UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
ADVANCED CALCULUS 1
QUIZ 1 TIME: 1hour
SOLUTIONS
1. Given 𝜺 > 𝟎, ∃ 𝜹𝜺,(𝒂,𝒃) > 𝟎 such that whenever |𝒙 − 𝒂| < 𝜹 and |𝒚 − 𝒃| < 𝜹 holds then
|𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) − 𝒇(𝒂, 𝒃)| < 𝜺.
Given 𝜺 > 𝟎, ∃ 𝜹𝜺 > 𝟎 such that whenever |𝒙𝟏 − 𝒚𝟏 | < 𝜹 and |𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 | < 𝜹 holds then
̅.
|𝒇(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 )| < 𝜺 where (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ), (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) ∈ 𝛀
(16−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )
2. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ln [ (𝑥 2+𝑦 2−4) ] = ln(16 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4)
𝑫𝒇 = {(𝒙, 𝒚) ∈ ℝ𝟐 ∶ 𝟏𝟔 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 > 𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒 > 𝟎}
= {(𝒙, 𝒚) ∈ ℝ ∶ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 < 𝟏𝟔, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 > 𝟒}
Now, let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 42
Thus, the domain is a circle with center (0,0) and radius of 4.
Similarly,
Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 22
Thus, the domain is a circle with center (0,0) and radius of 2.
−4 −2 2 4
−2
−4
Therefore, the domain is a set of all point within the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 and outside the
circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 excluding the points on both two cicles.
cos 𝑦 tan 𝑥
𝑖𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0)
3. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = { 𝑥
0 𝑖𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,0)
For 𝑓 to be continuous,
lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(𝑎,𝑏)
Thus, lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(0,0)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
cos 𝑦 tan 𝑥
For 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = at (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0)
𝑥
cos 𝑦 tan 𝑥
lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥
cos 𝑦 tan 𝑥
= lim {lim }
𝑦→0 𝑥→0 𝑥
tan 𝑥
= lim {cos 𝑦 lim }
𝑦→0 𝑥→0 𝑥
= lim {cos 𝑦 (1)}
𝑦→0
= lim {cos 𝑦} = cos 0 = 1
𝑦→0
Also,
cos 𝑦 tan 𝑥
lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥
cos 𝑦 tan 𝑥
= lim {lim }
𝑥→0 𝑦→0 𝑥
tan 𝑥
= lim { lim cos 𝑦}
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑦→0
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥
= lim { (1)} = lim { }=1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
Thus, lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
Also, 𝑓(0,0) = 0
Thus, 𝑓 is not continuous at (0,0) since lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ 𝑓(0,0).
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
Now, we re-defined the function to be continuous at (0,0), we get
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝒊𝒇 (𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = { 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 (𝒙, 𝒚) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
3
4. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 at the point (1,3)
using 𝜀 − 𝛿 definition of limit,
Given 𝜀 > 0, ∃ 𝛿𝜀,(1,3) > 0 such that whenever |𝑥 − 1| < 𝛿 and |𝑦 − 3| < 𝛿 holds then
|𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑓(1,3)| < 𝜀
3
𝑓(1,3) = 1(3) + = 3+1 =4
3
Thus,
3 3
|𝑥𝑦 + − 4| = |𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑦 + − 1 − 3|
𝑦 𝑦
3−𝑦
= |𝑦(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑦 − 3 + |
𝑦
(𝑦 − 3)
= |(𝑦 − 3 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) + (𝑦 − 3) − |
𝑦
|𝑦 − 3|
≤ |𝑦 − 3 + 3||𝑥 − 1| + |𝑦 − 3| +
|𝑦|
|𝑦 − 3|
≤ (|𝑦 − 3| + 3)|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑦 − 3| +
|𝑦|
𝛿 𝛿
< (𝛿 + 3)𝛿 + 𝛿 + |𝑦| choose 𝛿 ≤ 1, |𝑦| > 1, then |𝑦| < 𝛿
< 𝛿 2 + 3𝛿 + 𝛿 + 𝛿
If 𝛿 ≤ 1
< 𝛿 + 3𝛿 + 𝛿 + 𝛿
= 6𝛿
𝜀
< 𝜀 if 𝛿 = 6
𝜺
By choosing 𝜹 = 𝐦𝐢𝐧 {𝟏, 𝟔} we can see that whenever |𝒙 − 𝟏| < 𝜹 and |𝒚 − 𝟏| < 𝜹 holds
then |𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐| < 𝜺
tan(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑥𝑦 2
5. Given lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Using polar coordinate,
𝑟
𝑦
𝜃
𝑥
𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ⟹ 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑠 (𝑥, 𝑦) → (0,0) ⟹ 𝑟 → 0
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
tan(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑥𝑦 2 tan(𝑟 2 )+𝑟 2 +𝑟 cos 𝜃𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃
Now, lim = lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑟→0 𝑟2
2) 2 (1
tan(𝑟 +𝑟 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃)
= lim
𝑟→0 𝑟2
2) 2 (1
tan(𝑟 𝑟 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃)
= lim [ + ]
𝑟→0 𝑟2 𝑟2
tan(𝑟 2 )
= lim [ + 1 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃]
𝑟→0 𝑟2
tan(𝑟 2 )
= lim 2
+ lim 1 + lim 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃
𝑟→0 𝑟 𝑟→0 𝑟→0
But 𝑢 = 𝑟 2 𝑎𝑠 𝑟 → 0 ⟹ 𝑢 → 0
tan(𝑢)
= lim + lim 1 + lim 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 3
𝑢→0 𝑢 𝑟→0 𝑟→0
= 1 + 1 + 0 since |sin 𝜃| ≤ 1 and |cos 𝜃| ≤ 1
=𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )+𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒙𝒚𝟐
Hence, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟐
(𝒙,𝒚)→(𝟎,𝟎) 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
6. The second partial derivatives of the function 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) using limit definition are as
follows:
𝒇𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝒉𝟏 , 𝒚) − 𝒇𝒙 (𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒇𝒙𝒙 (𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉𝟏 →𝟎 𝒉𝟏
𝒇𝒙 (𝒙, 𝒚 + 𝒉𝟐 ) − 𝒇𝒙 (𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒇𝒙𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉𝟐 →𝟎 𝒉𝟐
𝒇𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚 + 𝒌𝟏 ) − 𝒇𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒇𝒚𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒌𝟏 →𝟎 𝒌𝟏
𝒇𝒚 (𝒙 + 𝒌𝟐 , 𝒚) − 𝒇𝒚 (𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒇𝒚𝒙 (𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒌𝟐 →𝟎 𝒌𝟐
7. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 )
𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝑥𝑦𝑧
1 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑦𝑧𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑓1 = = [ln(1 + 𝑒 )] = ∙ 𝑦𝑧𝑒 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 1 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 1 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑥𝑦𝑧 (1 + 𝑒 )(𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ) − 𝑦𝑧𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 (𝑦𝑧𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 )
𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝜕 𝑦𝑧𝑒
𝑓11 = ( )= (𝑓 ) = ( )=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 1 𝜕𝑥 1 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 (1 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 )2
2 2 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 2 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 2 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 2 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑦 𝑧 𝑒 +𝑦 𝑧 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑧 𝑒 𝑦 𝑧 𝑒
= 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2
=
(1 + 𝑒 ) (1 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 )2
𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛
Thus, 𝒇𝟏𝟏 = (𝟏+𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 )𝟐
1
1 1
8. Given 𝑈 = 2 √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 𝑈 = 2 (2)√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑒 −𝑠
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑟𝑒 𝑠 = −𝑟𝑒 −𝑠
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
1
𝑈 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
1
𝜕𝑈 1
= 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )−2 ∙ 2𝑥 𝑈=𝑓
𝜕𝑥
2𝑥 𝑥
= 1 =
−
2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) 2 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
1
𝜕𝑈 1 𝑥 𝑦
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )−2 ∙ 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 2
2𝑦 𝑦
= 1 =
−
2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) 2 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑟 𝑠 𝑟 𝑠
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑦
= ∙ + ∙
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠
𝑥 𝑦
= 2 2 ∙ −𝑟𝑒 −𝑠 + ∙ 𝑟𝑒 𝑠
√𝑥 +𝑦 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑥𝑟𝑒 −𝑠 𝑦𝑟𝑒 𝑠
=− +
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
−𝑥𝑟𝑒 −𝑠 +𝑦𝑟𝑒 𝑠 𝑦𝑟𝑒 𝑠 −𝑥𝑟𝑒 −𝑠
= =
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
−𝑠
But 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑒 and 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑠
𝜕𝑈 𝑟𝑒 𝑠 ∙𝑟𝑒 𝑠 −𝑟𝑒 −𝑠 ∙𝑟𝑒 −𝑠
=
𝜕𝑠 √(𝑟𝑒 𝑠 )2 +(𝑟𝑒 −𝑠 )2
𝑟 2 𝑒 2𝑠 −𝑟 2 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑟 2 (𝑒 2𝑠 −𝑒 −2𝑠 )
= √𝑟 2 =
𝑒 2𝑠 +𝑟 2 𝑒 −2𝑠 √𝑟 2 (𝑒 2𝑠 +𝑒 −2𝑠 )
𝑟 2 (𝑒 2𝑠 −𝑒 −2𝑠 ) 𝑟(𝑒 2𝑠 −𝑒 −2𝑠 )
= =
𝑟√(𝑒 2𝑠 +𝑒 −2𝑠 ) √(𝑒 2𝑠 +𝑒 −2𝑠 )
𝝏𝑼 𝒓(𝒆𝟐𝒔 −𝒆−𝟐𝒔 )
Thus, =
𝝏𝒔
√(𝒆𝟐𝒔 +𝒆−𝟐𝒔 )
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
9. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) =
√𝑥+√𝑦+√𝑧
𝑡𝑥 + 𝑡𝑦 + 𝑡𝑧
𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦, 𝑡𝑧) =
√𝑡𝑥 + √𝑡𝑦 + √𝑡𝑧
𝑡(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)
=
√𝑡√𝑥+√𝑡√𝑦+√𝑡√𝑧
𝑡(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)
=
√𝑡(√𝑥+√𝑦+√𝑧)
𝑡 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
= 1 ( )
𝑥+ 𝑦+ 𝑧
𝑡2 √ √ √
1
𝟏
= 𝑡 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) Thus, 𝟐 is the degree of homogeneity.
10. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 and point (1,2)
𝐿(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑓1 (𝑎, 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑓2 (𝑎, 𝑏)(𝑦 − 𝑏)
= 𝑓(1,2) + 𝑓1 (1,2)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑓2 (1,2)(𝑦 − 2)
Now, 𝑓(1,2) = 12 + 1(2) + 22 = 1 + 2 + 4 = 7
𝜕
𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
= 2𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑓1 (1,2) = 2(1) + 2 = 2 + 2 = 4
𝜕
𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑓2 (1,2) = 1 + 2(2) = 1 + 4 = 5
Thus, 𝐿(𝑥, 𝑦) = 7 + 4(𝑥 − 1) + 5(𝑦 − 2)
= 7 + 4𝑥 − 4 + 5𝑦 − 10
= 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 7
Thus, the linear approximation to 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) is 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟕
Now, 𝐿(1.1,1.9) = 4(1.1) + 5(1.9) − 7 = 4.4 + 9.5 − 7 = 6.9
Hence, the approximate of 𝒇(𝟏. 𝟏, 𝟏. 𝟗) is 6.9
