DAE IN TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

SCHEME OF STUDIES

Code Course Title T P C Page

First Year
Gen-111 Islamiat/Pakistan Studies 1 0 1 1
Eng-112 English 2 0 2 11
Math-123 Mathematics-I 3 0 3 13
Phy-132 Applied Physics 1 3 2 19
Comp- 112 Computer Application 0 6 2 25
ELT-114 Electrical Essential & Network 3 3 4 29
TC-112 Telecom Drawing 0 6 2 37
TC-122 General Engineering Fundamentals 0 6 2 39
TC-133 Telecommunication Fundamentals 2 3 3 43
Total 12 27 21

Code Course Title T P C Page

Second Year
Gen 211 Islamiat / Pakistan Studies 1 0 1 49
Math-233 Mathematics-II 3 0 3 57
Ch-242 Applied Chemistry 1 3 2 63
Mgm-221 Business Communication 1 0 1 69
TC-214 Electronic Devices and Circuits 3 3 4 73
TC-223 Digital Circuits & Microprocessor 2 3 3 85
TC-233 Measuring Instruments 1 3 3 93
TC-243 Switching System 2 3 3 111
TC-253 Transmission Systems 2 3 3 117
TC-263 Power Plant 2 3 3 131
Total 18 21 26

Code Course Title T P C Page

Third Year
Gen-311 Islamiat / Pakistan Studies 1 0 1 137
Mgt-311 Industrial Management 1 0 1 145
TC-313 Microprocessor Application 2 3 3 149
TC-322 Telecom Services & Terminal Equipment 1 3 2 155
TC-333 Telecom Networks 2 3 3 159
TC-343 Mobile Telecommunication 2 3 3 165
TC-353 Emerging Telecom Technologies 2 3 3 169
TC-364 Construction Practice & Project 2 6 4 177
TC-373 Maintenance & Quality of Service 2 3 3 181
TOTAL 15 24 23
GRAND TOTAL 45 72 70
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Eng-112: ENGLISH
Total Contact Hours:
Theory: 64
Practical: 0 T P C
2 0 2

AIMS: At the end of the course, the students will be equipped with cognitive skill have
the capability of presenting facts in a systematic and logical manner to meet the
demands of English language in the dynamic fields commerce and industry. The
course is designed to inculcate skills of reading, writing and comprehending the
facts from the written material. This will also help the students in developing
speaking skill.

COURSE CONTENTS
1. PROSE/TEXT 13 Hours
1.1 First eight essays of Intermediate English Book-II for the province of the Punjab
and first eight essays of Intermediate English Book-I for other provinces.

2. GROUP DISCUSSION/SPEAKING (Sessional Evaluation) 13 Hours

3. GRAMMAR 19 Hours
3.1 Sentence structure
3.2 Tenses (correct use of verb/tense)
3.3 Parts of speech
3.4 Change of direct speech into indirect form
3.5 Words often confused.

4. COMPOSITION 13 Hours
4.1 Business letters
4.2 Applications for job, character certificate and grant of scholarship
4.3 Essay writing (topics specified in Instructional objectives).

5. TRANSLATION 6 Hours
5.1 Translation from Urdu into English (for Foreign Students: A paragraph or a
dialogue).

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Eng-112: ENGLISH

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES:

1. Demonstrate Better Reading, Comprehension and Vocabulary.

1.1 Describe and narrate in simple English.
1.2 Identify the author and the essay.
1.3 Write summaries of the textual essays.
1.4 Identify facts and ideas.

2. Listen and Speak English Clearly (Sessional Evaluation).

2.1 Converse fluently.
2.2 Express ideas clearly.

3. Apply the Grammatical Rules to Writing a Speaking.

3.1 Describe sentence structure.
3.1.1 Identify kinds of sentences.
3.2 Use correct verb/tense in sentences.
3.2.1 Identify the tense of a sentence.
3.3 Narrate the direct speech in indirect form.
3.4 Distinguish between confusing words.

4. Apply the Concepts of Composition Writing to Practical Situations.

4.1 Write letters to communicate messages in the business world (inquiry, placing
orders, complaints etc.).
4.1.1 Identify parts of a business letter.
4.1.2 Describe the qualities of a good business letter.
4.2 Write applications for job opportunities, grant of character certificate and grant of
scholarship.
4.2.1 Describe the structure of application.
4.2.2 Design and compose Curriculum Vitae (C.V.), Bio-data or Resume
separately.
4.3 Write essays pertaining to Technical Education, Science and our life, Computer,
Environmental Pollution, Duties of a student and Life of a Technician or develop
an essay from the given outline of some scientific topics.
4.3.1 Identify major kinds of essay.

5. Apply Rules of Translation.

5.1 Convert sentences from Urdu to English.
5.2 Translate a passage of Urdu into English making appropriate substitution of
words.

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Math-123 APPLIED MATHEMATICS - I

Total Contact Hours T P C

Theory 96 3 0 3
Practical Nil

AIMS After completing the course, the students will be able to solve problems of Algebra,
Trigonometry, Vectors, Boolean Algebra, Complex numbers and Analytic Geometry,
develop skills in the use of mathematical instruments and acquire mathematical clarity and
insight in the solution of technical problems.

COURSE CONTENTS

1. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 6 hours

1.1 Standard Form
1.2 Solution
1.3 Nature of roots
1.4 Sum and product of roots
1.5 Formation
1.6 Problems

2. BINOMIAL THEOREM 6 hours

2.1 Factorials
2.2 Binomial expression
2.3 Binomial co-efficient
2.4 Statement
2.5 The general term
2.6 The binomial series
2.7 Problems.

3. PARTIAL FRACTIONS 6 hours

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Linear distinct factors case I
3.3 Linear repeated factors case II
3.4 Quadratic distinct factors case III
3.5 Quadratic repeated factors case IV
3.6 Problems

4. FUNDAMENTALS OF TRIGONOMETRY 6 hours

4.1 Angles
4.2 Quadrants
4.3 Measurements of angles
4.4 Relation between sexagesimal and circular system
4.5 Relation between length of a circular arc and the radian measure of its central angle
4.6 Problems

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5. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND RATIOS 6 hours
5.1 Trigonometric functions of any angle
5.2 Signs of trigonometric functions
5.3 Trigonometric ratios of particular angles
5.4 Fundamental identities
5.5 Problems

6. GENERAL IDENTITIES 6 hours

6.1 The Fundamental Law
6.2 Deductions
6.3 Sum and difference formulae
6.4 Double angle identities
6.5 Half angle identities
6.6 Conversion of sum or difference to products
6.7 Problems

7. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES 6 hours

7.1 The law of Sines
7.2 The law of Cosines
7.3 Measurement of heights and distances
7.4 Problems

8. VECTORS AND PHASORS 12 hours

8.1 Scalars and Vectors
8.2 The unit Vectors i, j, k
8.3 Direction Cosines
8.4 Dot product
8.5 Cross product
8.6 Analytic expressions for dot and cross products
8.7 Phasors
8.8 Significance of j operator
8.9 Different forms
8.10 Algebraic operations
8.11 Problems

9. COMPLEX NUMBERS 9 hours

9.1 Introduction and properties
9.2 Basic operations
9.3 Conjugate
9.4 Modulus
9.5 Different forms
9.6 Problems

10. BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND GATE NETWORKS 15 hours

10.1 Concept and basic laws
10.2 Sums of product and product of sums

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 10.3 Binary, decimals and octals, presentation of decimal numbers in BCD
10.4 Interconversion of numbers
10.5 OR Gates and AND Gates
10.6 Logical Expressions and their simplification
10.7 Demorgan's theorems
10.8 NAND Gates and NOR Gates
10.9 Problems
11. PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY AND STRAIGHT LINE 6 hours
11.1 Coordinate system
11.2 Distance formula.
11.3 Ratio formulas.
11.4 Inclination and slope of line.
11.5 Slope formula.
11.6 Problems.
12. EQUATIONS OF THE STRAIGHT LINE 6 hours
12.1 Some important forms
12.2 General form
12.3 Angle formula.
12.4 Parallelism and perpendicularity
12.5 Problems

13. EQUATIONS OF THE CIRCLE. 6 hours

13.1 Standard and Central forms of equation.
13.2 General form of equation.
13.3 Radius and coordinates of center.
13.4 Problems

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Ghulam Yasin Minhas, Technical Mathematics Vol - I, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
2. Riaz Ali Khan, Polytechnic Mathematic Series Vol I and II, Majeed Sons, Faisalabad
3. Sana Ullah Bhatti, A Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry, Punjab Text Book Board,
Lahore.
4. Sana Ullah Bhatti, A Text Book of Analytic Geometry and Calculus, Punjab Text Book
Board, Lahore.

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Math-123 APPLIED MATHEMATICS-I

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1.2 USE DIFFERENT METHODS FOR THE SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC

EQUATION
1.1 Define a standard quadratic equation.
1.2 Use methods of factorization and method of completing the square for solving the
equations.
1.3 Derive quadratic formula.
1.4 Write expression for the discriminant.
1.5 Explain nature of the roots of a quadratic equation.
1.6 Calculate the sum and product of the roots.
1.7 Form a quadratic equation from the given roots.
1.8 Solve problems involving quadratic equations.

2. APPLY BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR THE EXPANSION OF BINOMIAL AND

EXTRACTION OF ROOTS.
2.1 State binomial theorem for positive integral index.
2.2 Explain binomial coefficients:
(n,0), (n,1)......(n,r)....., (n,n)
2.3 Derive expression for the general term.
2.4 Calculate the specified terms.
2.5 Expand a binomial of a given index.
2.6 Extract the specified roots.
2.7 Compute the approximate value to a given decimal place.
2.8 Solve problems involving binomials.

3. APPLY DIFFERENT METHODS FOR RESOLVING A SINGLE FRACTION

INTO PARTIAL FRACTIONS USING DIFFERENT METHODS
3.1 Define a partial fraction, a proper and an improper
fraction.
3.2 Explain all the four types of partial fractions.
3.3 Set up equivalent partial fractions for each type.
3.4 Explain the methods for finding constants involved.
3.5 Resolve a single fraction into partial fractions.
3.6 Solve problems involving all the four types.

4. UNDERSTAND THE SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES.

4.1 Define angles and the related terms.
4.2 Illustrate the generation of an angle.
4.3 Explain sexagesimal and circular systems for the
measurement of angles.
4.4 Derive the relationship between radian and degree.
4.5 Convert radians to degrees and vice versa.
4.6 Derive a formula for the circular measure of a central angle.

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 4.7 Use this formula for solving problems.

5. UNDERSTAND BASIC CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS.
5.1 Define the basic trigonometric functions/ratios of an angle as ratios of the sides of a
right triangle.
5.2 Derive fundamental identities.
5.3 Find trigonometric ratios of particular angles.
5.4 Draw the graph of trigonometric functions.
5.5 Solve problems involving trigonometric functions.

6. USE TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES IN SOLVING TECHNOLOGICAL

PROBLEMS.
6.1 List fundamental identities.
6.2 Prove the fundamental law.
6.3 Deduce important results.
6.4 Derive sum and difference formulas.
6.5 Establish half angle, double and triple angle formulas.
6.6 Convert sum or difference into product and vice versa.
6.7 Solve problems.

7. USE CONCEPT, PROPERTIES AND LAWS OF TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS FOR SOLVING TRIANGLES.
7.1 Define angle of elevation and angle of depression.
7.2 Prove the law of sines and the law of cosines.
7.3 Explain elements of a triangle.
7.4 Solve triangles and the problems involving heights and distances.

8. UNDERSTAND PRINCIPLES OF VECTORS AND PHASORS

8.1 Define unit vectors i, j, k.
8.2 Express a vector in the component form.
8.3 Explain magnitude, unit vector, direction cosines of a vector.
8.4 Explain dot product and cross product of two vector.
8.5 Deduce important results from dot and cross product.
8.6 Define phasor and operator j.
8.7 Explain different forms of phasors.
8.8 Perform basic Algebraic operation on phasors.
8.9 Solve problems on phasors.

9. USE PRINCIPLES OF COMPLEX NUMBERS IN SOLVING TECHNOLOGICAL

PROBLEMS.
9.1 Define a complex number and its conjugate.
9.2 State properties of complex numbers.
9.3 Give different forms of complex numbers.
9.4 Perform basic algebraic operations on complex numbers.
9.5 Solve problem involving complex numbers.

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10. SOLVE TECHNICAL PROBLEMS USING PRINCIPLES OF BOOLEAN
ALGEBRA
10.1 Explain fundamental concepts of Boolean algebra
10.2 Explain binary numbers, octal numbers, decimal numbers and their
interconversion.
10.3 Explain digital addition and multiplication and its applications to OR gates and
AND Gates
10.4 Illustrate complimentation and inversion
10.5 Evaluate logical expression
10.6 List basic Laws of Boolean Algebra
10.7 Explain De-Morgan's theorem
10.8 Explain basic duality of Boolean algebra
10.9 Derive Boolean expression
10.10 Explain combination of GATES
10.11 Illustrate sum of products and product of sum
10.12 Derive product of sum expression
10.13 Explain NAND Gates and NOR Gates
10.14 Use the map methods for simplifying expressions
10.15 Explain sub-cubes and covering

11. UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

11.1 Explain the rectangular coordinate system.
11.2 Locate points in different quadrants.
11.3 Derive distance formula.
11.4 Describe the ratio formula
11.5 Derive slope formula
11.6 Solve problems using the above formulae.

12. USE EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINE IN SOLVING PROBLEMS.

12.1 Define equation of a straight line.
12.2 Derive slope intercept and intercept forms of equations of a straight line.
12.3 Write general form of equations of a straight line.
12.4 Derive an expression for angle between two straight lines.
12.5 Derive conditions of perpendicularity and parallelism of two straight lines.
12.6 Solve problems using these equations/formulae.

13. SOLVE TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS USING EQUATIONS OF CIRCLE

13.1 Define a circle.
13.2 Describe standard, central and general forms of the
equation of a circle.
13.3 Convert general form to the central form of equation of a circle.
13.4 Deduce formula for radius and coordinates of the center of a circle.
13.5 Derive equation of the circle passing through three points.
13.6 Solve problems involving these equations.

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Phy-132 APPLIED PHYSICS

Total Contact Hours

Theory 32 T P C
Practicals 96 1 3 2

AIMS: The students will be able to understand the fundamental principles and concept of physics,
use these to solve problems in practical situations/technological courses and understand
concepts to learn advance physics/technical courses.

COURSE CONTENTS

1 MEASUREMENTS. 2 Hours.

1.1 Fundamental units and derived units

1.2 Systems of measurement and S.I. units
1.3 Concept of dimensions, dimensional formula
1.4 Conversion from one system to another
1.5 Significant figures

2 SCALARS AND VECTORS. 4 Hours.

2.1 Revision of head to tail rule

2.2 Laws of parallelogram, triangle and polygon of forces
2.3 Resolution of a vector
2.4 Addition of vectors by rectangular components
2.5 Multiplication of two vectors, dot product and cross product

3 MOTION 4 Hours.

3.1 Review of laws and equations of motion

3.2 Law of conservation of momentum
3.3 Angular motion
3.4 Relation between linear and angular motion
3.5 Centripetal acceleration and force
3.6 Equations of angular motion

4 TORQUE, EQUILIBRIUM AND ROTATIONAL INERTIA. 4 Hours.

4.1 Torque
4.2 Centre of gravity and centre of mass
4.3 Equilibrium and its conditions
4.4 Torque and angular acceleration
4.5 Rotational inertia

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5 SOUND. 5 Hrs
5.1 Longitudinal waves
5.2 Intensity, loudness, pitch and quality of sound
5.3 Units of Intensity of level and frequency response of ear
5.4 Interference of sound waves silence zones, beats
5.5 Acoustics
5.6 Doppler effect.

6 LIGHT. 5 Hours
6.1 Review laws of reflection and refraction
6.2 Image formation by mirrors and lenses
6.3 Optical instruments
6.4 Wave theory of light
6.5 Interference, diffraction, polarization of light waves
6.6 Applications of polarization in sunglasses, optical activity and stress analysis

7 OPTICAL FIBER. 2 Hours

7.1 Optical communication and problems
7.2 Review total internal reflection and critical angle
7.3 Structure of optical fiber
7.4 Fiber material and manufacture
7.5 Optical fiber - uses.
8 LASERS. 3 Hours
8.1 Corpuscular theory of light
8.2 Emission and absorption of light
8.3 Stimulated absorption and emission of light
8.4 Laser principle
8.5 Structure and working of lasers
8.6 Types of lasers with brief description.
8.7 Applications (basic concepts)
8.8 Material processing
8.9 Laser welding
8.10 Laser assisted machining
8.11 Micro machining
8.12 Drilling, scribing and marking
8.13 Printing
8.14 Lasers in medicine

9 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. 3 Hours

9.1 Magnetic field around a current carrying conductor
9.2 Electric field induced around a changing magnetic flux
9.3 Moving fields
9.4 Types of electromagnetic waves
9.5 Generation of Radio Waves
9.6 Spectrum of electromagnetic waves.

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10 ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES. 2 Hours
10.1 Review law of gravitation
10.2 Escape velocity
10.3 Orbital velocity
10.4 Geosynchronous and geostationary satellites
10.5 Use of satellites in data communication.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1 Tahir Hussain, Fundamentals of Physics Vol-I and II
2 Farid Khawaja, Fundamentals of Physics Vol-I and II
3 Wells and Slusher, Schaum's Series Physics .
4 Nelkon and Oyborn, Advanced Level Practical Physics
5 Mehboob Ilahi Malik and Inam-ul-Haq, Practical Physics
6 Wilson, Lasers - Principles and Applications
7 M. Aslam Khan and M. Akram Sandhu, Experimental Physics Note Book

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Phy-132 APPLIED PHYSICS

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1 USE CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT TO PRACTICAL SITUATIONS AND

TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS.

1.1 Write dimensional formulae for physical quantities

1.2 Derive units using dimensional equations
1.3 Convert a measurement from one system to another
1.4 Use concepts of measurement and Significant figures in problem solving.

2 USE CONCEPTS OF SCALARS AND VECTORS IN SOLVING PROBLEMS

INVOLVING THESE CONCEPTS.

2.1 Explain laws of parallelogram, triangle and polygon of forces

2.2 Describe method of resolution of a vector into components
2.3 Describe method of addition of vectors by rectangular components
2.4 Differentiate between dot product and cross product of vectors
2.5 Use the concepts in solving problems involving addition resolution and
multiplication of vectors.

3 USE THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM AND CONCEPTS OF

ANGULAR MOTION TO PRACTICAL SITUATIONS.

3.1 Use law of conservation of momentum to practical/technological problems.

3.2 Explain relation between linear and angular motion
3.3 Use concepts and equations of angular motion to solve relevant technological
problems.

4 USE CONCEPTS OF TORQUE, EQUILIBRIUM AND ROTATIONAL INERTIA

TO PRACTICAL SITUATION/PROBLEMS.

4.1 Explain Torque

4.2 Distinguish between Centre of gravity and centre of mass
4.3 Explain rotational Equilibrium and its conditions
4.4 Explain Rotational Inertia giving examples
4.5 Use the above concepts in solving technological problems.

5 UNDERSTAND CONCEPTS OF SOUND.

5.1 Describe longitudinal wave and its propagation

5.2 Explain the concepts: Intensity, loudness, pitch and quality of sound
5.3 Explain units of Intensity of level and frequency response of ear
5.4 Explain phenomena of silence zones, beats
5.5 Explain Acoustics of buildings

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 5.6 Explain Doppler effect giving mathematical expressions.

6 USE THE CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRICAL OPTICS TO MIRRORS and

LENSES.

6.1 Explain laws of reflection and refraction

6.2 Use mirror formula to solve problems
6.3 Use the concepts of image formation by mirrors and lenses to describe working of
optical instruments, e.g. microscopes, telescopes, camera and sextant.

7 UNDERSTAND WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT

7.1 Explain wave theory of light

7.2 Explain phenomena of interference, diffraction, polarization of light waves
7.3 Describe uses of polarization given in the course contents.

8 UNDERSTAND THE STRUCTURE, WORKING AND USES OF OPTICAL

FIBER.

8.1 Explain the structure of the Optical Fiber

8.2 Explain its principle of working
8.3 Describe use of optical fiber in industry and medicine.

9 UNDERSTAND THE STRUCTURE, WORKING AND USES OF LASERS.

9.1 Explain the stimulated emission of radiation

9.2 Explain the laser principle
9.3 Describe the structure and working of lasers
9.4 Distinguish between types of lasers
9.5 Describe the applications of lasers in the fields mentioned in the course contents.

10 UNDERSTAND NATURE, TYPES, GENERATION AND SPECTRUM OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES.

10.1 Explain magnetic field due to current and electric field due to changing magnetic
flux
10.2 Explain moving fields
10.3 Describe types of electromagnetic waves
10.4 Explain generation of Radio Waves
10.5 Explain spectrum of electromagnetic waves.

11 UNDERSTAND TYPES AND USES OF ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES.

11.1 Explain escape velocity

11.2 Explain orbital velocity

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11.3 Distinguish between geosynchronous and geostationary satellites
11.4 Describe uses of artificial satellites in data communication.

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Phy-132 APPLIED PHYSICS

LIST OF PRACTICALS.

1 Draw graphs representing the functions:

a) y=mx for m=0, 0.5, 1, 2
b) y=x2
c) y=1/x
2 Find the volume of a given solid cylinder using vernier callipers.
3 Find the area of cross-section of the given wire using micrometer screw gauge.
4 Prove that force is directly proportional to (a) mass, (b) acceleration, using fletchers'
trolley.
5 Verify law of parallelogram of forces using Grave-sands apparatus.
6 Verify law of triangle of forces and Lami's theorem
7 Determine the weight of a given body using
a) Law of parallelogram of forces
b) Law of triangle of forces
c) Lami's theorem
8 Verify law of polygon of forces using Grave-sands apparatus.
9 Locate the position and magnitude of resultant of like parallel forces.
10 Determine the resultant of two unlike parallel forces.
11 Find the weight of a given body using principle of moments.
12 Locate the centre of gravity of regular and irregular shaped bodies.
13 Find Young's Modules of Elasticity of a metallic wire.
14 Verify Hooke's Law using helical spring.
15 Study of frequency of stretched string with length.
16 Study of variation of frequency of stretched string with tension.
17 Study resonance of air column in resonance tube and find velocity of sound.
18 Find the frequency of the given tuning fork using resonance tube.
19 Find velocity of sound in rod by Kundt's tube.
20 Verify rectilinear propagation of light and study shadow formation.
21 Study effect of rotation of plane mirror on reflection.
22 Compare the refractive indices of given glass slabs.
23 Find focal length of concave mirror by locating centre of curvature.
24 Find focal length of concave mirror by object and image method
25 Find focal length of concave mirror with converging lens.
26 Find refractive index of glass by apparent depth.
27 Find refractive index of glass by spectrometer.
28 Find focal length of converging lens by plane mirror.
29 Find focal length of converging lens by displacement method.
30 Find focal length of diverging lense using converging lens.
31 Find focal length of diverging lens using concave mirror.
32 Find angular magnification of an astronomical telescope.
33 Find angular magnification of a simple microscope (magnifying glass)
34 Find angular magnification of a compound microscope.
35 Study working and structure of camera.

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36 Study working and structure of sextant.
37 Compare the different scales of temperature and verify the conversion formula.
38 Determine the specific heat of lead shots.
39 Find the coefficient of linear expansion of a metallic rod.
40 Find the heat of fusion of ice.
41 Find the heat of vaporization.
42 Determine relative humidity using hygrometer.

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Comp-112 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
T P C
0 6 2
Total Contacts Hours:
Theory: 0
Practical: 192

Aims: An application-oriented course on basic use of computers. It aims to provide the students
in their first year the experience of using the machine hands-on. The course covers the
immediate application of computers in business and daily use. It covers the topics on how
to use the computers and useful application programs in graphical user interface.

General Course Objectives

At the end of the course the students are expected to be able to
- Identify and describe the use and function of external parts of a microcomputer from an
end-user point of view.
- Understand the basic operations and use of current operating system
- Run and use application programs
- Use the computer for daily business activities
- Type and use the mouse correctly and with ease
- Appreciate the usefulness of computer in work and daily activities

COURSE OUTLINE
Contents Hours

1. Introduction to Computer: End-User Point of View 06

1.1 Basic Design of Computer
1.2 Hierarchy of Memory
1.3 External View of Computer
1.4 Input and Output Devices

2. Windows Operating System 12

2.1. Computer Bootstrap
2.2. Window Objects and Application Programs
2.3. File System
2.4. Windows Explorer and Window Help

3. Word Processing 30
3.1. Opening and Closing Word Processor Application Program
3.2. Opening, Saving and Closing Document
3.3. Editing and Navigating Document
3.4. Document Views and Printing Documents
3.5. Formatting Document and Inserting Objects
3.6. Enhancement and Tools and Tables

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4. Spread Sheet 30
4.1 Opening and Closing Spread Sheet Application Program
4.2 Data Types
4.3 Entering and Editing Data
4.4 Worksheets and Workbooks
4.5 Data Manipulation
4.6 Printing Worksheet
4.7 Formatting Cells
4.8 Calculation Using Formula
4.9 Function and Function Wizard

5. Presentation 30
5.1 Opening and Closing Presentation Application Program
5.2 Presentation Views
5.3 Entering and Editing Presentation Objects
5.4 Slides and Transition
5.5 Animation

6. Non-Procedural Interactive Database 30

6.1 Opening and Closing Interactive Database Program
6.2 Creating Database Tables
6.3 Setting Up Database Tables
6.4 Creating Queries for Tables
6.5 Creating Data Entry Forms for Tables
6.6 Generating Reports from Tables

7. Work Planning 12
7.1 Starting and Closing Scheduler Application Program
7.2 Navigating the Scheduler Screen
7.3 Scheduling Appointments
7.4 Planner

8. Internet 24
8.1 Opening and Closing Internet Browser
8.2 E-Mail
8.3 Search Engine
8.4 Surfing the WWW

9. Graphics/Image 12
9.1 Opening and Closing Scanning Software
9.2 Scanning Pictures
9.3 Editing Graphics
9.4 Saving Graphics

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10. Video 06
10.1 Opening and Closing Video Software
10.2 Playing Video

References

Microsoft Office 6 in 1. Peter Aiken and others. Que Corporation

29
Comp-112: COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Introduction to Computer: End-User Point of View

1.1 Enumerate the main block components of computer
1.2 Describe the function of each component
1.3 Enumerate the components of hierarchy of memory
1.4 Identify the main external elements of computer
1.5 Describe the function of each external part of computer
1.6 Describe the main input/output devices of computer
1.7 Name the keys of keyboard
1.8 Use keyboard and mouse correctly

2. Windows Operating System

2.1 Start a computer
2.2 List the steps computer takes to start
2.3 Identify the elements of Windows startup screen
2.4 Identify main parts of Windows window
2.5 Navigate Windows window
2.6 Launch application program from Windows
2.7 Describe the file system of Windows
2.8 Identify icons for files, folders and drives
2.9 Launch Windows Explorer
2.10 Navigate Windows Explorer
2.11 Identify icons, bars and elements of Explorer windows
2.12 Use Explorer to work on files and folders
2.13 Use Windows Help

3. Word Processing
3.1 Open (launch) and close Windows Word
3.2 Navigate Word window
3.3 Use menu bars and tool bars
3.4 Open document and operate it
3.5 Edit and navigate document
3.6 Change views of document and print it
3.7 Format documents
3.8 Insert objects on Word document
3.9 Use Tools and enhancements of Word processor
3.10 Write formatted document in Word

4 Spread Sheet
4.1 Open (launch) and close Windows Excel
4.2 Navigate Excel window
4.3 Use menu bars and tool bars of Excel

30
 4.4 Open Excel spreadsheet and work on it
4.5 Enter data in Excel spreadsheet
4.6 Edit, manipulate and navigate Excel spreadsheet
4.7 Format Excel cell
4.8 Print Excel workbook
4.9 Calculate cell values using formula
4.10 Use function and function wizard of Excel

5. Presentation
5.1 Launch (Open) and close Windows PowerPoint
5.2 Display PowerPoint slides in different views
5.3 Enter, edit and manipulate objects in slide show
5.4 Enhance the slide presentation with transition and animation
5.5 Create presentation in PowerPoint
5.6 Present slide show in PowerPoint

6. Non-Procedural Interactive Database

6.1 Open Windows Access
6.2 Create database and its tables
6.3 Define and setup properties of tables
6.4 Create and edit queries for tables
6.5 Create and edit forms for tables
6.7 Create and generate report for tables

7. Work Planning
7.1 Start and close Window Scheduler Program
7.2 Navigate and use Scheduler Screen
7.3 Create electronic appointment schedule using Scheduler program
7.4 Use Planner of Scheduler program

8. Internet
8.1 Launch Windows Explorer and close it
8.2 Launch Netscape Internet browser
8.3 Navigate Windows Explorer and Netscape and use their tools and icons
8.4 Compose, send and receive electronic mail (email)
8.5 Manage mails of email
8.6 Search information from internet through Windows Explorer or Netscape
Navigator
8.7 Manipulate the information searched from Internet (save, print or forward)
8.8 Surf the World Wide Web

9. Graphics/Image
9.1 Open and Close graphics software and scanning
9.2 Setup the graphics software and scanners
9.3 Scan, edit and save picture
9.4 Use graphics

31
10. Video
10.1 Launch video software and close it
10.2 Setup video software
10.3 Use video software
10.4 Play video clips

32
El.T-114 ELECTRICAL ESSENTIALS AND NETWORKS

Total Contact Hours: T P C

Theory: 96 Hours 3 3 4
Practical: 96 Hours

Prerequisite: Applied Mathematics & Physics

AIMS This course is designed so that the student will be able to learn basic knowledge of
electricity and electronics.
Understand the operation and application of electrical and electronic principles, devices and
circuits.
1. Identify the different electrical/electronics component, devices and types of circuits.
2. Explain the principles of operations and applications of electrical and electronic
components, devices and circuits.
3. Use different electrical/electronic components and devices in different circuits
configuration.
4. Describe the ratings, tolerances, coding and troubles in different electrical and
electronics components and circuits.
5. Calculate current, voltage, power and power factor using circuit laws and network
theorems.
6. Use filters and coupling in electronics circuits.

COURSE CONTENTS.

1. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICITY 6 Hours

1.1 Electron Theory
1.1.1 Structure of atom, K, L and M shell, energy levels and valence electrons.
1.1.2 Energy bands with reference to conductors, insulators and semiconductor.
1.2 Electrical Quantities
1.2.1 Potential, current and resistance.
1.2.2 Units of potential, current and resistance.
1.2.3 Conventional and electron current

2. ELECTROSTATICS. (15 Hours)

2.1 Principle of electrostatic, positive and negative charges.
2.2 Laws of electrostatic.
2.3 Electrostatic induction and field strength.
2.4 Properties of electric lines of force and comparison with magnetic lines.
2.5 Dielectric, dielectric strength and its importance permittivity and break down
voltage.
2.6 Capacitance and capacitors. Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor.
2.7 Types and uses of capacitors.
2.8 Equivalent capacitance for series, parallel and series parallel combination of
capacitors.
2.9 Energy stored in capacitors.

33
 2.10 Colour code, tolerance and rating of capacitors.
2.11 Troubles in capacitors.

3. DC FUNDAMENTALS. (12 Hours)

3.1 Ohm's Law
3.1.1 Definition of Ohm's law.
3.1.2 Solve Problems on Ohm's Law.
3.2. Laws of Resistance
3.2.1 Specific Resistance, conductance and conductivity.
3.2.2 Effect of temperature on resistance and temp. Coefficient of resistance.
3.2.3 Problems on R=Rho*L/A and Rt = Ro (1+t)
3.2.4 Resistance in series, parallel and series-parallel
3.2.5 Calculations on combination of resistance and cells in series, parallel and
series-parallel combinations.
3.2.6 Power and Energy their units and calculations.
3.2.7 Power dissipation in resistors.
3.3 Kirchhoff's Laws
3.3.1 Introduction of Kirchhoff's Laws.
3.3.2 Calculation using KVL and KCL by loop and node methods.
3.4 Resistors
3.4.1 Resistor construction and types.
3.4.2 Application of resistors.
3.4.3 Resistors, colour coding
3.4.4 Resistors, Power rating.
3.4.5 Resistor, troubles.
3.5 Batteries
3.5.1 Types of DC sources.
3.5.2 Types of cells , Primary and secondary cells(Mercury, silver oxide, Nickel-
cadmium, etc.)
3.5.3 Lead acid batteries.
3.5.4. Solar cell.
3.5.5 Internal resistance of a cell.
3.5.6 Application of cell as constant voltage and constant current source.

4. MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM. (18 Hours)

4.1 Magnetism.
4.1.1 Introduction to magnetism, magnetic line of force, flux, flux-density,
permeability, Reluctance and their units.
4.1.2 Properties of magnetic lines of force.
43.1.3 Types of magnets.
4.1.4 Magnetic properties of materials (ferro-,para- and dia-magnetic) magnetic
induction.
4.2 Electromagnetism.
4.2.1 Electromagnetism, M.M.F. (AT) field intensity (H =AT/L) ampere
turns/meter.
4.2.2 B-H curve and magnetic Hystersis.

34
 4.2.3 Electromagnetic induction.
4.2.4 Magnetic field around a current carrying conductor and solenoids cork screw
and left hand rules.
4.2.5 Force between two magnetic fields and motor action.
4.2.6 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic induction (R=Nd/dt.)
4.2.7 Lenz's Law.

5. AC FUNDAMENTALS. (18 Hours)

5.1 The simple AC generator.
5.1.1 Sine wave, cycle, wavelength, period, frequency and units.
5.1.2 AC sine wave form and its characteristics. (Instantaneous, peak, average,
rms or effective values and their inter relation).
5.1.3 Audio and Radio frequencies, wavelengths and periods frequency spectrum.
5.1.4 Types of alternating wave forms(sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waves).
Fundamental wave and harmonics.
5.2 AC Circuits
5.2.1 AC through pure resistance, Phaser quantities.
5.2.2 Phase angle, in-phase, out of phase waves and phase lag & lead and power
factor.
5.2.3 Calculation of V,I and W for resistive circuits through inductance.
5.2.4 Self inductance, and self induced voltage.
5.2.5 Inductive reactance (Xl=2iifL) Phase relation between V & I.
5.2.6 Phaser diagram and power for pure inductor.
5.2.7 AC through R-L series circuit.
5.2.8 Phaser diagram and power in a R-L series circuit.
5.2.9 Time constant ,t=L/R, and its effect.
5.2.10 Impedance, Impedance triangle.
5.2.11 AC through R-L parallel circuit.
5.2.12 Inductive reactance in series, parallel and series-parallel combination.
5.2.13 Q of coil and its effects on selectivity.
5.2.14 Skin effect, AF and RF chokes.
5.2.15 Troubles in chokes.
5.2.16 AC through pure capacitor. Phase relation between V&I and power.
5.2.17 Capacitive reactance
5.2.18 AC through R-C series circuit.
5.2.19 Time constant RC and its effect.
5.2.20 Impedance, Impedance triangle.
5.2.21 AC through R-C parallel circuit.
5.2.22 Capacitive reactance in series, parallel, and series parallel combination.
5.2.23 AC through RLC series circuit, phase relation and power calculation.
5.2.24 AC through RLC parallel circuit phase relation and power calculation.
5.2.25 Simple calculations for RLC circuits.
5.2.26 Concepts of real VI cos Q and apparent power (VA), power factor. simple
calculations.
6. TRANSFORMER (6 Hours)
6.1 Principle of transformer, mutual inductance, coefficient of mutual inductance.

35
 6.2 Turn ratio and e.m.f. equation
6.3 Construction, types of transformers, core materials.
6.4 Application of transformers in electronics.
6.5 Auto-transformers, principle, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
6.6 Poly phase transformers, star and delta connection.
6.7 Phase and line voltage and current their, inter-relation.
6.8 Transformer losses.
6.8.1 Core loss.
6.8.2 Hysteressis loss.

7. PHOTO-AND THERMO-ELECTRICITY. (6 Hours)

7.1 Photoelectric effects, Photo- emissive, conductive, and photovoltaic phenomena.
7.2 Application of photoelectric effects.
7.3 Thermoelectricity - Thompson and see back effects.
7.4 Thermocouple, construction, materials and applications
7.5 Incandescent lamp, construction, rating and application
7.6 Fluorescent tube light, construction, working, rating and applications.

8. NETWORK THEOREMS. (6 Hours)

8.1 Superposition theorem for complex circuits.
8.2 Calculation based on the superposition theorem.
8.3 Thevenin's Theorem circuits simplification.
8.4 Calculation base on the Thevenin's theorem.
8.5 Norton theorem and current source concept.
8.6 Calculation based on the Norton's Theorem.
8.7 Star and Delta transformation.
8.8 Calculation based on Star and Delta transformation.

9. RESONANCE. (3 Hours)
9.1 Condition of resonance and resonant circuit.
9.2 Relation between f, L and C at resonance.
9.3 Series resonant circuit. Impedance of series resonant circuit.
9.4 Current, voltage and impedance characteristic of series resonant circuit.
9.5 Parallel resonant circuit and its impedance
9.6 Characteristics of impedance, current and voltage of a parallel resonant circuit
9.7 Series and parallel resonance curve comparison and Bandwidth.
9.8 Q of circuit, Effect of Q on the slope and width of the resonance curves.
9.9 Relation between the slope of the resonance curve on selectivity.
9.10 Effect of the L.C. ratio on selectivity.
9.11 Use of resonance circuit in radio and TV receivers.

10. FILTER & COUPLING CIRCUITS (6 Hours)

10.1 Purpose and action of a filter circuit.
10.2 Principle of filter action.
10.3 Types of filter circuit LPF, HPF, K filter and m drive filter.
10.4 Band Pass filter (BPF) Band Stop filter (BSF)

36
 10.5 Power supply filter.
10.6 Purpose and action of coupling circuit.
10.7 Coefficient of coupling and coupled impedance.
10.8 Type of coupling, RC, Impedance transformer coupling.
10.9 Delay action circuits, R-L and R-C circuits.
10.10 Time constant of R-L & R-C circuits and its importance in rise and fall of circuit
current and voltage.

11. SEMICONDUCTORS. (8 Hours)

11.1 Semiconductor theory
11.1.1 Doping, doping level and methods.
11.1.2 PN Junction diode, Depletion region and junction potential.
11.1.3 Diode as rectifier.
11.1.4 Transistor, types (PNP and NPN)
11.1.5 Transistor as amplifier.
11.1.6 Integrated circuits types, analog and digital.

TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS.
1. Grob, Bernard, Basic Electronics, Sixth Edition.
2. Slurzberg, Orested, Essentials of Electricity for Radio and TV.
3. Therja, B.L. Electrical Technology.
4. Slurzberg, Essentials of Radio.

37
El.T-114 ELECTRICAL ESSENTIALS AND NETWORKS

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICITY.

1.1 Understand electron theory.
1.1.1 Describe the structure of atom.
1.1.2 Identify the K, L, and M shells.
1.1.3 Describe energy levels.
1.1.4 Describe valence electron.
1.1.5 Explain energy bands with reference to conductors, insulators &
semiconductors.
1.2 Understand Electrical Quantities
1.2.1 Define potential, current & resistance
1.2.2 Describe units of potential, current & resistance
1.2.3 Differentiate between conventional current and electron current.

2. DC FUNDAMENTALS.
2.1 Understand Ohm's Law.
2.1.1 Define ohm's law
2.2.2 Solve problems on Ohm's law
2.2 Understand Laws of Resistance
2.2.1 Define specific resistance
2.2.2 Define conductance
2.2.3 Define conductivity
2.2.4 Explain the effect of temperature on resistance
2.2.5 Explain coefficient of resistance
2.2.6 Solve problems on R=PL/A and Rt=Ro(1+t).
2.2.7 Describe the resistance in series
2.2.8 Describe the resistance in parallel
2.2.9 Describe the resistance in series-parallel
2.2.10 Calculate the combination of resistances and cells, Rt, I & V.
2.2.11 Define power and energy
2.2.12 Describe units of power and energy
2.2.13 Explain the power dissipation in resistors
2.3 Understand Kirchhoffs' Laws
2.3.1 State Kirchhoff's laws
2.3.2 Solve problems using Kirchhoff voltage law
2.3.3 Solve problems using kirchhoff current law
2.4 Understand Resistors
2.4.1 Define resistance and resistor
2.4.2 List types of resistors
2.4.3 Enlist use of resistors (Carbon Composition, Carbon film, wire wound)
2.4.4 Describe resistor colour codes
2.4.5 Describe power rating of resistor

38
 2.5 Understand Batteries
2.5.1 Name types of D.C source
2.5.2 List types of cells (Mercury, Silver oxide, Nickel cadmium)
2.5.3 Describe the working lead acid battery
2.5.4 Describe the maintenance schedule of lead acid battery
2.5.5 Describe the working solar cells
2.5.6 Explain the effects of internal resistance of a cell

3. MAGNETISM & ELECTROMAGNETISM

3.1 Understand magnetism
3.1.1 Define lines of force, flux, flux density, permeability, & reluctance
3.1.2 List the unit for the above terms
3.1.3 Explain properties of magnetic lines of force
3.1.4 List the types of magnets
3.1.5 List types of magnetic material (ferromagnetic, paramagnetic and
diamagnetic materials).
3.1.6 Describe magnetic induction.
3.1.7 Define ferromagnetic, paramagnetic & diamagnetic material with example

3.2 To understand electromagnetism

3.2.1 Define electromagnetism
3.2.2 Define magneto-motive force & give its formula and unit
3.2.3 Describe field intensity (H= AT/L)
3.2.4 Draw B-H Curve
3.2.5 Explain B-H curve and magnetic hysteries
3.2.6 Explain electromagnetic induction

3.2.7 Explain magnetic field around a current carrying conductor

3.2.8 Define inductor
3.2.9 List type of inductors with ranges
3.2.10 Write formula for inductance base on physical parameters of an inductor
[L= Ur x (N)*2 x A / L]
3.2.11 Solve problem using the above formula for inductor
3.2.12 Describe solenoids
3.2.13 Describe cork screw rule and left hand rule
3.2.14 Explain force between two magnetic fields and motor action
3.2.15 Define Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction (e = N d /dt)
3.2.16 State Lenz's Law

4. ELECTROSTATICS.
4.1 Understand electrostatics
4.1.1 Explain scribe principle of electrostatic charges
4.1.2 State the effect of negative & positive charges
4.1.3 Describe the laws of electrostatics
4.1.4 Describe the electrostatic induction & field strength
4.1.5 Explain properties of electric lines of force

39
 4.1.6 Compare the electric and magnetic lines of force
4.1.7 Define dielectric & dielectric strength/dielectric constant
4.1.8 Describe the importance of dielectric & dielectric strength
4.1.9 Describe capacitor and capacitance
4.1.10 Define breakdown voltage
4.1.11 Enlist the capacitance of parallel plate capacitor
4.1.12 Describe types of capacitors
4.1.13 Describe the use of capacitors
4.1.14 Calculate the total capacitance in a series in parallel and series parallel
combination
4.1.15 Explain the energy stored in capacitor
4.1.16 Describe the colour coding, tolerance and voltage rating of capacitors
4.1.17 Describe the troubles in capacitors

5. AC FUNDAMENTALS.

5.1 Understand A.C Waveform

5.1.1 Describe sine wave (cycle, wave length, period, frequency and their units)
5.1.2 Draw AC sine waveform (sinusoidal, square, sawtooth)
5.1.3 Describe Instantaneous value, peak value, average value, r.m.s. value,
effective value and their inter-relation
5.1.4 Describe Audio & Radio frequencies and their wavelengths
5.1.5 Draw the electromagnetic wave spectrum
5.1.6 Define harmonic and fundamental wave.

5.2 Understand AC circuits

5.2.1 Describe AC through resistors
5.2.2 Explain phase angle, in phase & out of phase waves
5.2.3 Explain phase lag & lead
5.2.4 Calculate voltage, current & power(v,i,w) for resistive circuit
5.2.5 Describe AC through inductance using waveforms and phaser diagram
5.2.6 Define self inductance & self induced voltage
5.2.7 Explain inductive reactance (XL=211fL), phase relation between voltage &
current
5.2.8 Draw its phasor diagram
5.2.9 Calculate power for pure inductor
5.2.10 Explain AC through R-L series circuit by using phasor diagram
5.2.11 Calculate power factor for R-L series circuit
5.2.12 Calculate time constant for L/R
5.2.13 Define impedance
5.2.14 Draw impedance triangle
5.2.15 Explain AC through R-L parallel circuit
5.2.16 Calculate inductive reactance for series, parallel and series-parallel inductor
5.2.17 Describe skin effect
5.2.18 Describe audio frequency chokes
5.2.19 Describe radio frequency & intermediate frequency transformer

40
 5.2.20 Explain ac through pure capacitor
5.2.21 Explain phase relation between voltage, current & power for AC through
capacitors
5.2.22 Calculate capacitive reactance (½ II f c)
5.2.23 Explain AC through R-C series circuit
5.2.24 Explain time constant for R-C series circuit
5.2.25 Explain AC through R-C parallel circuit
5.2.26 Calculate capacitive reactance for capacitor in series, in parallel and series
parallel combination
5.2.27 Explain AC through RLC series circuit
5.2.28 Explain phase relation for RLC series and parallel circuits
5.2.29 Explain AC through RLC parallel circuits
5.2.30 Calculate power for RLC series circuit & parallel circuits
5.2.31 Explain real power (VI Cos O), apparent power (VI)
5.2.32 Calculate power factor = real power/apparent power = VI Cos O/VI

6. TRANSFORMER.
6.1 Understand the transformers
6.1.1 Explain the principle of transformer
6.1.2 Define mutual induction
6.1.3 Define coefficient of mutual induction
6.1.4 Explain turn ratio of transformer
6.1.5 Describe construction of transformer
6.1.6 Enlist the types of transformer
6.1.7 Enlist core material of transformer
6.1.8 Describe auto transformer
7.1.9 Explain star, delta connections of three phase transformer
6.1.10 Explain phase & line voltage for star and delta connection
6.1.11 Explain phase & line current for star and delta connection of three phase
system
6.1.12 List the applications of transformer in electronics:
i) step down transformer,
ii) impedance matching
iii) coupling
6.1.13 Explain transformer losses.
6.1.14 Explain hysteresis loss and core loss.

7. PHOTO AND THERMO-ELECTRICITY.

7.1 Understand photo and thermo-electricity
7.1.1 Describe photoelectric effects (photo emissive, photo conductive and photo
voltaic effects)
7.1.2 List the applications of photoelectric effect
7.1.3 Explain thermoelectric effect (Thompson & See-beck effects)
7.1.4 Explain thermocouple
7.1.5 Draw the diagram of incandescent lamp
7.1.6 Explain the working of incandescent lamp

41
 7.1.7 Draw the diagram of fluorescent tube light
7.1.8 Explain the working of fluorescent tube light

8. NETWORK THEOREMS.
8.1 Understand Superposition, Thevenin & Norton theorems
8.1.1 Explain Superposition theorem
8.1.2 Solve problems based on superposition theorem
8.1.3 Explain Thevenin's theorem
8.1.4 Solve problems based on Thevenin's theorem
8.1.5 Explain Norton's theorem
8.1.6 Solve problems based on Norton's theorem
8.1.7 Explain transformation of star to delta and delta to star networks
8.1.8 Solve problems based on star, delta transformation

9. UNDERSTAND RESONANCE
9.1 Explain resonance
9.2 Explain the relation between frequency, inductance & capacitance at resonant
9.3 Draw the series resonant circuit
9.4 Explain series resonant circuit
9.5 Draw the characteristics of series resonant circuit
9.6 Calculate current, voltage and impedance of series resonant circuit
9.7 Draw the diagram of parallel resonant circuit
9.8 Explain the parallel resonant circuit
9.9 Draw the characteristics of parallel resonant circuit
9.10 Compare series and parallel resonant circuit
9.11 Describe the band width of a resonant circuit
9.12 Describe Q of a circuit
9.13 Explain the effect of the L.C ratio on selectivity
9.14 Enlist the use of resonant circuit in radio and TV receivers

10. UNDERSTAND FILTERS & COUPLING CIRCUITS

10.1 Explain the purpose & action of a filter circuit
10.2 Enlist the types of filter circuits
10.3 Explain low pass filter high pass filter, K-filter & m-derived filters
10.4 Explain band pass filter & band stop filter
10.5 Explain action & purpose of a coupling circuit
10.6 Define coefficient of coupling
10.7 Enlist types of coupling
10.8 Explain RC, impedance, and transformer coupling using block diagram
10.9 Explain importance of rise and fall of circuit current and voltage in reactive circuit.

11. EMICONDUCTORS
11.1 Understand Semiconductor theory
11.1.1 Describe semiconductor theory
11.1.2 Describe doping, doping level
11.1.3 Explain PN junction diode

42
 11.1.4 Describe depletion region, junction potential, reverse bias and forward bias
junction
11.1.5 Explain the application of diode as rectifier
11.1.6 Explain PN junctions as PNP transistor
11.1.7 Explain NP junctions as NPN transistor
11.1.8 Explain the application of transistor as amplifier
11.1.9 Describe Integrated circuit (IC)
11.1.10 Enlist the types of Integrated circuit (Analog, digital)
11.1.11 Enlist the application of Integrated circuit

TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Grob Bernard "Basic Electronics 6th Edition"

2. Slurzberg, Orested "Essentials of Electricity for radio & TV"

3. Therja B.L. "Electrical Technology"

4. Slurzberg "Essentials of radio"

5. R.B. Faber "Applied Electricity & Electronics for technicians"

43
El.T 115 ELECTRICAL ESSENTIAL AND NETWORK

LIST OF PRACTICAL.
1. a) Measurement of current, voltage and resistance using ammeter voltmeter and
multimeter.
b) Verification of Ohm's Law by:
Keeping the voltage constant.
Keeping the resistance constant.
2. a) Verify the laws of series and parallel combination of
resistances by
i) Ohmmeter method.
ii) Voltmeter-Ammeter method.
3. Determine temperature coefficient of resistance.
5. Verify Kirchhoffs' laws.
6. a) Measurement of power by:
i) Voltmeter/Ammeter method.
ii) Wattmeter.
b) Measurement of Energy by:
i) Wattmeter and clock
ii) Energy meter.
7. a) Practice of resistor colour coding.
b) Use of potentiometer and Rheostat as voltage divider and current limiter.
8. Combine cells in series and parallel and verify the net voltage.
9. a) Study of lead acid battery, practice and use of hydrometer and electrolyte
preparation.
b) Practice charging of a lead acid battery.
10. a) Determine the internal resistance of a cell.
b) Study of E.M.F. of cell and measurement of terminal voltages using load.
c) Correct cell in series and in parallel for use as content voltage/current cource
11. Plot magnetic line of forces of bar magnets in different positions.
12. a) Study of the magnetic effect of a current carrying:
i) Conductor.
ii) coil.
b) Study the change in the Magnetic power of an Electromagnet by the introduction of
various cores in the coil.
13. Study of the effect on a current carrying conductor when placed in
a) magnetic field.
14. Verify Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic induction.
15. a) Study of various types of capacitors
b) Verify laws of combination of capacitors.
16. Observe capacitor charging and discharging.
17. Practice plotting sine wave for a given equation e=Em sine Q.
18. Study of sine wave on an oscilloscope and determine its peak, peak to peak, r.m.s. and
average values of current and voltage.
19. Determine wave length, time period and frequency of a given AC signal by using
oscilloscope.

44
20. Determine the power factor of a given AC circuit using a power factor meter.
21. Study the principles of self and mutual induction in coils.
22. a) Determine the inductance of a choke coil.
b) Determine the capacitance of a capacitor by using digital LCR meter.
23. Determine phase relationship between voltage and current in inductive circuit by showing
phase difference between VR and VL using an oscilloscope.
24. Study the behavior of inductance and capacitance with AC and DC supplies.
25. a) Determine active and reactive power in an AC circuit.
b) Calculate power factor of an AC circuit.
26. a) Study of the frequency response of R.L.C. series circuit and resonance effect.
b) Study of the frequency response of R.L.C. parallel circuit and resonance effect.
27. a) Study of various type of transformers used in electronics field.
b) Study of single-phase transformer and determine its transformation ratio.
28. Practice of core assembly and winding of the core type transformers.
29. Study of photo-electric and photo-conductive effects using LDR Photo-Diode, solar Cell,
LED.
30. a) Study of various types of incandescent and vapour filled lamps.
b) Connect a fluorescent tube light.
31. Verify the line and phase values of current and voltage in star and delta connections.
32. a) Demonst of diode as rectifier.
b) Demonstration of transistor as amplifier.

45
TC-112 TELECOM DRAWING

T P C
0 6 2
Total contact hours
Practical: 192 Hours

Description: Lettering, Numbering, Conventional lines and Dimensioning. Drawing symbols,

simple circuits (Electrical & Elections), CAD

Objectives: To help the students in understanding the basic methods of drawing.

Using instruments and computer software.

COURSE CONTENTS
1. Use and care of drawing instruments.
2. Use of various grades of pencils.
3. Single stroke and inclined Gothic letters.
4. Practice in lettering, vertical and inclined.
5. Practice in numbering, vertical and inclined.
6. Alphabets of line.
7. Line values.
8. Tangency exercises.
9. One view drawing.
10. Dimensioning techniques.
11. System of dimensioning.
12. Kind of dimensioning.
13. Preparation of multi-view drawing from the given model showing conventional
placement of dimensions there upon.
14. Drawing tracing.
15. Simple pictorial drawings:
a) Isometric
b) Oblique
c) One point perspective
16. Comparison of orthographic first angle and third angle methods of projection.
17. Production of use of simple standard working drawing.
18. Practice in the use of symbols.
19. Schematic drawing of simple circuits (resonant/filter circuits).
20. Practice in single line diagram schematic drawing.
21. Practice inline and curve tracing.
22. Drawing telephone outside plant/cables route diagrams.
23. Drawing Inter-rack/Intercom wiring.
24. Draw the layout plans of equipment.
25. Circuit diagram of half wave rectifier.
26. Circuit diagram of full wave rectifier.
27. Circuit diagram of common emitter amplifier.
28. Circuit diagram of common collector amplifier.

46
29. Circuit diagram of common base amplifier.
30. Circuit diagram of Audio frequency amplifier.
31. Circuit diagram of Radio frequency amplifier.
32. Circuit diagram of push pull power amplifier.
33. Circuit diagram of Thyristor controlled rectifier.
34. Block diagram of Oscilloscope.
35. Block diagram of PCM Transmission Equipment.
36. Block diagram of Optical Fibre Terminal Equipment.
37. Block diagram of Microwave Terminal Equipment.
38. Flow chart symbols.
39. Application of Auto CAD.

47
TC-112 TELECOM DRAWING

AIMS & OBJECTIVES

A practical technical course on drawing and a study of use of Computer Aided Design
software. Its technical exercises covers use and care of drawing instruments, lettering,
numbering, lines and dimensioning, drawing symbols, drawing of simple electrical and
electronic circuits. CAD (Computer-Aided Design) is the study, and use of application software
on design with aid of computers. This is all practical.

General Objectives

At the end of the course, the students are expected to be able to apply the methods of correct
technical drawing.
- Handle and use correctly mechanical drawing instruments for lettering, numbering, line
and pictorial drawing, tracing and dimensioning and perspective.
- Draw technical illustrations of schematic diagrams of electrical and electronic circuits
using mechanical drawing instruments.
- Use a computer-aided design (CAD) software to draw technical illustrations

1 Mechanical Drawing
1.1 Drawing Instruments: Use and Care
1.2 Single Stroke and Inclined Gothic Letters
1.3 Numbering
1.4 Line Values and Tangency
1.5 One View Drawing
1.6 Dimensioning: System, Techniques and Kinds
1.7 Multi-view Drawing
1.8 Drawing Tracing
1.9 Simple Pictorial Drawing: Isometric, Oblique and One-point Perspective
1.10 Methods of Orthographic Projection
1.11 Simple Standard Working Drawing: Production and Use
1.12 Symbol Drawing
1.13 Schematic Drawing of Simple Circuits

2 Computer-Aided Design
2.1 Introduction to a CAD Software
2.1.1 Initial Screen: Title Bar, Menu Bar, Scroll Bar, Toolbar, Command Line
and Drawing Area
2.1.2 Overviews: PULL DOWN Menus and Dialog Boxes
2.1.3 Help Command
2.1.4 File Save
2.1.5 File Print
2.2 Drawing Techniques
2.2.1 Setup a New File, Select Wizard, or Template
2.3 Unit Selection, Drawing Limits and Drawing Aids

48
 2.4 Draw Commands
2.4.1 Arc, Circle, Ellipse, Line, Multi line, Polyline, Rectangle, Spline, Text
2.4.2 Relative and Absolute Coordinates
2.4.3 Cartesian and Polar Coordinates
2.4.4 Drawing Colors
2.4.5 Lone Types
2.4.6 Blocks and Attributes
2.4.7 Layers
2.4.8 Hatching
2.4.9 Dimensions
2.4.10 Simple 3 D Drawing
2.4.11 Solid Command
2.4.12 Isometric Drawing
2.4.13 Enquiry Command
2.4.14 Redraw and Regen Command
2.4.15 Fill Command
2.5 Modifying Drawing
2.5.1 Correcting Errors
2.5.2 UNDO and REDO Commends
2.5.3 Erase Command
2.5.4 Object Selection Methods
2.5.5 Move, Rotate, Scale, Stretch, Break, Extend and
2.5.6 Trim Commands
2.5.7 Edit Multiline
2.5.8 Use of Grips
2.6 Object Construction
2.6.1 Copying Existing Objects
2.6.2 Creating Arrays
2.6.3 Mirror an Object
2.6.4 Fillet and chamfer
2.6.5 Offset and Object
2.7 Display Control
2.7.1 Zoom Commands
2.7.2 Viewpoint, Render, and Hide Commands
2.7.3 Model Paper Command
2.7.4 Plotting 3 D Drawing
2.7.5 WCS and UCS
2.8 Customizing CAD
2.8.1 Slides and Script Files
2.8.2 Block Related Attributes
2.8.3 User-Defined Abbreviations
2.8.4 Own Toolbox and Toolbar
2.8.5 Own Menu System

References
- AU TO CAD 14, Omura, George, B P B Publications, New Delhi

49
- AutoCAD Workbook, Metherell, Phil, Arnold, Hodder Headline Group, London.

50
TC-112 TELECOM DRAWING

INTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. Mechanical Drawing 132 Hours

1.1 Drawing Instruments: Use and Care
1.2 Single Stroke and Inclined Gothic Letters
1.3 Numbering
1.4 Line Values and Tangency
1.5 One View Drawing
1.6 Dimensioning: System, Techniques and Kinds
1.7 Multi-view Drawing
1.8 Drawing Tracing
1.9 Simple Pictorial Drawing: Isometric, Oblique and One-point Perspective
1.10 Methods of Orthographic Projection
1.11 Simple Standard Working Drawing: Production and Use
1.12 Symbol Drawing
1.13 Schematic Drawing of Simple Circuits
1.14 Practice in single line diagram schematic drawing
1.15 Practice in line and curve tracing
1.16 Drawing telephone outside plants/cables route diagrams
1.17 Drawing inter-rack/intercom wiring
1.18 Draw the layout plans of the equipment
1.19 Practice in block diagrams
1.20 Flow chart symbols and their use

2. Computer-Aided Design 60 Hours

2.1 Introduction to a CAD Software 60 Hours
2.2.1 Initial Screen: Title Bar, Menu Bar, Scroll Bar, Toolbar,
Command Line and Drawing Area
2.2.2 Overviews: PULL DOWN Menus and Dialog Boxes
2.2.3 Help Command
2.2.4 File Save
2.2.5 File Print
2.2 Drawing Techniques
2.2.1 Setup a New File, Select Wizard, or Template 03 Hours
2.2.2 Unit Selection, Drawing Limits and Drawing Aids 03 Hours
2.2.3 Draw Commands 12 Hours
2.2.3.1 Arc, Circle, Ellipse, Line, Multi line, Polyline,
Rectangle, Spline, Text
2.2.3.2 Relative and Absolute Coordinates
2.2.3.3 Cartesian and Polar Coordinates
2.2.3.4 Drawing Colors
2.2.3.5 Lone Types
2.2.3.6 Blocks and Attributes
2.2.3.7 Layers

51
 2.2.3.8 Hatching
2.2.3.9 Dimensions
2.2.3.10 Simple 3 D Drawing
2.2.3.11 Solid Command
2.2.3.12 Isometric Drawing
2.2.3.13 Enquiry Command
2.2.3.14 Redraw and Regen Command
2.2.3.15 Fill Command
2.2.4 Modifying Drawing 09 Hours
2.2.4.1 Correcting Errors
2.2.4.2 UNDO and REDO Commends
2.2.4.3 Erase Command
2.2.4.4 Object Selection Methods
2.2.4.5 Move, Rotate, Scale, Stretch, Break, Extend and
Trim Commands
2.2.4.6 Edit Multiline
2.2.4.7 Use of Grips
2.2.5 Object Construction 09 Hours
2.2.5.1 Copying Existing Objects
2.2.5.2 Creating Arrays
2.2.5.3 Mirror an Object
2.2.5.4 Fillet and chamfer
2.2.5.5 Offset and Object
2.2.6 Display Control 09 Hours
2.2.6.1 Zoom Commands
2.2.6.2 Viewpoint, Render, and Hide Commands
2.2.6.3 Model Paper Command
2.2.6.4 Plotting 3 D Drawing
2.2.6.5 WCS and UCS
2.2.7 Customizing CAD 09 Hours
2.2.7.1 Slides and Script Files
2.2.7.2 Block Related Attributes
2.2.7.3 User-Defined Abbreviations
2.2.7.4 Own Toolbox and Toolbar
2.2.7.5 Own Menu System

52
TC-122 GENERAL ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS
T P C
0 6 2
Total contact hours:
Practical: 192 Hours

AIMS: At the end of the course, the students are expected to be able to:
 Understand correct methods and techniques of using appropriate
tools and instruments for fabrication and assembly of electrical and
electronic devices and circuits.
 Use these tools and apply these correct methods and techniques
for electric wiring and soldering.
 Assemble electrical and electronic devices.

COURSE CONTENTS
1. Workshop Tools and Process 36 Hours
1.1 Hand tools, measuring devices
1.2 Metal work tools
1.3 Sheet metal work
1.4 Wood work tools
1.5 Electroplating, galvanizing, painting
2. Fastening and Bonding 04 Hours
2.1 Type of joints
2.2 Screws, nuts & bolts, washers
2.3 Rivets
2.4 Welding, brazing and bonding
3. Soldering 12 Hours
3.1 Soldering materials
3.2 Soldering and desoldering tools
3.3 Soldering techniques
4. PCB Fabrication 32 Hours
4.1 Types of PCB and their uses
4.2 Methods of PCB fabrication
4.3 Marking and assembly techniques
4.4 PCB testing
5. Electronic Components and Circuits Assembly 96 Hours
5.1 Electronic and radio components
5.2 Electronic circuits
5.3 Telecommunication circuits
5.4 Stocking of component and sub-assemblies
5.5 Inspection and testing
6. Basic Wiring 12 Hours
6.1 Wiring system and symbols
6.2 Cables and accessories
6.3 Wiring circuits and methods
6.4 Earthing

53
TC-122 GENERAL ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS

Learning Objectives

1. Study of Workshop Tools and Practice

1.1 Study of metal work tools like files, hammers, screw driver, hacksaw, hacksaw
blade, chisels, punches, wrenches, scrapers, scales, drills, reamers, bench vice,
hand vice, etc.
1.2 Draw layout on sheet metal for making chassis and clamps
1.3 Practice cutting, shearing sheets metals
1.4 Practice bending sheet metal
1.5 Marking layout for punching and drilling
1.6 Practice punching and drilling holes in sheet metal
1.7 Practice reaming holes
1.8 Practice resetting sheet metal
1.9 Practice bending sheet metal
1.10 Install electronic components on sheet metal chassis
1.11 Study of wood work tools such as saws, marking tool, chisels, plane cutters etc.
1.12 Study and identify electroplated, galvanized and painted surfaces

2. Study of Fastening and Bonding Techniques

2.1 Study Lap and Butt joints
2.2 Study various types of screws, nuts, and washers
2.3 Practice threading in holes and on bars/pipes
2.4 Study various types of rivets, riveting tools and practice
2.5 Study various welding methods tools and materials and their application
2.6 Study various brazing and chemical bonding methods

3. Soldering
3.1 Identify basic tools used in electrical and electronics workshop
3.2 Describe the use of each in electrical and electronics workshop
3.3 Use correctly basic electrical and electronics tools
3.4 Describe the use of soldering and de-soldering tools
3.5 Use correct techniques in soldering

4. PCB Fabrication
4.1 Describe PCB
4.2 Select and prepare PCB for fabrication
4.3 Cut PCB sheets correctly
4.4 Transfer circuit to PCB
4.5 Describe chemical etching process
4.6 Perform chemical etching in PCB
4.7 Identify codes in PCB
4.8 Mount and solder components correctly in PCB
4.9 Test PCB

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5. Electronic Components and Circuit Assembly
5.1 Identify resistors, inductors, capacitors, transformers, vacuum tubes and
semiconductors
5.2 Study Antenna and shielding system in radio equipment
5.3 Identify various types of wires and cables used in electronic and
telecommunication equipment
5.4 Check a junction diode and construct a bridge rectifier
5.5 Identify transistors (BJT & FET) and their electrodes
5.6 Study number system of diodes and transistors using data books
5.7 Construct a voltage doubler and tripler and check their outputs
5.8 Construct AC and AC/DC power supply
5.9 Construct superhetrodyne receiver sections:
5.9.1 Construct a simple voltage and power amplifiers
5.9.2 Use diodes and transistor as detector
5.9.3 Construct local oscillator
5.9.4 Construct converter stage and check its performance
5.9.5 Construct IF and RF amplifier
5.10 Demonstrate stocking arrangement and core of electronic components
5.11 Visit an electronic / telecom equipment manufacturing or repair facility to study
inspection and testing functions

6. Basic Wiring
6.1 Describe different wiring methods
6.2 Identify sizes and types of wiring cables
6.3 Identify and describe wiring accessories
6.4 Perform correct wiring
6.5 Describe the purpose of Earthing
6.6 Construct Earthing Connection
6.7 Simple wiring circuits
6.7.1 Perform correct wiring of single lamp circuit
6.7.2 Perform correct wiring of staircase wiring circuit
6.7.3 Perform correct telephone wiring
6.7.4 Identify color codes in telephone wiring

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TC-133 TELECOMMUNICATION FUNDAMENTALS
T P C
2 3 3
Total contact hours
Theory: 64 Hours
Practical: 96 Hours

AIMS: At the end of the course, the students will understand the telecommunication systems
operations in a broad perspective. In view of International nature of the business the
students will be informed about the global standardization and regulatory organizations.
An overview will be provided on the historic background and evolutionary trends.

Pre-Requisites

COURSE CONTENTS

1. Historical Background (8 hours)

1.1 Definition of Telecom
1.2 Telegraphy
1.3 Telephony
1.4 Wireless Communication

2. International Co-Ordination, Regulations & Standards (4 hours)

2.1 Necessity of regulation and standards
2.2 The International Telecommunication Union
2.2.1 Regulations on International Telecom Operations
2.2.2 Recommendations on Technical Aspects of Telecom Systems
2.2.3 Regulations in use of Wireless System and outer space for
Communications
2.3 The International Electro-technical Commission and ISO
2.3.1 Standards for production of Telecom Equipment
2.4 The World Trade Organization
2.4.1 Agreements on International Telecommunication Business
2.5 International Telecommunication User Group
2.6 Global Telecom Networks

3. National Regulatory Authorities & Service Providers (6 hours)

3.1 Establishment of Pakistan Telecom Authority,
Frequency Allocation Board. Regional Co-ordination Committees
3.2 Public and Private Sector Operating Entities for Public Telecom
3.3 National / Pakistan Standards on Telecom Products and services

4. Principles of Telecommunication Technology (24 Hours)

4.1 Telecommunication Link-Basic
4.2 Transmission Systems Fundamentals
4.3 Transmission by Lines

56
 4.4 Transmission by Radio
4.5 Switching System – Type of Exchanges
4.6 Fundamental Plans – Numbering Plan NWD, ISD
4.7 Telecommunication Traffic Routing and Signaling Tariff

5. Digital Communication Basics (8 hours)

5.1 Digital Communication Fundamental
5.2 Digital Transmission Media
5.3 Digital Switching
5.4 Comparasion of Analog & Digital Communication

6. Telecommunication Systems Basics (8 hours)

6.1 Introduction to different switching systems in the
world – Nomenclature and salient features.
6.2 Fundamentals of Fibre Optic Telecom
6.3 Introduction to Satellite Communication
6.4 Rural Telecommunication Problems & Solutions
6.5 Mobile Communication Systems
- Land Mobile / Pagers, Cellular Phone
- Maritime Communication
- Aeronautical Communication

7. Telecommunication Services (6 hours)

7.1 Interactive
Conversational – Voice, Data, Facsimile, video Surveillance Video Conference, Video
Phone
Messaging – Voice Mail, Electronic Mail, Facsimile, Voice Mail
Retrieval – Voice Mail, Data, Facsimile, Video

7.2 Distribution
Without user Presentation Control – TV, Radio, HDTV, HiFi
With user Presentation Control – Weather Forecast, Stock Price, Travel News

7.3 Multimedia
Value Added Services
Introduction to services offered by Public Telephone Companies in Pakistan

7.4 Value Added services

7.5 Introduction to services offered by Public Telephone Companies in Pakistan

57
TC-133 TELECOMMUNICATION FUNDAMENTALS

Instructional Objectives

1. Historical Background
1.1 Define Telecommunications
1.2 Describe various telecommunication systems and their global aspects
1.3 State the important developments in telecommunication sector
1.4 Describe the progress of telecommunication services and industry in Pakistan

2. International Co-ordination, Regulation and Standards

2.1 Explain the necessity of International and National regulation and standard,
Mention American and European system differences
2.2 State the International and Regional telecom organizations and their functions in
respect of technical and operational co-ordination
2.3 State the International Organization concerned with standards for
telecommunication equipment production
2.4 Describe the role of World Trade Organization in telecom business
2.5 Indicate the objectives of International Telecom user group (association)
2.6 Mention the International Regional Corporate Networks and their functions

3. National Regulatory Authorities and Service Providers

3.1 Describe the regulatory framework of Telecommunication in Pakistan
3.2 State the functions of the Pakistan Telecom Authority and Frequency Allocation
Board
3.3 Name the Public and Private Sector Operating Entities and indicate their
respective functions
3.4 Describe the necessity of National Authority for equipment production standard
3.5 Mention functions of standard organization of Pakistan and compare with some
important standard organization of other countries

4. Principles of Telecommunication Technology

4.1 Describe the basic formation of the telecommunication link
4.2 Describe the basic transmission characteristics and various types of transmission
systems
4.3 State the merits ad demerits of transmission by physical lines
4.4 State the advantages and limitations of wireless transmission systems
4.5 Describe operational features of manual, semi automatic, automatic,
electromechanical and electronic exchanges
4.6 State the importance of various types of plans for satisfactory operation of
telecom services
4.7 Describe basic operation of national wide and international subscriber dialing and
charging system

58
5. Digital Communication Basics
5.1 Describe the principles of digital communication
5.2 List the transmission systems for digital communication
5.3 State the salient features of digital switching systems
5.4 Compare the performance of analog and digital communication systems

6. Telecommunication Systems
6.1 State existing main switching systems and their salient features
6.2 Describe the principles of Fibre Optic Transmission
6.3 Describe the principles of satellite communication
6.4 State the typical problems in rural communication and the possible technological
solutions
6.5 Describe the distinguishing features of various types of mobile communication
systems

7. Telecommunication Services
7.1 Define various types of services
7.2 State the main features of interactive and distribution services
7.3 Describe the concept of value added services
7.4 State the multimedia services
7.5 List facilities and other services available on fixed and mobile public telephone
systems in Pakistan

59
2nd Year

DAE Technology
2
DAE Technology

3
DAE Technology

4
DAE Technology

5
DAE Technology

6
DAE Technology

7
DAE Technology

8
Math-233 APPLIED MATHEMATICS - II

Total Contact Hours

Theory 96 T P C
Practical 0 3 0 3

Pre-requisite: Must have completed Mathematics-I.

AIMS At the end of the course, the students will be able to:
Solve problems of Calculus, Laplace Transformation and Fourier Series, and develop
mathematical skills and logical perceptions in the use of mathematical instruments.

COURSE CONTENTS

1. FUNCTIONS & LIMITS. 6 hours

1.1 Constant & Variable Quantities
1.2 Functions & their classification
1.3 The concept of Limit
1.4 Limit of a Function
1.5 Fundamental Theorems on Limit
1.6 Some important Limits
1.7 Problems

2. DIFFERENTIATION 6 hours
2.1 Increments
2.2 Differential Coefficient or Derivative
2.3 Differentiation ab-initio or by first Principle
2.4 Geometrical Interpretation of Differential Coefficient
2.5 Differential Coefficient of Xn and (ax + b)n
2.6 Three important rules
2.7 Problems

3. DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS 9 hours

3.1 Explicit Functions
3.2 Implicit Functions
3.3 Parametric forms
3.4 Problems

4. DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 6 hours

4.1 Differential Coefficient of Sin x, Cos x, Tan x from first principle.
4.2 Differential Coefficient of Cosec x, Sec x, Cot x
4.3 Differential Coefficient of Inverse trigonometric functions.
4.4 Problems.

5. DIFFERENTIATION OF LOGARITHMIC & EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS6 hours

5.1 Differentiation of ln x

9
 5.2 Differentiation of Log ax
5.3 Differentiation of ax
5.4 Differentiation of ex
5.5 Problems

6. RATE OF CHANGE OF VARIABLES 6 hours

6.1 Increasing and decreasing functions
6.2 Maxima and Minima
6.3 Criteria for maximum & minimum values
6.4 Methods of finding maximum & minimum
6.5 Rate measure
6.6 Slope of a line
6.7 Velocity and acceleration
6.8 Problems

7. INTEGRATION(SIMPLE BASIC RULES) 9 hours

7.1 Concept
7.2 Fundamental Formulas
7.3 Important Rules
7.4 Problems

8. METHODS OF INTEGRATION 9 hours

8.1 Integration by substitution
8.2 Integration by parts
8.3 Problems

9. DEFINITE INTEGRALS 6 hours

9.1 Properties
9.2 Application to area
9.3 Problems

10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 6 hours

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Order and Degree
10.3 First order Differential Equation of Ist degree.
10.4 Solution of problems
10.5 Problems

11. LAPLACE TRANSFORMATIONS 9 hours

11.1 Laplace Transformations
11.2 Inverse Laplace Transformations
11.3 Problems.
12. FOURIER SERIES. 9 hours
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Periodic Functions
12.3 Even and Odd Functions

10
 12.4 Problems

13. STATISTICS 9 hours

13.1 Concept of mean, median and mode
13.2 Standard Deviation
13.3 Laws of probability
13.4 Problems

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Thomas Finny, Calculus and Analytic Geometry
2. Ghulam Yasin Minhas, Technical Mathematics Vol - I & II, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
3. Riaz Ali Khan, Polytechnic Mathematic Series Vol I & II, Majeed Sons, Faisalabad
4. Sana Ullah Bhatti, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore.

11
Math-233 APPLIED MATHEMATICS-II

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
1. USE THE CONCEPT OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR LIMITS IN SOLVING
SIMPLE PROBLEMS.
1.1 Define a function.
1.2 List all types of functions.
1.3 Explain the concept of limit and limit of a function.
1.4 Explain fundamental theorems on limits.
1.5 Derive some important limits.
1.6 Solve simple problems on limits.
2. UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT.
2.1 Define differential coefficient.
2.2 Derive mathematical expression of a derivative.
2.3 Explain geometrically the meaning of differential
coefficient.
2.4 Differentiate ab-initio xn and (ax+b)n.
2.5 Solve problems of these formulas.
3. USE RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS OF
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS.
3.1 Derive product rule, quotient rule and chain rule.
3.2 Interpret the chain rule.
3.3 Differentiate explicit and implicit functions.
3.4 Find derivatives of parametric forms of a function w.r.t another function, by
rationalization.
3.5 Use these important rules to find derivatives of relevant functions.

4. USE RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION TO SOLVE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS.
4.1 Differentiate from first principle sin x, Cos x, tan x.
4.2 Derive formulas for derivatives of Sec x, Cosec x, Cot x.
4.3 Find derivatives of inverse trignometric functions.
4.4 Solve problems based on these formulas.

5. USE RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION TO LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS.
5.1 Derive formulas for differential coefficients of
Logarithmic and exponential functions.
5.2 Solve problems using these formulae.

6. UNDERSTAND RATE OF CHANGE OF ONE VARIABLE WITH ANOTHER

6.1 Derive formulas for velocity, acceleration and slope of a line
6.2 Use derivative as a measure of rate of change.

6.3 Explain an increasing and a decreasing function.

6.4 Show graphically maxima and minima values and point of inflexion.

12
 6.5 Explain criteria for finding maxima and minima.
6.6 Solve problems based upon these topics.
7. USE PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATION IN SOLVING RELEVANT PROBLEMS.
7.1 Explain concept of integration.
7.2 Write basic theorems of integration.
7.3 Define fundamental formulas of integration.
7.4 List some important rules of integration.
7.5 Solve problems based on these rules.
8. UNDERSTAND VARIOUS METHODS OF INTEGRATION
8.1 List standard formulas of integration.
8.2 Integrate a function by substitution method.
8.3 Use method of integration by parts for finding integrals.
8.4 Employ these methods to solve problems.
9. UNDERSTAND THE METHODS OF SOLVING DEFINITE INTEGRALS.
9.1 Define definite integral.
9.2 List properties of definite integrals.
9.3 Use definite integral in the computation of areas.
9.4 Solve problems involving definite integrals.
10. USE DIFFERENT METHODS OF INTEGRATION TO SOLVE DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS.
10.1 Define a differential equation, its degree and order.
10.2 Explain method of separation of variables for solving differential equations of first
order and first degree.
10.3 Solve differential equations of first order and first degree.
11. USE LAPLACE AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION FOR SOLVING
PROBLEMS.
11.1 Define Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transformation
11.2 List properties of Laplace Transformation
11.3 Solve problems using Laplace Transformations
12. EXPAND FUNCTIONS USING FOURIER SERIES
12.1 Define a Fourier series.
12.2 Write extended rule of integration by parts.
12.3 Illustrate periodic functions, even and odd functions.
12.4 Explain Fourier expansion and Fourier constants.
12.5 Expand the given functions of Fourier series.
13. UNDERSTAND THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS
13.1 Define mean, median and mode
13.2 Explain standard deviation
13.3 State laws of probability
13.4 Calculate the above mentioned quantities using the proper formula

13
Ch-242 APPLIED CHEMISTRY.

Total Contact Hours T P C

Theory 324 Hours 1 3 2
Practical 96 Hours

AIMS After studying this course a student will be able to:

1. Understand significance and role of chemistry in the development of modern
technology.
2. Become acquainted with the basic principles of chemistry as applied in the study of
relevant technology.
3. Know scientific methods for production, properties and use of materials of industrial
& technological significance.
4. Gain skill for the efficient conduct of practical in a chemistry lab.

COURSE CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION AND FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 2 Hours
1.1 Scope and significance of the subject.
1.2 Orientation with reference to this technology.
1.3 Terms used & units of measurements in the study of chemistry.
1.4 Symbols, valency, radicals, formulae.
1.5 Chemical reactions and their types
2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE. 2 Hours
2.1 Sub-atomic particles.
2.2 Atomic number and atomic mass.
2.3 The periodic classification of elements, periodic law.
2.3 General characteristics of a period and group.
3. CHEMICAL BOND. 3 Hours
3.1 Nature of Chemical Bond.
3.2 Electrovalent bond with examples.
3.3 Covalent bond (polar and non-polar, sigma & Pi bonds with examples).
3.4 Co-ordinate bond with examples.
4. WATER. 3 Hours
4.1 Chemical nature and properties.
4.2 Impurities.
4.3 Hardness of water (types, causes & removal)
4.4 Scales of measuring hardness (Degrees Clark, French, PPM, Mg-per liter).
4.5 Boiler feed water, scales and treatment.
4.6 Sea-water desalination Sewage treatment
5. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS. 2 Hours
5.1 Definitions with examples.
5.2 Properties, their strength, basicity & acidity.
5.3 Salts and their classification with examples.
5.4 pH-value and scale.
6. OXIDATION & REDUCTION. 2 Hours
6.1 The process with examples.

14
 6.2 Oxidizing and reducing agents.
6.3 Oxides and their classification.

7. CORROSION. 2 Hours
7.1 Introduction with causes.
7.2 Types of corrosion.
7.3 Rusting of Iron.
7.4 Protective measures against corrosion

8. ELECTRO-CHMISTRY. 3 Hours
8.1 Ionization and Archenious theory of ionization
8.2 Electrolytes and Electrolysis
8.3 Faraday’s laws and numericals related to them
8.4 Application of Electrolysis (Electroplating)
8.5 Electro chemical cells

9. ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS. 2 Hours

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Solid insulators with chemical nature
9.3 Liquid insulators with chemical nature
9.4 Gaseous insulators with chemical nature
9.5 Uses and their classification.

10. ELECTRICAL MATERIALS OF SPECIAL INTEREST. 2 Hours

10.1 Material for fuses
10.2 Contract materials
10.3 Materials used for making heating elements
10.4 Materials for high conductivity and resistivity

11. SEMI CONDUCTORS. 2 Hours

11. 1 Introduction
11.2 Atomic structure of silicon and germanium
11.3 Bonding and conductivity
11.4 Energy bands in a semiconductor

12. ETCHING PROCESS. 2 Hours

12.1 The process and its aims
12.2 Etching reagents
12.3 Applications of processor

13. FUELS AND COMBUSTION. 2 Hours

13.1 Introduction of fuels
13.2 Classification of fuels
13.3 Combustion

15
 13.4 Numerical problems of combustion

14. LUBRICANTS. 2 Hours

14.1 Introduction.
14.2 Classification.
14.3 Properties of lubricants.
14.4 Selection of lubricants.

15. POLLUTION. 2 Hours

15.1 The problem and its dangers
15.2 Causes of environmental pollution.
15.3 Common pollutants.
15.4 Remedies to combat the hazards of pollution.

SUGGESTED EVALUATION CRITERIA

Recitation 5%
Quizzes 5%
Long examinations 40%
Final examination 30%
Practicals reports 20%
Total 100%
Passing 50%

REFERENCE

1. Intermediate Text Book of Chemistry (I&II)

2. Intermediate Chemistry I-II
3. Applied Science, Sh. Atta Muhammad
4. Polytechnic Chemistry, J.N. Reedy Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, India.
5. Chemistry for Engineers, P.C. Jain, New Delhi, India.

16
Chem-242 APPLIED CHEMISTRY.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. UNDERSTAND THE SCOPE, SIGNIFICANCE AND ROLE OF THE SUBJECT.
1.1 Define chemistry and its important terms.
1.2 State the units of measurements in the study of chemistry.
1.3 Describe chemical formula of common compounds
1.4 Describe types of chemical reactions with examples
2. UNDERSTAND THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS.
2.1 Define atom.
2.2 State the periodic law of elements
2.3 Describe the fundamental sub atomic particles
2.4 Distinguish between atomic no. and mass no; and between isotopes and isobars.
2.5 Explain the arrangements of electrons in different shells and sub energy levels.
2.6 Explain the grouping and placing of elements in the periodic table.
3. UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL BONDS.
3.1 Define chemical bond.
3.2 Describe the nature of chemical bond.
3.3 Differentiate between electrovalent and covalent bonding.
3.4 Explain the formation of polar and non-polar sigma and pi-bond with examples.
3.5 Describe the nature of coordinate bond with examples.
4. UNDERSTAND THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF WATER.
4.1 Describe the chemical nature of water with its formula.
4.2 Describe the general impurities present in water.
4.3 Explain the causes and methods to remove hardness of water.
4.4 Express hardness in different units like mg/liter. p.p.m, degrees Clark and degrees
French.
4.5 Describe the formation and nature of scales in boiler feed water.
4.6 Explain the method for the treatment of scales.
4.7 Explain the sewage treatment and desalination of seawater.
5. UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.
5.1 Define acids, bases and salts with examples.
5.2 Describe general properties of acids and bases.
5.3 Differentiate between acidity and basicity and use the related terms.
5.4 Define salts, give their classification with examples.
5.5 Explain p-H value of solution and pH scale.
6. UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION.
6.1 Define oxidation.
6.2 Explain the oxidation process with examples.
6.3 Define reduction.
6.4 Explain reduction process with examples.
6.5 Define oxidizing and reducing agents with examples.
6.6 Define oxides.
6.7 Classify the oxides with examples.

17
7. UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF CORROSION.
7.1 Define corrosion.
7.2 Describe different types of corrosion.
7.3 State the causes of corrosion.
7.4 Explain the process of rusting of iron.
7.5 Describe methods to prevent/control corrosion.
8. UNDERSTAND THE APPLICATION OF ELECTROCHEMISTYR IN
DIFFEREND FIELEDS OF INDUSTRIES.
8.1 Define ionization, electrolyte and electrolysis
8.2 Describe Arrehnius theory of ionization
8.3 State Faraday’s Laws of different fields of industry
8.4 Apply Faraday’s laws of different fields of industry
8.5 Solves numerical problem on Faraday’s laws
8.6 Explain the construction and working of primary cell, lead accumulator and alkaline
batteries
9. KNOW THE USE OF INSULATING MATERIALS
9.1 Define insulator, conductor
9.2 Classify solid, liquid and gaseous insulators with their chemical nature
9.3 Describe their uses
10. UNDERSTAND THE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF SOME SPECIAL
MATERIALS USED FOR ELECTRICAL PURPOSES
10.1 Explain compositions and properties with examples of materials and as “Tuses”
10.2 Describe the composition and properties of contact materials in electrical
installations
10.3 Explain properties of materials used as “heating elements”
10.4 List materials of high conductivity and high resistively used in electrical engineering
11. UNDERSTAND THE NATURE AND CHEMISTRY OF CEMI CONDUCTORS
11.1 Define semi conductors
11.2 Draw the atomic structure of silicon and germanium
11.3 Describe the process of bonding and conductivity in conductors and semi conductors
11.4 Explain energy bands in semi conductors
12. USE ETCHING PROCESS IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF TECHNOLOGY
12.1 Define etching process and its aims
12.2 Enlist the chemicals/reagents used in the process
12.3 Explain the use of the process in the technology
13. UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF FUELS AND THEIR COMBUSTION
13.1 Define fuels
13.2 Classify fuels and make distinction of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels
13.3 Describe important fuels
13.4 Explain combustion
13.5 Calculate air quantities in combustion gases
14. UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF LUBRICANTS.
14.1 Define a lubricant
14.2 Explain the uses of lubricants.
14.3 Classify lubricants and give examples
14.3 State the properties of oils, greases and solid lubricants

18
 14.4 State the criteria for the selecting lubricant for particular purpose/job
15. UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF POLLUTION.
15.1 Define pollution (air, water, soil).
15.2 Describe the causes of environmental pollution.
15.3 Enlist some common pollutant
15.4 Explain methods to prevent pollution

19
Ch-213 APPLIED CHEMISTRY

LIST OF PRACTICALS

1. To introduce the common apparatus, glassware and chemical reagents used in the chemistry
lab.
2. To purify a chemical substance by crystallization.
3. To separate a mixture of sand and salt.
4. To find the melting point of substance.
5. To find the pH of a solution with pH paper.
6. To separate a mixture of inks by chromatography.
7. To determine the co-efficient of viscosity of benzene with the help of Ostwald vasomotor.
8. To find the surface tension of a liquid with a stalagmometer.
9. To perform electrolysis of water to produce Hydrogen and Oxygen.
10. To determine the chemical equivalent of copper by electrolysis of Cu SO.
11. To get introduction with the scheme of analysis of salts for basic radicals.
12. To analyse 1st group radicals (Ag+ - Pb++ - Hg+).
13. To make practice for detection 1st group radicals.
14. To get introduction with the scheme of II group radicals.
15. To detect and confirm II-A radicals (hg++, Pb++++, Cu+, Cd++, Bi+++).
16. To detect and confirm II-B radicals Sn+++, Sb+++, As+++).
17. To get introduction with the scheme of III group radicals (Fe+++ - Al+++, Cr+++)
18. To detect and confirm Fe+++, Al+++ and Cr+++.
19. To get introduction with he scheme of IV group radicals.
20. To detect and confirm An++ and Mn++ radicals of IV group.
21. To detect and conform Co++ and Ni++ radicals of IV group.
22. To get introduction with the Acid Radical Scheme.
23. To detect dilute acid group.
24. To detect and confirm CO"3 and HCO'3 radicals.
25. To get introduction with the methods/apparatus of conducting volumetric estimations.
26. To prepare standard solution of a substance.
27. To find the strength of a given alkali solution.
28. To estimate HCO'3 contents in water.
29. To find out the %age composition of a mixture solution of KNO3 and KOH volumetrically.
30. To find the amount of chloride ions (Cl') in water volumetrically.

20
Mgm-211 BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
T P C
1 0 1
Total contact hours
Theory 32 Hrs.

Prerequisites: The students shall already be familiar with the language concerned.

AIMS The course has been designed to enable the students to.
1. Develop communication skills.
2. Understand basic principles of good and effective business writing in commercial
and industrial fields.
3. Develop knowledge and skill to write technical report with confidence and accuracy.

COURSE CONTENTS
1. COMMUNICATION PROCESS. 6 Hours
1.1 Purposes of communication
1.2 Communication process
1.3 Distortions in communication
1.4 Consolidation of communiqué
1.5 Communication flow
1.6 Communication for self-development

2. ORAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS. 6 Hours

2.1 Significance of speaking.
2.2 Verbal and non-verbal messages.
2.3 Strategic steps of speaking.
2.4 Characteristics of effective oral messages.
2.5 Communication Trafficking.
2.6 Oral presentation.

3. QUESTIONING SKILLS. 3 Hours

3.1 Nature of question.
3.2 Types of questions.
3.3 Characteristics of a good question.
3.4 Questioning strategy

4. LISTENING SKILLS. 5 Hours

4.1 Principles of active listening.
4.2 Skills of active listening.
4.3 Barriers to listening.
4.4 Reasons of poor listening.
4.5 Giving Feedback.
5. INTERVIEWING SKILLS. 3 Hours
5.1 Significance of interviews.
5.2 Characteristics of interviews.

21
 5.3 Activities in an interviewing situation
5.4 Types of interviews.
5.5 Interviewing strategy.

6. REPORT WRITING. 3 Hours

6.1 Goals of report writing
6.2 Report format.
6.3 Types of reports.
6.4 Report writing strategy.

7. READING COMPREHENSION. 2 Hours

7.1 Reading problems.
7.2 Four Reading skills.

8. GROUP COMMUNICATION. 4 Hours

8.1 Purposes of conducting meetings.
8.2 Planning a meeting.
8.3 Types of meetings.
8.4 Selection f a group for meeting.
8.5 Group leadership skills.
8.6 Running a successful meeting.
8.7 Active participation techniques.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Sh. Ata-ur-Rehman Effective Business Communication & Report Writing.
2. Ulman J.N. Could JR. Technical Reporting.

22
Mgm-211 BUSINESS COMMUNICATION.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. UNDERSTAND THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS.

1.1 State the benefits of two way communication.
1.2 Describe a model of communication process.
1.3 Explain the major communication methods used in organization.
1.4 Identify the barriers to communication and methods of overcoming these barriers.
1.5 Identify misconceptions about communication.

2. UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF ORAL.

2.1 Identify speaking situations with other peoples.
2.2 Identify the strategy steps of speaking.
2.3 Identify the characteristics of effective speaking.
2.4 State the principles of one-way communication.
2.5 State the principles of two-way communication.
2.6 Identify the elements of oral presentation skills.
2.7 Determine the impact of non-verbal communication on oral communication.

3. DETERMINE THE USES OF QUESTIONING SKILLS TO GATHER AND

CLARIFY INFORMATION IN THE ORAL COMMUNICATION PROCESS.
3.1 Identify different types of questions.
3.2 Determine the purpose of each type of question and its application.
3.3 Identify the hazards to be avoided when asking questions.
3.4 Demonstrate questioning skills.

4. DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF ACTIVE LISTENING SKILL IN THE ORAL

COMMUNICATION PROCESS.
4.1 State the principles of active listening.
4.2 Identify skills of active listening.
4.3 Identify barriers to active listening.
4.4 State the benefits of active listening.
4.5 Demonstrate listening skills.
4.6 Explain the importance of giving and receiving feed back.

5. DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE INTERVIEW TYPE FOR THE SPECIFIC

WORK-RELATED SITUATION AND CONDUCT A WORK-RELATED
INTERVIEW.
5.1 State the significance of interviews.
5.2 State the characteristics of interviews.
5.3 Explain the activities in an interviewing situation.
5.4 Describe the types of interviews.
5.5 Explain the interviewing strategy.
5.6 Prepare instrument for a structured interview.

23
6. PREPARE A REPORT OUT-LINE, BASED ON SUBJECT MATTER AND
AUDIENCE.
6.1 Identify the different types of reports.
6.2 Determine when to use an informal or formal report presentation.
6.3 Identify the stages of planning a report.
6.4 Identify the parts of a report and choose the parts appropriate for each type of report.
6.5 Draft a report outline.

7. DEMONSTRATE READING COMPREHENSION.

7.1 Identify major reading problems.
7.2 Identify basic reading skills.
7.3 State methods of previewing written material.
7.4 Identify methods of concentration when reading.
7.5 Demonstrate reading comprehension.

8. UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES OF GROUP COMMUNICATIONS.

8.1 State the purpose and characteristics of major types of meeting.
8.2 Explain responsibilities of a meeting/committee.
8.3 Identify problems likely to be faced at meeting and means to overcome these
problems.
8.4 Distinguish between content and process at meetings.
8.5 Explain the key characteristics of a good group facilitator.

24
TC-214 ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUIT
T P C
3 3 4
Total contact hours:
Theory: 96 Hours
Practical: 96 Hours

Pre-requisite: Electrical Essentials and Networks (El.T. 114)

AIM. Apply the principles of operation and function of various electronic components and
devices to practical circuits.

SPECIFIC:
1. Identify various electronics components/devices used in the field of electronics.
2. Explain the principle of operation of various type of electronic components/devices.
3. Identify the function of each electronic components/devices.
4. Identify the pin configurations of various electronics components/devices.
5. Identify specification of electronic components/devices.
6. Identify the use of electronic components.

COURSE CONTENTS.

1. VACUMM TUBES (2 Hours)

1.2 Introduction to various types of electron emission
1.3 Diode construction, operation and application
1.4 Triode, construction, operation and application
1.5 Cathode ray tube, construction, operation and application

2. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS. (9 Hours)

2.1 Biasing the PN junction.
2.1.1 Depletion region, Junction barrier potential
2.1.2 Forward and reverse bias.
2.2 Rectifier Diode.
2.2.1 Half wave and full wave (Bridge) rectifier.
2.2.2 Ripple factor, surge current.
2.2.3 Rectifier filter: L, PI and T filters.
2.3 Diode Multiplier.
2.3.1 Voltage multiplier circuits (Doubler, Tripler, Quadrupler)
2.4 Diode Data Sheet
2.5 Common faults in rectifier.
2.6 Diode as a switch.

25
3. BIPOLAR JUNCTION AND FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS. (27 Hours)
3.1 Transistor types and BJT construction.
3.2 Basic Transistor operation, Forward, Reverse Bias. Transistor current.
3.3 Transistor Parameters and Ratings
3.4 Transistor as a voltage amplifier.
3.5 Transistor amplifier configuration, comparison and uses.
3.6 Transistor, modes of operation.
3.7 Transistor as a switch.
3.8 Transistor and IC packages and terminal Identification.
i) General purpose transistors (TO-18, TO-39, TO-46, TO-52, TO-72, TO-92,
TO-23 AB)
ii) Power Transistor (TO-3, TO-218, TO-220, TO-225)
iii) RF Transistor.
3.9 BJT Biasing Techniques:
3.9.1 The DC operating point.
3.9.2 The fixed base bias.
3.9.3 The emitter bias.
3.9.4 Voltage divider bias.
3.9.5 The collector bias.
3.10 Field Effect Transistor and its Biasing:
3.10.1 Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET).
3.10.2 JFET Characteristics and parameter.
3.10.3 JFET Biasing.
3.10.4 Metal oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) types.
3.10.5 MOSFET Biasing.
4. SPECIAL DIODES. (12 Hours)
4.1 Zener Diodes.
4.1.1 Zener Diode as voltage Regulator, percentage of regulation.
4.1.2 Zanier limiting.
4.2 Varactor Diodes.
4.2.1 Varactor in Tuning Circuits.
4.3 Optical Diodes
4.3.1 Light Emitting Diode(LED)
4.3.2 Liquid crystal Diode(LCD)
4.3.3 Photo diode.
4.4 Other Diodes.
4.4.1 Schottky diode, construction, characteristics, uses
4.4.2 Tunnel Diode, Negative resistance region.
4.4.3 Tunnel Diode Oscillator.
4.4.4 PIN Diode.
4.4.5 Step Recovery Diode.
4.4.6 LASER Diode
4.4.7 IMPATT Diode.
4.4.8 Gunn Diode.
5. THYRISTOR, SPECIAL DIODES & TRANSISTORS. (10 Hours)
5.1 The schottky diode.

26
 5.2 Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
5.3 SCR Applications.
5.4 Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS)
5.5 Diac and Triac
5.6 Unijunction Transistor (UJT)
5.7 Photo diode & Photo transistor
5.8 Light Activated SCR (LASCR)
5.9 Opto-coupler.

6. AMPLIFIERS
6.1 Classification of amplifiers according to operations
6.2 Classification of amplifiers according to feedback
6.3 Positive and negative feedback
6.4 Gain with and without feedback

7. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS. (4 Hours)

7.1 Introduction to ICs
7.2 Integrated transistors and diodes.
7.3 Integrated resistors and capacitors.

8. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER. (5 Weeks)

8.1 Introduction to operational Amplifier.
8.2 The differential Amplifier.
8.3 OP-AMP Data Sheet Parameters.
8.4 OP-AMP with negative Feedback.
8.5 Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.
8.6 Voltage follower.
8.7 Summing and difference amplifiers.
8.8 Introduction to 741 OP AMP.

9. OSCILLATORS. (6 Hours)
9.1 Conditions for an amplifier to work as an oscillator
9.2 Requisites of an oscillator
9.3 Classification of oscillator circuits i.e., Hartley, colpits, phase shift, wien bridge and
crystal
9.4 RC phase shift and wien bridge oscillator circuits
9.5 Condition of sustained oscillation
9.6 Voltage controlled oscillator using 555 timer
9.7 Pulse tone oscillator using 555 timer
9.8 Reasons of instability in oscillator circuit
9.9 Remedies of instability in oscillator
9.10 Application of oscillator

27
TC- 214 ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES.

1. VACUUM TUBES

1.1 Understand construction, working and application of basic electron tubes

1.1.1 Enlist various types of electron emissions with application of each of
them
1.1.2 Explain function of a diode using a labelled diagram of a diode tube.
1.1.3 List the type of cathodes, materials ad their work functions.
1.1.4 Explain the construction and working of triode tube.
1.1.5 Explain the function of multigrid in electron tubes (tetrode & pentode
tubes.)
1.1.6 Sketch & label the construction of a cathode ray tube
1.1.7 Explain the working of a cathode ray tube (CRT)
1.1.8 List application of CRT.

2. SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES.

2.1 Understand principles, characteristics and application of various types of

semiconductor diodes.
2.1.1 Compare the energy band structure for conductors, insulators and
semiconductors.
2.1.2 Explain semiconductor doping
2.1.3 List donor and acceptor materials for silicon & germanium
2.1.4 Define majority carries and minority charge carriers.
2.1.5 Explain the effect of temperature & light on the resistance of
(a) intrinsic semiconductor and
(b) extrinsic semiconductor

2.2 PN Junction Theory:

2.2.1 Draw a PN Junction
2.2.2 Define the terms depletion layer capacitance & diffusion capacitance.
2.2.3 Sketch the voltage-current characteristics curve for a PN junction.
2.2.4 Determine RF, rd, RR and Is from the diode characteristics curve.
2.2.5 List the typical values of barrier potentials for silicon and germanium
diode.

2.3 Understand PN Diode Applications

2.3.1 List the uses of PN diode.
2.3.2 Explain half and full wave rectifier using a neat circuit diagram.
2.3.3 Define Ripple factor, surge current.
2.3.4 Explain function of rectifier (L, PI, T filters)
2.3.5 Define the terms limiter (clipper) and clamper.
2.3.6 Draw a diode limiter circuit.

28
 2.3.7 Explain the working of a diode limiter/ clipper (single end and double
end limiter)
2.3.8 Enlist the applications of limiter circuit.
2.3.9 Draw a diode clamper circuit.
2.3.10 Explain the working of diode clamper circuit.
2.3.11 Explain its uses as voltage multiplier (doubler)
2.3.12 Explain the working of a voltage doubler circuit.
2.3.13 List the applications of voltage multiplier circuit.
2.3.14 Explain the operation of a diode as a switch.

3. BIPOLAR JUNCTION AND FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS (BJTs & FETs)

3.1 Understand bipolar junction and field effect transistors, its biasing and basic
BJT circuits.
3.1.1 Draw and label physical structure and symbols for NPN and PNP
transistors.
3.1.2 Show the four operation mode of BJT ad application of each mode.
3.1.3 Compute the values of IE, and Beta (dc) for given value of IB and IC.
3.1.4 Explain the working of basic BJT voltage amplifier w.r.t. bias of
junctions, flow of charge carriers and transistor currents.
3.1.5 Define transistor cut off and breakdown voltages.
3.1.6 List four maximum ratings specified by manufacturers parameters of
transistors.
3.1.7 Drive the expression for IC versus IB for CE. configuration in the active
region
3.1.8 Sketch the input and output static characteristics curves for common
base (CB) amplifier.
3.1.9 Repeat 3.1.8 for CE amplifier.
3.1.10 Repeat 3.1.8 for CC amplifier.
3.1.11 List the types of transistor structures.
3.1.12 Draw and label the structure of epitaxial transistor.
3.1.13 Name the advantages of MESA transistor over alloy transistor.
3.1.14 Enlist the advantages of I.C. over conventional circuit.
3.1.15 List the three broad categories of BJTs with package types used for
each.
3.1.16 Identify the high frequency limitation of BJT.

3.2 Understand BJT Biasing Techniques

3.2.1 Explain the purpose of dc bias in a transistor circuit.
3.2.2 Show how bias effects the operation of BJT.
3.2.3 Draw and label load line on the characteristic curves for CE
configuration
3.2.4 Locate the Q-point for linear operation of the amplifier.
3.2.5 List the causes of Q-point thermal instability.

3.3 Understand Basic BJT Circuits

29
 3.3.1 Sketch the circuit for single ended CE amplifier
3.3.2 Draw the h parameter approximate model for CE amplifier
3.3.3 Repeat 3.3.2 for CB and CC configuration.
3.3.4 Write down the expressions for a CE circuit for (a) Ai, (b) Ri (c) Av (d)
Ro (e) Ap and Gp.
3.3.5 Repeat 3.3.4 for CB and Cc circuits.
3.3.6 Repeat 3.3.4 for CE with an emitter resistor.
3.3.7 Compute Ai., Ri, Av, Ro and Ap for CE, CB and CC configurations.
3.3.8 Compare the three BJT configurations.
3.3.9 Draw a Darlington pair (emitter follower) circuit.
3.3.10 Explain the working of darlington pair.
3.3.11 List the applications of darlington pair.

3.4 Understand FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS

3.4.1 Explain the principle of the n-channel JFET using illustrations
3.4.2 Sketch the construction of n-channel JFET.
3.4.3 Sketch & label a family of drain characteristics of a n-channel JFET.
3.4.4 Define the terms I Dss and Vp.
3.4.5 Explain the effect f change in VGS the JFET characteristics
3.4.6 Explain above from 3.4.1 thu. 3.4.3 for p-channel JFET.
3.4.7 Define the major data-sheet parameter of a JFET>
3.4.8 Explain the principle of n-channel enhancement MOSFET.
3.4.9 Sketch & label the family of drain characteristics of n-channel
enhancement MOSFET.
3.4.10 Repeat 3.4.9 for n-channel JFET, n-channel enhancement MOSFET.
3.4.11 Sketch symbols for p & n-channel JFET, n-channel enhancement
MOSFET, p- and n-channel deplection- enhancement MOSFET.
3.4.12 List three advantages of n-channel over p-channel MOSFET.
3.4.13 Sketch the cross- section of V-MOSFET.
3.4.14 Explain the working of V-MOSFET.
3.4.15 Compare the V-MOSFET with other FETs.
3.4.16 List the applications of MOSFET.
3.4.17 Sketch the cross section of complementary MOSFET (CMOS).
3.4.18 List the applications of CMOS.

3.5 Understand FET Biasing

3.5.1 Explain to FET biasing
3.5.2 Draw DC load line and locate bias point on the family of drain
characteristics curves of JFET.
3.5.3 Draw a self-bias arrangement p-channel & n-channel JFET.
3.5.4 Set the Q-point for a self-biased JFET.
3.5.5 Explain the Q-point stability of a JFET.
3.5.6 Show zero bias of D-MOSFET.

3.6 Understand Basic FET Circuits

3.6.1 List the three of configuration of FET amplifier.

30
 3.6.2 Sketch & label the circuit for CS-JFET amplifier.

3.6.3 Write down expressions for Av and Zi and Zo for CS

3.6.4 Repeat 3.6.1 thru 3.6.3 for common drain (CD) and common gate (CG)
JFET amplifiers.
3.6.5 Draw generalized MOSFET amplifier configuration.
3.6.6 Define (I) transconductance, gm (ii) drain resistance, rd and (ii)
amplification factor of an FET.

4. SPECIAL DIODES

4.1 Understand the characteristics and applications of diode used for a special
purposes Zaner Diode.
4.1.1 Draw the V-I characteristics of a Zaner diode.
4.1.2 Identify the characteristic features of Zaner diode.
4.1.3 Explain the working of Zaner dide as voltage regulator.
4.1.4 Define the terms line regulation, and load regulation for Zaner diode.
4.1.5 Derive formulae to fine the range of series resistor (Rs) and load resistor
(RL) for a Zaner regulator for given variations in line voltage and
current.
4.1.6 Solve problems to find the vaues of Rs and Rl for Zaner diode regulator.
4.1.7 Use Zaner diode in a limiter / clipper circuit.
4.1.8 List the other applications of Zaner diode.

4.2 Understand the characteristics if a Varactor diode.

4.2.1 Identify the key parameters of varactor diode.
4.2.2 Enlist the applications of varactor diode.
4.2.3 Draw the circuit of electronic tuner of a receiver using varactor diode.

4.3 Understand the characteristics of Optical diodes (LED, LCD and Photodiode)
4.3.1 Define the term optical devices.
4.3.2 List the name of opto electronic devices.
4.3.3 Explain the electroluminescence process in LED
4.3.4 List the materials with colour of emission used for LED.
4.3.5 Explain the effect of bias on the operation of normal ad colour emissive
LED.
4.3.6 List the applications of LEDs.
4.3.7 Describe the term Liquid crystal.
4.3.8 Explain the working principle of both types of LCD.
4.3.9 Compare LCD with a LED.
4.3.10 List the applications of LCDs.
4.3.11 Explaian the operation of a photo diode.
4.3.12 Name the materials used for photodiode with their colour sensitivity and
characteristics.
4.3.13 List the application of photodiodes.
4.3.14 Draw a circuit of photoelectric relay using a photodiode.

31
 4.4 Understand special diodes (Schottky, tunnel, PIN, LASER, IMPATT, Gunn)
4.4.1 List main type of special diodes.
4.4.2 Explain the basic internal structure and working of a schottky diode.
4.4.3 Name the primary application areas of schottky diode
4.4.4 Explain the principle of tunnel diode using energy level diagram.
4.4.5 List the names of material used for making tunnel diode.
4.4.6 Sketch the construction along with symbol for a tunnel diode.
4.4.7 Compare the V-I characteristics of a tunnel diode with that of an ordinary
diode.
4.4.8 List the applications of tunnel diode.
4.4.9 Sketch the basic parallel tunnel diode amplifier.
4.4.10 Sketch the tunnel diode oscillator circuit.
4.4 .11 Explain briefly the working of circuit in 4. 1 .9 & 4. 1. 1O
4.4.12 Show & label the three regions of a PIN diode structure
4.4.13 Explain the effect of bias on the resistance of PIN diode
4.4.14 List the names of the materials used for making PIN diode
4.4.15 Enlist the applications of PIN diode
4.4.16 Explain the term LASER.
4.4.17 Differentiate between incoherent and coherent light
4.4.18 Sketch the structure of double heterojunction semiconductor laser diode.
4.4.19 List the names of the materials with field of application for laser diode.
4.4.20 List the application of lasers.
4.4.21 Describe the working of laser diode and photo diode pick up system of
compact disk (CD) players
4.4.22 Explain Gunn effect in bulk semiconductors..
4.4.23 List the names of material exhibiting Gunn effect.
4.4.24 Sketch a Gunn diode construction.
4.4.25 Identify the formation of Gunn domain in a Gunn diode
4.4.26 List the application of Gunn diode.
4.4.27 Give the name for acronym IMPATT.
4.4.28 Explain briefly the principle of IMPATT diode.
4.4.29 Sketch the structure of IMPATT diode.
4.4.30 Explain the two behavioral effect of IMPATT diode to produce 180
phase difference between the RE applied voltage and resulting current
pulse.
4.4.31 List the merits and demerits of IMPATT diode.
4.4.32 Enlist applications of IMPATT diode.

5. TIIYRISTORS & SPECIAL DEVICES.

5. 1 Understand thyristors, UJT and opto devices & their application.

5.1.1 Explain the term thyristor
5.1.2 Name the important thyristor family devices
5.1.3 Sketch the construction of shockley diode

32
 5.1.4 Draw and label the forward v-i characteristics for a shockley diode.
5.1.5 List the methods to turn off and turn on shockley diode
5.1.6 Explain the working of a shockley diode relaxation oscillator..
5.1.7 Compare an SCR with a shockley diode.
5.1.8 Draw and label the schematic symbol for an SCR
5.1.9 Explain the turn-on process of SCR using transistor equivalent.
5.1.10 Sketch the V-I characteristics for an SCR.
5.1.11 Interpret the SCR data sheet parameters.
5.1.12 Explain the phase-control of an SCR
5.1.13 Draw basic circuits for SCR used in the areas of
a) power control
b) witching and
c) protection
5.1.14 Explain briefly the circuits drawn under 5.1.13.
5.1.15 Compare a Diac with a shockley diode in terms of
a) basic structure
b) symbol*
c) peration

5.1.16 Compare a triac with an SCR in terms of

a) basic structure .
b) symbol (operation)
5.1.17 Sketch the transistor equivalent circuit for a .triac
5.1.18 Explain the phase-shift control of triac with a diac as a switching device as
used in light for UJT.

5.2 Understand Unijunction Transistor characteristics.

5.2.1 Sketch the structure of a unijunction transistor (UJT).
5.2.2 Sketch the equivalent circuit and symbol for UJT.
5.2.3 Explain the working of UJT circuit of 5.2.2.
5.2.4 Draw the V-I characteristic curve for UJT.
5.2.5 Draw a circuit for UJT relaxation oscillator.
5.2.6 List the three factors controlling the period of oscillation of a relaxation
oscillator
5.2.7 Sketch a UJT time delay circuit.

5.3 Understand properties of Photo-sensitive Devices.

5.3. 1 Compare a photo- transistor with a conventional BJT.
5.3.2 List the factors controlling collector current of a photo transistor.
5.3.3 Draw the Circuit for forward and reverse acting light operated relay using
a phototransistor.
5.3.4 Sketch the circuit of a photo darlington pair
5.3.5 List the requirements to turn-on and turn—off a light activated SCI
(LASCR).
5.3.6 List the types of input devices normally used in a opt-coupler
5.3.7 List five types of output devices used in opto-coupler.

33
 5.3.8 List the applications of opto-coupler.

6. UNDERSTAND THE CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF AMPLIFIERS.

6.1 Define Amplifier.
6.2 Classify the amplifiers according to the operation of transistor/FET as class
A,B, AB, C.
6.3 Enlist the application of amplifiers.
6.4 Classify the amplifiers as voltage, current transconductacne, transresistacne.
6.5 Draw each of the type specified in 6.4.
6.6 Develop formulas for Av, Ai, Gm, Rm.
6.7 Define the feedback concept.
6.8 Define close loop and open loop.
6.9 Draw the block diagram of any single loop feedback connection around a basic
amplifier.
6.10 Explain the functioning of each block in 6.9
6.11 Define negative and positive feedback
6.12 List advantages of negative feedback
6.13 Determine the gain with feedback for 6.9

7. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ICs).

7.1 To understand and apply ICs & integrated components
7.1.1 Define integrated circuits.
7.1.2 Compare IC with discrete circuit.
7.1.3 Sketch the cross-section of an IC transistor.
7.1.4 List three types of IC diode.
7.1.5 Identify how the storage time is eliminated in a metal semiconductor
diode.
7.1.6 List six important characteristics of integrated components.
7.1.7 Interpret linear IC data sheet parameters.
7.1.8 Interpret digital IC data sheets parameters.
7.1.9 Identify the types of interface ICs.

8. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT).

8.1 Understand the working and applications f operational amplifier.
8.1.1 Draw the block diagram and symbol for an operational amplifier
(OP AMP).
8.1.2 Identify the function of each block of an OP AMP.
8.1.3 List ten important OP AMP parameters.
8.1.4 Define the terms (a) bias current (b) offset voltage for an OP AMP.
8.1.5 Explain the method of bias current compensation for an OP AMP.
8.1.6 Draw inverting and non-inverting amplifier using op amp.
8.1.7 Explain the inverting and non-inverting amplifier.
8.1.8 Identify the virtual ground point of an OP AMP for calculating gain.
8.1.9 Derive expression for voltage gain of both types of amplifiers discussed
under 8.1.7.
8.1.10 Sketch the four modes of operations of differential amplifier.

34
 8.1.11 Sketch a voltage follower circuit using an OP AMP.
8.1.12 Explain the working of an OP AMP comparator.
8.1.13 List the applications of OP AMP (741 OP AMP)

9. OSCILLATORS.
9.1 To understand the types and working f oscillators.
9.1.1 Define an oscillator.
9.1.2 Enlist the basic requirements of an oscillator.
9.1.3 Explain conditions for an amplifier to work as an oscillator.
9.1.4 Classify the oscillator circuits.
9.1.5 Explain the working of R C phase shift & Wien bridge oscillators.
9.1.6 Explain the working f Hartley and colpitts oscillators.
9.1.7 Explain the working of crystal and tuned collector oscillators.
9.1.8 Explain the working f pulse-tone oscillator using 555 timer.
9.1.9 Explain the working of voltage controlled oscillator.
9.1.10 Enlist the sources of instability of an oscillator.
9.1.11 Explain the method of oscillator stability.
9.1.12 Enlist the applications of oscillators.

35
TC – 214 ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS

LIST OF PRACTICALS 96 Hours

1. Identify the various diodes, transistors & IC package, number system and terminals.
2. Draw the forward & reverse characteristics of a P.N. junction diode.
3. Assemble a full wave diode rectifier circuit with a PI filter & calculate the ripple factor of
output wave.
4. Assemble a double side biased diode limiter circuit.
5. Familiarize with a voltage quadrupler circuit.
6. Demonstrate diode as a switch with LED as a load.
7. Troubleshoot a faulty diode rectifier circuit.
8. Use a Zener diode as voltage regulator with diode rectifier.
9. Assemble a double side Zener diode limiter.
10. Demonstrate the performance of power supply using IC regulator.
11. Use varactor diode in a resonant circuit.
12. Assemble a tunnel diode oscillator.
13. Plot the input & output characteristics of a transistor in common base configuration.
14. Plot the input & output characteristics of a transistor in common emitter configuration.
15. Plot the input and output characteristic of transistor in common collector configuration.
16. Plot the transfer characteristics curve of transistor in CE configuration.
17. Consult data sheet for a transistor to study its parameters and ratings.
18. Study the class A, B and C Amplifiers.
19. Assemble a transistor voltage amplifier and find its voltage gain.
20. Demonstrate the characteristics of CB, CE & CC amplifier using curve tracer.
21. Study the gain of an amplifier with an without negative feedback.
22. Plot the characteristics curves for a common source FET amplifier.
23. Demonstrate MOSFET as a switch and study the performance.
24. Plot the characteristics curves for SCR & UJT.
25. Assemble a light dimmer using a Diac & a Triac.
26. Troubleshoot an operational amplifier.
27. Assemble a differential amplifier using transistor.
28. Demonstrate the working of an operational amplifier.
29. Use of op-amp as an inverting & non-inverting amplifier and a voltage follower.
30. Draw the frequency response of an op-amp.
31. Troubleshoot an operational amplifier.
32. Demonstrate the use of digital logic probe & logic pulser.
33. Recognize an open & a short TTL NAND gate in an IC using logic probe & pulser.
34. Troubleshoot a combinational logic circuit using logic probe & pulser.
35. Troubleshoot a frequency counter using oscilloscope.
36. Study the working of Hartley oscillator
37. Construct a voltage controlled oscillator using 555 timer.

36
TC-222 DIGITAL CIRCUITS & MICROPROCESSOR
T P C
2 3 3
Total Contact Hours :
Theory : 64 Hours
Practical : 96 Hours

Pre-requisites: Electronics devices and circuits

AIMS: This course has been designed to enable students to be familiar with:
1. Basic logic gates, number system.
2. Digital integrated circuit and flip-flop.
3. Common combination and sequential circuits.
4. Various memory system.
5. Basic microprocessor and its interfacing.

COURSE CONTENTS
1. Basic Logic Circuits (4 hours)
1.1 AND, OR, NOT gates, their truth tables and symbols
1.2 NAND, NOR, truth tables and symbols
1.3 Use of NAND and NOR as universal gates
1.4 Sum of Product & Product of Sum Circuits

2. Number Systems and Binary Codes (6 hours)

2.1 Binary, decimal, octal, hexadecimal number systems
2.2 Inter conversion of number system in objective 2.1
2.3 BCD, Alpha numeric 8421, X3, Gray into Binary and vice Versa
2.4 Inter conversion of above codes into Binary and vice bersa
2.5 Subtraction of binary numbers by 1’s and 2’s complements
2.6 Parity codes

3. Digital I.C.S. (4 hours)

3.1 SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI
3.2 Common terms used with gates
3.3 Logic families
3.4 Comparison of TTL, ECL, CMOS

4. Monostable & Astable Multivibrator (MV) (6 hours)

4.1 Monostable Multivibrator
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Emitter coupled monostable multivibrator
4.1.3 OP-AMP monostable multivibrator
4.1.4 IC monostable multivibrator
4.1.5 Applications of monostable multivibrator
4.2 Astable Multivibrator
4.2.1 Emitter coupled astable multivibrator

37
 4.2.2 Generation of square, rectangular, sawtooth and pulse by using astable
multivibrator
4.2.3 Synchronization of the astable MV
4.2.4 Period and frequency control of astable MV
4.2.5 Effect of amplitude of sync pulse on period and frequency of astable MV
4.2.6 Applications of astable MV
4.2.7 The 555 IC timer
4.2.8 Use of 555 timer as a monostable MV
4.2.9 Use of 555 timer as an Astable MV

5. Bistable Multivibrator & Flip-Flop (8 hours)

5.1 Emitter coupled bistable MV
5.2 Bistable triggering
5.3 Types of Flip Flop, Latch and clocked FF
5.4 RS, RST, T, D flip flop
5.5 Clocked RS flip flop
5.6 JK flip flop
5.7 Master salve FF
5.8 Applications of flip flop
5.1.1 Data storage
5.1.2 Transfer of data
5.1.3 Frequency division
5.1.4 counters

6. Comparator and Schmitt Trigger (3 hours)

10.1 Introduction to Comparator
10.2 Schmitt trigger circuit
10.3 Bistable Behavior of schmitt trigger

7. Combinational Logic Circuits (6 hours)

7.1 Half Adder
7.2 Full Adder
7.3 Subtractor
7.4 Decoder
7.5 Encoder
7.6 Multiplexer
7.7 Demultiplexer
7.8 Code Convertor

8. Registers and Counters (6 hours)

8.1 Introduction and types
8.2 Bi-directional shift register
8.3 Asynchronous and synchronous shift register
8.4 Binary counter
8.5 Decade counter
8.6 Ring counter
8.7 Up/Down counter

38
 8.8 IC counter
8.9 BCD to decimal conversion

9. Sampling & Conversion (3 hours)

9.1 Sampling
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 OP-AMP sampling gate
9.1.3 Sample and Hold circuit
9.2 Conversion
9.2.1 Introduction
9.3 Digital-to-Analog conversion
9.3.1 Weighted resistor DAC circuit
9.3.2 R2R Ladder Network DAC
9.4 Analog-to-Digital conversion
9.4.1 Ramp generator method
9.4.2 Stair-case ramp generator method
9.4.3 Flash convertor
9.4.4 Successive Approximation Method

10. Memory Systems (4 hours)

10.1 Need, characteristics, types
10.2 Semiconductor memories
10.3 Read only memories (ROM, PROM), EPROM, EE PROM
10.4 Random Access memories (RAM) or RW memories
10.5 Static and dynamic memories
10.6 Introduction to sequential access storage
10.7 ROM and Programmed Logic Array (PLA)
10.8 RAM application and multiplexers
10.9 Magnetic Bubble Memories (MB Ms)
10.10 Charged Coupled Devices (CCD)
10.11 Special memories and applications

11. Introduction to Microprocessor (7 hours)

11.1 Block diagram of computer
11.2 ALU and control unit in microprocessor
11.3 Block diagram of microprocessor
11.4 Buses in micro processor
11.5 General characteristics of 6800 MPU

12. Introduction to Microprocessor Interfacing and Programming (7 hours)

12.1 General purpose bus, PIA (Peripheral Interface Adopter), UART (Universal
Asynchronous Receiving & Transmitter)
12.2 Common languages for programming
12.3 Instruction set for MC 6800 MPU
12.4 Addressing modes in MC 6800

39
TC-222 DIGITAL CIRCUITS & MICROPROCESSOR

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. Understand Logic Circuits

1.1 Identify the three basic logic circuits by drawing the logic symbol for each.
1.2 Draw the truth table for the AND, OR, and NOT circuits.
1.3 Identify the two inverting gates circuits by draw the logic symbol for each.
1.4 Draw the truth table for the NAND and NOR gates.
1.5 Describe how AND, OR NOT circuit can be obtained from a NOR gate.
1.6 Describe how an AND, OR or NOT circuit can be obtained from a NAND gate.
1.7 State the Boolean expressions for the output of the and or circuits.
1.8 State the Boolean expression for the output of a sum-of-products circuit.
1.9 State the Boolean expression for a product-of-sums circuit.

2. Understand various systems and Binary Codes

2.1 Differentiate between analog and binary voltages.
2.2 Identify the number base for the binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal
numbering systems.
2.3 Add and subtract binary numbers.
2.4 Covert decimal numbers to binary numbers and vice versa.
2.5 Convert from octal numbers to decimal numbers and vice versa.
2.6 Convert from hexadecimal numbers to decimal and vice versa.
2.7 Convert from octal numbers to binary and vice versa.
2.8 Convert from hexadecimal numbers to binary numbers and vice versa.
2.9 Define the terms byte.
2.10 Determine the maximum decimal number, which can be expressed by a given
binary number.
2.11 Compute the number of different binary numbers which can be expressed by a
given binary word length.
2.12 Covert from binary coded decimal (BCD) numbers to decimal numbers and vice
versa.
2.13 Identify five codes, which are used in various digital systems.
2.14 Describe the purpose of an alphanumeric code.
2.15 Subtract one binary number from another using one’s complement.
2.16 Subtract one binary number from another using two’s complement.
2.17 Explain X3 and gray code.
2.18 Convert from binary numbers to X3 and gray code and vice versa.
2.19 Define parity.
2.20 Explain importance of parity and parity codes.

3. Understand Digital Integrated Circuits

3.1 Describe what is meant by the functional capacity of an integrated circuit.

3.2 Identify the approximate maximum number of gates associated with SSI, MSI, LSI
and VLSI integrated circuit devices.

40
 3.3 Define the terms propagation delay, operating speed, power dissipation, noise
immunity, and rise and decay times.
3.4 Discuss the relationship between gate operating speed gate power consumption.
3.5 Identify five digital integrated circuit logic families.
3.6 Identify three TTL sub families, list the nomenclature used to identify each and
compare the operating speed and power consumption for each with respect to
standard TTL.
3.7 Discuss the purpose of three state TTL devices.
3.8 Identify the basic gates formed by the internal circuit of the TTL, ECL and CMOS
integrated circuits.
3.9 Identify the binary logic levels for TTL, ECL and CMOS logic.
3.10 Identify the power supply voltage requirements and operating speed for standard
TTL, ECL and CMOS, digital integrated circuits.
3.11 Identify the four ranges associated with operating speed and the types of
integrated circuit logic families associated with each.
4. Understand Types and Working of Multivibrator Circuits
4.1 Define the term “multivibrator (MV)”.
4.2 Enlist the types of multivibrators.
4.3 Draw the circuit of a collector-coupled monostable MV.
4.4 Explain the working of collector-coupled monostable MV.
4.5 List methods of triggering a transistor monostable MV.
4.6 Sketch the circuit of collector triggering using an additional transistor.
4.7 Explain the collector triggering action of a monostable MV.
4.8 Draw the circuit of an emitter-coupled monostable MV.
4.9 Explain the operation of an emitter-coupled monstable MV.
4.10 Compare emitter-coupled and collector-coupled MV circuits.
4.11 Sketch three circuit of an op-amp monostable MV.
4.12 Explain the operation of an op-amp monostable MV.
4.13 Draw the circuits of collector-coupled and emitter-coupled astable multivibrator.
4.14 Explain the operation of the above astable multivibrator circuit.
4.15 Draw the circuit of an op-amp astable MV.
4.16 Explain the operation of an op-amp astable MV.
4.17 Draw the circuits of monostable and astable MVs using an IC voltage comparator.
4.18 Explain briefly the above circuits of monostable & astable MVs.
4.19 Use the 555 timers as monostable & astable MVs.

5 Understand the Function and Types of Bistable MVS (Flip Flops)

5.1 Define the circuit diagram of BJT inverter.
5.2 Explain the working of the transistor inverter circuit.
5.3 Explain the working of collector-coupled (two cross coupled inviters) bistable MV
(Flip Flop)
5.4 Explain the working of emitter-coupled bistable MV.
5.5 Explain the asymmetrical and symmetrical collector triggering of bistable MV.
5.6 Explain the asymmetrical and symmetrical base triggering of bistable MV.
5.7 Define the term “latch’.
5.8 Compare a latch with a flip flop.

41
 5.9 Explain the working RS latch.
5.10 Explain the working of gated RS and D type latches.
5.11 Enlist the types of clocked flip flop.
5.12 Describe the methods of edge & pulse triggering.
5.13 Compare edge triggering with pulse triggering.
5.14 Explain the working of clocked RS flip flop with its truth able.
5.15 Explain the working JK flip flop.
5.16 Explain the working of master-salve FF.
5.17 List the operating characteristics of FFs.
5.18 Enlist the basic application of FFs.
a) Parallel data storage/register.
b) Data transfer (Shift register).
c) Electronic/Digital counter.

6 Understand the Comparator and Schmitt Trigger Circuits and their applications
6.1 Define comparator & Schmitt trigger.
6.2 Explain the operation of diode and transistor comparator.
6.3 Explain transistor Schmitt trigger.
6.4 Explain the working of op/amp and IC Schmitt trigger circuit.
6.5 Explain the working of IC voltage comparator.

7 Understand various Combinational Logic Circuits

7.1 Draw the logic diagram and schematic symbol for the EXCLUSIVE – OR gate and
identify its output for various input level conditions.
7.2 Draw the logic diagrams and schematic symbol for the half-adder (HA) and full adder
(FA) circuits and identify their output levels for various input binary level conditions.
7.3 Draw the diagram of a parallel adder and describe how this circuit is able to add two
binary numbers together.
7.4 Draw the diagram of a one’s complement substructure and describe how this circuit is
above to subtract one binary number from another.
7.5 Discuss the purpose of a decoder, identify the gate associated with the circuit, and
design a decoder circuit capable of decoding a binary word.
7.6 Discuss the function of an encoder circuit.
7.7 Describe the purpose of a multiplexer circuit.
7.8 Explain the purpose of a demultiplexer circuits.
7.9 Discuss the purpose of a code converter circuit.

8 Understand the Registers and Counter Circuits.

8.1 Describe three applications of shift registers.
8.2 Identify the four types of registers with respect to the method in which data is placed
into and taken from the register.
8.3 Draw the logic diagrams of the serial-in serial-out and parallel-out shift register.
8.4 Describe, with the aid of diagrams, how data is shifted into and out of a serial-in
serial-out shift register.
8.5 Describe the difference between an MOS static and dynamic register.
8.6 Draw the logic diagrams of the ripple up-counter, down-counter, and up-down
counter, synchronous counter, and BCD counter.

42
 8.7 Describe how a counter can be used as a frequency divider.
8.8 Calculate the output frequency of both a binary and BCD counter.

9 Understand the Function of Sample & Hold Circuit and Analog to Digital & Digital to Analog
Conversion
9.1 Define the term “sampling”
9.2 Explain the working of FET sampling gate.
9.3 Explain the working of op-amp sampling gate.
9.4 Explain the working of sample and hold circuit.
9.5 Enlist the applications of sample and hold circuit using an op-amp and a FET.
9.6 Describe the importance of A/D & D/A conversion
9.7 Explain the working of weighted resistor and ladder network D/A converter.
9.8 Explain the working of counter and digital state case temp method of D/A converter.
9.9 Explain the working of successive approximation ADC.

10 Understand the Types and Working of Memories

10.1 Explain the need and characteristics of a memory.
10.2 Enlist the basic types of memories
10.3 List the main types of semiconductor memories
10.4 Explain the difference between ROM and RAM.
10.5 Illustrate a 16 x 8-bit ROM array.
10.6 Explain the purpose of three-state outputs.
10.7 Differentiate PROM from ROM.
10.8 Describe the programmable logic array (PLA)
10.9 List the applications of ROMs.
10.10 Explain the basic difference between Static RAMs and dynamic RAMs.
10.11 Identify the reason for the refresh operation in dynamic RAMs.
10.12 List the merits and demerits of dynamic IC memories.
10.13 List the type of IC RAM organization.
10.13.1Compare a linear select memory organization with two dimensional
memory organizations.
10.14 Explain the working of multiplexer and demultiplexer.
10.15 Describe the basic structure of magnetic bubble memory (MBM).
10.16 Name the two types of loops in an MBN.
10.17 Explain the basic structure of CCD memory.
10.17.1List the merits and demerits of MBM and CCD as compared to
semiconductor memories.
10.18 List the applications of MBM and CCD memories.
10.19 Explain the read/write function on a magnetic surface, memory.
10.20 List the types of magnetic surface storage devices.
10.21 Describe the sector format of a track of a floppy disk.
10.22 Explain the seek time and latency for disk memories.
10.23 Explain the principle of sequential access memory.
10.24 List the applications of magnetic type memories.

11 Understand Basis of Microprocessor

11.1 Draw a functional block diagram of a computer.
11.2 Describe a microprocessor in terms of the block diagram of a computer.
11.2.1 Identify the three computer application categories, describe two examples
for each category, and identify the category in which the microprocessor is
best utilized.

43
 11.2.2 Discuss the function of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit in
microprocessor
11.3 Draw block diagram of microprocessor
11.3.1 Identify major circuits associated with the arithmetic and logic unit and
discuss the purpose of each.
11.3.2 List the major circuits associated with the arithmetic and logic unit and
discuss the purpose
11.4 Identify the three buses used in microprocessor
11.4.1 Discuss the purpose of using an address work length, which is twice as
long as an information word.
11.4.2 Discuss the general characteristics of the Motorola 6800 MPU by
describing its physical characteristics, DC voltage requirements, typical
power dissipated, minimum clock frequency, and word length.

12 Understand Interfacing Circuits and Programming Techniques

12.1 Identify three problems associated with concerning peripherals to a microprocessor.
12.2 Discuss the purpose of the general purpose interface bus (GPB) the peripheral
interface adapter (PIA) the universal synchronous receiver transmitter (UART),
CMOS, buffers, Analog to Digital (A/D) and digital to Analog D/A converters
and three state buffers.
12.3 Identify four types of languages used to program computers and discuss the
difference between machine and assembly language.
12.4 Describe what is meant by an instruction set.
12.5 Describe the terms mnemonic, opcode, and operand.
12.6 Describe how instructions are classified and identify the class of instructions used
by the MC 6800 MPU.
12.7 Discuss what is meant by address modes and identify the six addressing mods
used by the MC 6800 MPU

44
TC – 222 DIGITAL CIRCUITS AND MICROPROCESSOR

LIST OF PRACTICALS

1. Verifying truth tables of AND, OR, NAND, NOR, NOT Exclusive OR

Exclusive NOR.
2. Verifying De Morgan’s theorem.
3. Inter converting numbers of various systems
4. Simplifying logic circuitry by using k – maps
5. Study loading of TTI gates
6. Construct a simplified logic circuit MOS – ICS
7. Study the working of an – emitter – coupled astable multivibrator.
8. Assembly an emitter – coupled monostable multivibrator
9. Study the method of pulse width control of monostable MV.
10. Verify the characteristics of an IC (TTC 54/74121) monostable multivibrator
11. Demonstrate the characteristic of a 555 timer
12. Assemble a bistable multivibrator with collector triggering
13. Construct a flip-flop using discrete components.
14. Construct a flip-flop using NAND, NOR Logic gates
15. Construct a schmitt trigger using OP AMP.
16. Construct combinational logic circuit.
17. Construct Half adder/subtractor circuit using logic gates
18. Construct full adder and full subtractor circuit using XOR and NAND gates
(verify its truth tables)
19. Construct a sequential logic circuit
20. Study the working of Multiplexer
21. Study the working of de-multiplexer
22. Verify truth table for any one universal shift register IC (e.g. 6495, 74194, 74198
or MOS Equivalent)
23. Construct a binary counter wiring register
24. Construct an up/down counter
25. Study the working of encoder and decoder.
26. Construct a summer, multiplier, integrator and differentiator using OP-AMP.
27. Construct a 5-bit binary ladder D/A converter with OP-AMP as buffer amplifier.
28. Study different types of memories.
29. Construct a seven segment.
30. Writing simple programs using instruction for MC 6800.

45
TC-243 SWITCHING SYSTEMS
T P C
2 3 3
Total contact hours:

Theory : 64 Hours
Practical : 96 Hours

Pre-requisite : Electrical Essential and Networks

AIM: The subject has been designed so that the student will be able to
understand the working of electromechanical and electronic
telephone exchanges and modern switching systems
COURSE CONTENTS

1. Automatic Telephony 6 Hours

1.1 Telephone Instrument

Receiver and Transmitter
Side tone and anti side tone circuit
Telephone bell
Working function and type of dials
1.2 Electromechanical Switching Systems
Step by Step (Strowger) System – Siemens F-1
Rotary system – Siemens EMD Switch
Cross bar system-
1.3 Traffic, Trunking and Grading Principles
1.4 Routing and Signalling System
1.5 Line Concentrator

2. Electronic Exchanges 6 Hours

2.1 Comparasion of Electromechanical and electronic Exchange Economy,
Transmission Loss, Miniaturization, Integration.
2.2 Types of Electronic Exchanges, Analogue and Digital
2.3 Control System individual – Common Control wired Logic Control Stored
Program Control

3. Basic PCM 10 Hours

3.1 Principles of PCM Transmission System
3.2 Sampling Theorem – Period/Frequency
3.3 Quantizing (A – Law/ U- Law)
3.4 Encoding, Decoding, Interpolation Filtering
3.5 Multiplexing, Framing

46
 3.6 PCM Transmission – Higher Order.

4. Digital Switching 8 Hours

4.1 Time Switch
Concept
Control System
Equivalent Circuit
4.2 Space Switch
Principle
Control System
Equivalent Circuit / Configuration
4.3 Path Selection
Digital speech path network
TST Configuration / Equivalent Circuit

5. Digital Exchange Equipment 6 Hours

5.1 Terminating Equipment
B O R S C H T Function
Line Circuit
5.2 Switching Network
5.3 Synchronization

6. Control Processor 8 Hours

6.1 System Structure
6.2 Centralized / Distributed Control
6.3 Parallel Synchronous / Load Sharing Working
6.4 Software

7. SPC Exchange Operation 12 Hours

7.1 Call setting up function
7.2 Digital Exchange Sub systems functions
7.3 Hierarchic / Level of Exchanges
7.4 Fundamental Plans

8. Signalling 8 Hours
8.1 Customer Line Signalling
8.2 Inter – Exchanger Signalling
8.3 Line and Register Signalling

47
TC-243 SWITCHING SYSTEMS
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. Automatic Telephony
1.1 Name the various parts of a telephone instrument and explain their function.
1.2 Describe the evolution of automatic telephony and the salient features of various
electromechanical switching system.
1.3 State the telephone traffic unit and describe the principles of traffic handling.
1.4 Describe the process of establishing a connection between two telephones through
an automatic exchange system.
1.5 Define line concentrator and state its use. List the merits and demerits of machine
telegraphy

2. Electronic Exchanges
2.1 State the advantages of electronic switching system as compared with
electromechanical exchanges.
2.2 Describe the basic types of electronic switching system.
2.3 Describe the working principles of electronic exchanges and control system.

3. PCM
3.1 Describe the principles of PCM.
3.2 State the sampling theorem and related terms.
3.3 Explain the method of quantizing and different systems.
3.4 Describe the process of encoding, decoding, interpolation and filtering.
3.5 Understand the multiplexing and framing techniques.
3.6 State the PCM Hierarchy.

4. Digital Switching
4.1 Describe the time switch operation and control system.
4.2 Describe the principle of space switch and control system.
4.3 Explain the path selection process in TST configuration. s

5. Digital Exchange Equipment

5.1 Describe the components of BORSCHT function.
5.2 State the various switching network configuration.
5.3 Explain the synchronization process.

6. Control Processor
6.1 Understand the real time data processing and system architecture.
6.2 Describe the centralized and distributed control.
6.3 Compare the parallel synchronous and load sharing working.
6.4 State the importance of software on efficiency and flexibility and explain its
division into function blocks.

7. SPC Exchange Operations

7.1 Explain the call setting up function.
7.2 Describe the functions of various sub–systems in the digital exchange.

48
 7.3 Understand and draw the hierachic level of exchange.
7.4 State various fundamental plans and their importance.

8. Signaling
8.1 Describe the customer line signaling.
8.2 Explain the inter exchange signaling.
8.3 Understand the line and register signaling.

49
TC-253 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
T P C
2 3 3
Total contact hours:
Theory: 64 Hours
Practical: 96 Hours
Pre-requisite:

AIMS:
Having gone through this course, the student will be able to understand;
1. To techniques for transmission of analog and digital messages.
2. Characteristics of transmission lines and wave guides.
3. Reflection in transmission lines.
4. Impedance matching of transmission lines.
5. Use of Smith chart.
6. Characteristics of antennas.
7. Type of antennas.
8. Transmitting antennas.
9. Receiving antennas.

COURSE CONTENTS

1. Introduction to Communication System (4 hours)

1.1 The essential of a communication system
1.2 Description and need for modulation
1.3 Analog and Digital messages
1.4 Bandwidth
1.5 Noise
1.6 Signal to Noise Ratio and Noise figure

2. Carrier Communication (10 hours)

2.4 Carrier signal, modulating and modulates signals
2.5 Base band and Broad band communication
2.6 Amplitude modulation
2.6.1 Principle of A.M. transmission
2.6.2 Analysis of A.M. modulated wave
2.6.3 Modulation index and band width
2.6.4 Single side Band, Double Side band transmission techniques with the help
of block diagram
2.6.5 Repeater
2.6.6 Types of noises
2.6.7 Modulators
2.7 Frequency modulation
2.7.1 Principle of frequency modulation

50
 2.7.2 Concept of index of modulation, frequency deviation, frequency swing
effect on side band and band width, Basal functions graph and application
a. Reactance modulator
b. Phase shift
c. Phasitron
2.7.3 Significance of Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis and their circuit
explanation
2.8 Advantages of FM over AM.

3. Pulse Communication (4
hours)
3.1 Coding
3.2 Pulse Modulation
3.3 PAM, PPM and PWM
3.4 Pulse code modulation. Advantages & application
3.5 Delta Modulation.
3.6 Comparison of Delta Modulation. PCM and differential PCM

4. Video Transmission (3 hours)

4.1 The standards PAL, NTSC, SECAM
4.2 Cable Distribution System
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Terminology
4.2.3 Services
4.2.4 Network types
4.2.5 Transmission
4.2.6 Perform standard
4.2.7 System management
4.2.8 New services implementation-user interface
4.2.9 Head end and terminal equipment
4.3 Radio distribution system-MMDS
4.4 Digital Video Transmission
Coding Technique-MPEG

5. Frequency Division Multiplexing (2 hours)

5.1 FDM Principle
5.2 FDM Hierarchy
5.3 Frequency Transmission
5.4 Hypothelical Reference Circuit

6. Transmission Lines (8 hours)

6.1 Introduction to various types
6.2 Characteristics of transmission lines
6.3 Transmission lines parameter and characteristics impedance
(Zo) of parallel wire and coaxial cable
6.4 Current and voltage wave through a transmission lines
6.5 Stand wave ratio

51
 6.6 Current and voltage power reflection coefficient
6.7 Propagation of a wave through a line attenuation and propagation
coefficient and phase shift
6.8 Quarter wave and half wave transmission line characteristics
6.9 Transmission line matched in different loads
6.10 Use of smith chart for the calculation of:
6.10.1 Zin
6.10.2 ZL
6.10.3 YL
6.10.4 Line length
6.10.5 Distance to the first voltage minimum
6.10.6 Maximum and minimum impedance on the line
6.10.7 Magnitude and phase angle of reflection coefficient
6.10.8 VSWR
6.10.9 Quarter wave transformer (location and Zo)
6.10.10Single stub matching (position and length of stub)
6.11 Wave Guides
6.11.1 Rectangular Wave Guide
Modes of operation
Velocity
Construction and uses.
6.11.2 Circular Wave Guide
Modes
Uses
6.12 Microwave Resonator
Principle
Types
Q-Facter
Excitation

7. Antennas (8 hours)
5.4 Principle of radiation from antennas
5.5 Sketching of current and voltage wave form
5.6 Antenna condition induction and radiation field
5.7 Intensity of radiation field and unit of measurement
5.8 Antenna gain resistance, beam width effective aperture, effective length and
polarization
5.9 Effect of ground on radiation of energy of an antenna
5.10 Characteristics of ½ wave dipole antenna
5.11 Radiation Pattern of Array
5.12 Gain of an Array
5.13 Construction function and characteristics of Yagi antenna
5.14 Construction and working of Rhombic antenna
5.15 Different types of broadcast, horn and parabolic antenna

8. Fibre Optics (8 hours)

8.1 Opto – Electronic basic
8.2 Photo Resistor/Conductor

52
 8.3 Photo cell
Operation, Construction and Application
Infra – red, Ultra Violet
8.4 Photo diode and Photo transistor
8.5 Photo SCR and Photo Triac.
8.6 Opto – Isolator, Types & Application
8.7 Applications of Opto – Electronics in Digital Communication
8.8 Optical Fibre Communications Basics Block Diagram
8.9 Propagation of Light in Optical Fibre
8.10 Construction of Optical Fibre.
8.11 Splicing of Optical Fibre.
8.12 Laser devices and applications

9. Coaxial Cable System (3

hours)
9.1 Standards of Coaxial Cable and their characteristics
9.2 Applications and Band width
9.3 Power Levels Pilots and Regulation
9.4 Repeaters
9.5 Power Feeding Arrangement

10. Microwave Communication (6

hours)
10.1 Microwave Frequency Bands and Propagation Characteristics
10.2 Transmission Path Considerations
10.3 Microwave Devices
Free Space, Frenel Zone Clearance
Diffraction, Diversity Technique
Vacuum Tubes
Semiconductors
10.4 Microwave Generation
10.5 Microwave Receivers – Noise Figure
10.6 Direction Coupler isolator and Circulators
10.7 Block Diagram of Microwave Communication Terminal
10.8 Multiplex equipment and inerface with network
10.9 Applications of Microwave Communication System

11. Satellite Communication (8 hours)

11.1 The Geostationary Orbit, Global Coverage, Transmission Delay
11.2 Other orbits and polar coverage MEO, LEO.
11.3 The Radio Frequency bands and Propagation Phenomenon.
11.4 The Satellite – construction power arrangements, launching, position & attitude
control.
11.5 Earth Station equipment
Antenna and Feeds – Figure of Merits
Mounting arrangement
Tracking systems

53
 Low Noise and High Power Amplifier
Ground Communication Equipment, Interfacility Link
Digital Techniques – SCPC, IDR, DCME, TDMA
11.6 Types of Satellite Earth Stations
11.7 Block Diagram of a typical Satellite Communication Link
11.8 Applications of Satellite Transmission System

TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Fields Wave and Transmission Line by F.A. Benson and T.M. Benson

2. Electronics Communication, Modulation and Transmission by R.J. Schoenbeck

3. Antenna and Radio Wave, Propagation by Collin

4. Electronics Communication System by George Kennedy

54
TC-253 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

Instructional Objectives

1.1 Understand Communication System and Associated Terminologies

1.1.1 List the essential requirements of a communication
1.1.2 Explain the functioning of a transmitter, receiver, channel in a communication
system
1.1.3 Discuss the difference between analog and Digital Messages
1.1.4 Define distortion, signal to noise ratio
1.1.5 Define frequency spectrum of a signal, channel Bandwidth and Noise figure
1.1.6 Define modulation, baseband modulating signal, carrier and modulated signal
1.1.7 Explain the need for modulation in communication systems
1.1.8 Differentiate between baseband and broadband signals
1.1.9 Define the purpose and concept of frequency division multiplexing
1.1.10 Explain the sampling theorem

2.1 Understand Carrier Communication and Allied Terminology

2.1.1 Name different modulation system
2.1.2 Define amplitude, frequency and phase communication
2.1.3 Sketch and waveforms for AM, FM, PM signals
2.1.4 Define bandwidth and signal to Noise ratio for AM signals and FM signals
2.1.5 Compare AM and FM in respect of sideband generation, signal to noise ratio,
noise, bandwidth and field of application
2.1.6 Draw simple block diagrams of AM and FM transmitters and state the function of
each block
2.1.7 Draw the block diagram of FM receiver and state the function of each block

2.2 Understand AM Modulated Wave

2.2.1 Define modulation
2.2.2 Describe need for modulation
2.2.3 Enlist types of modulation
2.2.4 Explain amplitude modulation
2.2.5 Draw amplitude modulated wave
2.2.6 Computer percentage of modulation
2.2.7 Enlist merits and demerits
2.2.8 Describe relationship between carrier power and power in side bands

2.3 Understand Modulation Index and Band Width

2.3.1 Define modulation index
2.3.2 Explain formula for modulation index
2.3.3 Use formula to calculate modulation index
2.3.4 Explain side band and band width of AM wave

2.4 Understand Transmission Technique with the Help of Block Diagram for SSB, DSB,
DSB-SC Independent Side Band
2.4.1 Enlist different types of transmission techniques
2.4.2 Draw the block diagram of SSB transmission

55
 2.4.3 Explain the working principle of SSB
2.4.4 Draw the block diagram of DSB transmission
2.4.5 Explain the working principle of DSB
2.4.6 Enlist advantages and disadvantages of SSB
2.4.7 Draw the block diagram of DSB-SC
2.4.8 Explain the working of DSB-SC
2.4.9 Draw the block diagram of independent side band transmission techniques
2.4.10 Explain the working of independent side band

2.5 Understand the Principle, Construction, Working and Advantages of a Repeater

2.5.1 Describe the need of a repeater
2.5.2 Draw the block diagram of repeater
2.5.3 Explain the working principle of a repeater
2.5.4 Enlist advantages of a repeater

2.6 Understand “Noise” and Types of Noises

2.6.1 Define Noise
2.6.2 Enlist types of noise
2.6.3 Explain types of noises

2.7 Understand the Principle, Construction and Working of Modulators

2.7.1 Describe the AM modulator
2.7.2 Enlist types of AM modulators
2.7.3 Draw the circuit diagram of vacuumtube (anode and grid) modulators
2.7.4 Explain the working of plate above
2.7.5 Compare the operating characteristics of anode modulation with grid modulation
2.7.6 Draw the circuit diagram of transistorized modulator (collector modulator)
2.7.7 Explain the working of collector modulator
2.7.8 Draw the circuit diagram of base modulator
2.7.9 Explain the working of base modulator

2.8 Understand the Principle of Working of Modulated Class-C Amplifier

2.8.1 Explain class-C operation of an amplifier
2.8.2 Draw the circuit diagram of modulated class-C amplifier
2.8.3 Explain the working principle of modulated class-C amplifier

2.9 Understand the Concept of Frequency Modulation

2.9.1 Describe the principle of FM
2.9.2 Draw the wave form of FM

2.10 Understand the Terms: Modulation Index, Frequency Deviation, Frequency Swing,
Effective Side Band Bandwidth, Basal Function Graph and its Application
2.10.1 Explain the terms given above
2.10.2 Explain the parameters formula for frequency deviation, modulation index
2.10.3 Use basal function graph to find side bands and bandwidth

2.11 Understand Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis

56
 2.11.1 Define pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
2.11.2 Draw the schematic diagram of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuit
2.11.3 Explain the working of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuit
2.11.4 Identify the need of the above circuit

2.12 Understand the Principle of Working of FM Modulation Systems with the Help of
Block Diagram
2.12.1 Enlist systems of FM modulation
2.12.2 Draw the block diagram of FM transmitter using reactance modulator direct
method
2.12.3 Explain the working principle of reactance modulation FM transmitter
2.12.4 Explain frequency multiplier
2.12.5 Explain reactance modulator
2.12.6 Draw block diagram of FM transmitter using indirect, method (phase shift) of
modulation (Armstrong FM transmitter)
2.12.7 Explain the working principle of Armstrong FM transmitter
2.12.8 Explain phase shift modulation (PM)
2.12.9 Draw FM modulation system using phasitron
2.12.10Explain the working principle of phasitron

2.13 Understand the Merits and De-merits of FM

2.13.1 List merits of FM
2.13.2 List demerits of FM
2.13.3 Compare FM with PM

3. Understand Pulse Communication System

3.1.1 Define digital communication system
3.1.2 Define the concept of Information and its measurement
3.1.3 Define coding and its importance
3.1.4 Explain Baudot code
3.1.5 Explain time division multiplexing
3.1.6 Describe effects of noise, redundancy in an information carrying channel
3.1.7 Explain pulse modulation for the transmission of analog signals
3.1.8 Explain the analog pulse modulation system i.e. PAM, and pulse time modulation
3.1.9 Explain PWM and PPM
3.1.10 List the digital pulse modulation system
3.1.11 Explain in detail pulse code application

4. Video Transmission
4.1 State the T.V. Standards and their salient features
4.2 Describe working of cable T.V system for multi channel distribution
4.3 Describe the working of multi channel TV distribution on Radio System
4.4 State the coding standards for digital video transmission.

5. Frequency Division Multiplexing

57
 5.1 Describe the principle of FDM multiplexing of telephone channels
5.2 List the Frequency band of Basic, Super and Master Group
5.3 Draw the plan of Hypothetical Reference circuit.

TRANSMISSION LINES

6.1 Understand Various Types of Transmission Lines

6.1.1 Define a transmission line
6.1.2 List the types of transmission lines: two wire line, coaxial cable and microstrip
6.1.3 Explain the construction of each type transmission line
6.1.4 List modes of signal propagation through a transmission line
6.1.5 List types of dielectric used in transmission line
6.1.6 Derive the factors that determine the power handling ability of a transmission line

6.2 Understand Schematic Representation (Equivalent Circuit) of a Transmission Line

6.2.1 Describe “primary or distributed” line constants (R, L, C & G)
6.2.2 Define the characteristics impedance (surge impedance) of a transmission line
6.2.3 Explain formulae for calculating characteristics impedance in terms of:
 Primary line constants
 At high frequencies
 With physical parameters of two-wire line and coaxial cable
6.2.4 Solve problems on above

6.3 Understand the Factors Involved in Propagation of a Signal through a Transmission

Line
6.3.1 Define secondary lien constants i.e. propagation coefficient, attenuation coefficient
a nd phase shift coefficient
6.3.2 Explain phase velocity, velocity factor and line wavelength
6.3.3 Solve the problems on above (1 & 2)

6.4 Understand the Need for Matching “Load Impedance” with the Characteristics
Impedance of a Transmission Line
6.4.1 Explain the need for making “Zi” equal to “Zo” of a transmission line;
6.4.2 Define the terms:
 Incident wave
 Reflected wave
 Standing waves
 Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
 Voltage reflection coefficient (magnitude & phase angle)
 Current reflection coefficient
6.4.3 Solve problems on 2).

6.5 Understand the Characteristics of short-circuited, Open-Circuited and Flat Lines

6.5.1 Explain the behavior i.e. voltage and current distribution for a short-circuited line
6.5.2 Write down formula for input impedance of a short circuited line
6.5.3 Explain the behavior i.e. voltage and current distribution of an open-circuited line

58
 6.5.4 Write down the formula for input impedance of an open-circuited line
6.5.5 Explain the behavior and characteristics of a half wavelength line
6.5.6 Explain the behavior of quarter wave transmission line
6.5.6 Solve the problems on above

6.6 Understand the Applications of Smith Chart

6.6.1 Explain the behavior of a quarter wave transformer as a matching device
6.6.2 Write formula for calculation of characteristic impedance of the quarter wave
transformer
6.6.3 Use ‘SMITH CHART’ to determine:
 Normalized impedance
 Input impedance
 Load impedance
 Load admittance
 Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
 Magnitude and phase angle of reflection coefficient
 Maximum and minimum impedance on the line
 Distance to the first voltage minima
 Quarter wave transformer (location and characteristics impedance)
 Single stub-matching (location and length of the stub)

6.7 Understand the Construction and the Characteristics of Slotted Line and
Directional Coupler
6.7.1 Explain the working and characteristics of slotted line
6.7.2 Explain the working and characteristics of directional coupler

6.8 Understand the Causes of Losses in Transmission Line

6.8.1 Explain the radiation loss
6.8.2 Explain loss due to conductor heating
6.8.3 Explain loss due to dielectric heating

6.9 Wave Guides

6.9.1 Explain the basic principle of wave guide
6.9.2 Explain TE & TM modes
6.9.3 Explain the terms: cutoff wavelength, guide wavelength, phase impedance of a
wave guide
6.9.4 Describe construction of a circular and rectangular wave guide
6.9.5 Sketch the three types of TE and two types of TM modes in a rectangular guide
6.9.6 Compare the circular wave guide with a rectangular wave guide
6.9.7 List applications of rigid and flexible wave guides

6.10 Understand the Function of Resonator, Coupler and Circulator

6.10.1 Explain the operation of a Microwave resonator
6.10.2 Enlist the names of commonly used resonators
6.10.3 Compare the Q of the loaded and unloaded cavity resonator
6.10.4 Describe the tuning methods of cavity resonators
6.10.5 Explain the electron beam coupling to cavity

59
7. ANTENNAS
7.1 Understand the Principles of Electromagnetic Energy Radiation
7.1.1 Describe the fundamentals of Electromagnetic waves
7.1.2 Explain electric field, magnetic field and direction of propagation
7.1.3 Explain waves in free space, velocity of propagation inverse square law, power
density and characteristic impedance of free space
7.1.4 Describe reflection, refraction and interference of electromagnetic waves

Propagation of EM waves

7.1.5 Draw the electromagnetic spectrum chart

7.1.6 Describe ground (surface) waves propagation
7.1.7 Describe sky wave propagation
7.1.8 Describe space wave propagation
7.1.9 Explain the terms: maximum useable frequency, critical frequency, and skip
distance for HF communications

7.2 Understand the Characteristics, and Classification of High-Frequency Antennas

7.2.1 Describe the electromagnetic radiation mechanism
7.2.2 Explain the construction and behavior of a half wave dipole by using its radiation
pattern
7.2.3 Sketch the current and voltage distribution pattern for a half wave dipole
7.2.4 Draw the radiation pattern for resonant and non resonant antennas
7.2.5 Write the formula to find length of an antenna for a given frequency
7.2.6 Calculate the length for the resonant antenna for given frequency
7.2.7 Define the terms
7.2.8 Describe briefly the isotropic radiator

7.3 Understand Various Terms Related to Antennas

7.3.1 Define the following terms
 Radiation resistance
 Polarization
- Linear Polarization
- Vertical Polarization
- Horizontal Polarization
- Elliptical Polarization
- Circular Polarization
7.3.2 Define directivity, power-gain, beam width, front to back ratio, physical and
electrical length., major and minor lobes

Loop and Ferrite rod antenna

7.3.3 Understand construction and behavior of receiving antennas

7.3.4 Describe square loop antenna along with its radiation pattern
7.3.5 Describe ferrite rod antenna & given an expression for calculation of its effective
length

60
Non resonant antennas
7.3.6 Understand various types of non-resonant antennas
7.3.7 Describe the construction, radiation pattern and characteristics of long wire
antenna
7.3.8 List the uses of long wire antenna
7.3.9 Explain the uses of long wire antenna
7.3.10 Explain construction, radiation pattern and characteristics of a Rhombic antenna
7.3.11 List the applications of Rhombic antenna

Parasitic Arrays
7.3.12 Understand arrangement of antenna elements
7.3.13 Define the term parasitic elements
7.3.14 Describe the function of parasitic directors
7.3.15 Identify the function of parasitic reflectors
7.3.16 Describe the construction and characteristics of dipole and folded dipole
7.3.17 Explain construction and characteristics of Yagi antenna
7.3.18 List the applications of Yagi antenna

7.4 Understand the Behavior of Various Wide Band Antennas

7.4.1 Describe the construction and characteristics of dipole omnidirectional antenna
7.4.2 Describe the construction and characteristics of helical antenna

7.5 Understand the Fundamental Features of Antennas used at Microwave Frequencies

7.5.1 Describe the construction and characteristics of parabolic reflector antenna
7.5.2 Write down formulae for calculation of its beam width between half power points,
beam width between Nulls, gain, directivity, effective area, and illumination
efficiency
7.5.3 Solve problems on above
7.5.4 Describe the construction and characteristics of a slot antenna

8. Fibre Optics
8.1 Describe the Principles of Optical Fibre System
8.2 Explain the working of photo resistor/conductor
8.3 Describe the construction, operation and applications of photo cell.
8.4 Compare the working and applications of photo transistor with photo diode.
8.5 Compare the working and applications of photo SCR with Photo Triac
8.6 State the Opto Isolator types and application
8.7 Describe the working principle of optical based digital communications and state
its merits.
8.8 Draw block diagram of Optical Fibre Communication.
8.9 Explain the phenomenun of propagation of Light in Optic Fibre.
8.10 Describe constructional features of various types of Optical Cables and state their
applications.
8.11 Describe splicing methods for the Optical Fibre Cable and their merits

61
 8.12 Describe the operation of Laser and draw schematic of laser Drirer.

9. Coaxial Cable System

9.1 State the standard types of coaxial cable and their salient features
9.2 Describe various bandwidth applications
9.3 State the power levels at various points and explain the level regulation
arrangements.
9.4 Mention various types of repeaters
9.5 Describe the power feeding arrangements.

10. Microwave Communication

10.1 State the Microwave frequencies band and fading characteristics
10.2 Explain the mechanism of propagation
10.3 State various types of Microwave devices and their uses
10.4 Describe working of various types of Microwave Generators
10.5 State various types of Microwave detection devices and their merits
10.6 Describe function of wave guide components and ferrites and microwave
transmission
10.7 Draw block diagram of a Microwave Terminal
10.8 Draw block diagram of a microwave communication link between two telephone
exchanges
10.9 Compare merits of Microwave Communications with other transmission systems.

11. Satellite Communications

11.1 Explain the mechanism of geostationary orbit and its limitations.
11.2 State advantages of medium and low orbits and mention allied problems
11.3 Describe the importance of frequency and orbital coordination and define the
terms – up link, down link, foot print, global zonal and spot beam etc.
11.4 State the main components of a Satellite – transponders, solar power panels and
batteries.
11.5 Describe the functions of various sub-systems of a Satellite Earth Station and
describe the salient features of the various digital techniques.
11.6 State the various standard types of Satellite Earth Stations for fixed and mobile
communications
11.7 Draw block diagram of Satellite Communication Link for connecting an
International Gateway Exchange.
11.8 Compare satellite communication system with other transmission system for
various application.

62
TC-263 POWER PLANT
T P C
2 3 3
Total contact hours :
Theory : 64 Hours
Practical : 96 Hours
Pre-requisite : Electrical Essential & Networks

AIMS: Study of the subject will enable the students to gain an

understanding of power supplies and their applications.

COURSE CONTENTS

1. Characteristics of Power Supply System for Telecom Equipment 6 Hours

1.1 Voltage and permissible variations
1.2 Wave form purity
1.3 Limits and suppression of Radio Interference
1.4 Power distribution system voltage drop and induction
1.5 Reliability of Power Supply

2. Public Mains Conditions of Supply 3 Hours

2.1 Voltage and Frequency-Standards/Limits
2.2 Single/Three phase and wave shapes distortion-Phase switching
2.3 Reliability of main power supply

3. Primary Power Sources 8 Hours

3.1 Thermal Generation with Diesel, Gas and Petrol Engines
3.2 Wind Mill and Solar Cell for remote locations
3.3 Alternators
3.3.1 Construction of Alternator
 Importance of stationary armature
 Comparison with DC generator
3.3.2 Method of field excitation
3.3.3 3 phase AC generation

4. Storage Batteries 6 Hours

4.1 Lead Acid Batteries-Types-Capacity-Charging
4.2 Sealed/Absorption type batteries
4.3 Alkaline Batteries
4.4 Ni-Cadmium Batteries
4.5 Ni-Metal Hydrite
4.6 Lithium-ION

5. Rectifiers 6 Hours

63
 5.1 Half wave and full wave
5.2 Voltage doubler
5.3 Three phase
5.4 Switch mode and transformer based power supply
5.5 Thyristor rectifier / Modulator type rectifier

6. Filters 2 Hours
6.1 Filtration process
6.2 Types of filters

7. Voltage Regulators 9 Hours

7.1 Voltage regulation
7.2 Series regulators
7.3 Zener diode regulator
7.4 BJT regulator
7.5 OP AMP voltage regulator
7.6 Switching regulator, driver regulator
7.7 Integrated circuit voltage regulators
7.8 Application of IC voltage regulator
7.9 A system application

8. Voltage Stabilizers 6 Hours

8.1 Monolithic power supplies
8.2 Positive voltage regulators
8.3 Negative voltage regulators

9. Chopper 6 Hours
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Transistor Chopper
9.3 FET Chopper

10. Operating Modes of AC/DC Systems 6 Hours

10.1 Changeover
10.2 Uninterrupted power supplies

11. Control & Protection System 2 Hours

11.1 AMF Panel

12. Earthing Systems & Installation 4 Hours

64
TC-263 POWER PLANT

Instructional Objectives

1. Characteristics of Power Supply System for Telecom Equipment

1.1 Describe the specified voltage and frequency of telecommunication equipment
and permissible variation
1.2 Explain the importance of wave form purity for the telecom power supply system
1.3 State the measures adopted for suppression of radio frequency interference to the
specified limits
1.4 Identify the voltage drop and induction in the power feeding conductors
1.5 State the importance of power supply reliability for telecom equipment

2. Public Mains Conditions of Supply

2.1 Compare the standard voltage and frequency of the public supply mains and the
actual variation
2.2 Describe the single phase and three phase power systems and the use of phase
switches for transfer in case of interruption of supply
2.3 State the measures adopted to ensure high reliability of public main supply

3. Primary Power Sources

3.1 Compare the use of various types of engines for electric power generations
3.2 State the circumstances where wind mills and solar batteries may be used to
power telecommunication equipment
3.3 Explain the working of AC generators

4. Storage Batteries
4.1 Describe various types of lead acid batteries, their capacity and charging methods
4.2 Explain the trickle charging process
4.3 Compare the working and uses of alkaline batteries with the lead acid battery
4.4 State the application of special type of cells
4.5 Describe the latest advancements in the cell technology

5. Understand Rectification and Various Rectifier Circuits

5.1 Define rectification
5.2 Classify rectifiers such as half wave, full wave and bridge rectifiers
5.3 Explain the working of a half wave rectifier
5.4 Explain the working of a full wave rectifier circuits using centre tapped
transformer and two diodes
5.5 Explain the working of a bridge rectifier
5.6 Describe the voltage doubler circuits
5.7 Compare the three phase rectifier with single phase rectifier for performance
5.8 State the difference between switch mode and transformer based power supply
systems
5.9 Explain the working of Thyristor rectifier and its merits

6. Understand Filtration and Various Filters

6.1 Define the process of filtration

65
 6.2 Explain the importance of ripple free DC power supply for telecom, equipment
and state the standard limits
6.3 Describe various of filters used in single phase / 3 phase and small / large sized
rectifiers

7. Understand Voltage Regulators and Various Regulators

7.1 Define voltage regulators
7.2 Explain a simple Zener diode regulator
7.3 Explain the working of a series regulator
7.4 Explain the working of a BJT regulator
7.5 Explain the working of an OP AMP voltage regulator

8. Understand Voltage Stabilization

8.1 Define voltage stabilization
8.2 Illustrate monolithic power supplies
8.3 Illustrate positive voltage regulators
8.4 Illustrate negative voltage regulators

9. Understand the Function and Applications of Chopper Amplifier

9.1 Define chopper amplifier
9.2 Explain the principle of chopper amplifier
9.3 Draw the block diagram of chopper amplifier
9.4 Explain the function of each block of chopper amplifier
9.5 Explain the operation of FET chopper amplifier

10. Operating Modes of AC/DC System

10.1 Describe the importance of continuity of power supply
10.2 Explain the charge / discharge and float operation of batteries
10.3 Define uninterrupted power supply
10.4 State methods for obtaining non-interrupted AC power supply
10.5 Describe static uninterrupted power supply system-UPS

11. Control and Protection System

11.1 Explain the closed loop and open loop control circuit
11.2 Describe rectifier with longitudinal and switching controller
11.3 State the working principle of DC-DC inverters

12. Earthing System Installation

12.1 Describe various systems of Earthing telecommunication installation
12.2 State the reasons for having separate earth connection for telecom, equipment
12.3 Describe the reasons for Earthing negative pole in DC system

66
TC-263 POWER PLANT

List of Practicals

1. Constructing a half wave rectifier

2. Constructing a full wave rectifier
3. Constructing a voltage doubler and tripler
4. Constructing a filtered power supply
5. Constructing a Zener diode regulated power supply
6. Constructing a single transistor regulated power supply
7. Constructing an OP AMP regulated power supply
8. Studying the working of error amplifier
9. Constructing a switching – mode power supply
10. Generating square wave and timing pulses
11. Studying the working of uninterruptible power supplies
12. Measurement of voltage and specific gravity of lead-acid batteries. Toping up acid
levels. Cleaning of terminals.
13. Starting of Engine Generator set and adjustment of Voltage and Frequency.
14. Study of the Power Distribution System at a Telecom Installation. Function of various
switches and protective devices.
15. Study of Rectifier Equipment at a Telecommunication Installation.
16. Studies on Solar Cells.
17. Studies on Wind Mill Generator.
18. Studies on the Earthing System of a Telecom Installation.
19. Measurement of Earth Resistance.

67
3rd Year

DAE Technology
2
DAE Technology

3
DAE Technology

4
DAE Technology

5
DAE Technology

6
DAE Technology

7
DAE Technology

8
Mgm-311 INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN RELATIONS.

Total Contact Hours

Theory: 32 T P C
1 0 1

AIMS The study of this subject will enable the student to develop the management skill, acquaint
him with the principles of management and human relations and develop psychological
approach to solve the labour problems.

COURSE CONTENTS
1. INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY. 2 Hours
1.1 History and definition.
1.2 Nature and scope.

2. LEADERSHIP 1 Hour
2.1 Definition and types.
2.3 Qualities of a good leader.

3. MOTIVATION 2 Hours
3.1 Definition.
3.2 Types (Financial and non financial motives).
3.3 Conflict of motives.

4. MORALE 1 Hour
4.1 Importance.
4.2 Development.
4.3 Measurement.

5. HUMAN ENGINEERING. 1 Hour

5.1 Importance of human factor in industry.
5.2 Man-machine system.
5.3 Strategy for making allocation decisions.

6. INDUSTRIAL FATIGUE AND BOREDOM. 2 Hours

6.1 Definition and distinction.
6.2 Psychological causes.
6.3 Objective causes.
6.4 Prevention

7. INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS 2 Hours

7.1 Psychological causes.
7.2 Objective causes.
7.3 Prevention

9
8. INDUSTRIAL PREJUDICE 2 Hours
8.1 Causes
8.2 Remedies

9. PUBLIC RELATIONS. 2 Hours

9.1 Importance
9.2 Functions
10. GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING 2 Hours
10.1 Importance
10.2 Choice of job.
10.3 During service.
11. JOB EVALUATION 2 Hours
11.1 Importance
11.2 Methods
11.3 Job satisfaction
11.4 Work simplification.

12. INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT 2 Hours

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Functions of management.
12.3 Subdivisions of management
12.4 Objectives of industrial management.

13. PERSONNEL SELECTION. 2 Hours

13.1 Recruitment of employees.
13.2 Training.
13.3 Effects of training on production and product cost.

14. WORKING CONDITIONS. 2 Hours

14.1 Importance and consideration.
14.2 Effects on efficiency and per unit cost.

15. TIME AND MOTION STUDY. 3 Hours

15.1 Concept and importance.
15.2 Sequence of motion study.
15.3 Principles of motion study.
15.4 Steps to time study.
15.5 Determination of operations time.

16. QUALITY CONTROL. 2 Hours

16.1 Concept and advantages
16.2 Methods.

17. ROLE OF FOREMAN IN MANAGEMENT. 2 Hours

17.1 Foreman's abilities.

10
 17.2 Duties and functions.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1 C.S. Meyers, Industrial Psychology, Oxford University Press, London.
2. Smith Wakley, Psychology of Industrial Behaviors, Mc-Graw Hill, New York.
3. Ghulam Hussain, Nizamat-e-Sanaat Aur Insani Rawabat, Ilmi Kitab
Khana, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
4. Andrew R. Megill, The Process of Management William M New Man.
5. Richard N Omen, Management of Industrial Enterprises.
6. K.G. Lockyer, Factory and Production Management.

11
Mgm-311 INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN RELATIONS.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

At the completion of this course, the students will be able to:

1. KNOW INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY.

1.1 Describe brief history if industrial psychology.
1.2 Describe in detail definition of industrial psychology.
1.3 State nature and scope of industrial psychology.

2. KNOW LEADERSHIP.
2.1 Define leadership.
2.2 Describe types of leadership.
2.3 State qualities of a good leader.

3. UNDERSTAND MOTIVATION.
3.1 Define motivation.
3.2 Describe financial and non financial motives.
3.3 Explain conflict of motives.

4. KNOW MORALE.
4.1 State importance of morale.
4.2 Describe development of morale.
4.3 State the method of measurement of morale.

5. UNDERSTAND HUMAN ENGINEERING.

5.1 Explain importance of human engineering in the industry.
5.2 Explain man-machine system.
5.3 Explain strategy for making allocation decisions.

6. UNDERSTAND INDUSTRIAL FATIGUE AND BOREDOM.

6.1 Define fatigue and boredom.
6.2 Describe psychological causes of fatigue and boredom.
6.3 Describe objective causes of fatigue and boredom.
6.4 Explain measures to prevent fatigue and boredom.

7. UNDERSTAND INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS.

7.1 Explain psychological causes of industrial accidents.
7.2 Explain objective causes of industrial accidents.
7.3 Explain measures to prevent industrial accidents.

8. UNDERSTAND INDUSTRIAL PREJUDICE.

8.1 Define prejudice
8.2 Explain causes of industrial prejudice.
8.3 Explain remedies of industrial prejudice.

12
9. UNDERSTAND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS.
9.1 Explain importance of public relations.
9.2 Explain functions of public relations.

10. UNDERSTAND THE NEED FOR GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING.

10.1 State importance of guidance and counselling.
10.2 Explain the role of guidance and counselling in choosing the job.
10.3 Describe help of guidance and counselling during service.

11. UNDERSTAND JOB EVALUATION.

11.1 Explain importance of job evaluation.
11.2 Explain methods of job evaluation.
11.3 Explain job satisfaction.
11.4 Explain work simplification.

12. UNDERSTAND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT.

12.1 Define management.
12.2 State functions of management.
12.3 Enlist subdivision of management.
12.4 Explain objectives of industrial management.

13. UNDERSTAND TRAINING AND ITS EFFECTS.

13.1 Describe the recruitment procedure of employees in an industrial concern.
13.2 Explain training.
13.3 Identify the kinds of training.
13.4 Explain the effects of training on production and product cost.

14. UNDERSTAND THE EFFECT OF WORKING CONDITION ON EFFICIENCY.

15.1 Explain importance of working condition.
15.2 Describe air-conditioning, ventilation, lighting and noise.
15.3 State the effects of good working conditions on efficiency
and per unit cost.

15. UNDERSTAND TIME AND MOTION STUDY.

15.1 Explain the concept.
15.2 Describe the importance of work study.
15.3 Explain the sequence of motion study.
15.4 State the principles of motion study.
15.5 Describe the steps for carrying out time study.
15.6 Explain the method of determination of operations time.

16. UNDERSTAND THE METHODS OF QUALITY CONTROL.

16.1 Define quality control
16.2 State the advantages of quality control.
16.2 Explain methods of quality control.

13
17. UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF FOREMAN IN AN INDUSTRIAL
UNDERTAKING.
17.1 Explain ability of the foreman.
17.2 Enlist duties of foreman.
17.3 Describe functions of foreman as middle management.

14
 TC-313 MICROPROCESSOR INTERFACING & APPLICATION
T P C
Total Contact hours: 2 3 3
Theory : 64 Hours
Practical : 96 Hours

AIM: Students will understand the architecture, pin diagram, operating conditions,
specifications, operation and processing of data in microprocessors. The ability of
writing programmes in the Assembly language will be developed.

COURSE CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 03 Hours
1.1 The evaluation of the 16 Bit microprocessor.
1.2 Basic architecture of 8086 and 8088 processor.
1.3 Instruction and data flow, timing and control operation.
1.4 Memory organization of 8086 and 8088 processor.
1.5 The Programming Model.
1.6 Data format.
1.7 The Instruction set:

2. ADDRESSING MODES 04 Hours

2.J Register Addressing.
2 2 Immediate Addressing.
2.3. Direct Data Addressing.
2.4 Base plus Index Addressing.
2.5 Register Relative Addressing.
2.6 Base Relative Plus Index Addressing.
2.7 Programme Memory Addressing Modes.
2.8 Stack Memory Addressing.

3. DATA MOVEMENT INSTRUCTIONS. 03 Hours

3.1 MOV Revisited.
3.2 PUSH/POP
3.3 LEA - Load Effective Address
3.4 String Data Transfers.
3.5 Data transfer instructions.
3.6 Segment override prefix.

4. ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS 03 hours

4. 1 Addition, subtraction and comparison.
4.2 Multiplication and Division.
4.3 BCD and ASCII arithmetic.

15
 4.4 Basic logic operations.
4.5 Shifts and Rotates.
4.6 String comparisons.

5. PROGRAMMNIE CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS. 05 Hours

5.1 The Jump group. (JMP, JZ, JNZ, JC, JNC)
5.2 Subroutines.
5.3 Interrupts
5.3.1 Software interrupts
5.3.2 Hardware interrupts
5.3.2.1 Maskable interrupts
5.3.2.2 Non-maskable interrupts
5.4 Machine control and Miscellaneous instructions
5.5 Programme sample.

6 HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS 8086, 8088, 80186,80286, 80287,80386, 80486,

80586, Z-80, 6800 processors. 08 Hours
6.1 Pin out and the pin functions.
6.2 Clock Generator.
6.3 BUS Buffering and latching.
6.4 Bus Timing.
6.5 Ready and the wait state.
6.6 Minimum mode verses Maximum Mode.

7 MEMORY AND I/O INTERFACE. 06 Hours

7. 1 Memory devices.
7.2 Address decoding.
7.3 8088 memory interface.
7.4 Interfacing examples
7.5 Basic I/O interface
7.6 Full decoding and partial decoding

8. INTERRUPTS. 04 Hours
8.1 Basic Interrupt processing.
8.2 Hard wave interrupts.
8.3 Interrupt controller.

9. INTERFACING WITH ADC & DAC 03 Hours

9.1 Interfacing with ADC
9.2 Interfacing with DAC

10. MICROPROCESSOR BASED SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. 10 Hours

10.1 Software development
10.1.1 Concept of source program, object program and executable programs
10.1.2 Program editors
10.1.3 The DOS debug program

16
 10.1.4 The assembler
10.1.5 Assembler directive
10.1.6 The Macro Assembler
10.1.7 Linker
10.1.8 Compiler

10.2 Hardware Aids

10.2.1 Single Board computer
10.2.2 System design kit
10.2.3 System Monitor

11. APPLICATION OF MICROPROCESSOR 12 Hours

11.1Merits of microprocessor control over discrete logic control
11.2Typical microprocessor application
11.3Traffic control
11.4Lift control
11.5Temperature monitoring
11.6Stepper motor control

12 LIST OF BOOKS
12.1 Goanker Microprocessor Architecture and application
12.2 Gilmare CM “Microprocessor Principle and Application”.
12.3 Matter Introduction to Microprocessor
12.4 Douglas V. Hall Microprocessor
12.5 Brey 8086/8088 Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Interfacing
12.6 Barry B. Brey “The Intel Microprocessors (8086/8088, 80186, 80286, 80386,
80486)
12.7 Alan C. Dixon Digital Electronics with James Anthonakos Microprocessor
Application. John Willy sons.
12.8 Aditya P. Mather – Introduction to Microprocessor. The magraw Hill Publishing
Co.
12.9 David E. Goldberg – Programming with Jacqueline A. Jones – Assembly Language
Pat H. Sterbenz. Shaume Outline Series

13 LIST OF PRACTICALS
1. Drawing of architectural and pin diagrams of 8086, 8088, 80 186,80286, 80287, 80386,
80486, 80586 Z-80, 6800 processors.
2. Drawing pin diagrams of the above processors.
3. Familiarization with the specifications of the above processors.
4. Observe the working conditions of the processors available in a working kit.
5. Exercise on assembly language format.
6. Exercise on Addressing.
7. Exercise on compare and branch instructions.
8. Exercise on arrays and looping.
9. Exercise on character string manipulations.
10. Exercise on packed decimal numbers.
11. Exercise on function sub-programmes.

17
12. Exercise on sub routine sub-programmes.
13. Exercise on BIT and BYTE manipulation.
14. Exercise on floating point operation.
15-20 Writing and testing at least 5 different programmes in assembly language.
21. Applications on operating system design kit.
22-23 Project on microprocessor Based process control

18
 TC-313 MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. Understand 8086 / 8088 Microprocessor

1.1 Explain how the 8 bit microprocessor evolved into the 16 bit microprocessor
1.2 Describe the operation of the execution unit (EU) and the bus interface unit (BIU)
of the 8086 and the 8088 microprocessor
1.3 Explain how the memory and internal register array are structured
1.4 Define the terms memory segment and offset address
1.5 Calculate the effective address for the next program step using the contents of the
instruction pointer (IP) and code segment (CS) system
1.6 Show how data are stored in the memory for the following integer and unsigned
data types; byte, word, and long word
1.7 Provide an overview of the 8086 / 8088 instruction set

2. Understand Addressing Modes

2.1 Explain the operation of each data addressing mode
2.2 Use the data addressing modes to form assembly language statement
2.3 Differentiate between register, immediate, direct data, base plus index, register
relative, base relative plus index and addressing modes
2.4 Explain the operation of each program memory addressing mode
2.5 Use the program memory addressing modes to form assembly language statement
2.6 Select the appropriate addressing modes to accomplish a given task

3. Understand Movement Instructions

3.1 Explain the operation of each data movement instruction with any applicable
addressing mode
3.2 Explain the purpose of some assembly language pseudo-operation and key words
such as EQU, DB, DW, DD, ALIGN, OFFSET, ASSUME, ORG
3.3 Given a specific data movement task, select the appropriate 8086 / 8088 assembly
language instruction to accomplish it
3.4 Given a hexadecimal machine language instruction, determine the symbolic of
code, source, destination, addressing mode

4. Understand Arithmetic and Logic Instructions

4.1 Use the 8086 / 8088 arithmetic instruction to accomplish simple binary, BDC, and
ASCII arithmetic
4.2 Use AND, OR and Exclusive-OR to accomplish binary manipulation
4.3 Use the shift and rotate instructions
4.4 Check the contents of a table for a match with the string instructions

5. Understand Program Control Instruction

5.1 Use both conditional and unconditional jump instruction to control the flow of a
program
5.2 Use the call and return instruction to include procedures in the program structure

19
 5.3 Explain the operation of the interrupts and interrupt control instructions
5.4 Program with the machine control instructions to modify some of the flag bits
5.5 Explain the function of programmes in 8086 / 8088 microprocessor

6. Understand 8086 / 8088 Hardware Specifications

6.1 Describe the functions of each 8086 / 8088 pin
6.2 Describe the DC characteristics and indicate the fanout to common logic families
6.3 Use the clock generator chip (8284A) to provide the clock
6.4 Connect buffers and latches to the buses
6.5 Interpret the timing diagrams
6.6 Describe wait states and connect the circuitry required to cause various amounts
of waits
6.7 Explain the difference between minimum and maximum mode operation

7. Understand Memory Interface

7.1 Decode the memory address and use the outputs of the decoder to select various
memory components
7.2 Explain how to interface both RAM and ROM to microprocessor
7.3 Explain how parity can detect memory errors
7.4 Explain how to interface memory to the 8086 microprocessor
7.5 Explain how to interface memory to the 8088 microprocessor
7.6 Explain the operation of a dynamic RAM controller
7.7 Describe the procedures of interfacing dynamic RAM to the 8086 and 8088

8. Understand I/O Interface

8.1 Explain the operation of the basic input/output device
8.2 Decode an 8 to 16 bit I/O device so that it can be used at any I/O port address
8.3 Define handshaking and explain how to use it with many I/O device
8.4 Explain how to interface and program the 8255 programmable parallel interface
components
8.5 Explain how to interface and program the 8279 programmable keyboard/display
interface components
8.6 Explain how to interface and program the 8254 programmable interval timer
8.7 Explain how to interface and program the 8251A communications interface
adapter

9. Understand Interrupts
9.1 Explain the interrupt structure of the 8086 / 8088
9.2 Explain the operation of software interrupt instructions INT/ INT0 and INT3
9.3 Explain how the interrupt enable (I) flag bit applies to interrupts
9.4 Describe the function of a trap (T) flag bit and the operation of trap-generated
single-stepping or tracing
9.5 Develop interrupt service subroutines that control lower speed external peripheral
devices
9.6 Expand the interrupt structure of the 8086 / 8088 so that additional interrupts
inputs and be added

20
 9.7 Use the 8259A to expand and enhanced the interrupt structure of the 8086 / 8088

10. Understand the Procedure of Developing a Microprocessor Based Software and

Hardware Systems
10.1 Explain the development of the following softwares:
10.1.1 System Monitor
10.1.2 Text Editor
10.1.3 Diskette Operating System
10.1.4 The Assembler
10.1.5 The Marco Assembler
10.1.6 Computer
10.2 Explain the Hardware development of:
10.2.1 Single Board Computer
10.2.2 System Design Kit

11. Appreciate the Applications of Microprocessors

11.1 State the advantages of microprocessor control over discrete logic control. List its
applications
11.2 Explain microprocessor applications such as traffic control, lift control,
temperature monitoring, stepper motor control – through flow charts and block
diagrams

21
 TC-322 TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES AND TERMINAL
EQUIPMENT

T P C
1 3 2
Total contact hours:

Theory : 32 Hours
Practical : 96 Hours

COURSE CONTENTS

1. Telecommunication Customer 2 Hours

1.1 Demand for new services
1.2 Agreement on terms and conditions
1.3 Directory Assistance and Complaint Services
1.4 User Friendliness

2. General Aspects of user equipment 2 Hours

2.1 Terminals / Human Interface
Telephone – redial / memory
2.2 Equipment for Private Infrastructure
2.3 Peripheral equipment connection to public network
2.4 User friendliness & Reliability

3. Telegraph Services 2 Hours

3.1 Modern Teleprinter
3.2 Telex Service

4. Telematic Services 4 Hours

4.1 Teletex
4.2 Public Facsimile
4.3 Video tex
4.4 Message Handling Services
4.5 Multimedia Mail Service – Voice, Text, Video

5. Data Transmission Services 6 Hours

5.1 Telephone Network – Modems
5.2 Packet Switch
5.3 ISDN

6. Telephony Service 4 Hours

6.1 Centrex
6.2 Value Added Services

22
 Definition
Bearer Networks
Services Available

7. Broad Band ISDN Services 4 Hours

7.1 Un – restricted broadband bearer service
7.2 High Quality Broadband video telephony
7.3 High Quality Broadband Video Conferencing
7.4 Television Distribution
7.5 Broadband videotex

8. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 2 Hours

8.1 Standard messages for various Lines of Business
8.2 Standardization of EDI
8.3 Practical application of EDI

9. Internet Services 4 Hours

Interne Development
Domain Name System
Levels of Connectivity
Facilities of Internet
Layered Network Protocol
E-Mail
Group Communication

9. T.V. Distribution Services 2 Hours

10. Other Services 2 Hours

10.1 Automatic Call Centres
10.2 Automatic Call Distribution

23
TC – 322 TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES AND TERMINAL EQUIPMENT

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. Understand the role of customer in the telecommunication business.

2. State the rights and the obligation of the telecommunication, customer.

3. Describe the mandatory services to be provided by a telecommunication operator.

4. Define the term user friendliness.

5. State the facilities presently available on the customer telephone instruments and other
terminal devices.

6. Differentiate between public and private telecommunication system.

7. List the facilities available at the rural and urban telegraph offices of PTCL

8. Describe the salient operation features of modern teleprinter.

9. Describe various types of telematic services.

10. Classify Data Communication services on the bearer networks.

11. Describe the Centrex system working.

12. Define value added services.

13. List the facilities presently available on public telephone service

14. State the Broad band ISDN services.

15. Describe the standards and application of EDI

16. List the facilities and services presently available on Internet

17. Compare the various system for T.V. distribution process service

18. Understand the process of emerging services.

24
TC – 322 TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES AND TERMINAL EQUIPMENT

LIST OF PRACTICALS

1. Visit a PTCL Customer Service Centre or cellular mobile operator office and write a
report on the facilities

2. Visit a centralized information (17) service centre and write report

3. Visit a complaint centre (18) and write a report on the procedure adopted for fault
removal.

4. Study the Universal Number System and write report on its applications

5. Study the toll free number system and write report on its applications.

6. Visit a public telegraph office and write report on its layout and the facilities.

7. Study the facilities available on modern telephone set

8. Study the normal facilities provided by PTCL and cellular mobile operators telephone
users.

9. Study the operation of Card Phone.

25
 TC-333 TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS
T P C
2 3 3
Total contact hours :
Theory : 64 Hours
Practical : 96 Hours

COURSE CONTENTS

1. Network Fundamentals (15 hours)

1.7 Definition & Introduction
1.7.1 Source / Sink
1.7.2 Information Streams
1.7.3 Communication Channels
1.7.4 Network Redundancy
1.8 Nodes
1.8.1 One way / bi-directional
1.9 Links
1.9.1 Physical, Terresterial Radio / Satellite
1.9.2 Transport Techniques and Communication Control
1.9.3 Modem Technology
 Basic modem function
 Modem hardware
 Modem standards
 Modem performance
1.10 Topology
1.10.1 Network Configuration
1.11 Plans
1.11.1 Types of signaling
1.11.2 Numbering
1.11.3 Routing

2. Protocols (6 hours)
2.1 The Function of Protocol
2.2 Protocol standards
High Level Data link Control
2.3 OSI and IEEE 802 networking models
2.4 CCITT X25
2.5 CCS-7
2.5.1 ITU-T Recommendation
2.5.2 Message transfer part
2.5.3 User part
2.6 TCP/ IP
2.7 DEC net

26
3. Intelligent Networks (6 hours)
3.1 General Description
3.2 IN Services
System Overview

4. Intelligent Digital Networks (8 hours)

4.1 Administrative Network
4.2 Transmission Network
4.3 Signaling Network
4.4 Synchronization Network
4.5 Switched Digital Network

5. Integrated Services Digital Networks (15 hours)

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Interface Layers
5.3 Local Transmission
5.4 Signalling System
5.5 Broadband ISDN
5.6 Services (Bearer/Tele/Supplementary)

6. Network Management (6 hours)

6.1 Network management defined
6.2 Functions of network management
6.2.1 Fault management
6.2.2 Configuration management
6.2.3 Performance management
6.2.4 Security management
6.2.5 Accounting management
6.3 Objectives and functions of PSTN network management
6.4 Network traffic management centres and function
6.5 Principles of network traffic management
6.6 Network traffic management controls
6.7 Network management systems
6.7.1 TMN-Telecommunication Management Network
6.7.2 Simple Network Management Protocol-TCP/IP Network

7. Network Security and Trouble Shooting (4 hours)

7.1 Network Security
7.1.1 Prevention through planning
7.1.2 Backing up the network
7.1.3 Security
7.1.4 Standardization
7.1.5 Up grades
7.2 Trouble Shooting methodology
7.2.1 Special tools
7.2.2 DVM (Digital voltmeter)

27
 7.2.3 TDRs (Time Domain reflectometer)
7.2.4 Advance Cable Tester
7.2.5 Oscilloscopes
7.2.6 Network monitors
7.2.7 Protocol Analyser

8. National Public Telecommunication Operator Network (2 hours)

8.1 PTCL
8.2 NTC
8.3 PAKTEC
8.4 PAKCOM
8.5 MOBILINK
8.6 DIGITAL PAGER
8.7 DATA/ INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS

9. International Telecommunication Networks (2 hours)

9.1 Public Telecommunications
9.1.1 Internet
9.1.2 Satellite-INTELSAT/INMARSAT/GLOBAL STAR . . .
9.1.3 Submarine-FLAG SEA-ME-WE. . .
9.1.4 Corporate Networks
9.1.5 SITA, SWIFT . . .

28
 TC – 333 TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. Understand the network fundamentals

1.1 Define a telecommunication network.

1.2 Identify basic requirement of network.
1.3 Explain the term source and sink
1.4 State different components of information and communication link.
1.5 Define network redundancy
1.6 List different types of modems.
1.7 Differentiate between one way and bi-directions links.
1.8 List the different types of transmission media for telecommunication link.
1.9 Explain different types of transportation technique.
1.10 Describe topology.
1.11 Explain and identify types of modems.
1.12 Differentiate among signalling types.
1.13 List the essential items of choosing a numbering scheme.
1.14 Describe the function of routing, its type like origin dependent, time dependent,
traffic dependent routing methods.

2. Understand the Protocols.

2.1 Identify the requirements of using standard protocols.

2.2 Explain different protocols types.
2.3 Draw the block diagram of OSI reference model and identify each layer.
2.4 Describe the advantages of layered structure.
2.5 Explain different types of protocols.

3. Understand Intelligent Network

3.1 Explain Intelligent network.

3.2 Draw block diagram of different IN system
3.3 Describe the operation of IN services.
3.4 Explain future uses of IN platform.

4. Understand the Working Principle of Integrand Digital Networks.

4.1 Explain the types of networks.

4.2 Briefly describe the essential features of administration network.
4.3 Draw block diagram of Transmission network.
4.4 Introduce signalling and signalling network.
4.5 List the main parts of synchronization network.
4.6 Identify switched digital network’s importance.

29
5. Understand ISDN

5.1 Explain ISDN

5.2 Draw block diagram of two ISDN system.
5.3 Describe Interface layers of ISDN.
5.4 Explain modes of transmission.
5.5 Explain signalling system of ISDN
5.6 Introduce Broadband ISDN features.
5.7 List essential features/functions of ISDN for transmission of voice, data & image
5.8 Explain different services offered by ISDN.

6. Network management.

6.1 Define network management.

6.2 Explain functions of network management.

7. Explain Working Principles of PSTN (PTCL) Mobile, Data & Internet Provider.

8. Understand International telecommunication networks and their functions

regarding standardization.

8.1 Describe international treaties regarding Fiber optics, submarine cables & tariff
uniformity.
8.2 Explain the working principles of corporate networks.

9. Understand Network security and trouble shooting.

9.1 Describe Network security features.

9.2 Explain techniques of network security
9.3 Explain methods of trouble shooting.
9.4 List the instruments used for trouble shooting and their working principles.

30
TC – 333 TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS

LIST OF PRACTICALS

1. Identifying the one way and bi-directional links

2. Identifying different type of modems and their uses.

3. Demonstration of different types of protocols and their uses.

4. Studies on a simple OSI model.

5. Demonstration of ISDN telephone services.

6. Demonstration of voice, data and image through ISDN link.

7. Identifying the basic rate ISDN and primary rate ISDN

8. Demonstration of video conferencing telephone.

9. Studies on use of IN services like – Toll free, VAN pre – paid calling card,
Virtual Private Network.

10. Visit telecommunication installations to assess their working environments and

technical facilities:-

PTCL exchange/site, cellular Mobile Company, Pager Operator Data and Internet
Service Provider.

11. Demonstration of fault tracing techniques using Digital Voltmeter, Oscilloscopes,

TDR’s and Advanced Cable Testers.

12. Visit Telecom Installation for demonstration of network monitor usage for
location of packet errors, their types and traffic.

13. Visit Telecom Installation for demonstration of real time monitoring of a network
by using protocol analyser to monitor decoding and transmission errors.

31
 TC-343 MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
T P C
2 3 3

Total contact hours :

Theory : 64 Hours
Practical : 96 Hours

COURSE CONTENTS

1. Mobile Communications (10 hours)

1.1 Evolution-Radio Systems Applications
1.2 Propagation problems and frequency bands
1.3 Cellular concept
1.4 Personal communication system – FPLMTS-GMPCS
1.5 Land, maritime and aviation systems
1.6 Private Mobile Radio/Trunked Radio System
1.7 Cordless Telecommunication

2. Radio Paging (20 hours)

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Private (on site) and public (wide area) paging systems
2.3 Radio Frequency Bands Multiple Transmission Zone Techniques
2.4 Paging receiver types
2.4.1 Tone receiver
2.4.2 Numeric pager
2.4.3 Alphanumeric
2.4.4 Return data / voice message
2.5 PSTN Coupling System Capacity Code and Format
2.6 System Architecture
2.6.1 Facilities and Receiver Compactness
2.7 Power Sources Battery Economy

3. Cellular Telephone System (24 hours)

3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Analog and digital
3.2 Principles of Operation
3.2.1 Network configuration
3.2.2 Signaling
3.2.3 Location registration and its updating procedures
3.2.4 Cell setup / in call handover
3.2.5 Power control
3.2.6 Roaming
3.3 Overview of systems
3.3.1 AMPS and DAMPS
3.3.2 TACS and NMT
3.3.3 GSM-Architecture

32
  Sub-Systems
- Mobile Station
- Base Station Sub-System
- The Network and Switching Sub-System
- The Operator Sub-System
 Air Interface
 Speech Coding & Channel Coding
 Interleaving
 Ciphering Modulation Signaling
 Security Features
 Services

4. Mobile Satellite Communications (10 hours)

4.1 Maritime & Aeronautical services-INMARSAT
4.2 GMDSS
4.3 Low earth orbit and middle earth orbit comparison

33
 TC-343 MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
Instruction Objectives

1. Mobile Communications
1.1 Describe the basic requirements of mobile communications and earlier
developments in this field
1.2 Explain the suitability of wireless system for mobile communication
1.3 Discus the propagation of radio waves in the MF, HF and VHF bands and their
merits and demerits
1.4 Describe the basic concept of cellular mobile phone system
1.5 State the objectives of personal communication system
1.6 Describe various types of mobile communication system for land, sea / rivers and
the air
1.7 Understand trunked radio system concept and private mobile radio working
1.8 State the requirements of cordless telephone

2. Radio Paging
2.1 Describe the working of radio paging system
2.2 State the uses of paging for private and public services
2.3 Describe the radio propagation problems and their solutions
2.4 State various types of paging receivers
2.5 Discuss the capacity requirements and the methods of coding
2.6 Explain the system architecture and coupling with public telephone systems
2.7 Understand the methods adopted for compactness and economy of power supply

3. Cellular Telephone System

3.1 Discuss the analog and digital cellular telephone
3.2 Describe the cellular telephone operation techniques
3.3 Discuss the salient features of AMP, TACS, and NMT system
3.4 Describe the architecture of GSM system and state the functions of its sub-
systems
3.5 Discuss the code division multiple access technique and state salient features of
IS-95 system

4. Mobile Satellite Communications

4.1 Describe the use of satellite communication for safety of maritime and
aeronautical services
4.2 State the objectives and functions of INMARSAT organization
4.3 Explain the salient features of GMDSS
4.4 Draw the diagram of public telephone system operating through satellite in the
ships and air craft
4.5 Describe the global mobile telephone systems through satellite operating at lower
than Geostationary orbit and polar coverage
4.6 Discuss the advantage and disadvantages of medium and low earth orbit satellite
system for mobile communication

34
4.7 State the names of various global satellite mobile telephone systems and their
salient features

35
 TC-343 MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
List of Practicals

1. Construct a cordless microphone and check its performances

2. Construct a pair of walkie-talkie sets in the citizen band and test its performance

3. Study various types of pagers and write report on their suitability for different persons
and locations

4. Visit a pager station installation and write report on the facilities and procedures

5. Study analogue and digital cellular telephone being used in Pakistan and write report on
their performance and tariffs

6. Visit an cellular mobile radio base station and write a report on the equipment, antenna
system and the coverage

7. Visit a switching center of cellular mobile system and draw the block diagram

8. Visit a GSM cellular mobile installation and write report on various sub-systems

9. Study the mobile set batteries and their charging arrangements

10. Observe the performance of cellular mobile telephone inside buildings and while moving
on streets/roads

11. Study cordless telephones working and write report on the facilities and range

12. Visit a coastal station facilities of PTCL (for Karachi/Sindh/Balochistan only) and write a
report

13. Visit a communication center of Police or Oil/Gas/Electric Co. and study the mobile
communication working

14. Visit ship to Coast Radio System of a Port Authority (for Karachi) or visit a mobile
communication center of Railway/Taxi Services

15. Visit a civil aviation communication center and write report

16. Visit a land mobile or ship station or telecom facility for passengers on an aircraft using
INMARSAT system and write a repot

36
 TC-353 EMERGING TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

T P C
2 3 3
Total contact hours :
Theory : 64 Hours
Practical : 96 Hours

COURSE CONTENTS

1. Core And Application Technologies 2 Hours

1.1 Core technologies – micro-electronics, software, optical, assembly
1.2 Customer demand of services and development of application technology

2. Access Network Technologies 10 Hours

2.1 Basic considerations
2.1.1 Digital Compression Techniques
2.2 XDSL-Digital Subscriber Line
2.2.1 Carrierless amplitude phase
2.2.2 Discrete multitone
2.3 Digital speech interpolation DSI and DCME
2.4 Multiple access techniques
2.4.1 FDMA
2.4.2 TDMA
2.4.3 CDMA
2.4.4 Comparasion
2.5 Wireless local loop
2.5.1 Concept, advantages and applications
2.5.2 Radio frequency and bandwidth
2.5.3 WLL system components
 Wireless line transceiver - central access coding unit
- central transceiver unit
 Operation and maintenance centre
 Network interface unit - subscriber transceiver unit
- intelligent telephone socket

3. Data Communications 10 Hours

3.1 Basic component of data communication
3.1.1 DTE/DCE
3.1.2 Media
3.1.3 Network
3.1.4 Link
3.1.5 Interface
3.1.6 Modems-features, standards, commands
3.1.7 Network terminating unit
3.2 Signaling elements
3.3 Transmission codes – morse/baudot/ASC II/EBCDIC

37
 3.3.1 Transmission modes – simplex, half duplex, full duplex
3.3.2 Transmission methods – serial, parallel
3.3.3 Transmission techniques – asynchronous/synchronous
3.4 Connecting methods – dial up – leased line
3.5 Interface standards
3.5.1 RS-233
3.5.2 ITU recommendation-V and X series
3.5.3 RS-449/530
3.6 Data communication application testing
3.6.1 Network access test points
3.6.2 Equipment loopbacks
3.6.3 Test patterns

4. Computer Networking 10 Hours

4.1 LAN
4.1.1 Networking
 IEEE 802 standards
 Logical link control
 Media access control
4.1.2 Ethernet / IEEE 802.3
 LAN topologies
 Frame formats
 CSMA/CD
4.1.3 Token ring / IEEE 802.5
 Topology-frame format
 Token passing
4.1.4 FDDI
 Network components, topology, station ports, connectors, ring
normal/wrap operation
 Protocol stock-PMD, PHY, MAC, SMT, LLC
 Basic operation-what gets transmitted in an FDDI network how the
FDDI network works
4.2 WAN
4.2.1 Difference between LAN and WAN
4.2.2 Internetworking overview
4.2.3 WAN services
 Dialing up
 Leased lines
 Switched services
 Internet
 Interne Development
 Domain Name System
 Levels of Connectivity
 Facilities of Internet
 Layered Network Protocol
 E-Mail

38
  Group Communication

4.2.4 Transmission medium, language, information exchange, error checking

4.2.5 Protocols-character oriented-bit oriented-cell based
4.2.6 WAN testing-strategy-test equipment
4.3 Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS)

5. SS7 Network Technology 5 Hours

5.1 Signaling and switching overview
5.1.1 Call progression
5.1.2 Types of signaling
5.2 SS7 overview
5.2.1 Hardware components
5.2.2 Software components
5.2.3 SS7 advantages
5.3 SS7 network topology
5.3.1 Network nodes
5.3.2 Signaling links
5.4 Protocol structure
5.4.1 MTP (message transfer part)
5.4.2 USER part
5.5 Testing applications
5.5.1 Statistical monitoring

6. VSAT Technology 3 Hours

6.1 System concept & topology
6.2 System Hardware
6.3 Application

7. Frame Relay Technology 6 Hours

7.1 Definition, features and benefits
7.2 Application
7.3 Acronyms
7.4 Network congestion and management
7.5 Addresses
7.6 Frame relay basics-how frame relay works
7.7 Frame relay signaling mechanism
7.8 Frame relay standards and inter operatability
7.8.1 Where frame relay is used

8. Asynchronous Transfer Mode-ATM 9 Hours

8.1 ATM overview
8.1.1 ATM defined
8.1.2 Standard documents
8.1.3 ATM Vs frame relay
8.2 Cell switched technology
8.2.1 ATM traffic types

39
 8.2.2 PVC
8.2.3 VPI/VCI
8.3 ATM networks
8.3.1 Network overview
8.3.2 DTE/DCE interfaces
8.3.3 Access circuits
8.4 ATM cells and frames
8.4.1 Cell format
8.4.2 ATM specifications (UNI/NNI)
8.5 ATM contracts
8.5.1 ATM service types
8.5.2 Quality of service
8.5.3 Usage parameter control

9. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH 9 Hours

9.1 Introduction
9.2 PDH deficiencies
9.3 SDH standard bit rates
9.4 Interface and frame structure
9.4.1 Basic multiplexing structure/regeneration section
9.4.2 Synchronous Transport Module (STM)
9.4.3 Interconnection of STM
9.5 SDH network elements
9.6 Control and management – error types, alarms
9.7 SDH based networks
9.8 SDH network topologies

40
TC – 353 EMERGING TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
1. Core and Application Technologies
1.1 List the core technologies
1.2 Explain the relationship between the customer demand of services and
development
of application technology
2. Access network Technologies
2.1 Define the access network
2.2 Describe various type of digital subscriber lines
2.3 State methods for enhancement of telephone channels utilization
2.4 Describe the various multiple access techniques
2.5 Explain the concept and the working of “wireless load loop” system
3. Data Communications
3.1 List the basic components of data communication
3.2 Describe the signalling elements
3.3 Explain the transmission process of data communication
3.4 State the various connecting methods
3.5 List the interface standards
3.6 Understand the data communication application testing procedures.
4. Computer Networking
4.1 State various local Area Networking standards, control system and describe –
Ethernet/ Token Ring/ FDDI working.
4.2 Differentiate between LAN and WAN and state various WAN services.
4.3 Describe switched multi megabit data service
5. SS7 Network Technology
5.1 Describe the basics of signalling and switching
5.2 State the components of SS7 and its advantages.
5.3 Describe the SS7 network topology
5.4 Describe the SS7 protocol structure.
6. VSAT Technology
6.1 Describe the VSAT technology concepts and topology.
6.2 Draw the VSAT system
6.3 State the application of VSAT networks.
7. Frame Relay Technology
7.1 Describe the basics of Frame Relay working
7.2 Explain the frame relay signalling system
7.3 State the frame relay standards
7.4 List various uses of Frame Relay
8. Asynchronous Transfer Mode  ATM
8.1 Define ATM and compare with Frame Relay working
8.2 Describe the basics of cell switched technology
8.3 Understand the working of ATM network interfaces and access circuits.
8.4 State ATM specification and describe ATM cell format

41
 8.5 List types of ATM services and controls.
9. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy –SDH
1.1 State PDH deficiencies and explain how these are overcome in SDH.
1.2 Describe the SDH basics and standards
1.3 Describe SDH interface and frame structure.
1.4 State SDH network elements.
9.5 Describe SDH Control and management.

42
TC – 353 EMERGING TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

LIST OF PRACTICALS

1. Visit an International Transmission Maintenance Centre of PTCL to study DSI , DCME

and TDMA equipment and write a report with block diagram.

2. Visit WLL installation and write a report on problems and advantages

3. Study the data communication equipment viz modem; multiplexer and the data tester
interface tester, protocol analysis.

4. Study the structure of data Link viz tandem, full duplex.

5. Study the operation of serial interface circuits and modem operation control.

6. Study Communication Protocols viz Personal Communication Videotex, SDLC.

7. Study the structure of X-25 Network.

8. Programming of nodes, PAD, SVC and PVC

9. Conduct measurements, on data links.

10. Study the Ethernet network operation

11. Study the Token Ring network operation

12. Visit FDDI network installation and write report

13. Visit an Internet Service Provider facilities and write report

14. Visit a telecommunication installation for study of SS-7 system.

15. Visit a VSAT station and write report.

16. Visit a PTCL optical fibre terminal station to study ATM and SDH equipment and write
report.

43
 TC-364 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES AND PROJECT
T P C
2 6 4
Total contact hours:
Theory: 64 Hours
Practical: 192 Hours

COURSE CONTENTS

1. Safety Requirement of Work Sites

1.1 Safety of work.
1.1.1 Open space-weather protection-drinking water.
1.1.2 Under and on structures-safety helmets, belts, clothing.
1.1.3 IN confined spaces-gases, fire, and collapse.
1.1.4 Or roads and high ways.
1.1.5 Exposure to radiation and electrocution.
1.1.6 Use of proper tools.
1.2 Safety of materials and equipment-against damage/theft.
1.2.1 Lying in store dump-packed/unpacked.
1.2.2 At the site of work prior to installation.
1.2.3 During and after installation at site of work.
1.3 Safety of environments.
1.3.1 Prevention of dust, seepage, fumes, noise and glare.
1.3.2 Exposed electrically charged high temperature parts and radiations
1.3.3 Open trenches and ditches without signals/without permission.
1.3.4 Unsafe structures and unprotected sites.
1.4 First aid boxes and procedures. Emergency contacts. Fire extinguisher

2. Procedures Plans / Drawing and Records

2.1 Installation contracts-terms and conditions, turnkey and labour contracts-merits
and demerits.
2.2 Availability of installation/construction schedules, materials and procedures.
2.3 Record keeping of the inventory of materials and work progress. Preparation of as
built drawings and reports.

3. Outside Plant-Cable Network Construction

3.1 Laying standards for services along roads.
3.2 Coordination with the local road authority for permission and traffic police for
execution.
3.3 Construction of PVC conduits concrete ducts, tunnels and manholes, leading in
arrangement at Telecom buildings and external cabinets.
3.4 Execution new cable network, laying and jointing of cables.
3.5 Expansion of existing network-problems and procedure.
3.6 Installation of self-supporting aerial cable.

44
 3.7 Installation of drop-wire and distribution boxes on poles
3.8 House wiring standards and materials for telecommunications
3.9 Optical Fiber cable laying, bending and jointing precautions

4. Radio Tower / Mast and Antenna System Installation

4.1 Guy type towers-advantages and limitations-application
4.2 Self supporting tower-merits and demerits-application
4.3 Contained in License, Radio path consideration and height restrictions painting
and obstruction light requirements by Civil Aviation Authority
4.4 Transportation and installation procedures of towers foundation and anchors-
lightening arrestors. Provision of antenna mounting fixtures
4.5 Installation of Antennas and feeders. Installation of feeder racks

4.6 Provision of entrance widow for horizontal feeder rack

4.7 Installation of feeder cable after fixing connectors at upper and leading through
window
4.8 Earthling of feeder cable at upper, lower ends and intermediate points.

5. Installation of Equipment in Buildings

5.1 Layout plans-height of equipment rooms and size of the doors and their location
load bearing capacity of floors. Auxiliary ceilings-provisions for Air-
conditioning-illumination power cabling –future expansions and fire
detecting/fighting system. Personal access and test equipment movements.
Visibility of signals. Location of electric power switches and sockets. Emergency
exit.
5.2 Transportation of the equipment cables and other installation materials and tools.
Materials inlet. Lifting Hoists unpacking operation. Identification of components
and verification of quantity.
5.3 Installation of bays and their Alignment. Completion of inter-rack cabling-
Earthing-Mounting of subassemblies-physical inspection-performing equipment
installation test. Overall system integration.
5.4 Installation contracts-terms and conditions turnkey and labour contracts-merits
and demerits.
5.5 Acceptance testing-standards-procedures-documentation-list of deficiencies
provisional acceptance.
5.6 Commissioning new systems and expansions-procedures, checks and
notifications. Final acceptance.

6. Installation of Power Plant

6.1 Foundation Requirements of Diesel Electric Generator-Provision of lifting hooks
6.2 Exhaust arrangement of diesel/petrol engine smoke
6.3 Installation of the fuel tanks and piping-main tank-day tank.
6.4 Location of starting battery or other staring arrangement. Automatic transfer
switch

45
 6.5 Floor requirements of battery rooms, exhaust of fumes, electric switches out side.
Washbasin. Storage of acid, distilled water and tools.
6.6 Provision of ducts or cable racks/trays. Lying of cables and mounting of Bus bars.
Earthing arrangements.
6.7 Installation of Rectifiers, control bays and switch gear. Air-conditioning of
electronic rectifiers and sealed type batteries.
6.8 Provision of Electrocution Treatment and Fire Fighting Charts.

7. Project

7.1 Techniques and devices to develop an operational telecommunication system.

7.2 Telecommunication equipment and cables installation work.
7.3 Feasibility studies for various types of telecommunication services setup.
7.4 Maintenance plans and trouble shooting procedures for telecommunication
services and networks.
7.5 Organizational and communication skills.

46
TC-364 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES AND PROJECT

Instructional Objectives

1. Safety Requirement of Work Sites

1.1 Understand the importance of safe practices, conditions and attitudes at work site
1.2 Describe the precaution for safety of material and equipment during the construction
process
1.3 Adopt measures against damage to the public properties and the infringement of
rights of other parties
1.4 Take appropriate action in case of accidents and emergencies

2 Procedures Plans / Drawing and Records

2.1 Explain the importance of compliance of contract terms and conditions and the
consequences of violation. Understand License requirements
2.2 Understand and follow the work schedules and procedures
2.3 Draw control charts. PERT and other methodologies
2.4 Prepare records, reports and drawings regarding consumption of materials, progress,
testing and completion of work

3 Outside Plant-Cable Network Construction

3.1 Known the standards and specifications of the local municipal authorities for laying
electric cables, water gas, sewage pipes and telecommunication cable on roads
and highways.
3.2 Explain the procedure to acquire the rights to construct network and obtaining
approval for carrying out works in streets and on roads
3.3 Describe the construction methods of cable ducts, tunnels, manholes, and leading in
arrangements
3.4 Differentiate between laying new cable network and expansion of existing cable
system
3.5 Perform the laying and jointing of different types of underground cables and
termination at ends
3.6 Install the aerial cables, mounting of drop wire with accessories and distribution
points on poles
3.7 Know the specification of PTA for telephone wiring in buildings and installation
procedures
3.8 Describe optical fiber cable laying and jointing procedures
3.9 Perform jointing of optical Fiber and conduct tests

4 Radio Tower / Mast and Antenna System Installation

4.1 Explain the construction features of guyed type and self supporting towers and their
uses
4.2 Describe the procedures for obtaining clearance for installation of high towers
anywhere and projected structures in the vicinity of air fields
4.3 Understand the conditions and specification contained in the radio transmitting
installation license issued by PTA after clearance by FAB.
4.4 Describe the rules and procedure for safe transportation of antenna and tower material

47
 4.5 Describe the correct procedure for erection of towers, installation and alignment of
antennas system and other fixtures

5 Installation of Equipment in Buildings

5.1 Understand the space, floor and access requirements, layout plans, electrification,
illumination, noise control and ventilating arrangements of equipment room
5.2 Know the importance of use of proper passages and devices for conveyance of
equipment or tools and location for unpacking
5.3 Describe procedure for installation and alignment of racks, carrying out cabling and
mounting of sub-assembling
5.4 Explain the procedure for performing tests on individual equipment and overall tests
for compliance of the installation terms and conditions
5.5 List deficiencies and their effect on performance and plan for their removal
5.6 Describe the commissioning procedure of a new installation and expansion works

6 Installation of Power Plant

6.1 State the main considerations in constructing engine generating set foundations
6.2 Describe the arrangement for smoke and battery electrolyte fumes
6.3 Illustrate the installation arrangement of engine fuel tanks and piping
6.4 Differentiate between starting of small and large size engine and explain
arrangements
6.5 Mention the special provisions in room for large size battery and their charging
procedure
6.6 Describe the procedures for installation of busbars / battery leads and Earthing
arrangements
6.7 Describe the condition for proper location, working space and installation of rectifiers
and control consoles
6.8 State the importance of safety measure in power rooms

7 Project

7.1 Apply the various techniques and devices to develop an operational

telecommunication system.
7.2 Perform telecommunication equipment and cables installation work.
7.3 Carry out feasibility studies for various types of telecommunication services setup.
7.4 Draw maintenance plans and trouble shooting procedures for telecommunication
services and networks.
7.5 Practice organizational and communication skills.

48
TC-364 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES AND PROJECT

List of Practicals

1. List a Telephone Cable Laying or a Radio Tower Installation site and writ a report on the
safety measures indicating lapses if any.

2. Study the contents of the First Aid Box and their use and watch demonstration of Civil
Defense.

3. Draw CPM or PERT chart for any work.

4. Prepare as – built drawing of any outside cable plant work.

5. Perform jointing of telephone (copper wire) cable.

6. Demonstration of optical fibre cable laying and jointing - writing of report thereon.

7. Demonstration of guyed type tower erection - writing of report thereon.

8. Demonstration of Antenna mounting and alignment writing of report thereon.

9. Visit a telecommunication equipment installation site and write report

10. Study various type of lifting and transportation devices used in installation work.

11. Visit a diesel generator room and write report on foundation, vibration, and noise
suppression and exhaust arrangements.

12. Visit a battery room of a large size exchange and write report on the physical arrangements
and recording of voltage, specific gravity and temperature readings of cells.

13. Project
a) As per details enclosed
b) The general Guide lines enclosed

The project is general will not be based on electronics design & production. The Telecom Projects
will mainly cover installation of equipment and radio antenna tower, construction of cable networks
including optical fibre and replacement and special maintenance of telecommunication facilities.

49
 TC-373 QUALITY OF SERVICE AND MAINTENANCE
T P C
2 3 3
Total contact hours :
Theory : 64 Hours
Practical : 96 Hours

COURSE CONTENTS

1. Reliability and Availability of Telecom equipment (6 hours)

1.1 Reliability of series parallel and standby systems
1.2 Reliability of hot and cold standby systems
1.3 Probability of Failure, MTBF, MTTR

2. Maintainability (2 hours)
2.1 The system design features
2.2 Life of operation and obsolence

3. Quality of Service (4 hours)

3.1 International standards and procedures of measurement
3.2 National standards and operators performance targets

4. Maintenance Procedures (16 hours)

4.1 Preventive Maintenance
4.1.1 Factors necessitating maintenance
4.1.2 Recommendation of the equipment/system manufacturers
4.1.3 Local considerations and their relationship with warranty
4.1.4 Maintenance Instruction Cards
4.2 Curative maintenance / fault repair
4.2.1 Nature of faults
4.2.2 Causes of faults
 Temperature & Humidity
 Dust and Other Particles
 Noise-Induction
 Power Line Problems
 Corrosion
 Mal-Handling
4.2.3 Diagnostic procedures programs provided by manufacturer
4.2.4 Fault rectification. Module level/component level repairs
4.2.5 Genuineness of repairs
4.2.6 Precautions with electronic equipment
4.3 Importance of maintenance records and their types
4.3.1 Detection of unfavorable environmental conditions
4.3.2 Design defects identified
4.3.3 Mishandling events known

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 4.3.4 Forecasting of the spares
4.3.5 Review of maintenance schedules and procedures
4.3.6 History sheets
4.3.7 Sores consumption records

5. Maintenance Contracts (4 hours)

5.1 Operation and Maintenance contracts
5.1.1 Term and conditions
5.1.2 Penalty for preventable interruptions and faults and delay in restoration
5.1.3 Reporting procedures of faults and shut downs
5.2 Maintenance Contracts
5.2.1 Periodic checkup and repairs
5.2.2 Labour contracts

6. Materials Management (8 hours)

6.1 Inventory Control
6.2 Critical spares and consumable / perishable items
6.3 Economic order quantity
6.4 Stocking arrangements and verification

7. Telecom Facilities Maintenance (24 hours)

7.1 Buildings / Tunnels
7.2 Towers
7.3 Outside Plant-Cable Network-ducts, Manholes
7.4 Switching and Transmission Equipment
7.5 Customer End Terminals-wherever applicable
7.6 Customer Service Centre Facilities and Billing Equipment
7.7 Power Plant and Air-conditioning Equipment
7.7.1 Generating set
 Petrol Generator
 Diesel Generator
 Gas Turbine Generator
7.7.2 Storage Batteries
 Lead Acid
 Alkaline
7.7.3 Rectifiers & Transformers
7.7.4 Electrical installation and lighting
7.7.5 Air handling units and ducts
7.7.6 Chillers
7.7.7 Earthing and lightening arrestor

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TC-373 QUALITY OF SERVICE AND MAINTENANCE

Instructional Objectives

1. Reliability and Availability of Telecom Equipment

1.1 Describe series, parallel and standby system and discus their reliability
1.2 Define the term reliability and availability
1.3 Define hot and cold standby system and explain their effect on reliability

2. Maintainability
2.1 Define the term maintainability
2.2 Identify the basic considerations for good system design
2.3 Define economic operational life and obsolence
2.4 Determine the expected performance on the basis of working time and extent of
maintenance required

3. Quality of Service
3.1 Understand the permissible limits of degradation and interruption for various
types of telecommunication systems
3.2 Mention the international standards on performance quality and the procedure for
measurement
3.3 Understand the standard specified by the National Regulatory Authority and
licence conditions for operation of telecommunication services
3.4 Mention the “performance targets” set by the telecommunication operating entity
or provided in the agreement with the customer

4. Maintenance Procedures
4.1 Explain the factors necessitating maintenance
4.2 Define the term preventive maintenance
4.3 Understand the importance of the maintenance schedules and procedures
recommended by the manufacturers
4.4 Determine the necessity of modification in maintenance plan for local
consideration and their effect on the warranty terms and conditions
4.5 Differentiate between prevention and curative maintenance
4.6 Explain the nature of faults their causes and damages by electric power surges
4.7 Understand the importance of systematic diagnostic procedures and the
recommendation of the manufacturers
4.8 Understand the necessity of fault rectification with genuine components and due
care / test
4.9 State various type of maintenance records
4.10 Explain importance of maintenance records and discuss their uses and comparison
with acceptance test values

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5. Maintenance Contracts
5.1 Compare the maintenance contract systems with the departmental system
5.2 State various types of operation and maintenance contracts
5.3 Describe the scope of work in operation, maintenance and labour contracts
5.4 The importance of various procedures specified in the contract
5.5 Understand the penalty clauses for preventable interruption and other damages

6. Materials Management
6.1 Define inventory control and state procedures adopted
6.2 Determine critical spares essential for timely maintenance
6.3 Classify consumable and perishable items
6.4 Define economic order quality and explain procurement action
6.5 Describe various stocking arrangements and their suitability
6.6 Understand the importance of periodic verification

7. Telecom Facilities Maintenance

7.1 State the maintenance items of buildings and their importance
7.2 Describe the maintenance of Antenna mounting alignment and feeder line fixtures
7.3 Describe the requirement of Telecom Tower Painting and Obstruction light
maintenance. Checking of lightening arrestor
7.4 State the importance of tunnels / manhole cleanliness and checking of cable joints
and supporting structure
7.5 Explain the signaling and alarm devices on switching and transmission equipment
and systematic periodic testing procedures
7.6 Describe the common faults, their diagnosis and repair in various types of
customer end terminals
7.7 Define the terms overhaul and re-conditioning
7.8 State common type of problems with petrol diesel and gas engines and their
causes
7.9 Describe common defects in lead acid storage and alkaline batteries and remedial
actions
7.10 State importance of taking periodic specific gravity voltage and temperature
readings
7.11 State the preventive maintenance checks of air conditioning equipment
7.12 Describe the maintenance requirements of power distribution equipment and
wiring of telecom systems, illumination and air conditioning
7.13 State the types of fire fighting equipment and their maintenance schedules

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 TC-373 QUALITY OF SERVICE & MAINTENANCE
List of Practicals

1. Visit a complaint center of PTCL telephone exchange and study the recording and
rectification procedures and write a report on preparation of fault dockets and remedial
action

2. Study technical manuals of various telecom and testing equipment for upkeep and repair
procedures and draw a schedule for preventive maintenance

3. Draft a Maintenance Instruction Card for any type of electronic equipment or power plant

4. Draft history/sheet/card for any type of electronic equipment, testing devices or power
plant

5. Prepare list of spare parts, modules and units required for maintaining the reliability
targets and the preventive maintenance schedules

6. Study the stores/materials receipt, issue, consumption/procurement records and

procedures at a telecommunication maintenance facility and write a report on critical
spares, economic order quality and stocking arrangements

7. Repair various types of faults in telephone sets

8. Repair various types of faults in PABX

9. Repair various types of faults in underground cables

10. Repair various types of faults in overhead cable, drop wire and cable terminations

11. Visit a Microwave Station and write report on antenna/feeder and equipment
maintenance procedures

12. Remove various types of faults in Petrol Engines

13. Repair faults in Rectifier

14. Repair faults in UPS and voltage stabilizers

15. Study the causes of faults in storage batteries, their symptoms and remedial measures

16. Perform observations for preventive maintenance of air conditioning system

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