SEMESTER 1
DBM10013
Engineering
Mathematics 1
Chapter 1
Basic
Algebra
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 Simplify basic algebra
1.2 Solve quadratic equations
1.3 Show procedure to find partial fractions
1.1
Simplify
Basic
Algebra
Definition of Algebraic Expression
■ An algebraic expression is an expression that contains one or
more numbers, one or more variables (like x or y), and one or
more arithmetic operations (like add, subtract, multiply and
divide)
■ Example of algebraic expression 5𝑥 2 − 6𝑦𝑥 + 7
■ 5 and 6 are a coefficient. Numbers that used to multiply the
variable.
■ x dan y are variables. Variables is a symbol, usually a letter that
represent one or more numbers.
■ 2 is a exponent (power). Exponent of a number shows how
many times the numbers is to be used in a multiplication.
Simplify Basic Algebra
■ Basic properties of algebra are to rewrite an algebraic
expression in a simpler form.
■ To simplify an algebraic expression generally means to remove
symbols of groping such as parentheses or brackets and combine
like terms.
■ Two or more terms of an algebraic expression can be combined
only if they are like terms.
Like Terms Not Like Terms
3𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2𝑥 7𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8𝑦
−3𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9𝑥2 5𝑦2𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑦
−7𝑥2𝑦3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 15𝑦3𝑥2 𝑥𝑦2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2𝑦
Addition and Subtraction
Simplify the following
a − 2m + 8m − 9m (b) 3𝑥+7𝑦+5𝑥−2𝑦
Multiplication and Division
Rules :
−𝑎 × −𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑎
−𝑎 ÷ −𝑏 =
𝑏
−𝑎 × 𝑏 = −𝑎𝑏
𝑎
−𝑎 ÷ 𝑏 = −
𝑎 × −𝑏 = −𝑎𝑏 𝑏
𝑎
𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑎 ÷ −𝑏 = −
𝑏
𝑎
𝑎÷𝑏 =
𝑏
Simplify Basic Algebra
Simplify the following
(𝑎) − 2𝑚𝑛 × 4𝑛𝑟 𝑏 𝑝2 𝑞 × 𝑝𝑞 3
𝑐 24𝑟𝑠𝑡 ÷ 6𝑠𝑡 𝑑 18𝑎𝑥 3 ÷ −3𝑥
Expanding Bracket
Can be done by multiplying the outer terms with every term inside
the bracket
𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
Expanding Bracket
Expand the following algebraic expressions
𝑎 5𝑥 𝑥 − 2𝑦 2
𝑏 2𝑎 + 5𝑏 − 10𝑐
5
c (2𝑎 − 𝑏)(3𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑑 4𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 − 5)
Type equation here.
Expanding Bracket
Consider the expansion of
𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑎 −𝑏 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 −𝑏
= 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏 2
∴ 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 =𝑎 𝑎 +𝑎 𝑏 +𝑏 𝑎 +𝑏 𝑏
= 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
∴ 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
Expanding Bracket
Expand the following algebraic expressions
𝑎 (𝑡 − 7)2 𝑏 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
1 1
𝑐 2𝑥 − 5 2𝑥 + 5 (d) ( − 𝑥)( + 𝑥)
9 9
Factorization
Reverse of the expansion of algebraic expressions.
𝒂𝒄 − 𝒂𝒃 = 𝒂 𝒄 − 𝒃
𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐
𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂 − 𝒃 𝟐
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒃)
Factorization
Factorize the following
𝑎 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 3 𝑏 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 14𝑥
𝑐 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 𝑑 16 − 𝑥 2
Simplify Basic Algebra
Simplify the following :
(a) 9𝑦 − 6 − 3(2 − 5𝑦) (d) 5𝑦 − 2𝑦[3 + 2(𝑦 − 7)]
(b) 5(2𝑥2 − 6𝑥) − 3(4𝑥2 − 9)
(e) 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 2
(c) 2𝑎2 + 3𝑎 − 5𝑎2 − 𝑎
Algebraic Fractions
A fraction can be simplified by multiplying or dividing the
numerator and the denominator of the fraction by a common factor.
2𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑥2 − 4
𝑎 𝑏 2
6𝑎𝑏 − 6𝑏 2 𝑥 +𝑥−2
Algebraic Fractions: Addition and Subtraction
• The procedure for adding and subtracting algebraic fractions is
the same as the procedure for adding or subtracting common
fractions.
• Fractions are added or subtracted by first changing into fractions
with the same denominator.
Algebraic Fractions: Addition and Subtraction
Simplify the Algebraic Fraction
2 3 1 3
𝑎 + (b) +
𝑝 𝑞 2𝑥 5𝑥
Algebraic Fractions: Addition and Subtraction
Simplify the Algebraic Fraction
1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑑 𝑥−
𝑐 + 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
Algebraic Fractions: Addition and Subtraction
Simplify the Algebraic Fraction
𝑚−2 3 𝑝−1 𝑞−1
𝑒 − 𝑓 −
2𝑚2 4𝑚 𝑝2 𝑝𝑞
Algebraic Fractions: Addition and Subtraction
Simplify the Algebraic Fraction
7 5 − 7𝑎
𝑞 −
6𝑎 4𝑎2
Algebraic Fractions: Multiplication and Division
• Can be done by factorizing the numerators and
denominators, followed by cancellations of the factors
common to the numerator and denominator (if they exist),
before applying multiplications to obtain the answer.
• To divide algebraic fractions, the second fraction must be inverted
and then multiplied by the first fraction using the same steps in
multiplication of algebraic fractions.
Algebraic Fractions: Multiplication and Division
Simplify the Algebraic Fraction
2𝑥 𝑥 3𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑎 × 𝑏 ×
𝑦 6𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦 − 2
Algebraic Fractions: Multiplication and Division
Simplify the Algebraic Fraction
𝑥 − 4 2(𝑥 − 4) 2−𝑥
𝑐 ÷ (𝑑) 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ÷
𝑥+3 3 3
Solve the following equation
𝑎 4−𝑥 =5
5
𝑐 − 𝑥 = 10
3
𝑏 5𝑥 − 3 = 32
Solve the following equation
𝑑 13 − 5𝑥 = 8(𝑥 − 10) 𝑒 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 3𝑥 − 2 − 24
1.2
Quadratic
Equations
Quadratic Equations
▪ A quadratic equation is an equation in the form of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 = 0, where 𝑥 represents an
unknown and a, b and c represent known numbers with 𝑎 not equal to 0.
▪ The highest order of a quadratic equation is two, so it is a polynomial of degree two.
✓𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
✓𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 0 (𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
▪ According to the fundamental theorem of algebra, any polynomial with a degree 𝑛
has 𝑛 roots. The roots can be determined using three (3) different methods:
▪ Factorization
▪ Quadratic formula
▪ Completing the square Must be in
the form 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
Factorization
■ To solve a quadratic equation using factorization, it has to be
factorized using the cross technique.
𝑎 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0
Solution:
Factorization
𝑏 𝑥 𝑥 − 7 = 18
Solution:
Factorization
Try this :
8 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0
Factorization
Try this :
2𝑥 4𝑥 + 15 = 27
Quadratic Formula
■ The values of 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 need to be identified before being
substituted into the formula:
−𝒃 ± 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
−𝒃 ± 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
Quadratic Formula 𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
𝑎 2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 5 = 0
Solution: Identify the value of
Hence,
𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐
−9 + 11 −9 − 11
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 9, 𝑐 = −5 𝑥1 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑥2 =
4 4
−9 ± 92 − 4(2)(−5) 2 −20
𝑥= 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥2 =
2(2) 4 4
1
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥2 = −5
−9 ± 121 2
𝑥=
4
−9 ± 11
𝑥=
4
−𝒃 ± 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
Quadratic Formula 𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
𝑏 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0
Solution: Identify the value of Hence,
𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐
−𝒃 ± 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
Quadratic Formula 𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
Try this :
4𝑥 2 + 81 = 36𝑥
−𝒃 ± 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
Quadratic Formula 𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
Try this :
5 10
+ +2=0
𝑘2 𝑘
Completing the Square
■ When using the completing the square method to solve
quadratic equations, the coefficient of 𝑥 2 must always be a
positive number :
𝟐 𝟐
𝒃 𝒃
𝒙+ − +𝒄=𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒃 𝒃
Completing the Square
𝒙+ − +𝒄=𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
𝑎 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 20 = 0
Solution:
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 20 = 0 2
𝑥−2 = 24
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −4 𝑎𝑛𝑐 𝑐 = −20
𝑥 − 2 = ± 24
2 2
−4 −4 Hence,
𝑥+ − + −20 = 0
2 2
𝑥1 − 2 = 24 𝑜𝑟 𝑥2 − 2 = − 24
2 2
−2 −2 𝑥1 = 2 + 24 𝑜𝑟 𝑥2 = 2 − 24
𝑥+ − + −20 = 0
1 1
𝑥1 = 6.899 𝑜𝑟 𝑥2 = −2.899
2
𝑥−2 − 22 − 20 = 0
2
𝑥−2 − 4 − 20 = 0
2
𝑥−2 − 24 = 0
𝟐 𝟐
𝒃 𝒃
Completing the Square
𝒙+ − +𝒄=𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
𝑏 5𝑥 2 = 2 − 9𝑥
Solution:
Completing the Square
𝟐 𝟐
𝒃 𝒃
𝒙+ − +𝒄=𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
5𝑥 2 = 2 − 9𝑥
Solution:
Completing the Square
𝟐 𝟐
𝒃 𝒃
𝒙+ − +𝒄=𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
4𝑥 2 = 12𝑥 + 11
Completing the Square
𝟐 𝟐
𝒃 𝒃
𝒙+ − +𝒄=𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
𝑥 3𝑥 + 10 = 77
1.3
Procedure to
Find Partial
Fraction
Proper Algebraic Fractions
❑ Proper Fractions where the degree of the numerator is less than the
degree of the denominator of fraction.
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 𝒙
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑
❑ Improper Fractions where the degree of numerator is greater than or
equal to the degree of the denominator of fraction.
𝒙𝟒 + 𝟕𝒙 𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑
❑ Proper algebraic fractions will lead to proper partial fractions.
Constructing Partial Fraction
• An algebraic fraction can be decomposed as sum of two or more simpler
algebraic fractions.
• The simpler algebraic fraction is called a partial fraction.
Constructing Partial Fraction
There are three(3) types of partial fractions, depending on the factors of
the denominator.
Partial Fraction Denominator with
single linear factors
Denominator with
repeated linear factors
Can be factorized
Denominator with a
quadratic factors
Cannot be factorized
Denominator with Linear Factors
𝑃(𝑥)
For the fraction , where 𝑄(𝑥) is a combination of two or more
𝑄(𝑥)
linear factors, the fraction can be expressed as :
𝑷(𝒙) 𝑨 𝑩
= +
(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)(𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅) 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅
Denominator with Linear Factors
𝑥+4
Express In partial fraction
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−5)
Step 1 : Split the fraction into two terms according to the factors of the denominator.
Step 2 : Equalize the denominator
Since the denominator for both sides are equal, take only the numerators into account.
Denominator with Linear Factors
𝑥+4
Express In partial fraction
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−5)
Step 3
Step 4: Substitute the values of A and B into the equation in Step 1:
Denominator with Linear Factors
17𝑥−53
Express In partial fraction
(𝑥 2 −2𝑥−15)
𝟏𝟕𝒙 − 𝟓𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟒
= +
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓) (𝒙 + 𝟑) (𝒙 − 𝟓)
Denominator with Linear Factors
125+4𝑥−9𝑥 2
Express In partial fraction
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+3)(𝑥+4)
Denominator with Linear Factors
125+4𝑥−9𝑥 2
Express In partial fraction
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+3)(𝑥+4)
𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝟔 𝟖 𝟕
= − −
(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟒) (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙+𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟒)
Denominator with Repeated Linear Factors
𝑃(𝑥)
For the fraction , where 𝑄(𝑥) is a repeated linear factors, the fraction
𝑄(𝑥)
can be expressed as :
𝑷(𝒙) 𝑨 𝑩 𝑭
= + + ⋯+
(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒏 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝟐 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒏
Denominator with Repeated Linear Factors
𝒙
Express In partial fraction
(𝒙−𝟏)𝟐
Step 1 : Split the fraction into two terms according to the factors of the denominator.
Step 2 : Equalize the denominator
Since the denominator for both sides are equal, take only the numerators into account.
Denominator with Repeated Linear Factors
𝑥
Express In partial fraction
(𝑥−1)2
Step 3:
:
𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
Step 4: Substitute the values of A and B into the equation = +
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐
Denominator with Repeated Linear Factors
10𝑥+35
Express In partial fraction
(𝑥+4)2
Step 1 : Split the fraction into two terms according to the factors of the denominator.
Step 2 : Equalize the denominator
Since the denominator for both sides are equal, take only the numerators into account.
Denominator with Repeated Linear Factors
10𝑥+35
Express In partial fraction
(𝑥+4)2
Step 3
Step 4: Substitute the values of A and B into the equation
𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
= −
(𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒 (𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐
Denominator with Repeated Linear Factors
6𝑥+5
Express In partial fraction
(2𝑥−1)2
Step 1 : Split the fraction into two terms according to the factors of the denominator.
Step 2 : Equalize the denominator
Since the denominator for both sides are equal, take only the numerators into account.
Denominator with Repeated Linear Factors
𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓 𝟑 𝟖
= +
(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐
Denominator with Quadratic Factors
𝑃(𝑥)
❑ For the fraction , where 𝑄(𝑥) is a quadratic factors, 𝑄(𝑥) must first
𝑄(𝑥)
be factorized and solved using the method used for the denominator
with linear factors :
𝑷(𝒙) 𝑷(𝒙) 𝑨 𝑩
= = +
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)(𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅) (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) (𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅)
❑ However, if 𝑄(𝑥) cannot be factorized, the fraction can be expressed
as :
𝑷(𝒙) 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩
=
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 (𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)
Denominator with Quadratic Factors
2𝑥+3
Express In partial fraction
2𝑥 2 +7𝑥−4
Step 1 : Split the fraction into two terms according to the factors of the denominator.
Step 2 : Equalize the denominator
Since the denominator for both sides are equal, take only the numerators into account.
Denominator with Quadratic Factors
2𝑥+3
Express In partial fraction
2𝑥 2 +7𝑥−4
Step 3:
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓
= = +
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟒 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟒) 𝟗(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟗(𝒙 + 𝟒)
Denominator with Quadratic Factors
𝑥−1
Express In partial fraction
𝑥(𝑥 2 +1)
Step 1 : Split the fraction into two terms according to the factors of the denominator.
Step 2 : Equalize the denominator
Since the denominator for both sides are equal, take only the numerators into account.
Denominator with Quadratic Factors
𝑥−1
Express In partial fraction
𝑥(𝑥 2 +1)
𝒙−𝟏 𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
= − +
𝒙(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
Denominator with Quadratic Factors
3𝑥 2 +7𝑥+28
Express 2 In partial fraction
𝑥(𝑥 +𝑥+7)
Step 1 : Split the fraction into two terms according to the factors of the denominator.
Step 2 : Equalize the denominator
Since the denominator for both sides are equal, take only the numerators into account.
Denominator with Quadratic Factors
3𝑥 2 +7𝑥+28
Express In partial fraction
𝑥(𝑥 2 +𝑥+7)
𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟐𝟖 𝟒 −𝒙 + 𝟑
= +
𝒙(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟕) 𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟕)
Improper Algebraic Fractions
❑ Improper algebraic fractions are fractions where the degree of the
numerator is larger than or equal to the degree of the denominator.
❑ For example:
𝑥2 + 1 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑥2 + 4 𝑥−1
Improper Algebraic Fractions
❑ This type of fraction need to undergo a process called long division.
❑ This will result in a combination of polynomials and proper algebraic
fractions.
❑ The proper algebraic fraction may then be expressed as partial
fractions.
Improper Algebraic Fractions
❑ Note : if there are any missing terms in either the numerator or
denominator, just include the missing terms with a coefficient of
zero.
❑ For example :
𝑥 2 + 1 𝑥 2 + 𝟎𝑥 + 1
2
= 2
𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 𝟎𝑥 + 4
Improper Algebraic Fractions
𝑥 4 +1
Example : Express 2 In partial fraction
𝑥 −1
Step 1 : Fill the missing terms and apply long division
𝑥4 + 1 𝟐
𝟐
= 𝒙 + 𝟏 +
𝑥2 − 1 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
Improper Algebraic Fractions
𝑥4 + 1 𝟐
𝟐
= 𝒙 + 𝟏 +
𝑥2 − 1 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
Step 2 : Solve for the partial fractions
Improper Algebraic Fractions
𝑥4 + 1 𝟐
𝟐
= 𝒙 + 𝟏 +
𝑥2 − 1 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
Improper Algebraic Fractions
𝑥4 + 1 𝟐
𝟐
= 𝒙 + 𝟏 +
𝑥2 − 1 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙 + 𝟏 + = 𝒙 + 𝟏 + −
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
Improper Algebraic Fractions
2𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 −2
Express In partial fraction
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−1)
Step 1 : Fill the missing terms and apply long division
2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2 𝟑𝒙
= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 +
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏)
Improper Algebraic Fractions
2𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 −2
Express In partial fraction
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−1)
2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2 𝟑𝒙
= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 +
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝟑𝒙 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + +
(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏) (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏) (𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝒙 − 𝟏)
Improper Algebraic Fractions
15𝑥−12𝑥 2 −1
Express In partial fraction
8𝑥−6𝑥 2 −2
Step 1 : Rearrange and fill the missing terms and apply long division
15𝑥 − 12𝑥 2 − 1 𝟑−𝒙
= 𝟐 +
8𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 − 2 8𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 − 2
Improper Algebraic Fractions
15𝑥−12𝑥 2 −1
Express In partial fraction
8𝑥−6𝑥 2 −2
15𝑥 − 12𝑥 2 − 1 𝟑−𝒙
= 𝟐 +
8𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 − 2 −6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 2)
𝟏𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟑−𝒙 𝟒 𝟏
= 𝟐 + = 𝟐 − −
𝟖𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 −𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏)
THANKS
