.-
...e .........
schematiciiii obliterated
Figure2. Somewhatdiagrammatic layout of petroglyph
displayat Tinaja Romero.
Shadedareapartially
obliterated
byrubbing.
the figuresare undoubtedlyHohokam;and the displayincludesrepeated
examplesof a "shield" figure,also apparentlyunique.WhenHelenHayden
suggestedthatthefigure mightperhapsbe thatof a cardiumor pectenshell
(whichcertainly it mostnearlyresemblesin moderneyes)thepossibilitythat
Tinaja Romerowas a wateringplace on theHohokamshelltransportation
routefromtheGulfofCalifornia cameimmediately to mind.Geographically,
Tinaja Romero is ideally for
situated a
wateringgrouptravellingfromtheGila
Riverto AdairBay and to theopencoastbelowPuertoPefiascoon theGulf,
and mostHohokamshellseemsto havecomefromthisgeneralarea(Gladwin
etal. 1937:136). The tank lies on the southeastcurveof the lava fields,
almostdue west of the BatamoteHillswhichflanktheNNE-SSWtrending
SonoytaRiver,the historicpathwayto the Gulf.Cleartrailslead fromthe
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BatamoteHills,wheretherewas a waterholein theusuallydryriverbed, to
thetank,andfromthetanksouthwestward, orwestward through thelavasto
thesea.
The implicationthat Tinaja Romero was used by shell transporters
because of its unusual displayof Hohokam petroglyphs, and especially
becauseof thenumberof "shell"figures, be
may supported bythepresence
of three"shell" figuresat anothervitalpointon theshelltransport route,
CharleyBell Well,describedbelow. As far as is known,thisfiguredoes
not occuranywhere elsein Hohokamterritory, andDr.NormanM. Simmons,
familiar withthe entirerangeof the Arenefios northof theborder,stated
(personalcommunication) that he had never seen it exceptat theWell.The
repeated "shell" figuresmay have been talliesof expeditions.
The further implicationthat Tinaja Romeroalone was used by shell
transporters may have a parallelin the historicrecord.The briefnote in
Hayden(1967:341) on Papago-Pinacatefio contactsat Tinaja del Cuervo,
southwestof Tinaja Romero,may be expandedslightly: accordingto Juan
Xavier,"Old Manuel,'SmallRib Bone', chiefat Topawa,used to go on salt
pilgrimages to theGulf.On his firsttrip,about 1850,he metPinacatefios at
whatseemsto havebeenTinaja del Cuervo.Theywereunfriendly, andsaid,
in theirdialectof Papago,'You come fromtheeast,and we come fromthe
west,but we knowwhatyou areup to.' And theydidn'thaveany dealings
witheach other."This,withsupplemental statements fromJuanXavierand
otherinformants, indicatesthatthePapagosalttravellers usedthewaterhole
at Cuervoon sufferance of the Pinacatefios, who were generally entirely
hostileto thePapago.It wouldseemplausibleto carrythisback in timeto
thatof theHohokamshelltransporters, whoweresimilarly, perhaps,allowed
to use TinajaRomero.It is also possible,as Fontana(1965:65) hassuggested,
thattheHohokambroughtnot onlyshellbut saltbackwiththemfromthe
Gulf. This, of course, cannot be known,but it is a logical suggestion,
especiallyin thelightof theprobableantiquityof thesaltpilgrimage among
thePapago,aboutwhicha richbodyoflegendand ritualhad beendeveloped
(Underhill1946: 211-42).
The reasonsfora shiftfromtheuse ofTinajaRomeroinHohokamtimes
to Tinaja del CuervoinPapagotimesmaybe foundin theclimaticchangesof
the post-1200's.Tinaja Romerois an open tankand is now, in a timeof
increasing dryness, temporary, holdingwaterfora shorttimeonlyafterrain.
In a wetterperiod,during Hohokamuse of theshelltrails(and perhapsof the
salt trails)Tinaja Romero may have been nearlypermanent. Tinaja del
Cuervo, on the other hand, in a deep,shaded barranca, is even now essentially
permanent, and this condition may have existed from some timeafterthe
1200's, causing the abandonment of Tinaja Romero and the move to the
TinajadelCuervo.
Bearingin mindHaury'sstatement(Gladwinetal. 1937:135-52 and
table, p. 152) that shell work and the tradesupplying the materialforit
reacheda maximumin theSantaCruz and SacatonPhasesof theHohokam
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occupation of Snaketown, withtrulyimpressive quantitiesof shellbeing
imported,it seemed possiblethatthemajor routesofthe travellers
in shell
mightbe Vivian
identified. (1965:137-8) noted thatshell
was inthe
plentiful
Hohokamsettlements alongthe LowerGila betweenthe PaintedRock
MountainsandtheAguaCaliente Mountains,andWasley (personal communi-
cation)emphasized hisbeliefthatthesesitesweretermini ofshelltransport
routesduring GilaButteandSantaCruztimes. Ifso,noevidence ofthetrails
takenduring thisperiodhassurvived,orbeenidentified. By Sacatontimes,
however,theconcentration ofoccupation on theLowerGilahadshifted to
the Gila Bend region,and identifiable major routes for shellcarriers
3), described
(Figure below,weredevelopedbetweenthe Gila and the
where
Pinacate, theyseemtohavestopped forwateratTinajaRomero.
111 .In13
GilcBend
...
Lower "
Figure3. Mapshowing oftrailstomountains,
relationship passesandwaterholes.
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Proceedingnortheastward fromTinaja Romero,thetrailswungaround
thesouthside of theBatamoteHillsto theSonoytaRiverand theBatamote
waterhole, Sicobutobabiaof Kino (Ives, communication), and followedthe
riverupstreamto itsbendto theeast,wherewasandis a waterhole, theAgua
Dulce or El Carrizal.Thencethe well-marked and long-usedtrailled overa
passin theeast end of theAguaDulceMountains, withitspermanent spring,
and headednorthward thirteen milesintotheGrowler Valleyto thesitenow
knownas Lost City.Lost City(Fontana 1965:62-6)appearsto havebeena
seasonallyoccupiedcampcovering a verylargearea,lyingin thecenterof the
broad,flatvalley.Watermayhavebeenavailablein dugwells.The potteryof
Lost Citycovereda timespanofperhaps500 years,represented byHohokam
Sacatonphasesherdsin quantityand by laterSellsphasered-on-brown ware
and relatedtypes,probablyfromtheoccupationof theGila Bendregionby
Ootam of the SonoranBrownware tradition(Hayden1970:92-3),afterthe
Hohokamremovalupriver(Wasleyand Johnson1965:53,88-9).Gila Poly-
chromeof thislater period(1200-1400) was also present.No Yuman,or
Lower Colorado Buff,wares were found. There are many hearthsof
fire-broken stones,and a verylarge quantityof shelldebris.As Fontana
(1965:65) said, "The superabundance of shell,and especiallyof the inner
coresof Glycymeris, suggests strongly thepeoplewho stayedherehad
that
beengathering shellin wholesalequantitiesfromtheGulfofCalifornia, that
theybroughtit to thisplace to "rough-it-out" in a preliminaryfashion,and
that theythenproceedednorthward to the Gila River,probablyvia the
nearbyCharleyBell Well-HohokamVillage- carrying braceletblanks,other
shelljewelry-making materials,andprobablysalt."
CharleyBell Well(and "HohokamVillage"),abouttwelvemilesnorthof
Lost City,clearlyon the shell transport route,has remainsof Hohokam
houses,Hohokampottery, anda veritable galleryofpetroglyphs,including at
leastthree"shell" figures,theonlyknownoccurrence of theseotherthanat
Tinaja Romero.A majortrailleadseastthrough theGrowler Mountainsfrom
theWellsite,thencedirectly, it appears,to theGila Bendregion.
A minorbranchof thistrailled northfromtheWellsiteto SheepTank,
an Arenefiocamp withYuman pottery,butwithHohokampetroglyphs. It
turnedeastfromSheepTankthrough anotherpassin theGrowlers tojoin the
maintrailto GilaBend.
WhilefromtheGila Bend regionshellmayhavebeentransported to the
majorcentersofpopulationsuchas Snaketownon theGilaand theSalt River
villages,a more direct route may have been over a trail which led
northeastward fromtheAguaDulce Passsomefourteen milesto theGrowler
Pass. The GrowlerPassliesbetweentheGrowler Mountainson theNorthand
the Bates Mountainson the south, and theremay have been at least
temporarywater in the arroyonear the presentBates Well. Hohokam
petroglyphs covera hillsidedownstream fromthewell. From the Growler
Pass the trailmusthaveworkednortheastward towardtheSantaRosa Valley
andthemiddleGilasettlements.
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FromtheAguaDulcewaterhole on theSonoytaRivera lesserroutemay
have followedthe rivereast to the spring-fed pools of Quitobaquito,an
ancientwateringplace witha verylargetrailshrine,and thenheadedeast
acrossthe long bajadas northof the riverand northward, west of theAjo
Mountains. Severalpetroglyphs in thepresentOrganPipeNationalMonument
maybe relatedto use of thistrailor of theGrowler Pass trail.An easierroute
fromQuitobaquitoto the oasis of Sonoytalay on the southside of the
SonoytaRiverand was muchused in historictimes,as it mayhavebeen in
prehistoric times.The severalcaches of shell,includingone heap of pearl
shell,foundby huntersin thegeneralregionnorthof Sonoytaunderledges
and in crevicesmaybe assumedto havebeenassociatedwiththesetrailsand
theshelltransport expeditions.
Fromthe evidenceat hand,a further parallelbetweenthePapagosalt
pilgrimages and the Hohokamshellexpeditions maybe drawn.The Papago
saltgatherers travelledfastand light,andcollectedtheirsaltwithoutthehelp
of theArenefios or of thePinacatefios,
exceptforthepermission ofthelatter
to waterat TinajaDel Cuervo.No barterwiththeArenefios wasinvolved, and
thesaltexpeditions werewhollyself-contained. it
Similarly, appears thatthe
shellgathering was purelya Hohokamenterprise, conductedwithoutbarter
withtheancientArenefios. As Fontananoted(1965:95), essentially onlytwo
sitesin theArenefio regionnorthof thebordercontainHohokamsherds, and
these two have no Yuman potteryin them.Despite the fact that the
Arenefios and theArenefios Pinacatefiosmadeno potteryof theirown,and
securedall oftheirvesselsfromtheYumansof theLowerColoradoandlater,
in Sacaton times,fromthe Yumanswho had ascendedtheLowerGila and
settledit as faras GilaBend,theyusedalmostno Hohokampottery, surelya
desirabletradeitem.A possiblefurther indicationof theabsenceof contact
betweenHohokamand Pinacatefios maylie in theobservation thatthelatter
seem to have used no shellwhatsoever forornaments untilhistorictimes,
althoughquantitiesof shellwereused forutensilsand forscrapingtools.In
sum, it seems that the shell expeditionswere Hohokam mountedand
conductedin theirentirety, usingtheirown routesand theirown camps,
touching the Pinacatefios only at Tinaja Romeroforwater,and leavinga
recordtherein theformofspecializedpetroglyphs.
Furthersupportforthishypothesis ofsimilaritybetweenthePapagoand
the Hohokamexpeditionsis now developing froma surveyby Mr.LarryA.
May of the estuarineshell-bearing moundsand the salinasof AdairBay,
especiallynorth of Gustavo Sotelo, roughlywestbysouthof thesouthend of
the Pinacatelava mass,overwhichthePapagosalttrailled fromTinajaDel
Cuervoto thesea. At thehistoricsiteof TresOjitos(Kino'sOzitosof 1702)
wherefreshwaterstillwellsto thesurface,areveryextensive stabilizedsand
dunesbearingheavyIndianoccupationfrombeforethebeginning of ceramic
timesinto the historicperiod.The ceramic"mix" is identicalto thatof
Tinaja Romeroand thePinacatesitesin general,and Hohokamsherdsare
almostnon-existent. This appearsto be truealso of theChollaBay-Puerto
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Pefiascocoastalarea,in whichoccupieddunescontainsimilarceramics, with
no emphasison Hohokamsherds.Cardiumandpectenshell,estuarine species,
musthavebeengatheredalongtheshoresofAdairBay,whileGlycymeris, an
open coast bivalve,is stillplentiful below Puerto Pefiasco,a shortdistance
southofthebay.
Bahia de San Jorgeappearsto have been too farsouthof the Puerto
Pefiascocoast to have been a sourceof shell.According to Ives(1971:1-10
and communications), it lies two dayshardwalkingsouthof theBatamote
waterhole,withuncertain and (in recenttimes)verybad wateron theroute,
and thereis no waterin the bay region.Glycymeris would not havebeen
plentifulin the muddy shores of the bay, and cardium and pectenshellswere
muchmorereadilyobtainableaboutAdairBay.
In clearcontrastto the coastalevidencenear the SierraPinacateis the
situationto thesouth,whereTrincheras folkoccupiedthecoast fromsouth
of Bahia de San Jorgeto PuertoLibertad(Bowen1970:194-7).Thisincludes
themouthof the Rio Concepcionand itsestuaries, whichled directlyto the
Trincheras heartland,the Altar-Caborca region. Here the Trincheras people
seem to have maintainedat least temporarycamps for shell-gathering
purposes,and Arenefios, withtheirYumanpottery, seemto havevisitedthe
northern camps(Bowen1970:195).
The searchforotheroccurrences of the "shell"figure inPapagueria and
Pimerialed to the unexpectedhypothesisthat theHohokamweresolely
responsiblefor the petroglyphs of the entireregion.As far as has been
determined by thiswriter, all of thepetroglyphs in theHohokamarea,from
theSalt and Gila Riversto theSierraPinacate,and fromTucsonon theeast
to theCabeza PrietaTanksin theCabezaPrietaMountains to thewest,arein
a stylewhichbelongsclearlyto the"Hohokamschool".At SouthMountain
nearPhoenix,Snyder(1966:705-09) mappedpetroglyph sites,showedtheir
apparentrelationship to Hohokam irrigationcanals, and concluded thatthe
petroglyphs had been made by Hohokam in a distinguishablestyle.The
patternsdo not varymarkedly fromAntelopeHill(Vivian1965:137-8)and
PaintedRockson theGilabelowGilaBend(WasleyandJohnson1965:73-4),
to SantannearSacaton,to PictureRocksandtheTanqueVerdeandCatalina
Mountainseast of Tucson.The writerhas a strongsubjective impressionthat
Hohokam petroglyphs may have been developedduringthe last of the
PioneerPeriodand mayhavereachedtheirpeakin numbers and distribution
duringtheSacatonphaseof theSedentary Period.
As faras can be learned,thereis no recordthatthePimaand Papago,
includingthe Arenefios, made petroglyphs. If theydid,thepracticeceased
longago, for all known petroglyphs in theregionbearan appreciable weather
stain.Further, had theydone so, it seemslogicalthatpetroglyph displays
would be far more numerousoutsidethe Hohokamterritory properand
wouldcoincidewithPima-Papago territory.Theydo not appearto do so. In
theCabeza PrietaGameRange,reaching fromtheAjo Mountainson theeast
to the TinajasAltas on the west,theterritory of theArenefios, onlythree
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petroglyph sitesare presently known:Growler Pass,CharleyBellWell,Sheep
Tank, and a fewboulderdisplaysat Cabeza PrietaTanks,farto the west.
Theselastmayhavebeenleftby Hohokamexplorers. Fromnorthto south,
theconcentration of petroglyphsis alongthelowerSalt Riverandalongthe
Gila River,and a singleoccurrenceat VentanaCavemaybe thesouthernmost
limit,other than those in the OrganPipe NationalMonument andtheSierra
Pinacate.
In similarfashion,the Trincheras folkof theAltarValleyin northern
Sonora seem to have been responsible forthe petroglyphs of thatsouthern
althoughverycloselyrelated,as faras is
area. Theirstyleis also distinctive
known,to thatof theHohokam,and the distribution seemsto be limitedto
thearea occupiedby theTrincheras people,especially the"Riverine"area
to
(Bowen 1970:72). In thisconnection, a siteat La Nariz,thirtymileseast of
and
Sonoyta, may be a Trincherasoutpost."Fortifications" petroglyphs
resemblethoseof theAltarValley(Lumholtz1912:168) and collectorsare
saidto haveretrieved Trincheraspotteryfromthevicinity.
The conclusionseemsat presentdifficult to avoid,thattheAmargosans
who occupiedtheregionssouthof theSalt River,fromtheSan PedroRiver
east ofTucsonto theTinajasAltasMountains ofsouthwestern Arizonaonthe
west, made no at
petroglyphs any time. The Hohokam seem eitherto have
the
brought practice with them on their migration from Jaliscoto theGila
(Hayden 1970) or more probablyreceivedit fromlatercomersup the
migrationcorridor,perhapslate in the PioneerPeriod.It would be most
interestingto learn whetheror not similarpetroglyphsoccur in the
Piman-speaking areasofJalisco.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Sr. AntonioRomeroof PuertoPefiasco,who had emptiedhis canteenwhile
hunting, was sparedconsiderable
discomfort anddanger byobservingtheflight ofdoves
to a tinaja,wherehe foundwater.I amgrateful tohimforgiving methelocationofthe
tank,whichI have namedin his honor,forI was saveddays of trailwalking.I am
indebtedto Dr.Norman M. Simmons,who openedhis photographic file to me, to
Dr. RonaldL. Ives,whoidentifiedhistoricsites,to Dr.ThomasG. Bowen,andto many
otherswho listenedpatientlyand commented on earlierdraftsof thispaper,to its
benefit.Mr.LarryA. May veryhelpfully took me to the dunesof AdairBay in his
specialvehicle,therebyenablingme to examinean areaotherwise inaccessible.I thank
him. The recentlyissued USGS Experimental Space PhotomapPhoenixSouth,
1:500,000,hasbeeninvaluable andindispensable.
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