Diploma in Electrical Engg.

(Vth Semester)
Course Code: PEE592C
Electrical Machines & µP Lab
List of Experiments

1. Phasing of three phase transformer and measurement of voltage for Star/Star

connections and Delta/Star, Delta/Delta connections and Star/Delta Connections.

2. To determine the voltage regulation of single-phase alternator at full load; unity

power factor by synchronous impedance method.

3. Determination of following characteristics of 3-phase Induction Motor.

(a) Load current versus speed.
(b) Load current versus percentage slip.

4. To verify the given command Description of Microprocessor kit-8085.

5. To write and run the following programs;

Addition and subtraction of two 8-bit numbers.

6. To realize the Speed Control of Stepper Motor by using microprocessor 8085

-load and blocked rotor test.

7. To obtain the V-curves of a synchronous motor.

1
 Diploma in Electrical Engg. (Vth Semester)
Course Code: PEE592C
Electrical Machines & µP Lab
Experiment No. 1

Object: Phasing of three phase transformer and measurement of voltage for Star/Star
connections and Delta/Star, Delta/Delta connections and Star/Delta Connections.

Apparatus:
S. No. Lab No. Equipment Specification Make

Theory:
In star (Y) connection, VL  3 Vph , I L  I ph
In delta (Δ) connection, VL  Vph , I L  3 I ph
Procedure:
The transformer windings are connected according to the following scheme.
(a) Star/Star connection (b) Delta/Star connections
(c) Star/Delta connections (d) Delta/Delta connections.

After making connections in (a), voltages on primary side as well as on secondary side are observed
and noted down. Similarly, in all the remaining three cases i.e. (b), (c) & (d) observations are taken.
From observed reading verify the relationship of
VL  3 Vph , for star connection and
VL  Vph , for delta connection
Observation: Make separate table for each case

Primary Reading Secondary reading

S. No.
Terminals Voltage Terminals Voltage

Report:
1. What are the conditions of parallel operation of 3-phase transformer?
2. Why three phase is preferred over single-phase system?
3. What are the advantages of transformer?
4. What is the standard voltage ratio of three-phase distribution transformer in our country?
5. What are the different vector groups of three phase transformers

Circuit Diagram: On next page

Primary voltage 230 V AC

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 a1
A1

a2 b2
A2 B2
c2
C2
b1 c1
B1 C1

FIG.1 : STAR-STAR

a1 b2
A1 B2

A2
C2
C1 a2 c 1
B1 b1 c 2

FIG.2: DELTA-DELTA

a1

A1 B2

a2 b2
A2 c2
C2
C1
B1 b1 c1

FIG. 3: DELTA-STAR

A1
a1 b2

A2 B2

C2
a2 c 1
B1 C1 b1 c 2

FIG.4:STAR-DELTA

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 Diploma in Electrical Engg. (Vth Semester)
Course Code: PEE592C
Electrical Machines & µP Lab
Experiment No. 2

Object: Determine the synchronous impedance of an alternator and calculate voltage regulation at
0.8 p. f. leading/lagging and at unity p. f. at full load using synchronous impedance method.

Apparatus:

S. No Lab. No Equipment Range/Rating Make

Theory :

Voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as “the rise in terminal voltage when full-load is
removed (field excitation and speed remaining the same) divided by the rated terminal voltage”.

E0  V
V. R.  100 % ...(1)
V

The Open Circuit characteristic is a plot of terminal voltage as a function of field excitation, with
machine running at rated speed at constant frequency of 50 Hz without any load. In this case the
induced voltage is directly proportional to the flux per pole.
The Short Circuit Characteristic is a plot of armature current versus the field current obtained after
short circuiting the armature (i.e. stator) winding. In this case the current in armature winding
completely depends up on the internal impedance and the armature reaction.

Synchronous Impedance Method:

At any value of excitation, VOC is the open circuit voltage and ISC is the short current, for this value of
excitation, synchronous impedance is given by
VOC
ZS 
ISC
At higher values of field current, as saturation increases, synchronous impedance decreases. For
computation of regulation, it is conventional to take ZS at such a value of excitation, which causes
rated current to flow in the armature during the S.C. test.
Synchronous reactance, X S  ZS2  Ra2 , where armature resistance Ra is taken as 1.2 Ω.
E0  (V cos   IRa )2  (V sin   IX S )2 ... (2)
where, + sign is taken for lagging p. f. and − sign is taken for leading p. f. Calculate the V. R. using
the above formula given in equation (1).

Procedure : Open Circuit Test

1. Connect the voltmeter across terminals A1 & A2 for O.C. test.

2. Start the prime mover and bring the set to rated speed.
3. Measure the line voltage across the armature terminals.
4. Switch on the excitation and adjust it so as to obtain about 10 % of the rated voltage
across armature terminals.
5. Increase field current If and record terminal voltage.
6. Repeat step 5 and record several values till 230 V (rated voltage) is reached.
7. Stop the set.

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 Short Circuit Test

1. Connect ammeter across terminals A1 and A2 for S.C. test.

2. Start the prime mover and bring the set to rated speed.
3. Switch on the field current, after ensuring sufficient external resistance so as to keep
the field current within 10 % of the normal field current.
4. Increase field current If in steps and record corresponding value of Ia.
5. Repeat till short circuit full-load current (13 A) is obtained. Later readings must be
taken quickly so as to avoid over-heating of alternator.
Circuit Diagram:

A A1 A

Z
Z
MOTOR ALTERNATOR EXCITOR

L A Z ZZ ZZ
A2
+
AA AA +
+ V A

X XX

+
A
L1 L2

Block Diagram :

Z
XX A2 A Z AA ZZ L1 P
STARTER
EXCITOR MOTOR REGU
+ + ALTERNATOR SUPPLY
LATOR L
V A
X A1 L2
ZZ AA A Z A N

+
A

Observation: (i) O. C. Test

S. No O.C. Voltage (volts) Field Current (amps)

(ii) S. C. Test

S. No Short Circuit Current (Amps) Field Current (amps)

Report:

1. Why synchronous reactance is kept very high in comparison to resistance in all the
alternators?
2. Why in big alternators armature is kept stationary and field winding can rotate?
3. What are the various cooling methods for big alternators?
4. Why alternators are connected in parallel?

5
 Diploma in Electrical Engg. (Vth Semester)
Course Code: PEE592C
Electrical Machines & µP Lab
Experiment No. 3

Object: Determination of following characteristics of 3-phase Induction Motor.

(a) Load current v/s Speed.
(b) Load current v/s Percentage Slip.
Apparatus:

S. No Lab. No Equipment Range/Rating Make

Theory:

In a 3-phase Induction Motor, speed decreases as the load current increases. This is due to high
torque, at higher torques the speed of induction motor decreases because current in the rotor
conductor increases and opposes the applied input voltage.

Circuit Diagram:

L1
A2
S
3Phase
T
ac Supply 3PHASE
A
IND.
R L2 +
T A C2
MOTOR
B2
230V E
R
L3

Procedure :

With the help of starter start the motor. Gradually increase the load current by tightening the belt on
pulley. Note down the load current and speed. Calculate the percentage slip. Draw the characteristic
as desired.
NS  N
Observations: slip  100 %
NS

NS = Synchronous speed, N = Actual speed, f = frequency = 50 Hz.

S. No Load Current I2 (amps) Speed (r.p.m) % Slip

Result:

Report :

1. What is the relationship between no. of poles, speed and frequency ?

2. What do you understand by synchronous speed and actual speed?
3. What are the various types if starters used in 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor.
Draw circuit diagram of each.
4. What are the various uses of 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor?
5. What are the various types of losses in induction motor?

6
 Diploma in Electrical Engg. (Vth Semester)
Course Code: PEE592C
Electrical Machines & µP Lab
Experiment No. 4
OBJECT: - To verify the given command Description of Microprocessor kit-8085.

Apparatus Used:
S.No Lab No Apparatus/Equipment Specification Make

(a)To verify the given command Description of Microprocessor kit-8085.

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8
9
10
Command List
Data Transfer Group:
The data transfer instructions move data between registers or between memory and registers.

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MOV Move
MVI Move Immediate
LDA Load Accumulator Directly from Memory
STA Store Accumulator Directly in Memory
LHLD Load H & L Registers Directly from Memory
SHLD Store H & L Registers Directly in Memory

An 'X' in the name of a data transfer instruction implies that it deals with a register pair (16-
bits);

LXI Load Register Pair with Immediate data

LDAX Load Accumulator from Address in Register Pair
STAX Store Accumulator in Address in Register Pair
XCHG Exchange H & L with D & E
XTHL Exchange Top of Stack with H & L

Arithmetic Group:
The arithmetic instructions add, subtract, increment, or decrement data in registers or
memory.

ADD Add to Accumulator

ADI Add Immediate Data to Accumulator
ADC Add to Accumulator Using Carry Flag
ACI Add Immediate data to Accumulator Using Carry
SUB Subtract from Accumulator
SUI Subtract Immediate Data from Accumulator
SBB Subtract from Accumulator Using Borrow (Carry) Flag
SBI Subtract Immediate from Accumulator Using Borrow (Carry) Flag
INR Increment Specified Byte by One
DCR Decrement Specified Byte by One
INX Increment Register Pair by One
DCX Decrement Register Pair by One
DAD Double Register Add; Add Content of Register
Pair to H & L Register Pair

Logical Group:
This group performs logical (Boolean) operations on data in registers and memory and on
condition flags.
The logical AND, OR, and Exclusive OR instructions enable you to set specific bits in the
accumulator ON or OFF.

ANA Logical AND with Accumulator

ANI Logical AND with Accumulator Using Immediate Data
ORA Logical OR with Accumulator
OR Logical OR with Accumulator Using Immediate Data

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XRA Exclusive Logical OR with Accumulator
XRI Exclusive OR Using Immediate Data

The Compare instructions compare the content of an 8-bit value with the contents of the
accumulator;

CMP Compare
CPI Compare Using Immediate Data
The rotate instructions shift the contents of the accumulator one bit position to the left or
right:
RLC Rotate Accumulator Left
RRC Rotate Accumulator Right
RAL Rotate Left Through Carry
RAR Rotate Right Through Carry
Complement and carry flag instructions:
CMA Complement Accumulator
CMC Complement Carry Flag
STC Set Carry Flag
Branch Group:
The branching instructions alter normal sequential program flow, either unconditionally or
conditionally. The unconditional branching instructions are as follows:
JMP Jump
CALL Call
RET Return
Conditional branching instructions examine the status of one of four condition flags to
determine whether the specified branch is to be executed. The conditions that may be
specified are as follows:
NZ Not Zero (Z = 0)
Z Zero (Z = 1)
NC No Carry (C = 0)
C Carry (C = 1)
PO Parity Odd (P = 0)
PE Parity Even (P = 1)
P Plus (S = 0)
The I/0 instructions are as follows:
IN Initiate Input Operation
OUT Initiate Output Operation
The Machine Control instructions are as follows:
EI Enable Interrupt System
DI Disable Interrupt System
HLT Halt
NOP No Operation

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 Diploma in Electrical Engg. (Vth Semester)
Course Code: PEE592C
Electrical Machines & µP Lab
Experiment No. 5

Object: To write and run the following programs;

Addition and Subtraction of two 8-bit numbers.

PROGRAMING:

1) ADDITION OF TWO –8 BIT NUMBERS:

Example: add 05H & 03H
The first number 05H is in the memory location 2500.
The second number 03H is in the memory location 2501.
The result is obtained at the memory location 2502
Enter & run the program

2) SUBTRACTION OF TWO 8-BIT NUMBERS:

The first number 05H is in the memory location 2500.
The second number 03H is in the memory location 2501.
The result is obtained at the memory location 2502
Enter & run the program

PROGRAMMES:

ADDITION
Memory Mnemonics Op-Code
2000 LXI H 16 Bit 21,00,25
2003 MOV A,M 7E
2004 INX M 23
2005 ADD M 86
2006 STA 16 Bit 32,02,25
2009 HLt 76
Memory Location 2500 = 05 (EXAMPLE)
2501 = 03
2502 = 08
SUBTRACTION
Memory Mnemonics Op-Code
2000 LXI H 16 Bit 21,00,25
2003 MOV A,M 7E
2004 INX M 23
2005 ADD M 96
2006 INX M 23
2007 MOV M,A 77
2008 HLT 76
Memory Location 2500 = 05 (EXAMPLE)
2501 = 03
2502 = 02

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 Diploma in Electrical Engg. (Vth Semester)
Course Code: PEE592C
Electrical Machines & µP Lab
Experiment No. 6
Object: To realize the Speed Control of Stepper Motor by using microprocessor 8085

Apparatus Used:
S.No Lab No Apparatus/Equipment Specification Make

Introduction:
There are many systems to monitor various processes and give out control signals in the form of digits
but there is only one device to convert these digital pulses into precise incremental motion and that
device is stepping motor. Stepper motor is a device which converts digital pulses into precise angular
of linear steps of desired value. Stepper Motor has two phase bifilar form with having a Step Angle of
1.8°. Stepper Motor module can hold Motor in infinitely static condition. It can control speed up to 0-
3,000 RPM i.e. 0 to 10,000 Step per second. It can be program in three parameters like Speed,
Direction & Number of steps. The speed of motor is generated by frequency of switching not the
supply voltage. A pulse input to two phase clock will move the sh shaft
aft of motor by on step for every
pulse. Thus number of steps can be moved and can be precisely controlled. If there is no pulse the
motor will remain lock up in the portion in which the last step was taken. Since at any time of two
winding always energizedd which lock the motor electromagnetically.

Stepper Motor :
Stepping Motors differ from conventional Servo Motors in following respect: • There is no control
winding in stepping motors. Both windings are Identical. • The stepping rate (speed of rotation) is
governed by frequency of switching and not supply voltage.

A pulse input two phase clock (instead of continuous pulses)

will move the shaft of motor by one step for every pulse, thus
number of steps be moved can be precisely controlled

When there is no pulse input, the rotor will remain locked up

in the portion in which the last step was taken since at any
time two winding always energized which lock the rotor
electromagnetically.

Stepping motors can be programmed

ed in three parameters
namely
(a) Direction,
(b) Speed and

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(c) Number of Steps

Working of Stepping Motor

The stepping action is caused by sequential switching of supply to the two phases of the motor as
described in switching diagram. All stepping motors are of bifilar type with six leads. Watch of the
two phases of motor has double winding with a centre tap switching the supply from one side to
another of a phase causes reversal of magnetic polar without actually reversing the polarity of supply.
For step input

Sequence gives 001.8(full) after and eight step input sequences give 0.9 (half) step function.

The above switching Sequence/Logic will move shaft in one direction. To change direction of
rotation read the sequence upward. The specified torque of any stepping motor is the torque at stand
still (holding torque). This torque is directly portional to th
thee current in the winding. The current in
winding is governed by the DC resistance of winding. As the switching sequence starts the inductive
reactance of the winding which increases with the frequency of switching opposes the rise of current
to desired level
el within the time given for one step depending upon the speed of stepping. This is
mainly due to L/R time constant of winding. The drop in current level causes drop in torque as the
speed increases. In order to improve torque at high speeds it is necessar
necessaryy to maintain current at the
desired level. This can be done by one of the following methods: 1. By increasing supply voltage and
introducing current limiting resistances in each phase. Introduction of resistances improves the time
constant of winding. Seven en to nine time the winding resistance in each phase will give very good
improvement in torque/speed Characteristics. 2. By using a constant current source with or without a
chopper instead of using a constant voltage source which will give even better per performance. Starting
and Stopping Under Load

There is a limit for every type of stepping motor as regards the speed at which it will start and stop
without loosing step. The limit is due to load torque as well as load intertie. To overcome this
acceleration and declaration techniques have to be employed. Acceleration means stepping rate on
switching should be very low and should increase to desired level gradually depending on inertia to be
encountered. Acceleration/deceleration may be as high as 1000 to 300
30000 steps/sec.

Circuit Description: The four winding of the motor is connected with PA0 to PA3 through
buffer and driving circuit. So, the Port A of 8255 will have to initializes in output mode.

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Hardware Installation (Procedure):
1. Connect Stepper Motor Co Controller Module to 8255-I of 8085Trainer
Trainer Kit through 26 pin FRC
Cable.
2. Be sure about the direction of the cable i.e. Pin No. 1 of Module should be connected to Pin
No. 1 of 8255 connector.
3. Connect +5V, GND from the Trainer Kit (+5V & GND signals are available in the 25 & 26
pin of FRC 8255-II Connector)
4. Connect Motor Supply to +12V from the Trainer Kit Software Installation :
5. Enter the program from 2000 Location for 8085.
6. Execute
xecute your program from respective Location & observe the results.

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