ORGANIÇ CHEmISTRY

canbo combaunds?
(0) uhythere ane dge no. tetravalency, hybridis aton
of caten
(Ams) Jhis is because yamation atto n,
someris m, stable bond
REPRESENTATION OF ComPouNDS
(Ex)Ethane (Cg He) (molecula formula).
H H
&--H H-C- C-H
H H

comdensed formula i CH3-CHg

Bomd ine
tc-c= C
Cc-cIC’-E)
Jequee monovalent
(-H7-0 J-F-CI/-Brl-I,etc.) .
Jheir d egtee s eçual to the ddeguee of oarbon to hichhey
Que attached.
2A 3 H
E.9.

(2) CHO CH3

HCEC CECH

CHg CA
(3)
CHg CH.
Dash-cedge formula
H H

aDash

wedge
Dash ’ beloc the þlane
Cweage’ above the þlane.
 2 thene ( C,Hu): moleculan formuta.
Strvcturat termula
H -C = C-H,

(omdensed formuula =) CHy =CHa

Bon dLine:
(3)Ethyne: (CgHg
)molformula
Structural formuda.
H-CC-H
Cendehs ed formula
CHECH
Bond Lin 6$
Structure condensed form bond line.
(4) CHa-CHa - CHy -cHy-cH,-Ch,.
H

H
H CH2 CH2
H
H CH
(5)
H- C
CH CH
C-H
CH CH

H CH
(C) CHg- CHa-Chy-C9

(7) CH, CH -CH)-CHg

n bonds
No. 0f c and
OCHg -CHg’ +6’86,1n
2) CH =CH-CHg
(3) CHE C-CE CH56, 4

186

’126, 9x
8engene
(6) CHg CHCH= CH |76, 5
CHg CEN
12

6,5.
Nephthaline
CH CH CH
CH
CH 26
CH
CH CH
e6,7K.
CH
CH
Anthracene
CH
CH
CH

6,7r.

Pheh cn thracene.
Degree 0f carbon.
No caubon directly attached to a specitic canbon.
CHg CH3
Ex:
-Primary
CHg -CT CHyCHChs 2-sec ondaxy
3 Ter tiany.
Jegree monovalent
(-Hl-OH-F)-CL- Br/-1,etc) t
Iheir deguee is equal to the degree f canbon to euhich theyae
attach ed.
 2C 3C
12

CH3 4 2
C=c'
HC:C CEcH
CH9 2
(9) cHs 6 18
-tc-chg
CH3 CH

|B-861 CPgno-5) organic chemtsns

many I 2 an og°H Gtoms are þres ent in
I'H 3'H CAns)
(2) 93 5

3 hat is each canbon ato un yalong

hybridisaon each
combaund:
HC=C-CH= CH-CH9
(2) sp, sp, sp s'2 [Link].
3) Co not ct Gosrect
G0TYect yar homolog aw series :
du ameombers hae same phyeical ybroperhes .

PT.0D S,= Ks|o

teq S (s +1o)
lo2 Sos,s, s, CAn).
4-l00 Kst|
Sg + AgcL+AçN Og.
Agc +Agttc AgNog Agt+ NO,
S+0S
Ksh: 0-5 xs
 Beginne Box3 cg nuj89
( Tonio Equitibrium)
ODoubt the salt Av 8, us S males
s alub ili t y of roduct w
0 Acertajm temh. thee xþr&usiom r its alubility
er t e .Jhe g en8y al
be

t=0 s

t eq

silver auhhate is I·5 Xlo"mol l .

a
3) he molan salubility thesalt uill 6e
roduct
Jhe salubility
tsolud Ag,3042Ag* +so'
S
2s io)4x335 xIo
Ksþ ( 2s)^x 6 : 4*t+6*o2) 4 -: 4x(r5 X = 1;35x105

Beginner [Link] nu -i54)

0 Alter [Link] one which has:
’ almoJt Gonstant ph.
hih sat oln wjll actau a huer.
’ CHgC00 NHy (Q9-)

the ation f atfar ayten

Agcl +caClg CaClg 2cL+Cat2
Agcl Ag*+ cL
[Link] S S+(2X0. 0).

Agclz Ag*+ CL" |Ks=Ks 2x0-0)xS

Ks 50 Kst.
S 2X0-0I

Ks Aa ci+ Nacl -Previous page.

Agc Agt+cu
NaclNatc
 ORGANIC CHEmISTRY
DEGREE of NITROGEN
*o equal to the no. canbon dretly attach ed to the rtrog en,
i nine (Prim ary amine)
R-N-k 2°amine l secondary amine)
H

R-N-& 3° amihe (tertiary amine)

R- N-R 4amine(Q varternary cmine).

R
Ex: C- NHn
2 cHg - Ch-N-CH,

ABROBAT1G11Y
extra wtahility wganie compaunds vo termed as anomatiaty.
Aromaticity

Al'cyclic
Arcmaticity Anti-aromatic Non- ar cmabio
() Planastr. () Plana otruc.
(sp lsp)
-(6f)
(sbrsp2)
2 Cyclie struc. (2) Cyclic struc. Cyclio stru c.
3) Cohgugated
3) Congugated cohdvcti oh.
conducti on
) Huckel' Rule (4)Huckels Rule.

n-\,2,9..
 S},cyclic strue.
Congugated system.

Are

H Aromatio]
H

4n+2: 6
4n4

(2
4m+2 4m:(n-2)
Ehti-aromatrc
vacant
orbital.

49=2
Aromatic.
anti

sp2.
hr
-aromatic. (blana),cy clior
conJugoted.

(non-polan) s
4n-2 Noh
4n= Aromatio
 NOh-nometi'e,
4m+2=Ae
4n2:8
4n=8
4n6 Jh:2
n6 Cyclie structure, 3p
CoñJahon,
Antj-aromatic. Not x

n+2=5
arcrmatc,cyclic structore,
Congvgoticn
en Nom -aromatic. 6y6tem
Resoncnc es Hubridisation [ friority).
30 structure-non planan.
HomoLO GhOUS SERIES
H pecias series fsam e [Link] uin uhich. conjugatine membes
have
1 Homologues have di<!- yhysicat pratertes, ubut same chemical
praterti es.
Bsomers uanhat behomologuea.b t ice ertaia tue.
CLAsSTFICATION CN ThE BASTS 0F CARBON GHAIN

Organic comþound

Ohen ch ain, acydic Closed Ghain

or aliphatic comh ounds or Gyclic comþouhd.

Saturated unsaturated.
Ho go cyclic
Compouhd Heteroyclic
comþound

Alicyclic Aromati G
conþound comb oun d AljcycliG Aromatic
cimouhd ccHþound
 NomENCLATUKÉ OF ORG ANIO CompoUNDs
Syitems of nomeh clatuhe:
(O) DeivedUmames NCERTfunc. priority cider.
(2comm mmam es refis Sufti
(3) IUPA0 names
SENIORITY TABE ÉoR FYNC.G1 ROUP
(High priotty to Locest).
SufFIx Suffix
Prefix

carboxy ) !i oic'acid
carboxsic
acid group.
Su ipho sulphonic ac dl
Ketone.
alcohotenae
alkoxy carbo- QIkyloate
3 --oR
(ester) nyl
Lalkyl oroup Aldeh yde. .
-x halo carbo nyl halide
amide
-c-NH, carbonyl
acid anmide
cyano nitrile
(6) - CN
cyani de
isonitri La or
)-NC isocyaho carbylamine
isocyanide
6) - C- H aldolFormyl
Aldehyde desioned
n wc a aySo hat
TUPAGNGMehtlaturet set ules decided
name
uts
evey ahganic uompaun d geti

sUbsitUent
[Link] - ene FG
atoms yne
branch es bicy clo
side-chain shiro
CWord root:
[Link] C
wordFo otmeth eth pro; heht `hex het oct nom oe
 PREFIx ( Secondany
RULES FOk NOn ENCLAT uRE
C[ -Chloro Jelect the lonaet carbon contiruaus
chain it may be a may nt be traght
B-Bromo
I -Iodo
CH3- methyl
C2Hs -ethyl
CsH;-Pheny lo to c| (6c)
C
-OGhs - methoxy
-0C Hz - ethoxy 3
x CC-C-C2
" 0Cç Hs - þhenoxy. C
F+)
9ethyl -bond

(locast asertcha2.
Wuneing done rom yhat side al faent chain saning maa.
Hde chains ellotr no. Tole),
Ca) nobm bath ends s same, theh yallowathhabet cal
arddr,
Ex:
-G9.o'lew sun).
2+2+3=t

tx;
Ex: canbognJ aesame n mahe thn cne
geat chah, that chaia wiu bethe eent
Chauin hawing [Link]. moubtituert1

gor naming uehe yallongules :

ueherateduay comma.
no. ana
eubsitulmts a e e rent, then
no. and
maheeame
tvo oH tetra etc (but do not uhclude them ih alt Aabetcou'
di,tri,
order). ualituentu veefree, Thea uute thoir
tyoor mane lif
nkmes ahhaaetbalander.
Presix b ethyl
o0 word root ent.
Suffix -ane
2, 3,4 - Trimethyl bentane pert.
42,3trmethyltreane
tri
Prefix -d methyl 23 nethyt eatene
(Q) word root-D þent
Suffix -ane
Prefix methyl. 1,3-0inethkraane Pehtone
Cwerd root þroþ
Suffix ane.
Br
Br 2+)+)- &.
Prefix-bromo,chlorat\3 9, dibromU Bchloro
wordro ot but butane
Sutfix Dane.
Prefix bromo. 2,2 Djbrono-chloro
2+3+) =
Cword root butanp
Q2+2 +12
3-6romo -2,2 ci chlor
6utane.

2, diethyl entane.

- Cyclobutane.

2,[Link] þrobaNe.

7
 O CHO-C-C-c0 OH 4-oxobutahe itoic-qcid .

-Ñ-8-- -t-c 4-Formyl nethyhebtah - -oic acid

-CHo
cHe
ChO 2-8romo, ,3 Bicanbon ate

C-C-C- CHo ,2, 4 Tricar boaldehy de.

Cho eHo
(6 C-C-C-C-c 38romo -ethy Butana!
CHo B¢

2-&romo 4-chlo ro cyclohexane carbo aldehyde

ketone (-C-) refix- oxO

SUffix-one
8) C-C -C-G Butan -2-0ne.

T
 Hlcoho L chain)
( Prefix-hydroy Tess þrio -- prefisSecoh dery prefix(side
more -sugfiXrimary þrefi cyi c)
Suffix -ol [Link] C
Ex: GH-CH,-0M. word no ot (ene,an eyne)

|ethanoL Primary sUtfix

C--c-Coou-for grou Secondary [Link] group
OH r side chain 2Hydroxy-butanoic acid.
Butan oc acid.

C-c-C- ch
OH OH
but ane aiol Suft

i4) ---c-c 4Bromocenton -9-ol.

OH

Cycloehtane. I,2diol.

( CHO
2,?dihyodroxy yclohexane carbel dehya e
OAcy LHALID
(-f)
Prefix- halo carbo hyl (), c-C-ci
s0fix oyuhalide.
cenbohy halide c-C-CI
Ex I-) CHa-
cH cl

Ethanoyl chloride.
roþan e,2,3 tricarbonyl
chlorid.
 canbohy
Cyclehexanemethanaytchloride

} Ketone> hydroxide.

loxo hydroxy butan --oyl-chlorid e.

OH

6 3 c-c- C-C-cu 2,) dibrcmöbutonylchlonde.

NITRIE (-CzN)
Prefix -cyano
suffix Nitrile

3 2
Lcarbohitrile
Butahenitrie
(sogei). CyclQ
VON Hesanentile cyclohexane carbonitrile

(9 c--o +yanahcahane lrotane-I,.,3-tricarkcnitie.

CN CN GN
,(prefin) 2 Formylbutanenitrile
(9 -&&-o.’ Butane yanduesrmy
CN
(gfi
G-GrCirGN4

C=C-Cc- C-NH,
Amide(- G-NHa)
Pre fix carbonyl
SuJfixy Amide
Ea-1) tt--Nh, frohangonide .
uCHefi).
(2) c-G- ç-Nha
2 methylþropenamide.

c---NH-CH, N-methyl þro hanaidmide.

N,N,3trimethybutanemide .
ch

cC-fc--No N,N,3 trinethyl behta2,4dieh eamide

EThERSo)
Prefix-AlKGxy D
ESTERs (ACOOR)-c-o
tkic-cfO-co Sufix-n0 sufix Sux Prefiy
Ethoxy ethare
ny cabonoyl
-c-cfo-c
+methoxy þropane
)--ò-c Hm 2Ethonybutene .

(4) c-6-C-C-0-o 3-bronu -2-chloro-|- methoky butan

Br cl

(5) cG-G L-G-0 Coh t-ethoxy ehta-2,4 diehe.

 E: () c- C--0-CHy side chain prefi(iess priorl al koxy
horens! suttin lmore) - oateearboncyl
methylchain probano ate.
&---t c-0t ester.
comee dit,
ethyl J-brono -2 hethytbotanocte.
2 brem Sanedayt hexanenethax, arbany.

C=C-C=G-C -0-C- Ethy+s -hy drOxy} ehta-2,9dienuat.

OH
butylethanoote.
(9 c-ç-0-C -C-c-C
-0-C-C ethy-2-methybbutanoete.
CH, Ct, o
[Link] me subttuent niceta hai
 Gi enera orgonic Chemistry
Boond fission

Homolytic Heteroltic
bond fissioh bond
e aCHetrolysis)
(romolysis)
(A(ENg>EA)
At 8
cation
Carbon e yodical carbomtand arboQhich
[Link]. formtakesplaco.

Electophile- Jhey ahe e gcient hecies Eg. hey may be +ve charged
ar neuttal. .[Link],ACig, NHt. BFSCHt, SO2 et
E
neuto,
Nucleophile- Jhey are eich apecies. Ihey luiLbe -ve charge an
ts OH, sO3,SOL,h-OH, R- 0-k, etc.
ELECTRONIG OIS PLACEmENT EFFECT

Permanent Temþorary
O Inducti ve effect OInductorneric effect .
2) meso meri c effect (2 Electromeric effect
(ResonQno e effect)
3) HyerconTUgatien
INDUCTIVE EFFECT
/
+I effect -Ieffect
Jhis u's afermament 2uh jch auises due to ane
ithdrawin g
don
Basel 0n edonn and erth drawin9 tehdenies,I eyet ui
f twa
*hes () +I effect
-Iefect.
 4I EFFE CT
hresence fe [Link] thi dytegect
9e is clue do the toravd tanbon atom pomedoqan grkl.
Tdistance +] effect
GleDG/ED G)
(invers ely þrop?)
3'alkyl
+I9rcop
-E-S-coo
CHa> -NH
ÇH3
y-coo°s -toMg-CH-CH3) -CH2-CHg
CH9
-C03>-CHg inverely prap. to distance
to a
magntude f inductine eyed ü
I effect (withdraccing gro up)
ahown hy enuithdrawing gat
co)C00H>- coORS-NH,
NFg -NHg -NegSOqH)-GN>-CHo) ~
>F>CL Br >I OH) -OR-NH>-Cç Hs-CHCH2H
"APPICATION OF I-EFEECT 8
Ostcbitity of interm eaiate,
ect.
Stability q canbocation odtIslect a- Beet.
Stabiluty casbanion
(ce)
d-I fecto ect.

tx: stabi lity order

CH2 -Ct y Hc-ctS (Ha-Ct
CH)
CH3
(2) F-CH-CH,t < C-CH,-CH2 2
8oCH, -CH,t
-I

Nog - CH,-CH2 4 CHg-CH,- CH

-1
2) Paic stength.
HA Ht+ A
c - I Gffe dLeffect
Aci dio strength d stability9f
3) Bosic streng th
BOh 81+ oH
rCetI effectL effet.
Basic stength stabiityuf -I
 tx: Acidic stgength order
M>I(nrebres)

MESomERIC EFFECT Metect)congvgatlon with bond )

(Resohance E4fec4 R-effect )
Jecolasilisation xes known asnesunance. esonane ellect
nesults ih heettsing the tability ccmhouhcl.
st i of tuo tyes:
)+M effect
(2) -Mefect
+ meffet
is Shown byedomar qhat.3

C- C = C-G (G’e donor group)

(G’tM effect)
Ex; -OH,- OR, - NH2,0 CH
mefect!
-X:,etc
Jhis ele ct uaus shown byewithdtawing gghaut

C- c'c- (Ge witndrauing grouj)

(G )-meffect )
bx -cEN -Gook,-co 0H, Nogi-C-h,-etc.
Stability of Ctd+ mefect
d+ Ieffect
d effect
- m

dLedfe ct
I

Stability ofc - meffect

d-I efHet
dL effect
+ m
oLeffect.
 Priorityorder mfeIefedt
ahowe +eet?
(C) lwhich fthe yaluo tuing
9+Reff ect ’+Resfect

(i) qCH3.
-tRefsect. of these.

(a)most stable carßocatiom

(1 CHg-cH -cN(-I)

(2) ty-CH -0 CH 4M
l ) G -CH -N02 Þ-I
+
(4) cH, -CH -CHy. +I
0 HYPERcONJUGATIO N
s detined as delo calisation C-H 6bod (*6ohd also)
Ex CHg -CH= CH
H+
H-c CH= H e’ Hc- cHE-CH 319m3r)313

h-c= cH-, H*c= CH-CH

Ht H

H-G -Ch ~ h-C- CH= CHa

H
 2md 1stand th bo 4)
proton
e 2)
delocalisatio ialrea
Hypercogugation (0)
-’- Ex:
effect
EleCHromeric (i)
R-oHR-OH +Ht R-Oh
Ex:
Ht - +
(GIndvctomeric
effect
EFFECT TEmPokAK
3d-h. 6d-M
H.
H
H- -Ct} CH, CH,
Chy ct
Ex:
StabilitydCHs
ebocation) tahilty
ofH
d Stosilityd
mo.
Qd-H.
H. CHy
C-c1Chy H S CH
/
Chs
,Cha
akenes
OStabuityo
NIUGATION HYPERCC APPLICATIONS
0F
hydrogen ofd congugatng
.dtuc hy}er
Staniliy
No.
ydrogensl [Link]. veyherccnyugatng
atuettae
 aa. mo of Heso natng

(a)cHg-CH2 t
(6) cHa- CH3
cht 6

Cgh-ct! C- Chat Ct Bd-H.

CH. 102T3LJAUT3UAY,

CH.
ling allane us desut
staale 0;
(6) Ch-ChGH Jo-t
lc) Ch-Ch-CH-Ch.6-H
aych
D1semERIsm
cuhds kanwng same malecula yasmula dut
[Link]

merism.
TYPES GISOMERISm
*Structural isemerism
-Sterge isemerism
OTRUCTURAL SOmERISM tue.
Combaund haning maleculan yanmula
a me jsomers buthanea;
[Link]
tuctura
ve'seid to be atd
Qs [Link].
DTyPES GF STRUGTURAL ISO MERIS M
- Chain isomerism
-Posithional isemerism
-Funchon al sov is omenis m
- Ring - chain is omers m
metamerism
- Tautomerism
"CHAIN SOMERISM
Comtaund havingaame mal. yanmulabt hane d densth g
caubon ohain.

C-c-C-C- C, C-c- C-G

h-entane 150- pentane.
(Pentane ) (2-methyl butane)
POSTTIONAL ISOmERTS M
harigeane mal. yauula h t hanig have
Comaunds
toution aubetituent au mutlikle bond an
C-C-C-C- C
Ex G-C - C-C-C
CH3 CH3
2-nethypentane 3- methyþentane
fUNGTIONA GHkOuP TSom EKISM
Compaunds haningane mal'yamula dut hane cil undonau
Ex:Chg-Che-on Chg-0-CH
Ethanol Methony methone
(ALcohol) (Ether)
Ex: (Alcohol, es ethers).(Corboxylic ocid,esters)
i'amine, 2'amine,3'amine)
(Aldehyde and ketones)etc.
RING CHAIN Isom ERISm
ne
n this usoeisn, one combaund exits as chai luhile atter

CHa -CH CH= CH -ch, -ch,

butene.
CHa CH,
Cyclobutane
METAmERISM
gHLy ke i
D Hetemerism us shown hydivalet yunc.
-0-, -s-, -NH-, - -C-O
Compaund having oame maleculan yanuladt haae
2. uon either
alkylgrau ide iegalii nguy.
E.9.
C--0-c-ß C-o-c-C-C C-0-C-c
C TiT
I
I-metunyprof rane 2-methoxybrohane.
1 M MeBamers
I, I metamers
I, I forition al is omers
-C-C-C
o Pentah-3-one
c-c-C-e
Penten-2-unc
C-C- C-C
3 methy but-2-on.
I
DIL mers. þositional isoneisn.
metamers. Rrsmcsr]
I TT metaners
I m chain isomen.
Piiority or derss
R.’Ring chan
T Tautomerism ( more }riornty.
F’ fune. is o meris m
m metomeris m, Piority dec)
c ’ Chain
P’ tosition a
btiess rior).
(6)TAUToMERTS m
- CHa- C-CH, -CH, -CHa-CHhCh,.

C-CH ’-ß-ch
(H
Xetotorm

ct-ch -ct-Ch

OH o--H

-CCH ’ C- CH
OHt
Enol form.

-C-CH
0 H.

G-Ch,-c= CH

Ketoform. Enoform.