MARY MATHA CMI PUBLIC SCHOOL, THENI
HIGHER SECONDARY - CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT
S EXPERIMENT OBSEVATION INFERENCE
N
a) Light green, Yellow, Brown Presence of Fe2+, Fe3+
1 Colour :
b) Blue Presence of Cu2+
The colour of the salt is noted
c) Bright green Presence of Ni2+
d) Blue, Red, Violet, Pink Presence of Co2+
e) Light pink Presence of Mn2+
f) Colourless Absence of Fe2+, Fe3+,
Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+ salts
2 Odour: a) Ammonia Smell Presence of NH4+
The smell of the Salt is noted
b) Vinegar Smell Presence of CH3COO-
c) Rotten Egg Smell Presence of S2-
d) No specific smell Absence of NH4+,
CH3COO-, S2-
a) Colourless, odourless gas with May be Carbonate
3 Action of Heat : brisk effervescence turning lime
water milky
A small amount of the salt is
heated in a dry test b) Colourless Pungent smelling gas May be Chloride
tube
c) Vinegar Smell May be CH3COO-
d) Reddish brown gas with fishy May be Nitrate
odour
c) Pungent smelling gas giving May be Ammonium salt
dense white fumes with Con. HCl
d) Water drops are formed around May be hydrated salt
walls of the test tube
e) Salts turn yellow when hot and May be zinc
white when cold
f) No characteristic change Absence of Carbonate,
Chloride, CH3COO-,
Nitrate, Ammonium
and Zinc salts
a) Brick red Presence of Calcium
4 Flame test :
b) Apple green Presence of Barium
To a small amount of salt is
prepared as a paste with con. HCl c) Bluish green Presence of Copper
and introduced in the flame
d) Crimson Red Presence of Strontium
d) No characteristic colour flame Absence of Calcium,
Barium, Copper and
Strontium
TEST FOR ACID RADICALS
a) Colourless, odourless gas with Presence of Carbonate
5 Dil.H2SO4 : brisk effervescence turning lime
water milky
To a small amount of salt is
treated with 1 ml b) Colourless gas with the smell of Presence of Sulphite
dil.H2SO4 and warmed burning sulphur and turns acidified
potassium dichromate into green
c) Colourless gas with rotten egg Presence of Sulphide
smell turning lead acetate paper
black
d) Reddish brown gas with the Presence of Nitrite
pungent smell which turns ferrous
sulphate solution black
e) No characteristic change Absence of Carbonate
Sulphite, Sulphide,
Nitrite
a) Colourless gas giving dense Presence of Chloride
6 Con. H2SO4 : white fumes with Ammonia
solution
To a small amount of salt is
heated with Con. H2SO4 b) Reddish brown gas turning Presence of Bromide
starch paper yellow
c) Deep violet vapours with pungent Presence of Iodide
smell, turns starch paper blue
d) Reddish brown gas with the Presence of Nitrate
pungent smell which turns ferrous
sulphate solution black
e) A colourless gas which turns lime Presence of Oxalate
water milky and burns with pale
bluish flame
c) No characteristic change Absence of chloride,
bromide, iodide, nitrate,
oxalate
7 To a small amount of the salt is a) Canary yellow precipitate is Presence of phosphate
warmed with con. HNO3 and then formed
add 4-5 drops of ammonium
molybdate solution b) No Canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract :
To a small amount of the salt is added with twice its amount of sodium carbonate then boil with distilled
water and filtered. The filtrate is called Sodium Carbonate Extract
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL
1. Carbonate : a) Colourless, odourless Presence of Carbonate
Dil.HCl Test: gas with brisk effervescence is confirmed
To a small Amount of the salt is turning lime water milky
added with1 ml of dil. HCl and
heat
2. Sulphide:
Lead Acetate Test: A black precipitate is formed Presence of Sulphide is
To a small amount of the extract confirmed
is added with 1 ml of dil. Acetic
acid and 1 ml of Lead acetate
solution
3. Sulphite:
Barium Chloride Test:
To a small amount of the extract A white precipitate is formed and Presence of Sulphite is
is added with1 ml of dilute acetic soluble in dilute HCl confirmed
acid and 1 ml of Barium Chloride
solution
4. Sulphate:
Barium Chloride Test:
To a small amount of the extract A white ppt. is formed which is Presence of Sulphate is
is added with dil. HCl and BaCl2 insoluble in Con.HNO3 and Con. HCl confirmed
solution
5. Nitrite:
Ferrous Sulphate Test: A dark brown or black colour is Presence of Nitrite is
To a small amount of aqueous formed confirmed
solution is added with dil. acetic
acid and ferrous sulphate
solution
6. Nitrate:
Brown ring test: Brown ring is formed Presence of Nitrate is
To a small amount of the extract confirmed
is added with dil. Sulphuric acid,
freshly prepared Ferrous
sulphate solution and Con.
Sulphuric acid along the sides of
the test tube
7. Chloride, Bromide, Iodide: a) A Curdy white precipitate is Presence of Chloride is
Silver Nitrate Test: formed which is soluble in Ammonia confirmed
To a small amount of the extract solution
is added with1 ml of dil. Nitric
acid and 1ml of Silver Nitrate b) Pale yellow precipitate which is Presence of bromide is
solution sparingly soluble in Ammonia confirmed
solution
c) Yellow precipitate is formed Presence of Iodide is
which is insoluble in Ammonia confirmed
solution
d) No Characteristic precipitate Absence of chloride,
bromide, iodide
8. Acetate:
Ester Test: Pleasant fruity smell of ester Presence of Acetate is
To a small amount of the salt is confirmed
added with Con.H2SO4 and Ethyl
alcohol, heat gently and pour in a
beaker of water
9. Oxalate:
Calcium Chloride Test: A white precipitate is formed Presence of Oxalate is
To a small amount of the salt is confirmed
added with dil. acetic acid, CaCl2
and dil.HNO3
10. Phosphate: a) Canary yellow precipitate is Presence of phosphate
To a small amount of salt is formed is confirmed
warmed with Con. HNO3 and then
add 4-5 drops of ammonium
molybdate solution
Preparation of Original Solution: (O.S)
A small amount of the salt is dissolved in distilled water and heated gently. The obtained solution
is called Original Solution.
[ For Carbonate and Sulphide - dilute Nitric acid]
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS
GROUP SEPARATION :
1 To a small amount of the original a) White precipitate soluble in hot Presence of Lead
solution is added with 1 ml of water ( Group I )
dilute HCl solution
b) No white precipitate Absence of
Lead ( Group I )
2 To a small amount of the original a) Black precipitate is formed Presence of Copper
solution is added with dil. HCl (Group II )
and pass hydrogen sulphide gas
b) Yellow precipitate Presence of Arsenic
(Group II )
c) No Characteristic precipitate Absence of Copper
( Group II )
3 To a small amount of the original a) Gelatinous white precipitate Presence of Aluminium
solution is added with 1 ml of (Group III)
Ammonium Chloride and 1 ml of
Ammonium Hydroxide solutions b) Brown Precipitate Presence of Iron salt
(Group III )
c) No Characteristic precipitate Absence of Aluminium
and Iron salts (Group III )
4 To a small amount of the original a) Dirty white precipitate is Presence of Zinc
solution is added with 1 ml of formed (Group IV)
Ammonium Chloride, 1 ml of
Ammonium Hydroxide solutions b) Black precipitate is formed Presence of Nickel or
and pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas Cobalt (Group IV)
c) Brownish yellow colour Presence of Manganese
precipitate is formed (Group IV)
d) No Characteristic precipitate Absence of Zinc, Nickel,
Manganese ( Group IV )
5 To a small amount of the original a) White precipitate is formed Presence of Calcium,
solution is added with 1 ml of Barium or Strontium
Ammonium Chloride, 1 ml of (Group V)
Ammonium Hydroxide solution b) No White precipitate
and1 ml of Ammonium Carbonate Absence of Calcium,
solutions Barium, Strontium
(Group V)
6 To a small amount of the original a) White precipitate Presence of Magnesium
solution is added with 1 ml of (Group VI)
Ammonium Chloride, 1 ml of
Ammonium Hydroxide solution b) No White precipitate Absence of Magnesium
and 1 ml of di-Sodium Hydrogen (Group VI)
Phosphate solutions
7 To a small amount of the original a) Chocolate Brown precipitate Presence of Ammonium
solution is added with 1 ml of (Group Zero)
Nessler’s reagent and 1 ml of
Sodium Hydroxide solution b) No Chocolate Brown precipitate Absence of Ammonium
(Group Zero)
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
1 Lead:
To a small amount of the original Yellow precipitate soluble Presence of Lead is
solution is added with 1ml of in hot water and gives golden confirmed
Potassium Iodide solution spangles on cooling
2 Copper:
To a small amount of the salt A chocolate brown precipitate is Presence of Copper is
solution is added with 1 ml of formed confirmed
Potassium ferrocyanide solution
3 Arsenic:
To a small amount of the original A yellow precipitate Presence of Arsenic is
solution is added with confirmed
ammonium molybdate solution
and heat
4 Aluminium:
To a small amount of the original Bright red lake is formed Presence of Aluminium
solution is added with 1 ml of is confirmed
Ammonium Hydroxide
and 1 ml Aluminon Reagent
5 Iron :
To a small amount of the original Blue colour Precipitate Presence of Iron is
solution is added with 1 ml of confirmed
Potassium ferrocyanide solution
6 Zinc:
To a small amount of the original White precipitate soluble in Presence of Zinc is
solution is added with 1 ml of Sodium Hydroxide confirmed
Potassium ferrocyanide solution
7 Nickel:
To a small amount of the original Bright Rose Red Precipitate Presence of Nickel is
solution is added with NH4OH confirmed
and dimethyl glyoxime
8 Cobalt :
To a small amount of the original Blue colour is formed Presence of Cobalt is
solution is added with confirmed
ammonium thiocyanate
9 Manganese :
To a small of the original solution A white precipitate is formed which Presence of Manganese
is added with NaOH solution turns brown with Bromine Water is confirmed
10 Barium:
To a small amount of the salt Yellow Precipitate Presence of Barium is
solution is added with 1 ml of confirmed
Potassium chromate solution
11 Calcium:
To a small amount of the salt White precipitate is formed Presence of Calcium is
solution is added with 1 ml of confirmed
Ammonium Oxalate solution
12 Strontium :
To a small amount of the salt A white precipitate is formed Presence of Strontium
solution is added with is confirmed
ammonium sulphate and warm
13 Magnesium:
To a small amount of the salt Blue precipitate is obtained Presence of Magnesium
solution is added with 1 ml of is confirmed
Magneson reagent
14 Ammonium :
To a small amount of the salt Chocolate Brown precipitate is Presence of
solution is added with 1 ml of formed Ammonium is
Nessler’s reagent and 1 ml confirmed
Sodium Hydroxide
Results :
The given Salt Contains
i) Basic Radical ( Cation) : ______________
ii) Acid Radical ( Anion) : ______________
ACID RADICALS BASIC RADICALS SALTS
(Anion) (Cation)
1. Carbonate (CO32-) I Group : 1. Calcium Carbonate
2. Sulphide (S2-) 1. Lead (Pb2+) 2. Strontium Carbonate
3. Sulphite (SO32-) II Group : 3. Zinc Sulphide
4. Sulphate (SO42-) 2. Copper (Cu2+) 4. Sulphite
5. Nitrite (NO22-) 3. Arsenic (As2+) 5. Copper Sulphate
6. Nitrate (NO32-) III Group : 6. Aluminium Sulphate
7. Chloride (Cl-) 4. Aluminium (Al3+) 7. Manganese Sulphate
8. Bromide (Br-) 5. Iron (Fe3+) 8. Potassium Nitrite
9. Iodide (I-) IV Group : 9. Lead Nitrate
10. Acetate (CH3COO-) 6. Manganese (Mn2+) 10. Arsenic Chloride
11. Oxalate (C2O42-) 7. Cobalt (Co2+) 11. Ferric Chloride
12. Phosphate (PO42-) 8. Nickel (Ni2+) 12. Nickel Chloride
9. Zinc (Zn2+) 13. Barium Chloride
V Group : 14. Ammonium Bromide
10. Calcium (Ca2+) 15. Potassium Iodide
11. Barium (Ba2+) 16. Sodium Acetate
12. Strontium (Sr2+) 17. Ammonium Oxalate
VI Group : 18. Magnesium Phosphate
13. Magnesium (Mg2+)
ZERO Group :
14. Ammonium (NH4+)
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