P2P APPLICATIONS

- Conduit- channel/tagahatid/daanan ng message

- Ex. Bittorent, Limewire, Skype, Zoom, Google Meet Etc.
- Next Slide

E-COMMERCE ARCHITECTURE TYPES

 Client-Server Architecture
 Two-Tier Architecture
 Three-Tier Architecture

Two-Tier Architecture
The two-tier architecture have consist of mainly two components:
1. Client layer: It consists of the web browser, mobile application,
or the other UI that user interacts with.This front-end client
makes requests to the server.
2. Server layer: It handels both the application logic and data
storage/management.This single back-end server acts as a both the
application server and the database server.
Advantages:
 It is simple to develop and deploy
 The client only communicates with one backend system
 All data logic and validation is handled on the server
Disadvantages:
 The server has to handle client requests, business logic and data
storage. This can result in performance bottlenecks.
 Scalability is limited since it is not easy to scale client and
data tiers independently.
 Less flexibility since presentation and data logic are coupled on
the server side.

Three-Tier Architecture
The three-tier architecture is best architecture to develop a good E-
commerce site. In three-tier architecture we seprates database and server
that eliminate the problems we found in two-tier architecture. Three-tier
architecture separates the presentation(UI), business logic and data storage
layer into three distinct tiers.
 Client tier: Client tier is frontend layer consisting of components
like a web browser, mobile application or other interfaces. This
layer sends the users request and displays the response of server.
 Middel tier: This application server layer handles all the business
logic and computational tasks. It receives requests from the
client, communicates with the database to get or update
data,performs calculations and other application specific tasks,
and passes results back to the client.
 Data tier: This backend layer consists of the database servers that
store and manage data. It can be a relational database like Oracle
or a NoSQL database like MongoDB. The application server uses
protocols like JDBC, ODBC to interact with this database tier.
Advantages:
 Separation of concerns between tiers makes application modular,
flexible and easier to maintain.
 Each tier can scale independently to handle increasing loads.
  Web server can connect to multiple app servers, which in turn can
connect to multiple database servers, allowing high scalability.
 Supports redundancy and failover capabilities for high
availability.
Disadvantages:
 It can introduce complexity into a project. Managing three separate
layers (presentation, application, and data) can be challenging,
especially for small-scale applications, and it might lead to
increased development and maintenance costs
 The additional layers can introduce performance overhead. Each
request or transaction has to pass through the different tiers,
which can slow down the system, particularly if there’s a lot of
data to be transferred between layers
 Scaling can be more challenging in a three-tier architecture. While
it’s possible to scale each layer independently, it often requires
significant effort and resources to ensure that the system scales
seamlessly
 Communication between layers can introduce latency in the system.
When requests and responses need to traverse multiple layers, it
can result in slower response times
NEXT SLIDE

What Is a Backend Integration?

- backend integration is the process of one program sharing data with
another.
- How do backend integrations work?

In the case of canceling a reservation, the restaurant uses a backend

integration on their website that links to their reservation management
system. This means can use personal details (like your last name or email
address) to instantly pull the data on your reservation and cancel it.

And the companies enabling you to self-serve this way? Imagine how much
longer it would have taken to call the restaurant on the phone, have someone
go through reservations manually, then enter your information into a system.
Now imagine how much time it would’ve cost them to do this for every customer
trying to book a table that night. Instead, they reduced handling times while
giving you the chance to get what you needed, when you needed it. It’s a win-
win situation for everyone.

Over the past decade, Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) have emerged
as the most efficient way to build backend integrations. Think of APIs as an
equivalent to Siri on your phone: Someone you can call on to look up
information for you. In fact, developers frequently talk about “calling” an
API to reveal a predefined set of data from a program. When you’re chatting
or emailing with an online shop’s bot, and they send you tracking information
for your package? That’s the result of their bot calling their shipping
provider’s API to pass back that provider’s information about your package.

If NLP is what distinguishes AI-powered bots from traditional rules-based

chatbots by understanding and responding accurately and naturally to your
customers, then backend integrations take your automated support to the next
level by letting your bot act based on that understanding. NEXT SLIDE PLS…

What is Rightsizing?
- Rightsizing is the process of restructuring a company so it can make a
profit more efficiently and meet updated business objectives
In Right Sizing your hardware Platform in the demand side. These are the
Factors involved in in consideration:

1. Number of simultaneous users in peak periods

2. Nature of customer requests (user profile)

3. Type of content (dynamic versus static Web pages)

4. Required security

5. Number of items in inventory

6. Number of page requests

7. Speed of legacy applications. NEXT SLIDE PLS…

Shown in the slide is a graph that shows the Degradation in Performance as

Number of
Users Increases. NEXT SLIDE PLS…

Right-Sizing Your Hardware Platform: The

Supply Side (read the Slide). NEXT SLIDE PLS…

AS SHOWN IN THE SLIDE is the Vertical and Horizontal Scaling Techniques.(read

the slide). NEXT SLIDE PLS…

Vertically Scaling a System

- Vertical scaling (aka scaling up) describes adding additional resources
to a system so that it meets demand. (as shown on the screen, an
upgrade of server memory has taken place so that the it meets the
demands of the users/clients). NEXT SLIDE PLS…

Horizontally Scaling a System

- Horizontal scaling (aka scaling out) refers to adding
additional nodes or machines to your infrastructure to cope with new
demands. If you are hosting an application on a server and find that it
no longer has the capacity or capabilities to handle traffic, adding a
server may be your solution.. NEXT SLIDE PLS…

Improving the Processing Architecture of Your Site (read the slide). NEXT
SLIDE PLS…

E-Business Software & Languages.

- there are Different types of tools available for developing
 - Ebiz—complexity and difficulty to learn like:

Markup languages
- standard text-encoding system consisting of a set of symbols inserted
in a text document to control its structure, formatting, or the
relationship between its parts. The most widely used markup languages
are SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), HTML (Hypertext Markup
Language), and XML (Extensible Markup Language).

Programming language (Read the desc)

- A programming language is a way for programmers (developers) to
communicate with computers. Programming languages consist of a set of
rules that allows string values to be converted into various ways of
generating machine code, or, in the case of visual programming
languages, graphical elements.
- elow is a list of the most popular and best programming languages that
will be in demand in 2024.
- 1. Javascript
2. Python
3. Go
4. Java
5. Kotlin
6. PHP
7. C#
8. Swift
9. R
10. Ruby
11. C and C++
12. Matlab
13. TypeScript
14. Scala
15. SQL
16. HTML
17. CSS
18. NoSQL
19. Rust
20. Perl.
- READ THE SCRIPTING LANGUAGE. NEXT SLIDE PLS…

Markup Language. (READ THE SLIDE) NEXT SLIDE PLS…

SCRIPTING LANGUAGE (READ THE SLIDE) NEXT SLIDE PLS…

PROGRAMING LANGUAGE (READ THE SLIDE) NEXT SLIDE PLS…

Some Differences between Java &

Javascript (READ THE SLIDE) NEXT SLIDE PLS…

Other Tools for Interactivity and Active Content (READ THE SLIDE) NEXT SLIDE
PLS…

Providing Content for E-Business.

Title

It's crucial to understand that title is part of your content too. The title
provides a significant value to search engines. But that's not all; titles
help you attract potential customers and shine from the crowd.

Images

E-commerce content does not only comprise written pieces but images too.
Images don't only attract viewers but boost the understanding of the material
too. Pictures speak global languages of visuals. It rapidly conveys the
message and emotion.

Videos

Diversify your content and add a little bit of video to it. You can represent
your product's functionality with short videos. E.g., let's say you are
selling a hat, shoot a short video with a hat on and express what it can add
to the overall look.

360 Views

No dark side of the moon for your selling items. You should display your
product with 360 views to let your visitors explore the full angle of the
product.

Product Reviews

Many companies write product reviews to cut the buyers' concerns and help
them get the best out of the product.

Product Comparisons

Buyers' actions differ from each other. Some find it simple to make
decisions, but others are in two minds about it. So product comparisons bring
together people on the fence and guide them to the final stage. In this
manner, the brand acts as a friend of the visitor, helping them in tough
times.

Product Listing

A product page defines the details of a specific product. It could be

 Features
 Manufacturers
 Use
 Constituent Part

It is a page on e-commerce that facilitates purchases by diving deep into

product specifics.
Information

Overall, Content is the relevant information, and relevant information is the

content.

In the form of a whitepaper or a blog post? It does not matter. Brands give
away a piece of relevant information to receive value from customers.

When do I Need Content for E-commerce?

List a new Product

Listing a new product goes hand-in-hand with new sales opportunities. It's an
exciting moment for a company that could result in profit lifts.
Unfortunately, not all scenario has a happy ending.
Do you want to minimize the failing ratio? Then you have to flex your content
muscles.

Communicate with Customers

Customers are core to any business. If you show strong interpersonal skills,
you can build lasting relationships. How can you achieve this?

Well, content is the answer. You have a wealth of expertise that you can
share with your buyers. Let us go down memory lane! Remember how delighted
you felt when your friends shared valuable information with you. The same
processes occur during business and client relationships.

Make your audience valued, and they will advocate for your company. Also,
loyal users forgive when things go out in the direction. They prefer to stand
with a company at challenging times as friends do.

Gain New Customers Through Content

Traditional marketing is falling out of the trend. As a dynamic marketer, you

should not fall behind the time.
Content marketing can be an effective method for attracting new customers. It
is crucial to produce well-written and informative coverings.

 Current events,
 Offering helpful advice,
 Sharing exciting information about your industry.

You can also share content on your blog relevant to your industry or company,
such as upcoming events. This approach will help you build a larger audience.

Stay in Competition

Since ordering at the click of a mouse became possible, competition has

become wild. Retailers can not amaze visitors with a stationary shop and a
modular website. A well-thought-out website with retail content tailored to
customer needs is essential.
Attract Readers and Search Engines

The texts need to appeal to the readers and the search engines. You have to
brighten your visibility with content.

Every retail business can maximize digital platforms and a retail store as a
showroom with the right content.NEST

There is No wonder 66% of all retailers use multichannel marketing. Brands

address regular customers with a virtual and stationary presence to engage
them. NEXT SLIDE PLS…

Telecommunication Technologies
for E-Business
- EDI - Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the automated exchange of
business documents between organizations. Daily business workflows
require the exchange of documents like invoices, purchase orders, and
shipping forms. Traditionally, paper-based documents or emails with
attachments are shared between company representatives, who then
manually process and fill the document data in their enterprise data
systems. EDI technology automates these workflows so that digital
systems can share and process documents across organizational
boundaries without human involvement. Organizations can connect IT
systems to others in their B2B network to save time and eliminate
errors from manual processing.

WAN - In its simplest form, a wide-area network (WAN) is a collection

of local-area networks (LANs) or other networks that communicate with
one another. A WAN is essentially a network of networks, with the
Internet the world's largest WAN.
Today, there are several types of WANs, built for a variety of
use cases that touch virtually every aspect of modern life.
-

VALUE ADDED NETWORK - A value-added network (VAN) is a private, hosted

service that provides companies with a secure way to send and share data with
its counterparties. Value-added networks were a common way to facilitate
electronic data interchange (EDI) between companies. As the internet created
competition for this service with the advent of secure email, VANs responded
by expanding their service offerings to include things like message
encryption, secure email, and management reporting.

A value-added network simplifies the communications process by reducing the

number of parties with which a company needs to communicate. The VAN
accomplishes this by acting as an intermediary between business partners that
share standards-based or proprietary data. VANs are set up with audit
capabilities so that the data being exchanged is formatted correctly and
validated before it is transferred to the next party. VANs are sometimes
referred to as added-value networks or turnkey communications lines.

Wireless Networks (M-Commerce) - is the buying and selling of goods and

services through wireless handheld devices such as smartphones and tablets.
M-commerce is a form of e-commerce that enables users to access online
shopping platforms without the use of a desktop computer. NEXT SLIDE PLS…

Network or Provider Selection (Criterion) READ THE SLIDE… END OF PRESENTATON.