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IS ADIS W S Module8

Analysis and design of information systems

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views22 pages

IS ADIS W S Module8

Analysis and design of information systems

Uploaded by

tisiren1974
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Agnieszka Niklewicz, Cracow University of Economics

Analysis and Design of


Information Systems
Lecture 7

1
Types of IS

• By the scope
• By level of organization
Types of IS by the scope
• Disparate systems - systems that was designed to operate as
a fundamentally distinct without exchanging data or
interacting with other computer data processing systems,
• Functional systems are based on the various business
functions such as Production, Marketing, Finance and
Personnel etc.
• Integrated systems combine a number of functional
subsystems that cover all areas of the company activities
(MRP, MRPII, ERP, but also ERPII).
• Interorganizational systems connects 2 or more
organizations (np. B2B, ERPII).
MRP
• MRP – Material Requirements Planning (the 70s) works backward
from a production plan for finished goods, which is converted into a
list of requirements for the subassemblies, component parts, and
raw materials needed to produce the final product within the
established schedule. In other words, it's basically a system for
trying to figure out the materials and items needed to manufacture
a given product. MRP helps manufacturers get a grasp of inventory
requirements while balancing both supply and demand.
• MRP included the following three major functionalities:
– master production scheduling
– bill of materials
– inventory tracking

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MRP II
• MRP II – Manufacturing Resource Planning is a computer-based
system that can create detailed production schedules using real-
time data to coordinate the arrival of component materials with
machine and labor availability.
• MRP II includes:
– master production scheduling
– bill of materials
– inventory tracking
– machine capacity scheduling
– demand forecasting
– quality assurance
– general accounting
ERP
• Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems tie together a multitude
of business processes and enable the flow of data between them. By
collecting an organization’s shared transactional data from multiple
sources, ERP systems eliminate data duplication and provide data
integrity with a single source of truth.
• At its core, an ERP is an application that automates business
processes, and provides insights and internal controls, drawing on a
central database that collects inputs from departments including
accounting, manufacturing, supply chain management, sales,
marketing and human resources (HR).
Interorganizational systems
The architecture of ERP II can be presented as a set of components, with
ERP as the central element, surrounded by the so-called corporate
components such as:
• Supply Chain Management (SCM),
• Customer Relationship Management (CRM),
• Supplier Relationship Management (SRM),
• Corporate Performance Management (CPM),
• Human Resource Management (HRM),
• Product Lifecycle Management (PLM).
Interorganizational systems
Architecture of interorganizational
systems refers also to:
• B2C: Business-to-consumer
• B2B: Business-to-business
• B2E: Business-to-employee
• EAI: Enterprise Application
Integration
Transaction Processing Systems – TPS

• They are responsible for collecting operational data, recorded


during the organization's day-to-day operation, at the executive
level.
• Their task is to register all basic (detailed) data, which can later be
used to create all summaries, reports, summaries, etc.
• They are the basis for the creation and use of any other
management support systems, as they all derive from the data
stored in them.
• They collect data in various areas of the company's operations,
regardless of whether the transaction systems are separated
(independent) or integrated with each other (ERP).
Transaction Processing Systems – TPS
• Examples of typical transactions include billing clients, bank
deposits, new hire data, inventory counts, or a record of
client-customer relationship management data.
• A transaction processing system ensures that all of the
contractual, transactional, and customer relationship data is
stored in a safe location and accessible to everyone who
needs it. It also assists in the processing of sales order entries,
payroll, shipping, sales management, or other routine
transactions needed to maintain operations.

12
Office Automation Systems – OAS

• It is used at all levels of management and in the area


of administration.
• OAS includes tools such as word processors,
spreadsheets, database management systems,
presentation tools, graphic tools, e-mail and
scheduling applications (so-called organizers).
Office Automation Systems – OAS
• Typical examples of functions performed by an OAS include
printing documents, mailing paperwork, mailing, maintaining
a company calendar, and producing reports. Primarily, an
office automation system assists in enhancing communication
among different departments so everyone can collaborate to
complete a task.
• An OAS can integrate with e-mail or word processing
applications to ensure all communication data is easily
accessible and in one centralized location. By utilizing an
office automation system, businesses can improve
communication between workers, streamline managerial
activities, and optimize knowledge management.
Expert Systems – ES
• An expert system is a computer program that is designed to
emulate and mimic human intelligence, skills or behavior.
• It is mainly developed using artificial intelligence concepts, tools
and technologies, and possesses expert knowledge in a particular
field, topic or skill.
• An expert system usually has two core components:
– Knowledge base -- This component consists of data, facts and rules for
a certain topic, industry or skill, usually equivalent to that of a human
expert.
– Interference engine -- This component uses the facts and rules in the
knowledge base to find and learn new knowledge or patterns.

15
Expert Systems – ES

• Expert systems can be potentially useful at every


management level, but in practice they are not very common
due to their complicated structure and high costs.
• They are based on artificial intelligence (AI), generally used in
narrow specialized fields.
• Their main feature is the use of expert knowledge
accumulated in the knowledge base. The user can take
advantage of expert advice without direct contact with them,
through expert systems.
Management Information Systems – MIS
• They support solving operational and tactical problems at lower
management levels.
• The operation of MIS consists in searching, compiling, presenting,
combining and analyzing data from various sources (mainly from TPS,
but it is also possible to obtain data from external sources) in order to
provide information for making routine decisions.
• An important feature of this system is the ongoing monitoring of
changes and deviations of results from the expected level. They support
a wide range of tasks in the organization, including analysis and decision
making.
• Examples of the use of management information systems include
current production control or short-term (operational) planning.
Management Information Systems – MIS
• It retrieves TPS information, aggregates it, and generates
reports to help those at the management level know
important details of a situation. Summaries and comparisons
are utilized to allow senior managers to optimize the decision
making process to achieve better results.
• Most of the report formats encompass summaries of annual
sales data, performance data, or historical records. This
provides a secure and systemized way for managers to meet
their targets and oversee business units.

18
Decision Support Systems – DSS
• A decision support system processes data to assist in management
decision-making. It stores and gathers the information required for
management to take the proper actions at the correct time.
• Decision models are programmed into the IS to analyze and summarize
large quantities of information and put it into a visual that makes it
understandable.
• Because a DSS is interactive, management can easily add or delete data
and ask important questions. This provides the evidence required for mid-
management to make the right choices that will ensure the company
meets its targets.
• May be defined as the “what-if” approach that assists management in
formulating policies and projecting the likely consequences of decisions.
• An effective blend of human intelligence, information technology and
software.
Executive Information Systems – EIS
• They help executives and senior managers analyze the environment
in which the organization operates, to identify long-term trends,
and to plan appropriate courses of action.
• The information in such systems is often weakly structured and
comes from both internal and external sources.
• Executive Information System are designed to be operated directly
by executives without the need for intermediaries and easily
tailored to the preferences of the individual using them.
• Provides managers and executives flexible access to information for
monitoring operational results and general business conditions.
• Provides a comprehensive picture of business performance by
analysing key performance indicators for growth.
• Modern EIS uses digital or executive dashboards.

20
Executive dashboards - examples
Agnieszka Niklewicz, Cracow University of Economics

Analysis and Design of Information


Systems

Free of charge materials, prepared as part of the Project “Launching an unique faculty Applied
Informatics in response to labour market demand’” – co-financed from the European Social Fund
under the Operational Programme Human Capital, contract no. UDA – POKL.04.01.01-00-011/09-00

Publikacja bezpłatna.

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