J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.

2 (5), 705-712 (2011)

Design of Framework for Road Maintenance System

ASHOK KUMAR 1 and ANIL KUMAR2
1
Professor, Department of Computer Science & Application
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
2
Asst. Professor, Computer Science & Engineering
Vaish College of Engineering, Rohtak, India

ABSTRACT
As we know that maintenance is very critical activity, in each and
every field, it is not only critical but also very risky as well as
costly. Therefore, reengineering is good choice for this purpose.
The objective of this paper is to identify different type of factor
that helps in design of framework for road maintenance system
that help reengineering of road maintenance system. The research
plan is to conduct survey, to generate case studies and build a
framework i.e based on spatial database and attributes of the
system. That uses dynamic segmentation to link road, geographic
information and attribute information. Framework is designed in
such a way that help us during reengineering of road maintenance
system, to allocate resources according to need of plans,
requirements, type of road network and help road manager to
determine which type of maintenance is used when and to
determine how much time, cost & resources are required to
generating an optimal maintenance plan for a road. Optimal
means, minimizing net present value of maintenance cost. The aim
of this paper is developed such kind of framework, that can
measure the overall efficiency of road maintenance operation. The
framework is designed to consider the effect of environment (such
as climate, location etc.) and operation (traffic load) factor on such
efficiency.
Keywords: Reengineering, Routine maintenance, Periodic
maintenance, Emergency and winter maintenance, Preventive
maintenance, Rehabilitative maintenance.

INTRODUCTION been paved or otherwise improved to allow

travel by some conveyance, including a
A road is a route, or way on land horse, cart, or motor vehicle. Roads can be
between two places, which typically has one way or two way each with one or more

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706 Ashok Kumar, et al., J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.2 (5), 705-712 (2011)

lanes and also any associated side lanes and design and implementation techniques can
tree lawns. Roads that are available for use create a more modular and compos able
by the public may be referred to as public system, accommodating not only future
roads or highways. modifications more effectively but also the
Road construction requires the re-composition of a system into a new
creation of a continuous right-of-way, approach for a new system
overcoming geographic obstacles and having
grades low enough to permit vehicle or foot REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
travel1 and may be required to meet
standards set by law2 or official guidelines3. Like all structures, roads deteriorate
The process is often begun with the removal over time. Deterioration is primarily due to
of earth and rock by digging or blasting, accumulated damage from vehicles,
construction of embankments, bridges and however environmental effects such as frost
tunnels, and removal of vegetation (this may heaves, thermal cracking and oxidation often
involve deforestation) and followed by the contribute9. According to a series of
laying of pavement material. A variety of experiments carried out in the late 1950s,
road building equipment is employed in road called the AASHO Road Test, it was
building4,5. empirically determined that the effective
After design, approval, planning, damage done to the road is roughly
legal and environmental considerations have proportional to the Fourth power of axle
been addressed, alignment of the road is set weight10. A typical tractor-trailer weighing
out by a surveyor6. The Radii20 gradient are 80,000 pounds (36.287 t) with 8,000 pounds
designed, staked out to best suit the natural (3.629 t) on the steer axle and 36,000 pounds
ground levels and minimize the amount of (16.329 t) on both of the tandem axle groups
cut and fill. is expected to do 7,800 times more damage
Like all structures, roads deteriorate than a passenger vehicle with 2,000 pounds
over time. Deterioration is primarily due to (0.907 t) on each axle. Potholes on roads are
accumulated damage from vehicles, caused by rain damage and vehicle braking
however environmental effects such as frost or related construction works.
heaves, thermal cracking and oxidation often
Pavements are designed for an
contributes7 to it.
expected service life or design life. In some
Reengineering can help reduce an UK countries the standard design life is 40
organization’s evolution risk. It is not years for new bitumen and concrete
uncommon for the only source of pavement. Maintenance is considered in the
information regarding why a existing system whole life cost of the road with service at 10,
does what it does to be the existing system 20 and 30 year milestones[11]. Roads can be
itself. Reengineering hence can help an and are designed for a variety of lives (8-,
organization recoup its investment in 15-, 30-, and 60-year designs). When
existing system. Reengineering can make pavement lasts longer than its intended life,
existing system easier to change and it may have been overbuilt, and the original
improve its reusability. Incorporation of new costs may have been too high. When a

Journal of Computer and Mathematical Sciences Vol. 2, Issue 5, 31 October, 2011 Pages (693-779)
 Ashok Kumar, et al., J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.2 (5), 705-712 (2011) 707
pavement fails before its intended design that urban drivers pay an average of
life, the owner may have excessive repair $746/year on vehicle repairs while the
and rehabilitation costs. Many concrete average US motorist pays about $335/year.
pavements built since the 1950s have In contrast, the average motorist pays about
significantly outlived their intended design $171/year in road maintenance taxes (based
lives12. Some roads like Chicago, Illinois's on 600 gallons/year and $0.285/gallon tax).
"Wacker Drive", a major two-level viaduct Greitzer defines the highway
in downtown area are being rebuilt with a maintenance as “the act of preserving and
designed service life of 100 years13. keeping a highway, including all of its
Virtually all roads require some elements, in condition as close as is practical
form of maintenance before they come to the to its originally constructed condition, or its
end of their service life. Pro-active agencies subsequently improved condition; and the
continually monitor road conditions and operation of a highway facility and services
apply preventive maintenance treatments as incidental thereto, to provide safe,
needed to prolong the lifespan of their roads. convenient, and economical highway
Technically advanced agencies monitor the transportation.” Greitzer 1976, p.59. Greitzer
road network surface condition with divided the road maintenance into two main
sophisticated equipment such as laser/ activities as physical maintenance and traffic
inertial Profilometers. These measurements services/ operations Greitzer 1976.
include road curvature, cross slope, asperity,
roughness, rutting and texture (roads). This PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
data is fed into a pavement management
system, which recommends the best Today, the significant changes of
maintenance or construction treatment to road networks are maintained & this has
correct the damage that has occurred. reflected broader political and economic
Maintenance treatments for asphalt development, which has occurred. The
concrete generally include crack sealing, tradition manual method of measuring
surface rejuvenating, fog sealing, micro- cracking in road pavement is slow and
milling and surface treatments. Thin unreliable. There are many type
15
surfacing preserves, protects and improves maintenance that takes place to
the functional condition of the road while maintenance the road:
reducing the need for routing maintenance,
• Routine maintenance: are on going
leading to extended service life without
maintenance work, which involves both
increasing structural capacity9.
maintenance of pavement and off
Failure to maintain roads properly carriage way items. It is normally
can create significant costs to society, in a funded out of the recurrent budget,
2009 report released by the American carried out at interval of less than one
Association of State Highway and year and includes such items as road
Transportation Officials (USA) about 50% sign, repair, vegetation, control, drainge
of the roads in the USA are in bad condition maintenance, pothole repair and crack
with urban areas worse. The report estimates sealing.

Journal of Computer and Mathematical Sciences Vol. 2, Issue 5, 31 October, 2011 Pages (693-779)
708 Ashok Kumar, et al., J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.2 (5), 705-712 (2011)

• Periodic maintenance: it is carried out • Restorative or reactive maintenance:

at intervals of several years and is this type of maintenance consists of
funded from either recurrent or capital activities that are performed to return an
budget. It usually refers to resurfacing asset item as close as possible to its
works, such as thin aspheric overlays original condition. This requires minor
and sprayed bitumen surfacing dressing. repairs and replacement of certain
Sometimes, it also refers to thick components. Such maintenance is
asphattic and granular overlays, which performed on asset items that are still
improves the structural integrity of functioning and structurally sound but
road, but these are more often referred to which have minor defects such as
as pavement reconstruction or section loss, cracking, etc.
rehabilitation.
• Rehabilitative maintenance: this type
• Emergency and winter maintenance: of maintenance consists of major repairs
these works cannot be estimated with and replacements. Such efforts are
certainty in advanced funding typical regarded as reconstructions which are
comes from special or contingency much more expensive than the
funds or sometimes the recurrent budget. aforementioned two types of
E.g repair of washout, clearance of maintenance. It is important to note that
debris, salting and gritting and snow rehabilitative maintenance is disregarded
removal. within this research as it is more like
construction rather than maintenance.
• Preventive maintenance: this type of
maintenance consists of activities that DESIGNED OF FRAMEWORK
are performed to extend the life of newly
constructed asset items. Such activities Reengineering of road maintenance
are performed in a planned fashion and system is a fundamental relationship
in advance of a need for repairs and in between the maintenance level, resource
advance of substantial deterioration of level and the budget requirement (i.e.
the asset items to be able to avoid such Efficiency of road maintenance) need more
occurrences, to decrease the deterio- investigation17.
ration rate of such asset items, to Road maintenance is a process that
increase the time in which they become is greatly affected by the uncontrolled
defective, and to maintain or improve factors such as climatic condition, traffic
the overall functional condition of the volume, geographic location n, road
road system without enhancing its surrounding environment, road design (type
structural capacity. Preventive main- of material and thickness), road construction
tenance is planned, cyclical, not (quality of material and workmanship),
condition based and not performed to condition during construction phase,
add structural capacity (where appli- subsurface condition, amount of snow and
cable, e.g., pavement) ice treatment applied to road.

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 Ashok Kumar, et al., J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.2 (5), 705-712 (2011) 709
There are two group of uncontrolled factor : Considering the effect of such uncontrolled
1. uncontrolled factor that effect the factors is very important in any maintenance
preventive and reactive maintenance performance measurement system, especially
effort for the instance performance measurement
2. uncontrolled factor that effect the system, and for the instance in which
deterioration comparative analysis is to made.

Extract
Existing Extract Deterioration
System Uncontrolled Factor
Factor

Dynamic
Extract Project Demand segmentation
Existing Analysis
Database

Optimum Reengineering of
Reengineering Road Maintenance Existing System
Maintenance System Plan (Road System)

‘Framework of Road Maintenance System’

In reengineering of road reengineering of existing system and to

maintenance, planning is one of very generating an optimal maintenance plan for
important activity, that helps road manager a road. It minimizing over all net present
or road authority to determine which type of value of maintenance cost.
maintenance is to be used when and how There are certain kind of approaches
much time, cost and resource are required to that are very beneficial to reduce the cost of

Journal of Computer and Mathematical Sciences Vol. 2, Issue 5, 31 October, 2011 Pages (693-779)
710 Ashok Kumar, et al., J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.2 (5), 705-712 (2011)

maintenance, during reengineering of road required during reengineering of road

system: maintenance system.
(iii) Develop a strategy that will determine
• Event map histories, which shows resource deficiency to overcome
consistently poor sections of road backlog in network and future
requiring rehabilitation requirements of road maintenance.
(iv) Develop proposals for the
• More effective utilization of existing
establishment of a skills development
road maintenance assets: rapid response and training program; and
to identified road defect (v) A strategy and plan for future road
• Reduced capital expenditure on road maintenance or suggest if another such
maintenance assets: expanding road organization could be given the
network can be effectively maintained responsibility wholly or partly.
(vi) For reducing overall maintenance cost,
with less equipment
resources, effort as well as time
• Immediate recognition of haul road required during future maintenance of
condition, visual inspection for each existing system
change of hauler route unnecessary
• Help in extract uncontrolled and REFERENCES
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