#CiscoLive

5G Packet Based Fronthaul

Waris Sagheer, Principal Product Manager

@mwaris
BRKSPG-2065

#CiscoLive
Agenda
• RAN Architecture
• Centralized RAN Transport Requirement
• Fronthaul Overview
• Packet based Fronthaul
• Customer Case Study
• Conclusion

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 5G RAN Transformation
Architectural shifts impacting the evolution of RAN transport
Software Centric
Virtualization, Programmable, Flexible,
Any-to-Any Connectivity Convergence
Blended SLAs Services, Radio
packetization & Statistical
multiplexing
Decomposition
Radio Equipment Controller
Decomposition, CU/DU
Functional Splits

Automation
New Radio Open, Pervasive Automation,
High Bandwidth, High Density, Service Assurance, Network
Low Latency, Precise Timing Slicing
and Synchronization

Radio Technology Innovation

Higher frequency spectrum Larger radio channels#CiscoLive Increased

BRKSPG-2065 network density
© 2021 Massive
Cisco and/or its affiliates. MIMO
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 RAN Decomposition and Virtualization
Functional Decomposition
Functions Separated to Allow Flexible Automation & Multi-Domain Orchestration
Placement and Optimization

Disaggregation into SW + HW
PNF
Software-Centric Solutions Leveraging Small Cell
COTS Hardware
Peering
Open
Modular, ORAN, Open, Multi-vendor,
Fronthaul Midhaul BH Backhaul Hybrid Cloud
More Options = Flexibility and Lower Cost Open Open
4G/5G Open

Multi-Use Case Cell site Edge DCs Regional DCs Central DCs
5GNR, LTE, Small Cell, Indoor/Outdoor,
mMIMO, Multi-band, mmWave,
RU
RAN vDU vCU CP
Private/Public, Enterprise/Consumer, etc.
COTS HW UPF
UPF
Optimize for Lower Cost Operations MEC
COTS HW
Agility, Lower TCO, Increased Automation
Apps COTS HW

BBU Packet Core

Enable New Services
Increased Service Flexibility, Velocity
“Modular” System Integration

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RAN Transport Architecture Options
Backhaul D-RAN
BBU CSR
RRU Mobile core

C-RAN • Higher Speed

Fronthaul Backhaul
CSR BBU Interfaces
Hotel
RRH Mobile core
• Lower Latency

Midhaul Backhaul
Cloud RAN • More Precise
CSR DU vCU (Midhaul) Timing &
RRH Mobile core Synchronization

• Any-to-Any
Fronthaul Midhaul Backhaul Cloud RAN Connectivity
CSR vDU/DU
vCU
RRH Mobile core
Fronthaul Midhaul Backhaul

1-way latency: 75us/100 us (LTE) 1-way latency: 1-25ms 1-way latency: 10ms
160us (5G NR)

Typical distance: <15KM Typical distance: >10KM Typical distance: >10KM

Interface(s): 10G/25G/100G/200G Interface(s): 10G/25G/100G Interfaces: 10G/25G/100G/200G

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 Benefits of Centralized & Cloud RAN Architectures
Functional & economic advantages

Functional Economic
Benefits Benefits
Enhanced Coordination Reduced Cell Site Management

Enhanced RU Reduced Site

Management and Policy Deployment Costs
(less physical equipment)

Baseband Pooling, Flexibility Service innovation &

of Software Commoditization

Enhanced Network Improved Resource

Resiliency Utilization
(spatial efficiency)

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C-RAN Transport Architecture Components
• Baseband Hotel Router depending on the size of
CRAN Hub Site
BBU Hotel
• Fixed
Backhaul • Modular
• Low latency L2 switch in case of solution like
CRAN Hub Router+Switch Ericsson’s Elastic RAN
• Cisco solution combines above two functionalities
into single node (NCS portfolio) – cost saving
1/10/25 GE Links • Tested and validated in multiple customer
engagements
• 1588/SyncE – Phase & Frequency clocking
BBU-1 BBU-N vDU
support
Fronthaul • Scalable Cloud-RAN Fabric Architecture
(CPRI, eCPRI, ORAN) • Interface Flexibility – 1/10/25G/100G
• Horizontal Scaling for large sites
• Redundancy
• Platforms:NCS5700/NCS5500/NCS540
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Fronthaul
Radio Standards
Internal interface of radio base stations CPRI Specification version 7.0 -
between the Radio Equipment Control October 9, 2015
Proprietary (REC) and the Radio Equipment (RE) (in addition to 1.4, 2.1, 3.0 , 4.0, 4.1,
http://www.cpri.info/spec.html 4.2, 5.0, 6.0, 6.1)

To enable efficient and flexible radio data eCPRI 2.0 [ CPRI and eCPRI
eCPRI transmission via a packet based fronthaul interworking] - May 10, 2019
eCPRI 1.2 - June 25, 2018
Evolution of CPRI transport network like IP or Ethernet
eCPRI 1.1 - January 31, 2018
http://www.cpri.info/spec.html eCPRI 1.0 - August 31, 2017

1914.3-2018 Encapsulation and mapping of radio Structure-agnostic - any digitized radio data
protocols for transport over Ethernet Structure-aware - CPRI
Standard 1914.1-2019 Native mode - digitized radio in-phase and
Standard for Radio over Ethernet frames, using radio over Ethernet (RoE)
https://standards.ieee.org/standard/1914_3-2018.html quadrature (I/Q) payload
Encapsulations and Mappings
TSG RAN WG1 Radio Layer 1 specification
TSG RAN WG2 Radio Layer 2 and Radio Layer 3 specification
TSG RAN WG3 O&M requirements
TSG Radio Access TSG RAN WG4 Radio performance and protocol aspects
(system)
Network (TSG RAN) TSG RAN WG5 Mobile terminal conformance testing
https://www.3gpp.org/specifications-groups/ran-plenary TSG RAN WG6 Legacy RAN radio and protocol
WG1: Use Cases and Overall Architecture Workgroup
WG4: The Open Fronthaul Interfaces Workgroup
O-RAN Fronthaul Interoperability Test (IOT) Version 1.0 - October 2019 WG2: The Non-real-time RAN Intelligent Controller and A1
O-RAN Alliance leading the industry towards
Open RAN open, interoperable interfaces and RAN
O-RAN
2019
Fronthaul Control, User and Synchronization Plane Version 2.0 - July Interface Workgroup
WG5: The Open F1/W1/E1/X2/Xn Interface Workgroup
virtualization O-RAN Fronthaul Management Plane Version 2.0 - July 2019 WG6: The Cloudification and Orchestration Workgroup
O-RAN Fronthaul Yang Models Version 2.0 - July 2019
https://www.o-ran.org/ WG8: Stack Reference Design Workgroup, WG7 & WG9

IEEE Std 802.1CM™-2018 The OCP Telco Project Telecom Infra Project (TIP)
Miscellaneous Time-Sensitive Networking for Fronthaul
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8376066
Accelerate the pace of innovation in the telecom industry by
designing, building, and deploying technologies that are
https://www.opencompute.org/projects/telco more flexible and efficient

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 CU Centralized Unit
DU Distributed Unit

RAN Functional Split Consideration BBU Baseband Unit

RRH Remote Radio Head

Functions Split Option Fronthaul Interfaces

RRM/RRC
CU Option 1
PDCP

Transport costs minimized with higher splits

Option 2 F1 (3GPP)

RF Gains improved with lower splits

High RLC
Option 3
Low RLC
BBU Option 4
High MAC
DU Option 5
Low MAC
Option 6
High PHY
Option 7a
Low PHY
eCPRI
Option 7b ORAN (7-2x)
RRH RF Option 7c ROE
Option 8 CPRI

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Packet-Based Fronthaul

WDM
DU DU

Option
7-2 Mux WDM

Stat-muxing opportunity Optical Multiplexing (Passive or Active DWDM)

Packet Optical

Stat Mux Advantages Service Visibility & Transparency Optical multiplexing Limited-service visibility
Cost Effective Scalable E2E Converged IP Non–scalable, architecturally rigid Capex dependent scale
Topology Independent Point-to-point, topology dependent

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 Comparing TCO for fronthaul
Packet vs optical fronthaul solutions

Business
Aggregation Router
(for business services)
RRH

E
0G
eC

0
/1
PR

25
Fronthaul

I
Fronthaul Router Aggregation Router DWDM Transport (Pt-Pt)

Mux/Demux

Mux/Demux
CPRI 100GE CPRI

RRH RRH
E

eC
0G

PR
0
/1

I
25

5G DU/CU

Business
RRH

4G BBU

Up to

Packet-based fronthaul Optical-based fronthaul

TCO Savings

Savings ROADM P2P Active DWDM P2P Passive DWDM P2P Passive CWDM

Source: ACG – An Economic Comparison of Fronthaul Architectures for 5G Networks

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Cisco Fronthaul Strategy

• Enable optimal transport for converged

Fronthaul Optimal Transport packet-based fronthaul supporting
resilient and programmable
architecture to support RAN innovation

Open vRAN Ecosystem

• Accelerate the viability and adoption of
open virtualized RAN (vRAN) solutions

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eCPRI/ORAN
Fronthaul
 RAN and Mobile Core Interfaces
N13
AUSF
All interfaces are mandatory IP based (except F2 UDMwhere its optional)
There is a complex set of networking requirements between
N8 different 5G components
Control Plane N12
N10
1 to 1, 1 to many, many to many
N11 N7 N5
Same component may need to support AMFall models concurrently!
SMF PCF AF

N1 N14
N2 N15
N4
F2 F1
UE RU DU CU
7.2X (C/U) UP CP
Air N3
Radio E1
UPF N6 DN
Xn(C/U)
F2 F1 N9
RU DU CU
7.2X (C/U) UP CP
Radio E1 Data Plane
F2/7.2X : RU to DU - 1 to 1 relationship
F1 : DU to CU - many to 1 relationship
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5G and 4G mobile use cases – O-RAN WG-9
Adapted from O-RAN WG-9 Packet Switched Xhaul architecture and solutions
Cell site 5GC

Access Pre-Aggregation Aggregation Transport coreCP

O-RU O-DU O-CU

Xn BH (CP+UP) UPF N6
FH (eCPRI)
BH(N9)
MH (Xn)
O-RU O-DU O-CU UPF
FH (eCPRI) MH N6

MH
MH (Xn) BH(N9)
5G ITU-T IMT2020
O-RU O-DU O-CU BH UPF N6
MH (Xn)
BH(N9)

O-RU O-DU O-CU UPF N6

BH
MH (Xn)
O-CU
O-RU O-DU UPF
FH (eCPRI) CP BH N6
MH
O-CU 5G Distributed UPF
UP
BH BH

UPF BH
N6 AF
RoE RoE
RRH Mapper Mapper BBU
BH SAE 4G co-existence
FH CPRIßà eCPRI/RoE
GW GiLAN
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Packet Based Fronthaul
Positioning NCS 540

Fronthaul Fronthaul
Midhaul/Backhaul
eCPRI/CPRI/TSN eCPRI/100G NNI

Aggregation Cell site router Aggregation Cell site router

NCS5700/NCS550
0/ N540-FH-AGG-SYS N540-FH-CSR-SYS
(Aggregation) (Cell Site Router) NCS5700/NCS5500 NCS540
NCS540

eCPRI/ORAN is fully supported on shipping NCS540 portfolio

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eCPRI Trials with NCS540 NOW in PRODUCTION

Speed Test Results

(UL,DL) eCPRI Primary Path

80 MHz NCS540 BBH-1
Channel BW
NR (AIR6488) 5G
BBU
BBH-2
TI-LFA Backup Path BB663
UE 0
VoIP Call 80 MHz : Channel BW
Call Run-time : 37
686 Mbps : Download Speed
mins
Cells never went
down

§ Supported radio: Samsung, Ericsson, Nokia, Huawei and all ORAN vendors
§ eCPRI Trials with NCS540
§ Stat-mux
§ TI LFA Failover tests performed
§ No cells went down/No call drops during failover tests / VoIP Call ran for 37 mins
§ With 80 MHz Channel Bandwidth, 686 Mbps Download Speed was achieved
§ Fiber path between NCS540 and BBH is approx. 14 km

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Converged
Packet based
Fronthaul
Cisco Converged Packet-based Fronthaul
Extending to meet the needs of Fronthaul, Midhaul, & Backhaul
Converged Packet-based Fronthaul
Business

Backhaul

RRH Fronthaul Cell Fronthaul

Site Router Aggregation Router
BBU Pool

RRH
Cell Site CRAN Hub

BENEFITS

Service Convergence Monetization End to end IP/MPLS Open and automated

• High-Speed and Ultra-Low
• Wireless (4G,5G) and Wireline • Enterprise Services based network for a management
Latency
• Fronthaul, midhaul & backhaul simplified architecture
• Forwarding Precise timing and
synchronization
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 Converged Fronthaul Router Highlights
Converged System
Silicon
Converged (Wireline + Wireless), Low power & 1 6 DNX, 2.5 us ASIC Latency
Optimal Form Factor

LTE & 5G Radio FPGA (Field Upgradeable)

FPGA:CPRI (option 3-8), RoE, eCPRI, 2 7 Radio over Ethernet (RoE) Type 0/Type
ORAN 1 , L1 PHY Offload (FHG) & TSN

Low latency
Quality of Service
802.1Qbu - Frame Preemption (TSN) 3 8 H-QOS & QOS Enhancements
support on 10G/25G interfaces

Synchronization
Security
Class C, eEEC, PRTC-A, Better 4 9 PTP over Macsec, Trust Anchor
Oscillator

Automation
Flexible Transport
SR MPLS/SRv6, BGP VPN, SR PM 5 10 Open & Automated management, NSO & Cisco
Crosswork Portfolio

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Cisco Fronthaul Router Models
NCS 540 family

N540-FH-CSR-SYS
(Cell Site Router)

N540-FH-AGG-SYS
(Aggregation)
Fronthaul Router Use Case Port Config RU Capacity Software

N540-FH-CSR-SYS Cell Site Router • 8xCPRI (Option 3-8) 1 RU 300Gbps IOS XR

(Cell Site Router) [Packet + CPRI +TSN] • +*4x1/10G/CPRI (Option 3-8)
• 8x1/10G
• 4x10/25G
• 2x10/25G (802.1Qbu)
• 2x100G

N540-FH-AGG-SYS Aggregate Site Router • 24x10G/25G* 1 RU 900Gbps IOS XR

(Aggregation) [Packet + CPRI + TSN] • (802.1Qbu, CPRI 3-8)
• 4x100G

*Universal Port = Port can be used for CPRI or eCPRI or Ethernet (1/10/25GE)
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CPRI over Radio
over Ethernet
(RoE)
Optimized for CPRI Transport Over Ethernet
Fronthaul RoE Structure Agnostic Modes (Type 0 & Type 1)

SR / EVPN
RoE mapper/RoE de-mapper RoE mapper/RoE de-mapper

10G/25G
Packet based
network
CPRI Option 3-8 CPRI Option 3-8 Backhaul Interface
RRH Fronthaul Cell Fronthaul
Site Router Aggregation Router
BBU

Optimized to enable CPRI “RoE Structure-Agnostic Tunneling Mode (Type 0)”

• Compatible with all RAN suppliers’ equipment
• RAN vendor CPRI protocol implementation awareness is NOT required
• RoE Tunneling mode does not provide any fronthaul bandwidth reduction (Tested with Ericsson & Huawei)

Extensible to support CPRI “RoE Structure-Agnostic Line Code Aware Mode (Type 1)”
• Solution MUST be tested with every RAN vendor to validate the functionality
• Requires some awareness of CPRI protocol at mapper/demapper
• Fronthaul bandwidth of reduction of 20% by removing 8b10b line coding (Tested with Huawei)

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NCS540-FH
Radio Interop

ü Packet Fronthaul Router operates seamlessly with:

o Ericsson Radio Units, 4G and 5G BBUs
o Huawei Radio Units, 4G BBUs

ü With Ericsson RU and BBU, Packet Fronthaul Router successfully implements:

o RoE Structure Agnostic Mapper Type-0

ü With Huawei RU and BBU, Packet Fronthaul Router successfully implements:

o RoE Structure Agnostic Mapper Type-0 between Huawei RU and BBU
o RoE Structure Agnostic Mapper Type-1 between Huawei RU and BBU
o Operates seamlessly with RU Chain Implementation (with Huawei RUs)
o Operates seamlessly with RU-BBU Load-Balancing Implementation (with Huawei BBUs)

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Cisco Packetized Fronthaul Demo
https://www.ciscolive.com/global/on-demand-
library.html?search.event=ciscoliveus2020&showM
yInterest=true#/video/1592347697861001FJMB
 Timing and Synch – Fronthaul Options
Distributed RAN Centralized RAN Cloud/Midhaul RAN

• ±1.5uS phase between radios • < ±1.1uS between BBU’s • ~±130nS between RU/DU
• Backhaul carries sync from pre- • Backhaul carries sync or • Midhaul carries sync or
aggregation layer; or place GPS at every BBU hotel GPS at every DU hotel
• GPS at every cell site • CPRI is synchronous; but • eCPRI requires PTP in Fronthaul
eCPRI requires PTP or GPS or GPS at every RU and DU
Mobile Mobile Mobile
Distributed Core Centralized Core Core
RAN RAN Cloud
WAN/
WAN/ RAN WAN/
Backhaul
Backhaul Backhaul
Centralized
CPRI vBBU CU Unit
carries its
Frequency eCPRI Midhaul
own time
Phase uses Distributed
Pre-Agg Layer DU DU
Fronthaul PTP Unit

Fronthaul

eNB eNB eNB eNB RU RU RU RU

RU RU RU RU

eNB eNB RU RU RU RU
RU: Remote RU: Remote RU: Remote
Unit Unit Unit

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Streaming Telemetry from Router

Writing your Query

Monitoring your Network : CSR- Monitoring your Network : AGG-
SYS SYS

STREAMING TELEMETRY

RoE Mapper RoE De-Mapper

CPRI Option X CPRI Option X
Primary Reference Clock

RU RoE Stats N540-FH-CSR-SYS

RoE Stats N540-FH-AGG-SYS
BBU
Deriving clock from Ethernet Deriving clock from CPRI

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Converged SDN Transport Solution
Access Transport Core + Cloud Services

Cisco Crosswork

Automation NSO SR-PCE

Distributed and Common Telco Cloud Platform

F/H M/H B/H

IP Core

SR BGP VPN, SDN Programmability

C-RAN ACCESS PRE-AGG AGG IP Core

• NCS57xx/55xx • NCS5xx • NCS57xx/55xx • NCS57xx/55xx • ASR99xx

• NCS5xx • NCS5xx • ASR99xx • NCS57xx/55xx

IOS XR
IP + Optical Timing
Security Suite – ZeroBRKSPG-2065
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Fronthaul Design
 Fronthaul Network Design Options
100G 10G Backhaul Interface
100G
10G
4G RRH CPRI over RoE
FHG 1
CPRI over RoE NCS5500
100G 4G BBU (CPRI)
100G/25G
100G
100G Midhaul/Backhaul Interface

5G/4G
RRH
CAS1
10/25G 100G 100G/25G
eCPRI NCS5500 5G BBU
5G vDU/vCU (7-2x)
FHG 2 Fronthaul Fabric Design 4G vDU/vCU (7-2x)

4G RRH
Backhaul Interface
10G 10G
100G/25G
CAS2
4G BBU (CPRI)

5G/4G
FHG 1 CPRI over RoE
FHG 4
RRH 10/25G CPRI over RoE eCPRI 10/25G Midhaul/Backhaul Interface
eCPRI
FHGPHY
Low 2
RoE+eCPRI
eCPRI 5G BBU
RoE 5G vDU/vCU (7-2x)
4G vDU/vCU (7-2x)
CPRI

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 Fronthaul/Midhaul/Backhaul Calculation
Single Cell Site/3 Sector 6 Carriers PRB=Physical Resource Block
Statistical Multiplexing (Statmux)=1Max+2 Average

Band Band Bandwidth MIMO/MIMO Fronthaul Data Rate FH Data Rate Midhaul Backhaul
Number [MHz] Layers (Single Sector Peak) (“3” Sectors) Gbps Gbps
CPRI/ORAN Gbps CPRI/ORAN Gbps

5 850 10 4T4R 2.45 (CPRI option 3)/0.70 7.35/1.40 0.30 0.25

MHz

8 900 10 4T4R 2.45 (CPRI option 3)/0.70 7.35/1.40 0.30 0.25

MHz

9 1.8GH 20 4T4R 4.9 (CPRI option 5)/1.40 14.7/2.80 0.59 0.50

z

41 2.6GH 20 4T4R 9.8 (CPRI option 7)/1.40 29.4/2.80 0.59 0.50

z

n78 3.5GH 100 64T64R/8 layers 15.29 30.59 4.44 3.78

z

n257 (Split 28GHz 400 128T128R/4 layers NA 6.14 5.22

2)

Total FH=LTE CPRI+NR=89.39 12.36 Gbps 10.5 Gbps

Gbps
FH=LTE ORAN+NR=39 Gbps
Fronthaul Interface Required=100G/50G
Midhaul Interface Required=25G
Backhaul Interface Required=25G

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Customer Case
Study
 Customer existing CRAN Topology • BBU – Baseband Unit
• GM – Grandmaster
• CPRI - Common Public Radio Interface
5G BBU • eCPRI – Ethernet CPRI
Baseband Site Router

eCPRI
Passive
WDM
GM Clock
ERAN Switch Aggregation Network

CPRI
Baseband Site Router
4G BBU
Cell Site CRAN Hub

• Complete Ericsson RAN network Motivation for Packetized Fronthaul

• C-RAN & ERAN in production using passive DWDM solution • Packetized fronthaul enables Flexible and programmable
• Drawbacks of existing CRAN fronthaul architecture to support RAN innovation e.g. Stats-mux,
• Passive infrastructure static converged services (45/5G/Enterprise)
• Leverage IP protection mechanisms (Segment Routing) for
• No dynamic fault recovery
improved resiliency and failover in fronthaul network
• Limited topology options (hub spoke today)
• Ring/mesh FH topologies
• Coloured optics • N+1 BBU use case using NSO
• operationally challenging (if not using tuneable) • Cell management with reduced capacity
• Little to no OAM of fronthaul links • Operational simplicity - visibility of fronthaul network with
• Dedicated E-RAN switch Telemetry, ZTP, topology visualization and automation

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 NOW in PRODUCTION
Converged Fronthaul
Fronthaul Cell Site Router Fronthaul Cell Site Router
NCS540 NCS540
10G_A
100G 100G

10G_B Backhaul Interface

CPRI Option 7 GM Clock
SR/EVPN VPWS
Ericsson RU
AIR6488 100G 100G

NCS540 BBH Router Ericsson BBU 6630

mmW Radio NCS55A2
Cell Site CRAN Hub

• 5G NR Split 7 , eCPRI Ethernet • 4G Split 8, CPRI “RoE Structure Agnostic Type 0”

• NCS540 validated with Ericsson 5G NR • NCS540-FH CSR validated with Ericsson 4G radio
• Ericsson BBU 6630 • Ericsson BBU 6630
• Ericsson RU 5G AIR6488 • Ericsson RU 4415
• Phase 1 Lab Trials • Phase 1 Lab Trials
• EVPN-VPWS over SR (MPLS) + TI-LFA • EVPN VPWS for CPRI over SR (MPLS) + TI-LFA
• Dynamic latency measurement of fronthaul link • Baseline Testing Completed with 100% Success
with SR-PM • 4G Cell is up and running. MBB and VoLTE tests
• Telemetry for OAM of fronthaul links were successful
• Completed with 100% Success

Convergence of backhaul & fronthaul traffic

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Why Cisco for Fronthaul?
Packet-based solution with high-speed, Ultra-Low Latency
Forwarding to meet and exceed fronthaul requirements

Converges services while optimizing fronthaul resources

Flexible and programmable architecture to support RAN

innovation

Simplifies and improves reliability of network operations by

extending IP through RAN transport

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Supporting Sessions
BRKSPM-2001 5G Converged SDN Transport
BRKSPM-2000 5G Access and DC Edge
BRKSPG-2060 5G Transport: Design Strategies
Resources
• Cisco NCS 540 Fronthaul Router Portfolio Collateral:
• At-A-Glance: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/routers/network-
convergence-system-540-series-routers/at-a-glance-c45-743315.html
• Data Sheet: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/routers/network-
convergence-system-500-series-routers/datasheet-c78-740296.html
• ACG Research: An Economic Comparison of Fronthaul Architectures:
https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/mobile-
internet/acg-fronthaul-architectures-for-5g-networks.pdf?dtid=osscdc000283

• The Deep Edge Podcast “Segment Routing and 5G with Simon Spraggs from Cisco”
• https://www.buzzsprout.com/1010419/3956699
• 5G transport page
• www.cisco.com/go/5g-transport

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Additional Resources contd..
• ”5G Transport” session Cisco Live Barcelona 2020
• https://www.ciscolive.com/global/on-demand-
library.html?search=waris&search.event=ciscoliveemea2020#/session/1564528251037001eg4o

• ”Clocking” sessions Cisco Live Barcelona 2020

• https://www.ciscolive.com/global/on-demand-
library.html?search=Shahid&search.event=ciscoliveemea2020#/session/1564610726804001cUPp
• https://www.ciscolive.com/global/on-demand-
library.html?search=Dennis&search.event=ciscoliveemea2020#/session/15632796220300016AGI

• Radio and Band info

• https://www.sharetechnote.com/ (Radio tutorial)
• Simple lookup for LTE bands
• https://www.sqimway.com/lte_band.php(Simple lookup for LTE bands )
• Simple lookup for 5G (new radio) bands
• https://www.sqimway.com/nr_band.php (Simple lookup for 5G (new radio) bands)

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 Cisco Validated Design Document
Converged SDN Transport High Level Design
• https://xrdocs.io/design/blogs/latest-converged-sdn-transport-hld
• https://xrdocs.io/design/blogs/latest-converged-sdn-transport-ig
5G Features covered:
• Clocking & Synchronization
• 5G Transport SR MPLS/BGP VPN
• Fronthaul will be covered in future release

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Thank you

#CiscoLive
#CiscoLive
Bonus Material
 Mobile Network Spectrum 5G
4G
High Bands 3G
Frequency (mm Wave)
24GHz and above 2G
Range 2
New
5G
(FR2)
Canada 3.5G Auction
US C-band Auction

Mid Bands
3-6GHz
4G
Licensed & Unlicensed
New 5G
Frequency
Range 1 4G
4G
(FR1) Existing 4G
Mid Bands 3G
1-3GHz 2G

Existing & New

Low Bands
below 1GHz
600MHz
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 Labs,
5G NR Channel Capacity (& Throughput) Showcases

LTE example
LTE-A
5G NR
example
Spectral efficiency bps/Hz (Downlink) 20MHz 3x20MHz Sub 6GHz mmWave
FDD FDD 100MHz BW 800MHz

Peak/Max Rate Theoretical max coded rate 15 23

300Mbps 900Mbps 2.3Gbps 18.4Gbps

Cell Centre Minimum rate achieved by 9 13

top 5% of users 180Mbps 540Mbps 1.3Gbps 10.4Gbps

Typical Typical median rate 2.0 2.9

40Mbps 120Mbps 290Mbps 2.32Gbps

Edge Minimum rate achieved by 0.1 0.12

95% of users 2Mbps 6Mbps 120Mbps 96Mbps

Aggregate cell Average rate plus multi-user 2.2 3.3

(multi-user) capacity scheduling gain 44Mbps 132Mbps 330Mbps 2.64Gbps
* Design caveat: RF Channel capacity depends on many factors, like MIMO schedule deployed, UE capabilities, network loading,
mobility, etc. Always consult customer for RAN design guidelines
Network
Access Transport Bandwidth: 1Gà10Gà25G
Edge/IP Core Transport Bandwidth: 10Gà100Gà400G Planning
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 RAN Decomposition and Virtualization
Functional Decomposition
Functions Separated to Allow Flexible Automation & Multi-Domain Orchestration
Placement and Optimization

Disaggregation into SW + HW
PNF
Software-Centric Solutions Leveraging Small Cell
COTS Hardware
Peering
Open
Modular, ORAN, Open, Multi-vendor,
Fronthaul Midhaul BH Backhaul Hybrid Cloud
More Options = Flexibility and Lower Cost Open Open
4G/5G Open

Multi-Use Case Cell site Edge DCs Regional DCs Central DCs
5GNR, LTE, Small Cell, Indoor/Outdoor,
mMIMO, Multi-band, mmWave,
RU
RAN vDU vCU CP
Private/Public, Enterprise/Consumer, etc.
COTS HW UPF
UPF
Optimize for Lower Cost Operations MEC
COTS HW
Agility, Lower TCO, Increased Automation
BB Packet
Apps COTS HW

Enable New Services

U Core
Increased Service Flexibility, Velocity
“Modular” System Integration

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O-RAN Alliance – Transforming the RAN
• Driving the RAN towards being:
Open
Intelligent
Virtualized
Fully Interoperable

• WG9à Open Xhaul transport architecture

Fronthaul, Midhaul and backhaul
Working on transport requirements, WDM FH and
packet switched xhaul and timing and sync
Cisco is editor of packet switched xhaul
architecture
Filling today’s functional and interface gaps
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 • WG4 - Open Fronthaul
Interfaces Workgroup
• WG9 - Open X-haul
Transport Workgroup
• WG7 - White-box
ORAN & IEEE 1914.3 Hardware Workgroup
Contribution • IEEE1914.3a: RoE
Enhancements

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5G Network Transport Evolution
Access Transport Core + Cloud Services

End-to-End Service Orchestration & Assurance

Fronthaul Midhaul Backhaul

RAN vCU Cloud

UPF Apps
RAN RU RAN vDU Peering MEC NGC EPC
UPF

Distributed and Common Telco Cloud Platform

Converged SDN Transport

Transport Telco Cloud Mobile Core vRAN MANO Apps

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Transition to the Telco Edge
Telco Edge

Far Edge Near Edge DC

Network Regional Central

Edge DC DC
Cell Site
Edge

10,000s 1000s 100s 10s

vUPF , vCMTS, vBNG, OSS/BSS, Voice

vCU, edge UPF,
vDU, vCSR, vFW, LS-CDN, dCDN
AI, Gaming etc. Core Applications
edge applications, content delivery
RAN, Security, light edge-AI Services Edge (Applications)

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 Customer Disruption
Software Defined 5G: O-RAN/vRAN Architecture
Zero Touch, End-to-End Automation with NSO, ESC

Small Cell

The Internet
vRAN IPv6 based 5G Ready Transport Network for Backhaul
(NCS 500 & NCS 5500)
4G/5G Hybrid Cloud
~3000 Edge DCs ~50 Regional DCs 2 Central DCs
vCU vIMS
vDU UPF vEPC
CVIM CVIM CVIM
RU Nexus ACI ACI
Distributed and Common Carrier-Grade Telco Cloud
Software Defined Programmable Infrastructure

New Business Models

Open, Decomposed, and Edge Computing for End-to-end Closed-
Including B2B
Virtualized RAN Enhanced Experience Loop Automation
Monetization

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 Elastic RAN Transport Requirement
CRAN Hub Site CRAN Hub Site

• ERAN is being used to

Backhaul Backhaul connect BBUs
• ERAN requires L2
CRAN Hub Router+Switch CRAN Hub Router+Switch connectivity using Ericsson
proprietary Inter Digital Link
1/10/25 GE Links 1/10/25 GE Links Ethernet (IDLe) cable
• Strict low latency transport
BBU-1 BBU-1 BBU-N vDU
requirement
BBU-N vDU
• ERAN can be used in CRAN
Fronthaul Fronthaul & D-RAN
(CPRI, eCPRI, ORAN) (CPRI, eCPRI, ORAN)

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CRAN Hub Site Selection Flow Chart
Radio Cell Site Selection

N
Check optical fiber infra
Fiber Available – Y/N D-RAN Solution
Fronthaul LTE < 20KM

Check for new CRAN Hub Site CRAN Hub Site

Selection
CRAN Hub Site Validation

Network
Rackspace/Power/AC Backhaul Connectivity
Resilience/Solution
available Available
Robustness
N Y N Y N Y

Deploy CRAN Hub

Site
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Scalable Cloud-RAN Fabric Architecture
• Deployment Flexibility
• Network Scale
• Horizontal Scalability
• Smaller Failure Domain
• Traffic Patterns (east and west)

Smaller CRAN Hub Sites Large CRAN Hub Sites

Leaf Leaf Spine Spine Spine Spine

Leaf Leaf

Leaf Leaf ToR ToR

BBU BBU BBU

vCU+vDU vCU+vDU vCU+vDU
vDU vDU vDU

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 C-RAN Fabric Portfolio
Space Capacity Port Density Timing
Fixed Platform (RU) 1588/Sync-E

Base: 48x 1/10G + 6x 100G Scale

1 800 Gbps
NCS 5501 (SE) Scale: 40x 1/10G + 4x 100G only

1 3.6 Tbps 36 x QSFP28 or QSFP+ Y

NCS-55A1-36H-S/SE

1 1.8 Tbps Y
24 x QSFP28
NCS-55A1-24H

1.8 Tbps 48 x SFP28 + 6x100G QSFP28

NCS-55A1-48Q6H 1 900 G 24x1G/10G SFP+ +24x1G/10G/25G SFP28 & 6x100G Y
NCS-55A1-24Q6H-S

1 300 Gbps 24x 10GE SFP+ + 8x 25GE SFP28 + 2x 100GE QSFP28 Y

NCS 540

Fixed Ports: 24 x 1/10G & 16 x 1/10/25G

2 900 Gbps 2 x MPAs of 400 Gbps each: Y
NCS-55A2-MOD (SE)

Modular Platform
Modular. 4 x 100G QSFP28, 40 x 10G SFP+, 96 x 1G Y
7 slot 800 Gbps CSFP

4 slot 800 Gbps Modular. 4 x 100G QSFP28, 32 x 10G SFP+ or 72 x 1G CSFP Y

NCS560

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eCPRI Standard
Overview
 eCPRI 2.0 Source: eCPRI 2.0
Uplink
Downlink

• The internal radio base station interface establishing a connection between “eCPRI Radio Equipment
Control” (eREC) and “eCPRI Radio Equipment” (eRE) via a packet based transport network is
specified.
• eCPRI Ethertype (AEFE16)
• eCPRI can be transported using standard IP/Ethernet routers and switches & it supports Stat-mux
• eCPRI radio may have 10G/25G interfaces
• The specification defines a new eCPRI Layer above the Transport Network Layer. Existing standards are
used for the transport network layer, C&M and Synchronization.
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eCPRI 2.0 contd.. Source: eCPRI 2.0

The major difference between Split ID and IID is that

the data in Split ID is bit oriented and the data in split
IID and IU is IQ oriented.

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eCPRI 2.0 contd..
Source: eCPRI 2.0

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 Source: eCPRI 2.0

eCPRI 2.0 contd..

#CiscoLive BRKSPG-2065
Source: eCPRI 2.0
© 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 61
eCPRI Protocol Revision Source: eCPRI 2.0

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eCPRI Transport
 eCPRI Fronthaul Packet Capture

eCPRI QinQ User plane

Propriety eCPRI Ethertype since eCPRI

0x01=eCPRI standard Ethertype is (AEFE16)
Protocol
revision 2.0

0x40=eCPRI Message
type=Reserved
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Does eCPRI support Statistical Multiplexing?
• Based on eCPRI radio testing, eCPRI does support stat-mux
• Stat-mux enables optimal transport bandwidth utilization

Channel Width BBU to Radio Radio to BBU

Idle state
(Mb/s) (Mb/s)
20Mhz 109.2 4.0032
40Mhz 197.68 5.2696
60Mhz 287.76 6.5520
80Mhz 376.24 7.8192
100Mhz 466.24 9.1040

Single UE Channel Width BBU to Radio Radio to BBU

downloading (Mb/s) (Mb/s)
10G file
20Mhz 224.8 144.88

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NCS 540 Family Cell Site Router

NCS 540 Family Interfaces Throughput Timing

N540-24Z8Q2C-SYS 2x 100/40GE
N540(X)-ACC-SYS 300G GNSS
8x 25/10/1GE Class B
Max Interfaces: 640G
24x 10/1GE 1pps/10MHz/ToD

2x 100/40GE
GNSS
N540X-16Z4G8Q2C-A/D 8x 25/10/1GE 300G Class C
16x 10/1GE Max Interfaces: 564G 1pps/10MHz/ToD
BITS
4x 1GE Copper

N540-28Z4C-SYS-A/D Class B
4x 100/40GE 300G 1pps/10MHz/ToD
28x 10/1GE Max Interfaces: 680G BITS

N540X-12Z16G-SYS-A/D 12x 10/1GE GNSS

12x 1GE 140G Class C
Max Interfaces: 136G 1pps/10MHz/ToD
4x 1GE Copper BITS

N540-12Z20G-SYS-A/D
12x 10/1GE 140G Class B
1pps/10MHz/ToD
20x 1GE Max Interfaces: 140G BITS

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Cisco and Telstra Complete World’s
First 5G Call over Packetized Fronthaul
Network
https://newsroom.cisco.com/press-release-
content?type=webcontent&articleId=2058724&dti
d=osscdc000283
CPRI Tutorial
 Source: CPRI 7.0

CPRI v7.0

• A digitized and serial internal radio base station interface that establishes a connection between ‘Radio Equipment
Control’ (REC) and ‘Radio Equipment’ (RE)
• Three different information flows (User Plane data, Control and Management Plane data, and Synchronization Plane
data) are multiplexed over the interface.
• The specification covers layers 1 and 2
• The user plane data is transported in the form of IQ data
• Each IQ data flow reflects the data of one antenna for one carrier, the so-called antenna-carrier (AxC)

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 Source: CPRI 7.0
CPRI v7.0 contd..
• The radio base station system is composed of two basic
subsystems, the radio equipment control and the radio equipment
• The subsystems REC and RE are also called nodes
• Several IQ data flows are sent via one physical CPRI link.
• Antenna-carrier (AxC):
• One antenna-carrier is the amount of digital baseband (IQ) U-plane data
necessary for either reception or transmission of only one carrier at one
independent antenna element

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 Source: CPRI 7.0

CPRI v7.0 contd..

• Between REC and RE, working link consists of a master port, a
bidirectional cable, and a slave port.
• The master port in the REC and the slave port in the RE.
• Downlink:
• Direction from REC to RE for a logical connection.
• Uplink:
• Direction from RE to REC for a logical connection.

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 Source: CPRI 7.0

CPRI v7.0 contd..

• Layer 1 defines:
• Electrical characteristics
• Optical characteristics
• Time division multiplexing of the different data flows
• Low level signaling
• Layer 2 defines:
• Media access control
• Flow control
• Data protection of the control and management information flow

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 Source: CPRI 7.0

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 Source: CPRI 7.0

CPRI v7.0 contd..

• IQ Data
• User plane information in the form of in-phase and quadrature modulation data
(digital baseband signals).
• Synchronization
• Synchronization data used for frame and time alignment.
• L1 Inband Protocol
• Signaling information that is related to the link and is directly transported by the
physical layer. This information is required, e.g. for system start-up, layer 1 link
maintenance and the transfer of time critical information that has a direct time
relationship to layer 1 user data.
• C&M data
• Control and management information exchanged between the control and
management entities within the REC and the RE. This information flow is given to
the higher protocol layers.
• Protocol Extensions
• This information flow is reserved for future protocol extensions. It may be used to
support, e.g., more complex interconnection topologies or other radio standards.
• • Vendor Specific Information
• This information flow is reserved for vendor specific information.

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 Source: CPRI 7.0
CPRI Frame Structure
• Frame structure
• 1 Basic Frame (BF) = 16 words (W) = 256 bytes ; BF=260.42ns; X= BF Number
• W = word number in Basic Frame
• Y = byte number within a word
• In each BF, word 0 is used as control word (CW)
• 1 Hyperframe (HF) = 256 BF (basic frame); 1HF=66.67us; Z=HF Number
• BFN (Node B Frame Number) = 150 HF =10ms
• BFN is Synchronization Signal every 10msec
• 256BF/HF*150HF/0.01s=3.84M BF/s
• 16W/BF*3.84M BF/s=61.44M W/s. So a word width is ½ BBCLK cycle.
• BBCLK = 30.74 MHZ SYSCLK, Link Speed multiple of BBCLK

Frame Structure of 2.4576Gbps

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 CPRI Line Bit Rate Options Source: CPRI 7.0
TDM Traffic

CPRI line bit rate option 1 614.4 Mbit/s 8B/10B line coding (1 x 491.52 x 10/8 Mbit/s)

CPRI line bit rate option 2 1228.8 Mbit/s 8B/10B line coding (2 x 491.52 x 10/8 Mbit/s)

CPRI line bit rate option 3 2457.6 Mbit/s 8B/10B line coding (4 x 491.52 x 10/8 Mbit/s)

CPRI line bit rate option 4 3072.0 Mbit/s 8B/10B line coding (5 x 491.52 x 10/8 Mbit/s)

CPRI line bit rate option 5 4915.2 Mbit/s 8B/10B line coding (8 x 491.52 x 10/8 Mbit/s)

CPRI line bit rate option 6 6144.0 Mbit/s 8B/10B line coding (10 x 491.52 x 10/8 Mbit/s)

CPRI line bit rate option 7 9830.4 Mbit/s 8B/10B line coding (16 x 491.52 x 10/8 Mbit/s)

CPRI line bit rate option 7A 8110.08 Mbit/s 64B/66B line coding (16 x 491.52 x 66/64 Mbit/s)

CPRI line bit rate option 8 10137.6 Mbit/s 64B/66B line coding (20 x 491.52 x 66/64 Mbit/s)

CPRI line bit rate option 9 12165.12 Mbit/s 64B/66B line coding (24 x 491.52 x 66/64 Mbit/s)

CPRI line bit rate option 10 24330.24 Mbit/s 64B/66B line coding (48 x 491.52 x 66/64 Mbit/s)

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Converged
Fronthaul
Traditional Fronthaul Deployment Options
are Sub-Optimal for 5G

Dark Fiber Passive Optical Active WDM

• Very expensive solution • Expensive due to colored
• Limited lambda (λ) scale
optics
• Difficult to scale • Manual deployments that are
• Active tunable optics have
• Fiber may not be time consuming and error prone
challenge with I-TEMP
available everywhere • No visibility of the service
• No Statistical Mux
making it difficult to troubleshoot
• Topology dependent
• No redundancy
(Requires ROADM for ring
architecture)

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What is Converged Fronthaul?
Converged Packet-based Fronthaul
Business

Fronthaul Network Backhaul

RRH
BBU Pool

RRH

Cell Site CRAN Hub

• Converged fronthaul implies transporting radio traffic, CPRI, eCPRI and enterprise
traffic at the same time
• Major challenge: Radio traffic requires low latency and enterprise traffic can induce
additional latency impacting mobile user experience
• Existing optical fronthaul technologies cannot deliver cost-effective solution
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Universal Port Configuration
PID Port Configuration
N540-FH-CSR- 8xCPRI (Option 3-8) + 4x1/10G Eth/CPRI (Option 3-8) + 2x10/25G TSN + 8x1/10G Eth +
SYS 4x1/10/25G + 2x100G

N540-FH-AGG- Port Configuration

SYS • 24xCPRI (Option 3-8) + 4x100G
• 24x1/10/25G Eth (TSN) + 4x100G
• 18xCPRI (Option 3-8) + 6x1/10/25G Eth (TSN) + 4x100G
• 12xCPRI (Option 3-8) + 12x1/10/25G Eth (TSN) + 4x100G
• 6xCPRI (Option 3-8) + 18x1/10/25G Eth (TSN) + 4x100G

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Flexible & Fully Programmable Architecture
To support evolving radio standards

Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) IOS-XR Based - Open APIs

for evolving RAN
• Flexible platform to address both short term • Common operating system software across
and long-term requirement for CPRI, eCPRI the physical and virtual platforms
and RoE
• Optimized performance for advanced
• Optimized for RoE type 0 and type 1 features: SR, EVPN, security
• Future proofed to allow operators to add new • Improved service visibility with telemetry
RAN functions and interworking scenarios

Adaptable platform to address emerging requirements

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 Field Upgradeable FPGA
NPU

Control Path
FPGA SDK CPU
Data Path to NPU/Forwarding Engine

Config Path
HW Functionality defined by Bit File
Config
Flash FPGA • CPRI to RoE mapper
• CPRI to eCPRI mapper
• Bit File stored in non volatile • L1 PHY Offload
memory.
• FPGA is configured at power
up from this flash
Front Panel Interface/IO

• FPGA is a programmable Phy/Optical front end in Cisco fronthaul router. Hence the same part can
be reprogrammed into one of the following modes
• To change the personality of the device, router software will load the appropriate bit file to the
config flash and perform a reload of the product

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Radio over Ethernet (RoE)
RoE Mappers – To carry Radio Traffic over Packet Network
Structure Agnostic RoE Mapper
Function that converts other transport framing formats to a RoE framing format, and a RoE De-Mapper
performs the opposite function. This mapper captures bits from one end of a constant bit rate link,
packetizes the bits into Ethernet frames, sends the packets across the network, and then recreates
the bit stream at far end of the link.

Type-0
Type-1
ü Works as a simple Ethernet Tunnel.
ü Works as Line Coding Aware Mode
ü Does not remove any Line Coding bits, doesn’t interpret
ü Removes Line Codes and Adds them back
any special characters
ü If Source Data is 8B/10B encoded, after decoding
ü If source-data is 8B/10B encoded, the 10-bit symbols
process, the 8-bit symbols present on the line will be
present on the line will be tunneled by the Mapper as 10
tunneled by the Mapper as 8-bits
bits data
ü On the other side, the 8-Bit will be encoded back to
10-Bits using standard Coding-scheme.

RoE EthType RoE

Header

EthType SubTyp
DstMAC SrcMAC 0xFC3D e FlowID Length OrderingInfo RoE Payload FCS

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 Source: IEEE 1914.3

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 Source: IEEE 1914.3

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CPRI RoE Type 0 Capture
VC Label
Source: IEEE 1914.3

IGP+VC Label

RoE Header &

Payload RoE Ethertype
0x02 RoE
OxFC3D
structure-agnostic

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Type0/Type1 RoE Packetization Overhead Comparison
Type-0 Type-1
Real CPRI data (CPRI 2560 2560
data+linecoding) from RU
or BBU
Packet size after CPRI 2560 B 2048 (8b10b Line coding removed)
frame at Ingress FH Router

RoE Ethernet Header 14B 14B

RoE Header 8B 8B
Cisco Custom Header 4B 4B
MPLS+PW label + CW 4B+4B +4B 4B +4B+48
Outer Ethernet Header 18B 18B
Total Ethernet Packet Size 56B+2560=2616 B 56B+2048B=2104 B
at NNI
RoE Packetization (2616-2560)*100/2560=2.2% (2104 – 2048)*100/2048= 2.73%
Overhead

RoE packetization overhead is SAME regardless of Type 0 and Type 1

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Type0/Type1 NNI egress Interface Traffic Rate
Comparison

SR / EVPN
RoE mapper/RoE de-mapper RoE mapper/RoE de-mapper

10G/25G

CPRI Option 7 25G Ethernet CPRI Option 7 Backhaul Interface

Fronthaul Cell Fronthaul
Site Router Aggregation Router
RRH BBU
NNI Interface

Type-0 Type-1
NNI Interface Bandwidth NNI Interface Bandwidth
CPRI Option 7 = 9.83 Gbps 10.32 Gbps 8.26 Gbps
RoE Packet size =1024 bytes
Type1 enables 20% Fronthaul Bandwidth Reduction

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CPRI RoE Structure Type 0 Enhancements
• Auto negotiation feature
• Detection of CPRI stream, then enable RoE Transmission
• LOS/LOF propagation to remote packet based fronthaul router
• Packet transport situation awareness
• Delay measurement and Windowing Function
• Retiming
• Packet impairment

• Cisco 1914.3 a contribution (planned to be published later this year)

• RoE Yang models

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Cisco 5G Converged SDN Transport
Enhanced Mobile Massive Machine Types Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency
5G Services Broadband (eMBB) Communications (mMTC) Communications (URLLC)

Service
Orchestration & Cisco Crosswork Portfolio
Programmability

Service Ethernet VPN (EVPN) and L3VPN

Transport SR MPLS/SRv6, H-QOS & SR PM

Clocking (1588/SyncE – Phase and Frequency, G8275.1, Class C)

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 L3 and L2 Network Efficiencies Are Almost Same!
Packet
Data 1500 Bytes Packet 2000 Bytes Packet 9000 Bytes Packet
Overhead
L2 Only 42 1542 2042 9042
(IFG+Preamble+Ethernet+Dot1
Q+CRC)
L2VPN 64 1564 2064 9064
IFG+Preamble+Ethernet+MPLS
2 Labels+Ethernet
L3VPN 66 1566 2066 9066
IFG+Preamble+Ethernet+MPLS
2 Labels+IP

Network Efficiency
L2 Only 97.28 97.94 99.53
L2VPN 95.91 96.89 99.29
L3VPN 95.79 96.80 99.27

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Precise Timing and Synchronization
Accurate and reliable timing for 5G networks

T-GM PRTC

T-GM PRTC

CPRI
BBU Pool
BBU
Variable Delay

CPRI protocol delivers Sync How do we deliver Sync for 5G networks?

ANSWER Advanced throughput optimization techniques such as Inter-Cell Interference Cancelation, MIMO
coordinated multi-point data delivery require precise time synchronization.
• CPRI protocol delivers synchronization natively, eCPRI/RoE does not.
• eCPRI use cases require RAN transport to provide accurate phase and frequency
synchronization
Cisco Fronthaul Routers support stringent phase and frequency synchronization requirements with up
to Class C timing capabilities
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 Timing and Synch – Fronthaul Options contd..
eNB

Full Aware transport carries time

Mobile
RAN Gateways Also delivers redundancy
eNB
Pre-Agg
GPS at time-isolated sites

GPS can be on either end of PTP aware transport link

RU/ CU
DU
RU/DU Aware transport carries time
Mobile
on site Gateways Also delivers redundancy
RU/
DU Pre-Agg CU doesn’t need phase

RU DU CU
RU on Aware transport carries time
Mobile
site Gateways Also delivers redundancy
RU
Pre-Agg Agg CU doesn’t need phase

Sync Unaware Sync Aware Fronthaul Midhaul Backhaul

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Time Synchronization for RAN Use Cases

Transmission Diversity Carrier Aggregation Coordinated Multi Point

±32.5ns Phase Accuracy ±65ns Phase Accuracy ±130ns Phase Accuracy
Improves error performance Higher Pick Date Rate Higher Pick Date Rate
Data Rate or Capacity Better Load Balancing Better Load Balancing

Time Error Requirements at UNI |TE| Case 1 = T-TSC is integrated in eRE

3GPP TAE
Category Case 1 Case 2 requirements at • Case 1.1 = integrated T-TSC
antenna ports requirements to T-TSC Class B
Case 1.1 Case 1.2

20 ns • Case 1.2 = enhanced integrated

A+ N.A. N.A. 65 ns
Relative T-TSC requirement is total max
60 ns 70 ns
|TE| is 15 ns
A N.A. 130 ns
Relative Relative
Case 2 = T-TSC is not integrated in
B
100 ns 190 ns 200 ns
260 ns
eREs
Relative Relative Relative

1100 ns 1100 ns
C 3 µs
Absolute Absolute
* 3GPP TS 38.104, 38.133

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Low PHY Function in Cisco Fronthaul router

CPRI eCPRI

10G/25G
Packet based
network
CPRI Option 3-8
Fronthaul Cell Fronthaul
Site Router Aggregation Router
CPRI Split 8 vDU
eCPRI Split 7
RF Low PHY

RRM/RRC

PDCP

• CPRI to eCPRI conversion (Time domain to Frequency Domain) High RLC

• 4G radio to connect to Split 7 vDU Low RLC

• Low PHY function in fronthaul router FPGA High MAC

• RAN vendor partnership required Low MAC

High PHY

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 RAN Programmability
NE
O NF TC NETCONF
TC O NF
NE NET BBU
CO
NF
Backhaul

RRH Fronthaul Cell Fronthaul

Aggregation Router “N+1” BBU
Site Router
Backhaul
Primary Path
Reconfigured Path
Netconf

• Passive DWDM topology is static, failure of a baseband unit requires a site visit to recover the cell
• Using NSO customer can dynamically reconfigure a redundant BBU at the hotel site and rehome the
VPWS to recover cell if primary BBU fails
• N+1 BBU deployed at BBH site, with only management config (IP, credentials etc.)
• NSO models and syncs the config of all the baseband units
• In the event of BBU failure, NSO will push failed BBU config at N+1 BBU and migrate VPWS to N+1
BBU

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 Ring/Partial Ring CRAN topologies

RRH
BBU

Backhaul

RRH
Primary Path
Reroute Path

• Enable redundant routed path for fronthaul sites for TI-LFA when Fronthaul link fails
• Use SR-TE + SR-PM to ensure latency constraint met over redundant path
• Enable Capacity management if insufficient fronthaul bandwidth to support both sites,
option to disable a band (i.e., disable VPWS) at non-failed site to free up capacity for
that same band at failed site

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Transport redundancy • Primary and backup paths might have different
transport latencies
• During a failure there will be traffic outage up to
Latency = t1 50ms
• Idle CPRI frames are sent during packet outage

• If backup path’s latency within +/- 5usec of

primary path’s latency, CPRI stream can be
RRH CSR
BBU gracefully restarted
• If the backup path’s latency is outside that
window, in this case the HFN/BFN order can not
be maintained and CPRI reset needs to be
Latency = t2 asserted
• CPRI will undergo reset and re-establish with
updated parameters.

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Retimer Buffer
• RoE to CPRI demapper in Cisco fronthaul router has re-timer buffer to
cleanup jitter and reordering in the packet transport network

Packet Stream

4 6 5 3 2 1
Time

Re-timer Buffer
6 543 2 1 Constant Bit Rate CPRI Playout

Average (Expected Latency – Actual Latency)

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Fronthaul Technologies Support Summary
Supported in hardware (FPGA) and Software

Hardware (FPGA) capable of functionality, FPGA firmware & software are in roadmap

Type 0
eCPRI
Structure Agnostic

1914.1/1914.3 Type 1
Radio over Ethernet
(RoE)
Radio Interfaces
Structure aware
Structure Aware (RAN vendor CPRI
protocol Awareness)

CPRI to eCPRI
Low PHY Function
conversion

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Converged Services
Optimizing transport performance for fronthaul applications

SR / EVPN Data Center

10/2
RRH 5G

Packet based 10G/25G

network
Backhaul
10G Fronthaul
10/25G and higher
Interface
Fronthaul Cell
Site Router Aggregation Router
BBU
Business
802.1Qbu 802.1Qbu

• Converge services onto a single transport network.

• Segment Routing provides traffic steering and policing capabilities to optimize traffic path
based on static and/or dynamic computations including latency.
• Frame preemption with 802.1Qbu/TSN assures that Fronthaul and Midhaul traffic can be
prioritized over less latency sensitive flows.

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 Time Sensitive Networking 802.1CM
Ethernet for Fronthaul
• Profile A: Strict priority queuing (no frame pre-emption)
• IQ data traffic belongs to strict priority traffic class - strict priority algorithm
• C&M data assigned to lower priority than IQ data

• Profile B: 802.1Qbu Frame Pre-emption

• Strict Priority Queuing + Frame Pre-emption
• IQ data traffic configured (frame pre-emption status) as “express”
• C&M data assigned to lower priority than IQ data and set “pre-emptable”
• Frame Preemption up to 25G links

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 802.1Qbu (TSN)
• Converged platform will have mix of fronthaul and enterprise traffic towards NNI.
• FH radio traffic can get behind jumbo-packets of enterprise flows (9600 bytes) leading to
additional latency
• 802.1Qbu should only be supported on uplink interfaces only and will be supported on 10G/25G
interfaces
• Strict Priority + Preemption Offers lowest fronthaul latency and greatest BW utilization
• 802.1Qbu is NOT required on 100G interface
• Frame Preemption is a book-ended solution
• Requires hardware implementation
Frame Preemption
Without Frame Preemption Without Frame Preemption With Frame Preemption
Port Rate Advantage (compared to
delay (1500 bytes delay) delay (9600 bytes delay) (123 bytes delay)
9600 bytes delay)

1G 12,000 nsec 76,800 nsec 984 nsec ~ 75 usec

10G 1,200 nsec 7,680 nsec 98.4 nsec ~ 7.5 usec
25G 480 nsec 3,072 nsec 39.36 nsec ~3 usec
100G 120 nsec 768 nsec 9.84 nsec 758 nsec

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Supported Features (Partial List)
• RoE Structure-Agnostic Tunneling Mode (Type 0)

• RoE Structure-Agnostic Line Code Aware Mode (Type 1)

• TSN 802.1Qbu 10/25G

• Class C Clocking

• SR MPLS/SRv6

• BGP VPN (EVPN/L3VPN)

• Clocking – Class C, G.8275.1

• GTP load balancing

• Y1564 (Service Activation)

• Zero Touch Provisioning

• Microwave Adaptive Bandwidth - "Ethernet bandwidth notification (ETH-BN) / G.8013 Bandwidth Notification Messages”

• Telemetry

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Fronthaul Design
CPRI / eCPRI Bandwidth Calculation Factors
• CPRI
• “Number of antennas” has an impact on the bit rate for split E (Split 8)

• eCPRI (Split 7)
• Factors that will have an impact on the final needed bit rate of the link
between eREC and eRE.
• Throughput (closely related to the available and used air bandwidth)
• Number of MIMO-layers
• MU-MIMO support (y/n)
• Code rate
• Modulation scheme
• Beamforming algorithm
• Number of antennas

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 Fronthaul/Midhaul/Backhaul Transport Bandwidth
Calculation
LTE CPRI
Carrier Number of Band Sub Carrier Bandwidth [MHz] CPRI Option MIMO (Number of CPRI Mux (if any)
(Band Number) Sectors Spacing (SCS) Antennas) CPRI mux configuration
Numerology details

15kHz

• For CPRI fronthaul bandwidth calculation, there is no stat-mux in fronthul since CPRI is TDM traffic.
• This means if there is CPRI option 7 between REC and RE
• Packet based fronthaul must support “10G+RoE overhead” bandwidth to carry CPRI option 7 traffic
• Midhaul & backhaul calculation will take into account stat-mux

4G/5G eCPRI/ORAN
Carrier Number 4G/5G Band Sub Carrier Spacing (SCS) Bandwidth MIMO MIMO (Number of Radio Unit Interface
(Band Number) of Numerology [MHz] Layers Antennas/Antenna Elements Bandwidth
Sectors in case of Massive MIMO)

15kHz or 30kHz (< 6 GHz)

120kHz or 240kHz (> 24 GHz)

• eCPRI supports stat-mux

• Stat-mux fronthaul calculation in case of three sectors, 1 Peak + 2 Average (50% of peak)
• Midhaul & backhaul calculation will take into account stat-mux

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 Fronthaul/Midhaul/Backhaul Calculation
Single Cell Site/3 Sector 6 Carriers PRB=Physical Resource Block
Statistical Multiplexing (Statmux)=1Max+2 Average

Band Ban Bandwidth MIMO/MIMO Fronthaul Data FH Data Rate Midhaul Backhaul
Number d [MHz] Layers Rate (Single Sector (“3” Sectors) Gbps Gbps
Peak) CPRI/ORAN Gbps
CPRI/ORAN Gbps

5 850 10 4T4R 2.45 (CPRI option 7.35/1.40 0.30 0.25

MHz 3)/0.70

8 900 10 4T4R 2.45 (CPRI option 7.35/1.40 0.30 0.25

MHz 3)/0.70

9 1.8G 20 4T4R 4.9 (CPRI option 14.7/2.80 0.59 0.50

Hz 5)/1.40

41 2.6G 20 4T4R 9.8 (CPRI option 29.4/2.80 0.59 0.50

Hz 7)/1.40

n78 3.5G 100 64T64R/8 layers 15.29 30.59 4.44 3.78

Hz

n257 (Split 28GH 400 128T128R/4 NA 6.14 5.22

2) z layers

Total FH=LTE CPRI+NR=89.39 12.36 Gbps 10.5 Gbps

Gbps
Fronthaul Interface Required=100G/50G
FH=LTE ORAN+NR=39
Midhaul Interface Required=25G
Gbps
Backhaul Interface Required=25G

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Maximum transmission bandwidth configuration 38.101
FR1 : below 6 GHz
Sub Carrier Spacing (SCS) Channel bandwidth PRB Values
Numerology

NRB max, BW = channel bandwidth, GB = minimum guardband

Source:https://www.sqimway.com/store_nr.php
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Maximum transmission bandwidth configuration 38.101
FR2 : above 24 GHz
Channel bandwidth PRB Values

Source:https://www.sqimway.com/store_nr.php
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 Fronthaul Network Design Options
100G 10G Backhaul Interface
100G
10G
4G RRH CPRI over RoE
FHG 1
CPRI over RoE NCS5500
100G 4G BBU (CPRI)
100G/25G
100G
100G Midhaul/Backhaul Interface

5G/4G
RRH
CAS1
10/25G 100G 100G/25G
eCPRI NCS5500 5G BBU
5G vDU/vCU (7-2x)
FHG 2 Fronthaul Fabric Design 4G vDU/vCU (7-2x)

4G RRH
Backhaul Interface
10G 10G
100G/25G
CAS2
4G BBU (CPRI)

5G/4G
FHG 1 CPRI over RoE
FHG 4
RRH 10/25G CPRI over RoE eCPRI 10/25G Midhaul/Backhaul Interface
eCPRI
FHGPHY
Low 2
RoE+eCPRI
eCPRI 5G BBU
RoE 5G vDU/vCU (7-2x)
4G vDU/vCU (7-2x)
CPRI

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Open & Automated Management
Outcome-driven automation

Open APIs and

Flexible NSO Cisco Crosswork
management
function packs Portfolio
interfaces

Cisco Crosswork Crosswork Cloud

To automate provisioning of To enable full operational To provide full suite of

multi-vendor domains lifecycle of the products FCAPs applications

Closed-loop and outcome-driven automation, on premises and in the cloud.

Simple integration into legacy RAN management domains & other NMS/OSS systems
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