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Algebra
With Sessionwise Theory & Exercises
Algebra
With Sessionwise Theory & Exercises

Dr. SK Goyal
 ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Series), MEERUT
All Rights Reserved

© AUTHOR
No part of this publication may be re-produced, stored in a retrieval system or
by any means, electronic mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, web or
otherwise without the written permission of the publisher. Arihant has obtained
all the information in this book from the sources believed to be reliable and true.
However, Arihant or its editors or authors or illustrators don’t take any responsibility
for the absolute accuracy of any information published, and the damages or loss
suffered thereupon.
All disputes subject to Meerut (UP) jurisdiction only.

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 PREFACE

‘‘THE ALGEBRAIC SUM OF ALL THE TRANSFORMATIONS OCCURRING IN A CYCLICAL

PROCESS CAN ONLY BE POSITIVE, OR, AS AN EXTREME CASE EQUAL TO NOTHING’’
MEANS IF YOU CONTINUOUSLY PUT YOUR EFFORTS ON AN ASPECT YOU HAVE VERY
GOOD CHANCE OF POSITIVE OUTCOME i.e. SUCCESS

It is a matter of great pride and honour for me to have received such an overwhelming response to the
previous editions of this book from the readers. In a way, this has inspired me to revise this book
thoroughly as per the changed pattern of JEE Main & Advanced. I have tried to make the contents more
relevant as per the needs of students, many topics have been re-written, a lot of new problems of new
types have been added in etcetc. All possible efforts are made to remove all the printing errors that had
crept in previous editions. The book is now in such a shape that the students would feel at ease while
going through the problems, which will in turn clear their concepts too.
A Summary of changes that have been made in Revised & Enlarged Edition
— Theory has been completely updated so as to accommodate all the changes made in JEE Syllabus & Pattern in
recent years.
— The most important point about this new edition is, now the whole text matter of each chapter has been
divided into small sessions with exercise in each session. In this way the reader will be able to go through the
whole chapter in a systematic way.
— Just after completion of theory, Solved Examples of all JEE types have been given, providing the students a
complete understanding of all the formats of JEE questions & the level of difficulty of questions generally
asked in JEE.
— Along with exercises given with each session, a complete cumulative exercises have been given at the end of
each chapter so as to give the students complete practice for JEE along with the assessment of knowledge
that they have gained with the study of the chapter.
— Last 13 Years questions asked in JEE Main & Adv, IIT-JEE & AIEEE have been covered in all the chapters.
However I have made the best efforts and put my all Algebra teaching experience in revising this book.
Still I am looking forward to get the valuable suggestions and criticism from my own fraternity i.e. the
fraternity of JEE teachers.
I would also like to motivate the students to send their suggestions or the changes that they want to be
incorporated in this book.
All the suggestions given by you all will be kept in prime focus at the time of next revision of the book.

Dr. SK Goyal
 CONTENTS
1. COMPLEX NUMBERS 1-102
LEARNING PART Session 4
Session 1 — nth Root of Unity
— Integral Powers of Iota (i) — Vector Representation of Complex Numbers
— Switch System Theory — Geometrical Representation of Algebraic
Session 2 Operation on Complex Numbers
— Rotation Theorem (Coni Method)
— Definition of Complex Number
— Shifting the Origin in Case of Complex
— Conjugate Complex Numbers
Numbers
— Representation of a Complex Number in
— Inverse Points
Various Forms
— Dot and Cross Product
Session 3
— Use of Complex Numbers in Coordinate
— amp (z)– amp (–z)=± p, According as amp (z)
Geometry
is Positive or Negative
— Square Root of a Complex Number PRACTICE PART
— Solution of Complex Equations — JEE Type Examples
— De-Moivre’s Theorem — Chapter Exercises
— Cube Roots of Unity

2. THEORY OF EQUATIONS 103-206

LEARNING PART Session 4
Session 1 — Equations of Higher Degree
— Polynomial in One Variable — Rational Algebraic Inequalities
— Identity — Roots of Equation with the
— Linear Equation Help of Graphs
— Quadratic Equations Session 5
— Standard Quadratic Equation — Irrational Equations
Session 2 — Irrational Inequations
— Transformation of Quadratic Equations — Exponential Equations
— Condition for Common Roots — Exponential Inequations
— Logarithmic Equations
Session 3
— Logarithmic Inequations
— Quadratic Expression
— Wavy Curve Method PRACTICE PART
— Condition for Resolution into Linear Factors — JEE Type Examples
— Location of Roots (Interval in which Roots Lie) — Chapter Exercises
3. SEQUENCES AND SERIES 207-312
LEARNING PART Session 5
Session 1 — Mean
— Sequence Session 6
— Series — Arithmetico-Geometric
— Progression Series (AGS)
Session 2 — Sigma (S) Notation

— Arithmetic Progression — Natural Numbers

Session 7
Session 3
— Application to Problems of Maxima and
— Geometric Sequence or Geometric
Minima
Progression
Session 4 PRACTICE PART
— Harmonic Sequence or Harmonic Progression — JEE Type Examples
— Chapter Exercises

4. LOGARITHMS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 313-358

LEARNING PART Session 3
Session 1 — Properties of Monotonocity of Logarithm
— Definition — Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
— Characteristic and Mantissa
PRACTICE PART
Session 2 — JEE Type Examples
— Principle Properties of Logarithm — Chapter Exercises

5. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 359-436

LEARNING PART Session 5
Session 1 — Combinations from Identical Objects
— Fundamental Principle of Counting Session 6
— Factorial Notation — Arrangement in Groups
Session 2 — Multinomial Theorem
— Divisibility Test — Multiplying Synthetically
— Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion Session 7
— Permutation — Rank in a Dictionary
Session 3 — Gap Method
— Number of Permutations Under Certain [when particular objects are never together]
Conditions
— Circular Permutations
PRACTICE PART
— JEE Type Examples
— Restricted Circular Permutations
— Chapter Exercises
Session 4
— Combination
— Restricted Combinations
6. BINOMIAL THEOREM 437-518
LEARNING PART Session 4
Session 1 — Use of Complex Numbers in Binomial Theorem
— Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index — Multinomial Theorem
— Pascal’s Triangle — Use of Differentiation
— Use of Integration
Session 2
— When Each Term is Summation Contains the
— General Term
Product of Two Binomial Coefficients or
— Middle Terms
Square of Binomial Coefficients
— Greatest Term
— Binomial Inside Binomial
— Trinomial Expansion
— Sum of the Series
Session 3
— Two Important Theorems PRACTICE PART
— Divisibility Problems — JEE Type Examples
— Chapter Exercises

7. DETERMINANTS 519-604
LEARNING PART — System of Linear Equations
Session 1 — Cramer’s Rule
— Definition of Determinants — Nature of Solutions of System of Linear
— Expansion of Determinant Equations
— Sarrus Rule for Expansion — System of Homogeneous Linear Equations
— Window Rule for Expansion Session 4
Session 2 — Differentiation of Determinant
— Minors and Cofactors — Integration of a Determinant
— Use of Determinants in Coordinate Geometry — Walli’s Formula
— Properties of Determinants — Use of S in Determinant
Session 3 PRACTICE PART
— Examples on Largest Value of a — JEE Type Examples
Third Order Determinant — Chapter Exercises
— Multiplication of Two Determinants of
the Same Order

8. MATRICES 605-690
LEARNING PART Session 2
Session 1 — Transpose of a Matrix
— Definition — Symmetric Matrix
— Types of Matrices — Orthogonal Matrix
— Difference Between a Matrix and a — Complex Conjugate (or Conjugate) of a Matrix
Determinant — Hermitian Matrix
— Equal Matrices — Unitary Matrix
— Operations of Matrices — Determinant of a Matrix
— Various Kinds of Matrices — Singular and Non-Singular Matrices
 Session 3 Session 4
— Adjoint of a Matrix — Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations
— Inverse of a Matrix Using Matrix Method
— Elementary Row Operations
PRACTICE PART
— Equivalent Matrices
— JEE Type Examples
— Matrix Polynomial
— Chapter Exercises
— Use of Mathematical Induction

9. PROBABILITY 691-760
LEARNING PART Session 4
Session 1 — Binomial Theorem on Probability
— Some Basic Definitions — Poisson Distribution
— Mathematical or Priori or Classical Definition — Expectation
of Probability
— Multinomial Theorem
— Odds in Favours and Odds Against the Event
— Uncountable Uniform Spaces
Session 2
— Some Important Symbols PRACTICE PART
— Conditional Probability — JEE Type Examples
Session 3 — Chapter Exercises
— Total Probability Theorem
— Baye’s Theorem or Inverse Probability

10. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 761-784

LEARNING PART PRACTICE PART
— Introduction — JEE Type Examples
— Statement — Chapter Exercises
— Mathematical Statement

11. SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 785-836

LEARNING PART Session 3
Session 1 — Definition of Function
— Definition of Sets — Domain, Codomain and Range
— Representation of a Set — Composition of Mapping
— Different Types of Sets — Equivalence Classes
— Laws and Theorems — Partition of Set
— Venn Diagrams (Euler-Venn Diagrams) — Congruences
Session 2
PRACTICE PART
— Ordered Pair
— JEE Type Examples
— Definition of Relation
— Chapter Exercises
— Ordered Relation
— Composition of Two Relations
 SYLLABUS
numbers. Relation between AM and GM Sum upto n
JEE MAIN terms of special series: ∑ n, ∑ n2, ∑n3. Arithmetico -
Unit I Sets, Relations and Functions Geometric progression.
Sets and their representation, Union, intersection and Unit VIII Probability
complement of sets and their algebraic properties, Power Probability of an event, addition and multiplication
set, Relation, Types of relations, equivalence relations, theorems of probability, Baye’s theorem, probability
functions, one-one, into and onto functions, composition distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli and Binomial
of functions. distribution.
Unit II Complex Numbers
Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals,
Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and JEE ADVANCED
their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra
of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or Algebra
amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a Algebra of complex numbers, addition, multiplication,
complex number, triangle inequality. conjugation, polar representation, properties of modulus
and principal argument, triangle inequality, cube roots of
Unit III Matrices and Determinants unity, geometric interpretations.
Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices,
determinants and matrices of order two and three. Quadratic equations with real coefficients, relations
Properties of determinants, evaluation of deter-minants, between roots and coefficients, formation of quadratic
area of triangles using determinants. Adjoint and equations with given roots, symmetric functions of roots.
evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions,
determinants and elementary transformations, Test of arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, sums of finite
consistency and solution of simultaneous linear arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric
equations in two or three variables using determinants series, sums of squares and cubes of the first n natural
and matrices. numbers.
Unit IV Permutations and Combinations Logarithms and their Properties
Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an Permutations and combinations, Binomial theorem for a
arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of positive integral index, properties of binomial
P(n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications. coefficients.
Unit V Mathematical Induction Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality
Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple of matrices, addition, multiplication by a scalar and
applications. product of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of
a square matrix of order up to three, inverse of a square
Unit VI Binomial Theorem and its matrix of order up to three, properties of these matrix
Simple Applications operations, diagonal, symmetric and skew-symmetric
Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general matrices and their properties, solutions of simultaneous
term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients linear equations in two or three variables.
and simple applications.
Addition and multiplication rules of probability,
Unit VII Sequences and Series conditional probability, independence of events,
Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of computation of probability of events using permutations
arithmetic, geometric means between two given and combinations.
CHAPTER

01
Complex Numbers
Learning Part
Session 1
● Integral Powers of Iota (i)

● Switch System Theory

Session 2
● Definition of Complex Number

● Conjugate Complex Numbers

● Representation of a Complex Number in Various Forms

Session 3
● amp ( z ) - amp ( - z ) = ± p , According as amp ( z ) is Positive or Negative

● Square Root of a Complex Number

● Solution of Complex Equations

● De-Moivre’s Theorem

● Cube Roots of Unity

Session 4
● nth Root of Unity

● Vector Representation of Complex Numbers

● Geometrical Representation of Algebraic Operation on Complex Numbers

● Rotation Theorem (Coni Method)

● Shifting the Origin in Case of Complex Numbers

● Inverse Points

● Dot and Cross Product

● Use of Complex Numbers in Coordinate Geometry

Practice Part
● JEE Type Examples
● Chapter Exercises

Arihant on Your Mobile !

Exercises with the #L
symbol can be practised on your mobile. See inside cover page to activate for free.
2 Textbook of Algebra

The square of any real number, whether positive, negative Remark

or zero, is always non-negative i.e. x 2 ³ 0 for all x Î R. - a = i a ,where a is positive quantity. Keeping this result in
mind, the following computation is correct
Therefore, there will be no real value of x , which when
- a - b = i a × i b = i 2 ab = - ab
squared, will give a negative number.
where, a and b are positive real numbers.
Thus, the equation x 2 + 1 = 0 is not satisfied for any real But the computation, - a - b = ( - a)( - b) = |a||b| is wrong.
value of x. ‘Euler’ was the first Mathematician to Because the property, a b = ab is valid only when atleast one
introduce the symbol i (read ‘Iota’) for the square root of of a and b is non-negative.
If a and b are both negative, then a b = - a b .
- 1 with the property i 2 = - 1. The theory of complex
number was later on developed by Gauss and Hamilton. y Example 1. Is the following computation correct?
According to Hamilton, ‘‘Imaginary number is that If not, give the correct computation.
number whose square is a negative number ’’. Hence, the
-2 -3 = ( -2) ( -3) = 6
equation x 2 + 1 = 0
Sol. No,
Þ x2 = -1 If a and b are both negative real numbers, then a b = - ab
or x = ± -1 Here, a = - 2 and b = - 3.
(in the sense of arithmetic, -1 has no meaning). \ -2 - 3 = - ( - 2) ( - 3) = - 6
Symbolically, -1 is denoted by i (the first letter of the
y Example 2. A student writes the formula
word ‘Imaginary ’).
ab = a b . Then, he substitutes a = - 1 and b = - 1
\ Solutions of x 2 + 1 = 0 are x = ± i. and finds 1 = - 1. Explain, where he is wrong.
Also, i is the unit of complex number, since i is present in Sol. Since, a and b are both negative, therefore ab ¹ a b .
every complex number. Generally, if a is positive quantity, Infact a and b are both negative, then we have a b = - ab .
then
y Example 3. Explain the fallacy
-a ´ -a = ( -1) ´ a ´ ( -1) ´ a
- 1 = i ´ i = -1 ´ -1 = ( -1) ´ ( -1) = 1 = 1.
= -1 ´ a ´ -1 ´ a
Sol. If a and b are both negative, then
=i a ´i a a b = - |a | |b |
= i2a = - a \ -1 ´ -1 = - | -1| | -1| = - 1

Session 1
Integral Powers of Iota (i ), Switch System Theory
Integral Powers of Iota ( i ) Þ n = 4q + r
(i) If the index of i is whole number, then When, 0 £ r £ 3
\ i n = i 4 q + r = (i 4 ) q (i ) r = (1) q × (i ) r = i r
i 0 = 1, i 1 = i , i 2 = ( -1 ) 2 = - 1,
In general, i 4n = 1, i 4n + 1 = i, i 4n + 2 = - 1,
i 3 = i × i 2 = - i, i 4 = (i 2 ) 2 = ( -1) 2 = 1
n
i 4n + 3 = - i for any whole number n.
To find the value of i (n > 4 ) First divide n by 4.
(ii) If the index of i is a negative integer, then
Let q be the quotient and r be the remainder.
1 i i 1
i.e. 4 ) n (q i -1 = = = = - i, i -2 = = - 1,
i i 2 -1 i 2
- 4q
1 i 1 1
r i -3 = = = i, i -4 = = = 1, etc.
3 4
i i i4 1
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 3

2
y Example 4. Evaluate. æ1 + i ö æ 1 + i 2 + 2i ö
Sol. Q a 2 = ç ÷ =ç ÷
(i) i 1998 è 2 ø è 2 ø

(ii) i - 9999 æ 1 - 1 + 2i ö
=ç ÷ =i
è 2 ø
(iii) ( - -1 ) 4n +3 , n Î N
\ a1929 = a × a1928 = a × (a 2 )964 = a (i )964
Sol. (i) 1998 leaves remainder 2, when it is divided by 4.
i.e. 4 ) 1998 (499 = a (i )4 ´ 241 = a × (i 4 )241 = a
1996
2
y Example 7. Dividing f (z ) by z - i , where i = -1, we
\ i 1998 = i 2 = - 1 obtain the remainder i and dividing it by z + i , we get
the remainder 1 + i. Find the remainder upon the
Aliter
division of f (z ) by z 2 + 1.
i 2000
1
i 1998 = = = -1 Sol. z - i = 0 Þ z = i
i2 -1
(ii) 9999 leaves remainder 3, when it is divided by 4. Remainder, when f (z ) is divided by (z - i ) = i
i.e. 4 ) 9999 (2499 i.e. f (i ) = i K (i)
9996 and remainder, when f (z ) is divided by (z + 1) = 1 + i
3 i.e. f ( - i ) = 1 + i [Qz + i = 0 Þ z = - i ] K (ii)
1 1 i i Since, z 2 + 1 is a quadratic expression, therefore remainder
\ i - 9999 = 9999 = 3 = 4 = = i
i i i 1 when f (z ) is divided by z 2 + 1, will be in general a linear
Aliter expression. Let g (z ) be the quotient and az + b (where a
1 i i and b are complex numbers) be the remainder, when f (z ) is
i - 9999 = 9999
=
=i 10000
= divided by z 2 + 1.
i i 1
(iii) 4n + 3 leaves remainder 3, when it is divided by 4. Then, f (z ) = (z 2 + 1) g ( z ) + az + b K (iii)
i.e., 4 ) 4n + 3 (n \ 2
f (i ) = (i + 1) g (i ) + ai + b = ai + b
4n or ai + b = i [from Eq. (i)] K (iv)
3 and f ( - i ) = (i 2 + 1) g ( - i ) - ai + b = - ai + b
\ i 4n + 3 = i 3 = - i or - ai + b = 1 + i [from Eq. (ii)] …(v)
Now, ( - -1 )4n + 3 = ( - i )4n + 3 = - (i )4n + 3 From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
= - (- i) 1 i
b = + i and a =
=i 2 2
Aliter ( - -1 )4n + 3 = ( - i )4n + 3 = - i 4n + 3 Hence, required remainder = az + b
1 1
= - (i 4 )n × i 3 = iz + + i
2 2
= - (1)n ( - i ) = i

y Example 5. Find the value of 1 + i 2 + i 4 + i 6 + ... + i 2n , The Sum of Four Consecutive

where i = -1 and n Î N . Powers of i (Iota) is Zero
Sol. Q 1 + i 2 + i 4 + i 6 + ... + i 2 n = 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + ... + ( - 1)n If n Î I and i = - 1, then
Case I If n is odd, then i n + i n + 1 + i n + 2 + i n + 3 = i n (1 + i + i 2 + i 3 )
1 + i 2 + i 4 + i 6 + ... + i 2 n = 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + ... + 1 - 1 = 0 = i n (1 + i - 1 - i ) = 0
Case II If n is even, then
1 + i 2 + i 4 + i 6 + ... + i 2 n = 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + ... + 1 = 1 Remark
m m- p + 1

1+ i
1. å f( r ) = å f ( r + p - 1)
y Example 6. If a = , where i = - 1, then find the r =p r =1

2 m m+ p + 1

value of a 1929
.
2. å f( r ) = å f ( r - p - 1)
r =-p r =1
4 Textbook of Algebra

13
y Example 8. Find the value of å (i n + i n + 1 )
Switch System Theory
n =1
( where ,i = - 1 )
(Finding Digit in the Unit’s Place)
13 13 13
Sol. Q å (i n + i n + 1 ) = å i n + å i n + 1 = ( i + 0) + ( i 2 + 0) We can determine the digit in the unit’s place in
n =1 n =1 n =1 a b , where a, b Î N . If last digit of a are 0, 1, 5 and 6, then
é 13 n 13 ù digits in the unit’s place of a b are 0, 1, 5 and 6
êQ å i = 0 and å i
n +1
=0 ú
=i -1 n=2 respectively, for all b Î N .
ê n=2 ú
êë(three sets of four consecutive powers of i )úû
100 Powers of 2
y Example 9. Find the value of å in !
2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 6 , 2 7 , 2 8 , 2 9 , ... the digits in unit’s place
n=0
( where , i = - 1). of different powers of 2 are as follows :
Sol. n! is divisible by 4, " n ³ 4. 2, 4, 8, 6, 2, 4, 8, 6, 2,... (period being 4)
100 97 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­
\ å in ! = å i (n + 3 )! 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 ... (switch number)
n=4 n =1

= i 0 + i 0 + i 0 + ... 97 times = 97 …(i)

(The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3 or 0).
100 3 100
\ åi n!
= åi n!
+ åi n! Then, press the switch number and then we get the digit
n=0 n=0 n=4 in unit’s place of a b (just above the switch number) i.e.
= i 0 ! + i 1! + i 2 ! + i 3 ! + 97 [from Eq. (i)] ‘press the number and get the answer’.
1 1 2 6
= i + i + i + i + 97 = i + i - 1 - 1 + 97
y Example 12. What is the digit in the unit’s place of
= 95 + 2i
4n + 7 ( 5172)11327 ?
y Example 10. Find the value of å ir Sol. Here, last digit of a is 2.
r =1 The remainder when 11327 is divided by 4, is 3. Then,
( where ,i = - 1 ). press switch number 3 and then we get 8.
4n + 7 4n + 7 4n + 4 Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (5172)11327 is 8.
Sol. å ir = i1 + i 2 + i 3 + å ir = i - 1 - i + å ir +3

r =1 r =4 r =1
= - 1 + 0 [(n + 1) sets of four consecutive powers of i ] Powers of 3
= -1 3 1 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 3 6 , 3 7 , 3 8 , ... the digits in unit’s place of
y Example 11. Show that the polynomial different powers of 3 are as follows:
x 4 p + x 4q + 1 + x 4r + 2 + x 4 s + 3 is divisible by 3, 9, 7, 1, 3, 9, 7, 1, ... (period being 4)
x 3 + x 2 + x + 1, where p , q, r , s Î N . ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­
Sol. Let f ( x ) = x 4 p + x 4q + 1 + x 4r +2
+ x 4s + 3 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 ... (switch number)
and x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = ( x 2 + 1) ( x + 1)
The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3
= ( x + i ) ( x - i ) ( x + 1), or 0. Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s
where i = -1 place digit ( just above).
Now, f (i ) = i 4 p + i 4q + 1 + i 4r +2
+ i 4s + 3 = 1 + i + i 2 + i 3 = 0
[sum of four consecutive powers of i is zero]
y Example 13. What is the digit in the unit’s place
f ( - i ) = ( - i )4 p + ( - i )4q + 1 + ( - i )4r + 2 + ( - i )4s + 3
of
= 1 + ( -i )1 + ( -i )2 + ( - i )3 = 1 - i - 1 + i = 0
(143) 86 ?
and f ( - 1) = ( - 1)4 p + ( - 1)4q + 1 + ( - 1)4r +2
+ ( - 1)4s + 3 Sol. Here, last digit of a is 3.
=1-1+1-1=0 The remainder when 86 is divided by 4, is 2.
Then, press switch number 2 and then we get 9.
Hence, by division theorem, f ( x ) is divisible by
x 3 + x 2 + x + 1. Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (143)86 is 9.
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 5

Powers of 4 Powers of 8
4 1 , 4 2 , 4 3 , 4 4 , 4 5 ,... the digits in unit’s place of different 8 1 , 8 2 , 8 3 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 8 6 , 8 7 , 8 8 ,... the digits in unit’s place of
powers of 4 are as follows: different powers of 8 are as follows:
4, 6, 4, 6, 4, ... (period being 2) 8, 4, 2, 6, 8, 4, 2, 6, ... (period being 4)
­ ­ ­ ­ ­
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­
1 0 1 0 1 ... (switch number)
1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 ... (switch number)
The remainder when b is divided by 2, can be 1 or 0. Now, The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3
press the switch number and get the unit’s place digit or 0.
( just above the switch number). Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s place
y Example 14. What is the digit in unit’s place of digit (just above the switch number).
(1354 ) 22222 ? y Example 16. What is the digit in the unit’s place of
Sol. Here, last digit of a is 4. (1008 ) 786 ?
The remainder when 22222 is divided by 2, is 0. Then, Sol. Here, last digit of a is 8.
press switch number 0 and then we get 6. The remainder when 786 is divided by 4, is 2. Then, press
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (1354 )22222 is 6. switch number 2 and then we get 4.
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (1008)786 is 4.

Powers of 7
Powers of 9
7 1 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 6 , 7 7 , 7 8 , ... the digits in unit’s place of
9 1 , 9 2 , 9 3 , 9 4 , 9 5 ,... the digits in unit’s place of different
different powers of 7 are as follows:
powers of 9 are as follows:
7, 9, 3, 1, 7, 9, 3, 1, ... (period being 4)
9, 1, 9, 1, 9, ... ( period being 2)
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­
­ ­ ­ ­ ­
1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 ... (switch number)
1 0 1 0 1 ... (switch number)
(The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3 The remainder when b is divided by 2, can be 1 or 0.
or 0). Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s place
place digit ( just above). digit (just above the switch number).
y Example 15. What is the digit in the unit’s place of y Example 17. What is the digit in the unit’s place of
(13057 ) 941120579 ? (2419 )111213 ?
Sol. Here, last digit of a is 7. Sol. Here, last digit of a is 9.
The remainder when 941120579 is divided by 4, is 3. Then, The remainder when 111213 is divided by 2, is 1. Then,
press switch number 3 and then we get 3. press switch number 1 and then we get 9.
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (13057 )941120579 is 3. Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (2419 )111213 is 9.
6 Textbook of Algebra

#L Exercise for Session 1

1 If (1 + i )2 n + (1 - i )2 n = - 2n + 1 (where, i = - 1) for all those n, which are
(a) even (b) odd
(c) multiple of 3 (d) None of these

2 If i = - 1, the number of values of i n + i - n for different n Î I is

(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4

3 If a > 0 and b < 0, then a b is equal to (where, i = -1)

(a) - a × b (b) a × b i

(c) a × b (d) None of these

4 Consider the following statements.

S1 : - 6 = 2i ´ 3i = ( - 4) ´ ( - 9) ( where, i = - 1) S2 : ( - 4) ´ ( - 9) = ( - 4) ´ ( - 9)

S3 : ( - 4) ´ ( - 9) = 36 S4 : 36 = 6
Of these statements, the incorrect one is
(a) S1 only (b) S 2 only
(c) S 3 only (d) None of these
50

5 The value of S
n=0
i ( 2n + 1) ! (where, i = - 1) is

(a) i (b) 47 - i
(c) 48 + i (d) 0
1003

6 The value of S
r =-3
i r ( where i = - 1) is

(a) 1 (b) - 1
(c) i (d) - i

7 The digit in the unit’s place of (153)98 is

(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 7 (d) 9

8 The digit in the unit’s place of (141414)12121 is

(a) 4 (b) 6
(c) 3 (d) 1
Session 2
Definition of Complex Number, Conjugate Complex
Numbers, Representation of a Complex Number in
Various Forms
Definition of Complex Number Algebraic Operations on
A number of the form a + ib, where a, b Î R and i = - 1, is Complex Numbers
called a complex number. It is denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. Let two complex numbers be z 1 = a + ib and z 2 = c + id ,
A complex number may also be defined as an ordered pair where a, b, c , d Î R and i = - 1.
of real numbers; and may be denoted by the symbol (a, b). 1. Addition z 1 + z 2 = (a + ib ) + (c + id )
If we write z = (a, b ), then a is called the real part and b is
= (a + c ) + i (b + d )
the imaginary part of the complex number z and may be
denoted by Re (z ) and Im (z), respectively i.e., a = Re (z ) 2. Subtraction z 1 - z 2 = (a + ib ) - (c + id )
and b = Im (z ). = (a - c ) + i (b - d )
Two complex numbers are said to be equal, if and only if 3. Multiplication z 1 × z 2 = (a + ib ) × (c + id )
their real parts and imaginary parts are separately equal. = ac + iad + ibc + i 2 bd
Thus, a + ib = c + id
= ac + i (ad + bc ) - bd
Û a = c and b = d
= (ac - bd ) + i (ad + bc )
where, a, b, c , d Î R and i = - 1.
z (a + ib ) (c - id )
4. Division 1 = ×
i.e. z1 = z2 z 2 (c + id ) (c - id )
Û Re (z 1 ) = Re (z 2 ) and Im (z 1 ) = Im (z 2 )
[multiplying numerator and denominator by c - id
Important Properties of Complex Numbers where atleast one of c and d is non-zero]
1. The complex numbers do not possess the property of order, ac - iad + ibc - i 2 bd ac + i (bc - ad ) + bd
= =
i.e., ( a + ib) > or < ( c + id ) is not defined. For example,
(c ) 2 - (id ) 2 c 2 - i 2d 2
9 + 6 i > 3 + 2i makes no sense.
2. A real number a can be written as a + i × 0. Therefore, every (ac + bd ) + i (bc - ad ) (ac + bd ) (bc - ad )
= = +i
real number can be considered as a complex number, whose 2 2 2 2
c +d (c + d ) (c 2 + d 2 )
imaginary part is zero. Thus, the set of real numbers (R) is a
proper subset of the complex numbers ( C ) i.e. R Ì C. Hence,
the complex number system is N Ì W Ì I Ì Q Ì R Ì C Remark
3. A complex number z is said to be purely real, if Im ( z ) = 0; and 1+ i 1- i
= i and = - i, where i = -1.
is said to be purely imaginary, if Re ( z ) = 0. The complex 1- i 1+ i
number 0 = 0 + i × 0 is both purely real and purely imaginary.
4. In real number system, a2 + b2 = 0 Þ a = 0 = b. Properties of Algebraic Operations
But if z 1 and z 2 are complex numbers, then z 12 + z 22 = 0 on Complex Numbers
does not imply z1 = z2 = 0.
For example, z 1 = 1 + i and z 2 = 1 - i
Let z 1 , z 2 and z 3 be any three complex numbers.
Here, z 1 ¹ 0, z 2 ¹ 0
Then, their algebraic operations satisfy the following
But z 12 + z 22 = ( 1 + i ) 2 + ( 1 - i ) 2 = 1 + i 2 + 2i + 1 + i 2 - 2i
properties :
= 2 + 2i 2 = 2 - 2 = 0 Properties of Addition of Complex Numbers
However, if product of two complex numbers is zero, then
(i) Closure law z 1 + z 2 is a complex number.
atleast one of them must be zero, same as in case of real
numbers. (ii) Commutative law z 1 + z 2 = z 2 + z 1
If z 1z 2 = 0, then z 1 = 0, z 2 ¹ 0 or z 1 ¹ 0, z 2 = 0 (iii) Associative law (z 1 + z 2 ) + z 3 = z 1 + (z 2 + z 3 )
or z 1 = 0, z 2 = 0
8 Textbook of Algebra

(iv) Additive identity z + 0 = z = 0 + z , then 0 is called

the additive identity.
Properties of Conjugate
(v) Additive inverse - z is called the additive inverse of Complex Numbers
z, i.e. z + ( - z ) = 0. Let z, z 1 and z 2 be complex numbers. Then,
Properties of Multiplication (i) (z ) = z
of Complex Numbers (ii) z +z = 2 Re (z )
(i) Closure law z 1 × z 2 is a complex number. (iii) z -z = 2 Im (z )
(ii) Commutative law z 1 × z 2 = z 2 × z 1 (iv) z +z = 0 Þ z = - z Þ z is purely imaginary.
(iii) Associative law (z 1 × z 2 ) z 3 = z 1 (z 2 × z 3 ) (v) z -z = 0 Þ z = z Þ z is purely real.
(iv) Multiplicative identity z × 1 = z = 1 × z , then 1 is (vi) z 1 ± z 2 = z 1 ± z 2 Ingeneral,
called the multiplicative identity.
z 1 ± z 2 ± z 3 ± ... ± z n = z 1 ± z 2 ± z 3 ± ... ± z n
(v) Multiplicative inverse If z is a non-zero complex
1 (vii) z 1 × z 2 = z 1 × z 2
number, then is called the multiplicative inverse
z In general, z 1 × z 2 × z 3 ... z n = z 1 × z 2 × z 3 ... z n
1 1
of z i.e. z. = 1 = × z
z z æz ö z
(viii) ç 1 ÷ = 1 , z 2 ¹ 0
(vi) Multiplication is distributive with respect to èz2 ø z2
addition z 1 (z 2 + z 3 ) = z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 3
(ix) z n = (z ) n
(x) z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 2 = 2 Re (z 1 z 2 ) = 2 Re (z 1 z 2 )
Conjugate Complex Numbers (xi) If z = f (z 1 , z 2 ), then z =f (z 1 , z 2 )
The complex numbers z = (a, b ) = a + ib and
z = (a, - b ) = a - ib, where a and b are real numbers, x-3 y -3
y Example 18. If + = i , where x , y ÎR and
i = -1 and b ¹ 0, are said to be complex conjugate of each 3+ i 3-i
other (here, the complex conjugate is obtained by just i = - 1, find the values of x and y.
changing the sign of i). x -3 y -3
Sol. Q + =i
Note that, sum = (a + ib ) + (a - ib ) = 2a, which is real. 3+i 3 -i
And product = (a + ib ) (a - ib ) = a 2 - (ib ) 2 Þ ( x - 3) ( 3 - i ) + ( y - 3 ) ( 3 + i ) = i ( 3 + i ) ( 3 - i )
Þ ( 3x - xi - 9 + 3i ) + ( 3y + yi - 9 - 3i ) = 10i
= a 2 - i 2 b 2 = a 2 - ( -1) b 2
Þ (3x + 3y - 18) + i (y - x ) = 10i
= a 2 + b 2 , which is real. On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
Geometrically, z is the mirror image of z along real axis on 3x + 3y - 18 = 0
argand plane. Þ x +y = 6 …(i)
and y - x = 10 ...(ii)
Remark On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Let z = - a - ib, a > 0, b > 0 = ( - a, - b) (III quadrant ) x = - 2, y = 8
Imaginary axis
P(z) y Example 19. If (a + ib ) 5 = p + iq, where i = - 1,
b prove that (b + ia ) 5 = q + ip .
θ a
Real
O θ axis Sol. Q (a + ib ) 5 = p + iq
b
\ (a + ib ) 5 = p + iq Þ (a - ib ) 5 = ( p - iq )
Q(z)
Þ ( - i 2a - ib ) 5 = ( -i 2 p - iq ) [Qi 2 = - 1]
Then, z = - a + ib = ( - a, b) ( II quadrant). Now,
(i) If z lies in I quadrant, then z lies in IV quadrant and
Þ ( - i )5 (b + ia ) 5 = ( - i ) (q + ip )
vice-versa. Þ ( - i ) (b + ia ) 5 = ( - i ) (q + ip )
(ii) If z lies in II quadrant, then z lies in III quadrant and
vice-versa. \ (b + ia ) 5 = (q + ip )
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 9

y Example 20. Find the least positive integral value of y Example 23. Find real values of x and y for which
n
æ 1-i ö the complex numbers - 3 + i x 2 y and x 2 + y + 4i ,
n, for which ç ÷ , where i = -1, is purely
è 1+ i ø where i = - 1, are conjugate to each other.
imaginary with positive imaginary part. Sol. Given, - 3 + ix 2y = x 2
+ y + 4i
n n n 2 2
æ1 - i ö æ1 - i 1 - i ö æ 1 + i 2 - 2i ö æ 1 - 1 - 2i ö n
Þ - 3 - ix y = x + y + 4i
Sol. ç ÷ =ç ´ ÷ =ç ÷ =ç ÷
è1 +i ø è1+ i 1 -i ø è 2 ø è 2 ø On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
= ( - i )n = Imaginary x 2 +y = -3 …(i)
2
Þ n = 1, 3, 5, ... for positive imaginary part n = 3. and -x y=4 …(ii)
4
y Example 21. If the multiplicative inverse of a From Eq. (ii), we get x 2 = -
y
complex number is ( 3 + 4i ) / 19, where i = - 1, find 4 é 4 ù
complex number. Then, - + y = - 3 ê putting x 2 = - in Eq. (i)ú
y ë y û
Sol. Let z be the complex number.
æ 3 + 4i ö y 2 + 3y - 4 = 0 Þ (y + 4 ) (y - 1) = 0
Then, z × ç ÷ =1 \ y = - 4, 1
è 19 ø
For y = - 4 , x2 = 1 Þ x = ± 1
19 ( 3 - 4i )
or z= ´ For y = 1, x 2 = - 4 [impossible]
( 3 + 4i ) ( 3 - 4i )
\ x = ± 1, y = - 4
19 ( 3 - 4i )
= = ( 3 - 4i )
19 y Example 24. If x = - 5 + 2 - 4, find the value of
3 + 2 i sin q x 4 + 9 x 3 + 35x 2 - x + 4.
y Example 22. Find real q, such that ,
1 - 2 i sin q Sol. Since, x = - 5 + 2 - 4 Þ x + 5 = 4i
where i = -1, is Þ ( x + 5)2 = ( 4i )2 Þ x 2 + 10x + 25 = - 16
(i) purely real. (ii) purely imaginary. \ x 2 + 10x + 41 = 0 …(i)
3 + 2i sin q Now,
Sol. Let z =
1 - 2i sin q x 2 + 10x + 41 x 4
+ 9 x 3 + 35x 2
-x+4 x 2
-x+4
4 3 2
On multiplying numerator and denominator by conjugate x + 10x + 41x
of denominator, - - -
- x 3 - 6x 2 - x + 4
(3 + 2i sin q ) (1 + 2i sin q ) (3 - 4 sin 2 q ) + 8i sin q
z= = 3 2
(1 - 2i sin q ) (1 + 2i sin q ) (1 + 4 sin 2 q ) -x - 10x - 41x
+ + +
(3 - 4 sin 2 q ) (8 sin q ) 4x 2
+ 40x + 4
= 2
+i 2
(1 + 4 sin q ) (1 + 4 sin q ) 4x 2
+ 40x + 164
(i) For purely real, Im(z ) = 0 - - -
- 160
8 sin q
Þ = 0 or sin q = 0 \ x 4 + 9x 3
+ 35x 2
-x+4
1 + 4 sin 2 q
= ( x 2 + 10x + 41) ( x 2 - x + 4 ) - 160
\ q = n p, n Î I
= 0 - 160 = - 160 [from Eq. (i)]
(ii) For purely imaginary, Re (z ) = 0
(3 - 4 sin 2 q ) y Example 25. Let z be a complex number satisfying
Þ = 0 or 3 - 4 sin 2 q = 0
(1 + 4 sin 2 q) the equation z 2 - ( 3 + i ) z + l + 2 i = 0, where l ÎR and
3 æ 3ö pö
2 2 i = -1. Suppose the equation has a real root, find the
2 æ
or sin q = = ç ÷ = çsin ÷ non-real root.
4 è 2 ø è 3ø
Sol. Let a be the real root. Then,
p
\ q = np ± , n Î I a 2 - (3 + i ) a + l + 2i = 0
3
10 Textbook of Algebra

Þ (a 2 - 3 a + l ) + i (2 - a ) = 0 Argument of z will be q, p - q , p + q and 2p - q

On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get according as the point z lies in I, II, III and IV
y
a 2 - 3a + l = 0 …(i) quadrants respectively, where q = tan - 1 .
Þ 2-a =0 …(ii) x
From Eq. (ii), a = 2
y Example 26. Find the arguments of z 1 = 5 + 5i ,
Let other root be b.
Then, a + b = 3 + i Þ 2+ b = 3 + i z 2 = - 4 + 4 i , z 3 = - 3 - 3 i and z 4 = 2 - 2i ,
\ b =1+i where i = - 1.
Hence, the non-real root is 1 + i. Sol. Since, z 1, z 2 , z 3 and z 4 lies in I, II, III and IV quadrants
respectively. The arguments are given by
5
arg (z1 ) = tan - 1 = tan - 1 1 = p / 4
Representation of a Complex 5

Number in Various Forms arg (z 2 ) = p - tan - 1

4
-4
p 3p
= p - tan -1 1 = p - =
4 4
-3 p 5p
Cartesian Form arg (z 3 ) = p + tan - 1
-3
= p + tan -1 1 = p + =
4 4
(Geometrical Representation) -2
and arg (z 4 ) = 2p - tan - 1
Every complex number z = x + iy , where x , y Î R and 2
i = - 1, can be represented by a point in the cartesian p 7p
= 2p - tan -1 1 = 2p - =
plane known as complex plane (Argand plane) by the 4 4
ordered pair ( x , y ).
Principal Value of the Argument
The value q of the argument which satisfies the inequality
Modulus and Argument of a -p < q £ p is called the principal value of the argument.
Complex Number If z = x + iy = ( x , y ), " x , y Î R and i = - 1, then
Let z = x + iy = ( x , y ) for all x , y Î R and i = - 1. æy ö
arg(z ) = tan - 1 ç ÷ always gives the principal value. It
èxø
Imaginary axis
P (x, y) depends on the quadrant in which the point ( x , y ) lies.

Y Imaginary
r
y axis

θ P (x, y)
Real axis
O x
y
The length OP is called modulus of the complex number z
denoted by z , θ
X′ X
i.e. OP = r = z = ( x 2 + y 2 ) O x
Real axis
Y′
and if ( x , y ) ¹ (0, 0 ), then q is called the argument or
amplitude of z, (i) ( x , y ) Î first quadrant x > 0, y > 0.
æy ö æy ö
i.e. q = tan - 1 ç ÷ [angle made by OP with positive X-axis] The principal value of arg (z ) = q = tan - 1 ç ÷
èxø èxø
or arg (z ) = tan - 1 (y / x ) It is an acute angle and positive.
(ii) ( x , y ) Î second quadrant x < 0, y > 0.
Also, argument of a complex number is not unique, since
The principal value of arg (z ) = q
if q is a value of the argument, so also is 2np + q, where
n Î I . But usually, we take only that value for which æ y ö
= p - tan - 1 çç ÷
÷
0 £ q < 2 p. Any two arguments of a complex number differ è x ø
by 2np.
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 11

Y
Imaginary or tan - 1 1, p - tan - 1 1, - p + tan - 1 1, - tan - 1 1
(x, y) axis p p p p p 3p 3p p
or ,p- ,-p+ , - or , , - ,-
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
y Hence, the principal values of the arguments of z1, z 2 , z 3
θ
p 3p 3p p
X′ x X and z 4 are , , - , - , respectively.
O 4 4 4 4
Real axis

Y′ Remark
1. Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the
It is an obtuse angle and positive. argument.
(iii) ( x , y ) Î third quadrant x < 0, y < 0. 2. Argument of the complex number 0 is not defined.
æy ö 3. If z1 = z2 Û z1 = z2 and arg ( z1 ) = arg ( z2 ).
The principal value of arg (z ) = q = - p + tan -1 ç ÷ 4. If arg ( z ) = p /2 or - p /2, z is purely imaginary.
èxø
Y 5. If arg ( z ) = 0 or p, z is purely real.
Imaginary
axis y Example 28. Find the argument and the principal
value of the argument of the complex number
X′
x O
X 2+ i
θ Real axis z= , where i = - 1.
y 4i + (1 + i ) 2
2+i 2+i 2+i 1 1
Sol. Since, z = = = = - i
(x, y) 4i + ( 1 + i ) 2 4i + 1 + i 2 + 2i 6i 6 3
Y′
\ z lies in IV quadrant.
It is an obtuse angle and negative.
1
(iv) ( x , y ) Î fourth quadrant x > 0, y < 0. -
-1 3 = tan - 1 2
Here, q = tan
The principal value of arg (z ) = q 1
æ y ö 6
= - tan - 1 çç ÷
÷ \ arg (z ) = 2p - q = 2p - tan -1 2
è x ø
Hence, principal value of arg (z ) = - q = - tan -1 2.
Y
Imaginary
axis Properties of Modulus
x (i) z ³ 0 Þ z = 0, iff z = 0 and z > 0, iff z ¹ 0
X′ X
O θ Real axis (ii) - z £ Re (z ) £ z and - z £ Im (z ) £ z
y
(iii) z = z = - z = - z
2
(x, y) (iv) zz = z
Y′
(v) z 1 z 2 = z 1 z 2
It is an acute angle and negative. In general, z 1 z 2 z 3 ... z n = z 1 z 2 z 3 ... z n
y Example 27. Find the principal values of the z z1
(vi) 1 = (z 2 ¹ 0 )
arguments of z 1 = 2 + 2i , z 2 = - 3 + 3i , z 3 = - 4 - 4i z2 z2
and z 4 = 5 - 5i , where i = -1.
(vii) z 1 ± z 2 £ z 1 + z 2
Sol. Since, z 1, z 2 , z 3 and z 4 lies in I, II, III and IV quadrants In general, z 1 ± z 2 ± z 3 ± ... ± z n £ z 1 + z 2
respectively. The principal values of the arguments are
+ z 3 + ... + z n
given by
æ 3 ö æ- 4ö (viii) z 1 ± z 2 ³ z 1 - z 2
æ2ö
tan -1 ç ÷ , p - tan -1 ç ÷ , - p + tan -1 ç ÷,
è2ø è -3 ø è- 4ø n
(ix) z n = z
æ -5 ö
- tan -1 ç ÷ (x) z1 - z2 £ z1 + z2 £ z1 + z2
è 5 ø
12 Textbook of Algebra

Thus, z 1 | + | z 2 is the greatest possible value of é 1ù

\ sin q i Î ê0, ú ,
z 1 + z 2 and | z 1 | - | z 2 | is the least possible value of ë 2û
z1 + z2 . 1
i.e. 0 £ sinq i £
2 2 2 2
(xi) z 1 ± z 2 = (z 1 ± z 2 ) (z 1 ± z 2 ) = z 1 + z2
\ Inequality Eq. (i) becomes,
± (z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 2 ) 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 1
2 2 2£ z + z + z + z +
or z 1 + z2 ± 2 Re (z 1 z 2 ) 2 2 2 2 2
4 3 2
Þ 3£ z + z + z + z
(xii) z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 2 = 2 z 1 z 2 cos(q 1 - q 2 ), where
q 1 = arg (z 1 ) and q 2 = arg (z 2 ) Þ 3£ z + z + z
2 3
+ z
4
< z + z
2

2 2 z 3 4
(xiii) | z 1 + z 2 |2 = z 1 + z 2 Û 1 is purely imaginary. + z + z +... + ¥
z2 2 3 4
2 2 2 2 Þ 3< z + z + z + z + ... + ¥
(xiv) z 1 + z 2 + z1 - z2 = 2 {z1 + z2 }
z
2 2 2 2 Þ 3< [here, | z | < 1]
(xv) az 1 - bz 2 + bz 1 + az 2 2
= (a + b ) ( z 1 2
+ z 2 ), 1- z
where a, b Î R Þ 3- 3 z < z Þ 3 < 4 z
3
(xvi) Unimodular i.e., unit modulus \ z >
4
If z is unimodular, then z = 1. In case of unimodular, 3
Hence, < z <1 [Q | z | < 1]
let z = cos q + i sin q, q Î R and i = -1. 4

Remark y Example 30. If z - 2 + i £ 2, find the greatest

1. If f ( z ) is unimodular, then f ( z ) = 1and let
f ( z ) = cos q + i sin q, q ÎR and i = -1. and least values of | z | , where i = -1.
z Sol. Given that, z - 2 + i £ 2 …(i)
2. is always a unimodular complex number, if z ¹ 0.
z
Q z-2+i ³ z - 2-i [by property (x)]
(xvii) The multiplicative inverse of a non-zero complex
number z is same as its reciprocal and is given by \ z-2+i ³ z - 5 …(ii)
1 z z From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= = .
z zz 2
z z - 5 £ z-2+i £2

\ z - 5 £2
y Example 29. If q i Î [0, p / 6], i = 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 and
sin q 1 z 4 + sin q 2 z 3 + sin q 3 z 2 + sin q 4 z Þ -2£ z - 5 £2
3 Þ 5 -2£ z £ 5 +2
+ sin q 5 = 2, show that < z < 1.
4 Hence, greatest value of z is 5 + 2 and least value of z
Sol. Given that,
is 5 - 2.
sin q 1 z 4 + sin q 2 z 3 + sin q 3 z 2 + sin q 4 z + sin q 5 = 2
or 2 = sin q 1 z 4 + sin q 2 z 3 + sin q 3 z 2 + sin q 4 z + sin q 5
y Example 31. If z is any complex number such
4 3 2
2 £ sin q 1 z + sin q 2 z + sin q 3 z that z + 4 £ 3, find the greatest value of z + 1 .
+ sin q 4 z + sin q 5 [by property (vii)]
Sol. Q z + 1 = (z + 4 ) - 3
Þ 2 £ sin q 1 z 4 + sin q 2 z 3 + sin q 3 z 2
= ( z + 4 ) + ( - 3) £ z + 4 + - 3
+ sin q 4 z + sin q 5 [by property (v)]
4 3 2 = z + 4 +3
Þ 2 £ sin q 1 z + sin q 2 z + sin q 3 z
£3+3=6 [Q z + 4 £ 3 ]
+ sin q 4 z + sin q 5 [by property (ix)] …(i)
But given, q i Î[0, p / 6] \ z +1 £6
Hence, the greatest value of z + 1 is 6.
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 13

2
y Example 32. If z 1 = 1, z 2 = 2, z 3 = 3 and Þ z1 - 2z 2
2
= 2 - z1z 2
9z 1z 2 + 4z 3z 1 + z 2 z 3 = 6, find the value of Þ (z 1 - 2z 2 ) ( z1 - 2 z 2 ) = ( 2 - z1z 2 ) ( 2 - z1z 2 )
z1 +z 2 +z 3 .
[by property (iv)]
2
Sol. Q z1 = 1 Þ z1 =1 Þ ( z1 - 2z 2 ) ( z1 - 2z 2 ) = ( 2 - z1z 2 ) ( 2 - z1z 2 )
1 Þ z1z1 - 2z1z 2 - 2z 2 z1 + 4z 2 z 2
Þ z1 z1 = 1 Þ = z1
z1 = 4 - 2z1z 2 - 2z1z 2 + z1z1z 2 z 2
2 2 2 2 2
z2 = 2 Þ z2 = 4 Þ z2 z2 = 4 Þ z1 + 4 z2 = 4 + z1 z2
2 2 2 2
Þ
4
= z 2 and z 3 = 3 Þ | z 3 | 2 = 9 Þ z1 - z1 × z2 + 4 z2 - 4 =0
z2
çæ z1 - 4 ÷öø æçè1 - z 2 ö÷ø = 0
2 2
Þ è
9
Þ z3z3 =9 Þ =z3
z3 But z2 ¹ 1 [given]
2
and given 9z 1z 2 + 4z 3z 1 + z 2 z 3 = 6 \ z1 =4
Hence, z1 = 2
9 4 1
Þ z1 z 2 z 3 + + =6
z3 z 2 z1
Þ z1 z2 z3 z 3 + z 2 + z1 = 6 Properties of Arguments
é 1 4 9 ù (i) arg (z 1 z 2 ) = arg (z 1 ) + arg (z 2 ) + 2kp, k Î I
êQ z = z 1, z = z 2 and z = z 3 ú In general, arg (z 1 z 2 z 3 ... z n )
ë 1 2 3 û
Þ 1 × 2 × 3 z1 + z 2 + z 3 = 6 = arg (z 1 ) + arg (z 2 ) + arg (z 3 ) +... + arg (z n ) + 2kp,
k Î I.
\ z1 + z 2 + z 3 = 1 [Q | z | = | z | ]
æz ö
(ii) arg ç 1 ÷ = arg (z 1 ) - arg (z 2 ) + 2kp, k Î I
èz2 ø
y Example 33. Prove that
1 1 æz ö
z 1 + z 2 = (z 1 + z 2 ) + z 1 z 2 + (z 1 + z 2 ) - z 1 z 2 . (iii) arg ç ÷ = 2 arg (z ) + 2kp, k Î I
2 2 èz ø

Sol. RHS =
1 1
(z1 + z 2 ) + z1z 2 + (z1 + z 2 ) - z1z 2 (iv) arg (z n ) = n. arg (z ) + 2kp, k Î I , where proper value
2 2 of k must be chosen, so that RHS lies in ( -p, p ].
z1 + z 2 + 2 z1z 2 z + z 2 - 2 z1z 2 æz ö æz ö
= + 1 (v) If arg ç 2 ÷ = q, then arg ç 1 ÷ = 2np - q, where n Î I .
2 2 èz1 ø èz2 ø
1 2 2
(vi) arg (z ) = - arg (z)
= { z 1 + z2 + z 1 - z2 }
2
1 2 2 17 p 7p
= . 2 { z1 + z 2 } [ by property (xiv)] y Example 35. If arg (z 1 ) = and arg (z 2 ) = , find
2 18 18
= z1 + z 2 = LHS the principal argument of z 1z 2 and (z 1 / z 2 ).
Sol. arg (z1z 2 ) = arg (z1 ) + arg (z 2 ) + 2kp
y Example 34. z 1 and z 2 are two complex numbers, 17 p 7 p
= + + 2kp
z 1 - 2z 2 18 18
such that is unimodular, while z 2 is not 4p
2 - z 1 ×z 2 = + 2kp
3
unimodular. Find | z 1 |. 4p 2p
z1 - 2z 2 = - 2p = - [for k = - 1]
Sol. Here, =1 3 3
2 - z1z 2 æ z1 ö
and arg ç ÷ = arg (z1 ) - arg (z 2 ) + 2kp
z1 - 2z 2 èz2 ø
Þ =1 [by property (vi)] 17 p 7 p 10p
2 - z1z 2 = - + 2kp = + 2kp
18 18 18
Þ z1 - 2z 2 = 2 - z1z 2 5p 5p
= +0= [for k = 0]
9 9
14 Textbook of Algebra

y Example 36. If z 1 and z 2 are conjugate to each (b) Trigonometric or Polar or

other, find the principal argument of ( - z 1z 2 ).
Modulus Argument Form of a
Sol. Qz1 and z 2 are conjugate to each other i.e., z 2 = z1, there-
fore, z1z 2 = z1z1 = z1
2 Complex Number
2
Let z = x + iy , where x , y Î R and i = -1, z is represented
\arg ( - z1 z 2 ) = arg ( - z1 ) = arg [negative real number] by P ( x , y ) in the argand plane.
=p
Y
y Example 37. Let z be any non-zero complex

Imaginary axis
number, then find the value of arg (z ) + arg (z ). P (x, y)

Sol. arg (z ) + arg (z ) = arg (zz )

2 y
= arg ( z ) = arg [positive real number]
θ
=0 O x X
M Real axis

(a) Mixed Properties of Modulus By geometrical representation,

OP = ( x 2 + y 2 ) = z
and Arguments
(i) z 1 + z 2 = z 1 + z 2 Û arg (z 1 ) = arg (z 2 ) ÐPOM = q = arg (z )
(ii) z 1 + z 2 = z 1 - z 2 Û arg (z 1 ) - arg (z 2 ) = p In DOPM, x = OP cos ( Ð POM ) = z cos (arg z )
Proof (i) Let arg (z 1 ) = q and arg (z 2 ) = f and y = OP sin ( Ð POM ) = z sin (arg z )
Q z = x + iy
\ z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
\ z = z (cos (arg z ) + i sin (arg z ) )
On squaring both sides, we get
2 2 2
or z = r (cos q + i sin q )
z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 + 2 z1 z2 z = r (cos q - i sin q )
Þ z1
2
+ z2
2
+ 2 z 1 z 2 cos (q - f) where, r = z and q = principal value of arg (z ).
2 2
= z1 + z2 + 2 z1 z2 Remark
1. cos q + i sin q is also written as CiS q.
Þ cos (q - f) = 1 2. Remember
\ q - f = 0 or q = f 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 Þ - 1 = cos p + i sin p
\ arg (z 1 ) = arg (z 2 ) p p p p
i = cos + i sin Þ - i = cos - i sin
2 2 2 2
(ii) Q | z 1 + z 2 | = | z 1 | - | z 2 |
On squaring both sides, we get 1 i 3
2 2 2
y Example 38. Write the polar form of - -
z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 - 2 z1 z2 2 2
2 2
(where, i = - 1).
Þ z1 + z2 + 2 z1 z 2 cos (q - f)
1 i 3 æ 1 3ö
2 2 Sol. Let z = - - . Since, ç - , - ÷ lies in III quadrant.
= z1 + z2 - 2 z1 z2 2 2 è 2 2 ø
- 3 /2
Þ cos (q - f) = - 1 \ Principal value of arg (z ) = - p + tan - 1
- 1/2
\ q - f = p or arg (z 1 ) - arg (z 2 ) = p -1 p 2p
= - p + tan 3 = -p + =-
3 3
Remark 2 2
1. z1 - z2 = z1 + z2 Û arg ( z1 ) = arg ( z2 ) æ 1ö æ 3ö æ1 3ö
and z = ç - ÷ + ç - ÷ = ç + ÷ = 1 =1
2. z1 - z2 = z1 - z2 Û arg ( z1 ) - arg ( z2 ) = p è 2ø è 2 ø è4 4ø
p -
3. z1 - z2 = z1 + z2 Û arg ( z1 ) - arg ( z2 ) = ± , z1 z2 \ Polar form of z = z [cos (arg z ) + i sin(arg z )]
2
z
and 1 are purely imaginary. 1 i 3 é æ 2p ö æ 2p ö ù
z2 i.e. - - = ê cos ç - ÷ + i sin ç - ÷
2 2 ë è 3 ø è 3 ø úû
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 15

z =1
(c) Euler’s Form Sol. Given,
\ z =eiq …(i)
If q Î R and i = - 1, then e i q = cos q + i sin q is known as
Þ arg (z ) = q …(ii)
Euler’s identity. æ arg (z ) ö
1 + i tan ç ÷
Now, e - i q = cos q - i sin q è 2 ø 1 + i tan (q / 2)
RHS = = [from Eq. (ii)]
Let z = ei q æ arg (z ) ö 1 - i tan (q / 2)
1 - i tan ç ÷
è 2 ø
\ z = 1 and arg (z ) = q
iq -i q cos q / 2 + i sin q / 2 e i q/ 2
Also, e +e = 2 cos q and e i q - e - i q 2i sin q = = - i q/ 2
cos q / 2 - i sin q / 2 e
and if q, f Î R and i = - 1, then = e i q = z = LHS [from Eq. (i)]
æq+ fö
iç ÷
è 2 øæ q - fö æ æ a - ib ö ö 2ab
(i) e iq + e if = e × 2 cos ç ÷ y Example 41. Prove that tan ç i ln ç ÷÷ = 2
è 2 ø
è è a + ib ø ø a - b 2
æ q - fö
\ e iq + e if = 2 cos ç ÷ ( where a, b ÎR + and i = - 1 ).
è 2 ø
a - ib a - ib
æ q + fö Sol. Q = =1 [Q | z | = | z | ]
and arg (e i q + e if ) = ç ÷ a + ib a + ib
è 2 ø
æq+ fö a - ib
iç ÷
iq if æ q - fö
è 2 ø Let = e iq …(i)
(ii) e -e =e
× 2i sin ç ÷ a + ib
è 2 ø
By componendo and dividendo , we get
æ q - fö
\ e iq - e if = 2 sin ç ÷ ( a - ib ) - (a + ib ) e i q - 1 b
è 2 ø = - i = i tan (q / 2)
(a - ib ) + (a + ib ) e i q + 1 a
q+f p
and arg (e iq - e if ) = + [Qi = e ip / 2 ] æq ö b
2 2 or tan ç ÷ = - …(ii)
è2ø a
Remark
1. e iq + 1 = e iq / 2× 2cos (q/ 2) (Remember) æ æ a - ib ö ö
\ LHS = tan çi ln ç ÷÷
2. e iq
-1= e iq / 2
× 2i sin (q/ 2) (Remember) è è a + ib ø ø
= tan (i ln (e i q ))
iq
e -1 [from Eq. (i)]
3. iq
= i tan ( q / 2) (Remember)
e +1 = tan (i × i q ) = - tan q
4. If z = r e iq ; z = r , then arg ( z ) = q, z = r e- iq 2 tan q / 2
=-
5. If z - z0 = 1, then z - z0 = e iq 1 - tan 2 q / 2
2 ( - b / a)
y Example 39. Given that z - 1 = 1, where z is a point =- [from Eq. (ii)]
1 - ( - b / a )2
z -2
on the argand plane, show that = i tan (arg z ) , =
2ab
= RHS
z a - b2
2
where i = -1.
Sol. Given, z - 1 = 1 Applications of Euler’s Form
\ z - 1 = e i q Þ z = e i q + 1 = e i q / 2 × 2 cos (q / 2)
If x , y , q Î R and i = -1, then
\ arg (z ) = q / 2 …(i)
let z = x + iy [cartesian form]
z - 2 1 + e iq - 2 e iq - 1
LHS = = = iq = i tan (q / 2) = z (cos q + i sin q ) [polar form]
z 1 + e iq e +1
= i tan (arg z ) = RHS [from Eq. (i)] = z e iq [Euler’s form]

y Example 40. Let z be a non-real complex number (i) Product of Two Complex Numbers
æ arg (z ) ö Let two complex numbers be
1 + i tan ç ÷
è 2 ø z 1 = | z 1 | e iq1 and z 2 = | z 2 | e iq2 ,
lying on z = 1, prove that z =
æ arg (z ) ö
1 - i tan ç ÷ where q 1 , q 2 Î R and i = - 1
( where, i = - 1 ). è 2 ø
16 Textbook of Algebra

\ z 1 × z 2 = z 1 e iq1 × z 2 e iq2 = z 1 z 2 e i ( q1 + q2 ) = - w (cos (arg w ) - i sin (arg w ))

= - w (cos ( - arg w ) + i sin ( - arg w ))
= z 1 z 2 (cos (q 1 + q 2 ) + i sin (q 1 + q 2 )) = - w (cos (arg w ) + i sin (arg w )) = - w
Thus, z1 z2 = z1 z2
and arg (z 1 z 2 ) = q 1 + q 2 = arg (z 1 ) + arg (z 2 ) y Example 44. Express ( 1 + i ) - i , (where, i = -1) in the
form A + iB.
(ii) Division of Two Complex Numbers
Sol. Let A + iB = ( 1 + i )- i
Let two complex numbers be
On taking logarithm both sides, we get
z 1 = z 1 e iq1 and z 2 = z 2 e iq2 ,
loge ( A + iB ) = - i loge (1 + i )
where q 1 , q 2 Î R and i = - 1 æ æ 1 i öö
iq1 = - i loge ç 2 ç + ÷÷
z1 z1 e z 1 i(q - q ) è è 2 2 øø
\ = = e 1 2
z2 i q z2 æ æ p p öö
z2 e 2
= - i loge ç 2 ç cos + i sin ÷ ÷
è è 4 4 øø
z1
= (cos (q 1 - q 2 ) + i sin (q 1 - q 2 )) = - i loge ( 2 e i p / 4 ) = - i (loge 2 + loge e i p / 4)
z2 ipö p
æ1 i
= - i ç loge 2 + ÷ = - loge 2 +
z1 z1 è2 4 ø 2 4
Thus, = , (z 2 ¹ 0 ) i p
z2 z2 - log e 2 +
p/ 4 2 - 1/ 2
\ A + iB = e 2 4 =e × e i log e
æz ö =e p/ 4
× (cos ( loge 2- 1/ 2 ) + i sin ( loge 2- 1/ 2 ))
and arg ç 1 ÷ = q 1 - q 2 = arg (z 1 ) - arg (z 2 )
èz2 ø æ æ 1 öö æ æ 1 öö
p/ 4 p/ 4
=e × cos ç loge ç ÷ ÷ + i e sin ç loge ç ÷ ÷
è è 2 øø è è 2 øø
(iii) Logarithm of a Complex Number
iq
log e (z ) = log e ( z e ) = log e z + log e (e iq ) y Example 45. If sin ( log e i i ) = a + ib , where i = - 1,
= log e z + iq = log e z + i arg (z ) find a and b, hence and find cos ( log e i i ).
So, the general value of log e (z ) Sol. a + ib = sin ( loge i i ) = sin ( i loge i )
= log e (z ) + 2npi ( -p < arg z < p ). = sin ( i ( loge i + i arg i ))
= sin ( i ( loge 1 + (i p / 2)))
y Example 42. If m and x are two real numbers and = sin ( i ( 0 + (i p / 2))) = sin ( - p / 2) = - 1
m
2 m i cot -1 x æ xi + 1 ö \ a = -1,b = 0
i = - 1 , prove that e ç ÷ = 1.
è xi - 1 ø Now, cos( loge i i ) = 1 - sin 2 ( loge i i )
-1
Sol. Let cot x = q , then cot q = x
= 1 - ( - 1)2 = (1 - 1) = 0
m m
-1 æ xi + 1 ö 2 m i q æ i cot q + 1 ö Aliter
\LHS = e 2 m i cot x
ç ÷ =e ç ÷
è xi - 1 ø è i cot q - 1 ø Q i i = ( e ip / 2 ) i = e - p / 2
æ i (cot q - i ) ö
m m
æ p ö
2 m i q æ cos q - i sin q ö \ sin (loge i i ) = sin (loge e - p / 2 ) = sin ç - loge e ÷
= e2 m iq ç ÷ =e ç ÷ è 2 ø
è i (cot q + i ) ø è cos q + i sin q ø
m = sin ( - p / 2) = - 1 = a + ib [given]
2miq æe - i q ö 2 mi q \ a = - 1, b = 0
=e × ç iq ÷ =e × (e - 2 i q )m
èe ø and cos ( loge i i ) = cos ( loge e - p / 2 )
=e 2 mi q
× e -2 m i q = e 0 = 1 = RHS æ p ö æ pö
= cos ç - loge e ÷ = cos ç - ÷ = 0
è 2 ø è 2ø
y Example 43. If z and w are two non-zero complex
numbers such that z = w and arg (z ) + arg (w ) = p, y Example 46. Find the general value of log 2 ( 5i ),
prove that z = - w . where i = - 1.
Sol. Let arg (w ) = q , then arg (z ) = p - q loge 5i 1
Sol. log 2 5i = = { loge 5i + i arg ( 5i ) + 2npi }
\ z = z (cos (arg z ) + i sin (arg z )) loge 2 loge 2
= z (cos ( p - q ) + i sin ( p - q )) 1 ip
= { loge 5 + + 2npi } , n Î I
= z ( - cos q + i sin q ) = - z (cos q - i sin q ) loge 2 2
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 17

#L Exercise for Session 2

1 - ix
1 If = a - ib and a 2 + b 2 = 1, where a, b Î R and i = -1, then x is equal to
1 + ix
2a 2b 2a 2b
(a) 2 2
(b) 2 2
(c) 2 2
(d)
(1 + a ) + b (1 + a ) + b (1 + b ) + a (1 + b ) 2 + a 2
n
æ1+ i ö 2æ -1 1 ö
2 The least positive integer n for which ç ÷ = çsec + sin- 1 x ÷ ( where, x ¹ 0 , - 1 £ x £ 1and i = - 1), is
è 1- i ø pè x ø
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
3 6 6
If z = (3 + 4i ) + (3 - 4i ) , where i = - 1, then Im(z ) equals to
(a) - 6 (b) 0 (c) 6 (d) None of these
æx yö
4 If ( x + iy ) 1/ 3
= a + ib , where i = - 1, then ç + ÷ is equal to
èa b ø
(a) 4 a 2b 2 (b) 4 (a 2 - b 2 ) (c) 4 a 2 - b 2 (d) a 2 + b 2
3
5 If = a + ib , where i = - 1 and a 2 + b 2 = l a - 3, the value of l is
2 + cos q + i sin q
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
z -1
6 If is purely imaginary, then z is equal to
z +1
1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 2
2

7 The complex numbers sin x + i cos 2x and cos x - i sin 2x , where i = - 1, are conjugate to each other, for

(c) x = æçn + ö÷,n ÎI

1
(a) x = np,n Î I (b) x = 0 (d) no value of x
è 2ø
b- a
8 If a and b are two different complex numbers with | b | = 1, then is equal to
1- ab
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
2

9 If x = 3 + 4i ( where, i = - 1), the value of x 4 - 12x 3

+ 70x 2
- 204 x + 225, is
(a) - 45 (b) 0 (c) 35 (d) 15

10 If z1 - 1 £ 1, z 2 - 2 £ 2, z 3 - 3 £ 3, the greatest value of z1 + z 2 + z 3 is

(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 17 (d) 23
æ 8p ö 8p
11 The principal value of arg (z ), where z = ç1 + cos
è
÷ + i sin
ø
( where, i = - 1) is given by
5 5
p 4p p 4p
(a) - (b) - (c) (d)
5 5 5 5

12 If z1 = 2, z 2 = 3, z 3 = 4 and z1 + z 2 + z 3 = 5, then 4z 2 z 3 + 9z 3 z1 + 16 z1 z 2 is
(a) 24 (b) 60 (c) 120 (d) 240

13 If z - i £ 5 and z1 = 5 + 3i ( where, i = - 1), the greatest and least values of iz + z 1 are

(a) 7 and 3 (b) 9 and 1 (c) 10 and 0 (d) None of these
æz ö æz ö
14 If z1, z 2 and z 3, z4 are two pairs of conjugate complex numbers, then arg ç 1 ÷ + arg ç 2 ÷ equals to
è z4 ø èz3 ø
p 3p
(a) 0 (b) (c) p (d)
2 2
Session 3
amp(z) — amp (—z) = ± π; According as amp (z) is Positive or
Negative, Square Root of a Complex Number, Solution of
Complex Equations, De-Moivre’s Theorem, Cube Roots of Unity

amp ( z ) - amp (- z ) = ± p , From Eq. (ii), we get

z1 = z 2 (cos ( p + arg (z 2 )) + i sin ( p + arg (z 2 )))
According as amp ( z) is Positive [from Eq. (i) and z1 = z 2 ]
or Negative = z 2 ( - cos (arg z 2 ) - i sin (arg z 2 )) = - z 2
[from Eq. (iii)]
Case I amp (z ) is positive.
\ z1 + z 2 = 0
If amp (z ) = q , we have
Y y Example 48.Let z and w be two non-zero complex
numbers, such that z = w and
P z
amp (z ) + amp (w ) = p, then find the relation between
r z and w .
θ Sol. Given, amp (z ) + amp (w ) = p
X
O
r
– ( π – θ)
Þ amp (z ) - amp (w ) = p
Here, z =w = w [given | z | = | w | ]
P′ –z
and amp (z ) > 0
Then, z +w =0
amp ( - z ) = - ( ÐP ¢ OX ) = - ( p - q )
\ amp (z ) - amp ( -z ) = p
Case II amp (z ) is negative.
[here, OP = OP ¢]
Square Root of a Complex Number
Let z = x + iy ,
If amp (z ) = - q
where x , y Î R and i = - 1.
We have, amp ( -z ) = ÐP ¢OX = p - q
\ amp (z ) - amp ( -z ) = - p [here, OP = OP ¢] Suppose ( x + iy ) = a + ib …(i)
Y On squaring both sides, we get
( x + iy ) = (a 2 - b 2 ) + 2iab
P' –z

π–θ On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get

r
O –θ
X
a2 - b2 = x …(ii)
r
P z and 2ab = y …(iii)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
\ a +b = (a - b ) + 4a b = (x + y 2 )
2

a2 + b2 = z …(iv)
y Example 47. If z 1 = z 2 and arg (z 1 / z 2 ) = p, then
From Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get
find the value of z 1 + z 2 .
æz ö æ z +xö æ z -xö
Sol. Q arg ç 1 ÷ = p a = ± çç ÷, b = ±
÷
ç
ç 2 ÷
÷
èz2 ø è 2 ø è ø
Þ arg (z1 ) - arg (z 2 ) = p …(i)
æ z + Re (z ) ö æ z - Re (z ) ö
Q z1 = z1 (cos ( arg z1 ) + i sin (arg z1 )) …(ii) or a = ± çç ÷ , b=± ç ÷
2 ÷ ç 2 ÷
and z 2 = z 2 (cos (arg z 2 ) + i sin (arg z 2 )) …(iii) è ø è ø
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 19

Now, from Eq. (i), the required square roots, ìïæ 3 ö 2 æ i ö 2 3 i üï

ì æ z + Re ( z ) = íç ÷ + ç ÷ + 2 × × ý
z - Re ( z ) ö ïîè 2 ø è 2ø 2 2 ïþ
ï± ç +i ÷ , if Im ( z ) > 0
ïï çè 2 2 ÷
ø 2
i.e. z = í æ3 +iö æ3 +i ö
ï æç z + Re ( z ) z - Re ( z ) ö
÷ , if Im ( z ) < 0
= ç ÷ = ±ç ÷
ï± ç -i è 2 ø è 2 ø
2 2 ÷
ïî è ø
(ii) Let z = - 5 + 12i
Aliter \ | z | = 13, Re (z ) = - 5, Im (z ) = 12 > 0
If ( x + iy ), where x , y Î R and i = - 1, then
æ z + Re (z ) z - Re (z ) ö
(i) If y is not even, then multiply and divide in y by 2, Q z =±ç +i ÷
ç 2 2 ÷
then ( x + iy ) convert in è ø
æ y 2 ö÷ æ æ 13 - 5 ö æ 13 + 5 ö ö
x +y - 1 = çx + 2 - . \ ( - 5 + 12i ) = ± ç ç ÷ +i ç ÷÷
ç
è 4 ÷ø è è 2 ø è 2 øø
= ± (2 + 3i )
y2
(ii) Factorise: - say a , b (a < b). Aliter
4
( - 5 + 12i ) = ( - 5 + 12 - 1 )
Take that possible factor which satisfy
x = (ai ) 2 + b2 , if x > 0 or x = a 2 + (ib)2 , if x < 0 = ( -5 +2 ( - 36 )
(iii) Finally, write x + iy = (ai)2 + b2 + 2iab = ( -5 +2 ( - 9 ´ 4) )
2 2
or a + (ib) + 2iab = (- 9 + 4 + 2 ( - 9 ´ 4 ))
and take their square root.
= (3i ) 2 + 2 2 + 2 × 3i × 2
ì± (ai + b) ì± (b - ia )
(iv) ( x + iy ) = í and ( x - iy ) = í
î or ± (a + i b) îor ± (a -ib) = ( 2 + 3i ) 2 = ± (2 + 3i )
(iii) Let z = - 8 - 15i
Remark
1+ iö \ z = 17, Re (z ) = - 8, Im (z ) = - 15 < 0
1. The square root of i is ± æç ÷, where i = -1.
è 2 ø æ æ 17 - 8 ö æ 17 + 8 ö ö
1- iö \ ( - 8 - 15i ) = ± ç ç ÷ -i ç ÷÷
2. The square root of ( - i ) is æç ÷. è è 2 ø è 2 øø
è 2 ø
æ 3 - 5i ö
y Example 49. Find the square roots of the following =±ç ÷
è 2 ø
(i) 4 + 3i (ii) - 5 + 12i
Aliter ( - 8 - 15i ) = ( - 8 - 15 - 1 )
(iii) - 8 - 15i (iv) 7 - 24i (where, i = - 1)
Sol. (i) Let z = 4 + 3i æ æ 225 ö ö æ æ 25 9 ö ö
\ | z | = 5, Re (z ) = 4, Im (z ) = 3 > 0 = ç- 8 - 2 ç- ÷ ÷ = ç- 8 - 2 ç- ´ ÷÷
è è 4 øø è è 2 2ø ø
æ z + Re (z ) z - Re (z ) ö
z =±ç +i ÷
æ 9 25 æ 25 9 ö ö
Q
ç 2 2 ÷ = ç - - 2 ç- ´ ÷÷
è ø
è2 2 è 2 2ø ø
æ æ5 + 4ö æ 5 - 4 ö ö æ3 +iö
\ ( 4 + 3i ) = ± ç ç ÷ +i ç ÷÷ =±ç ÷
è è 2 ø è 2 øø è 2 ø 2 2
Aliter æ 3 ö æ 5i ö 3 5i
= ç ÷ + ç ÷ -2× ×
æ 9ö è 2ø è 2ø 2 2
( 4 + 3i ) = 4 + 3 - 1 = 4 + 2 ç - ÷
è 4ø 2
æ 3 - 5i ö æ 3 - 5i ö
9 1 æ 9ö = ç ÷ =±ç ÷
= - + 2 ç- ÷ è 2 ø è 2 ø
2 2 è 4ø
20 Textbook of Algebra

(iv) Let z = 7 - 24i æ x 2 + x + 1ö æ x 2

- x + 1ö
ç ÷-ç ÷
\ z = 25, Re (z ) = 7, Im (z ) = - 24 < 0 è 2 ø è 2 ø
=
æ z + Re (z ) z - Re (z ) ö éæ x 2
+ x + 1ö æx 2
- x + 1öù
Q z =±ç -i ÷ + 2 êç ÷´-ç ÷ú
ç 2 2 ÷ êë è 2 ø è 2 ø úû
è ø
æ æ 25 + 7 ö æ 25 - 7 ö ö
\ (7 - 24i ) = ± ç ç ÷ -i ç ÷÷ ìæ 2
ö æ ö
2 ü
è è 2 ø è 2 øø ï ç æç x + x + 1 ö÷ ÷ + çi æç x - x + 1 ö÷ ÷
2 2
ï
ïï çè è 2 ø ÷ø çè è 2 ø ÷ø ïï
= ± ( 4 - 3i ) = í ý
Aliter ï æ x 2 + x +1ö æ x 2 - x + 1ö ï
ï+ 2 ç ÷ ×i ç ÷ ï
(7 - 24 i ) = (7 - 24 -1 ) = 7 - 2 ( - 144 ) ïî è 2 ø è 2 ø ïþ
2
= 7 - 2 (16 ´ - 9 ) æ æ x 2 + x +1ö æ x 2 - x +1ö ö
= ç ç ÷ +i ç ÷÷
ç è 2 ø è 2 ø ÷ø
è
= 16 - 9 - 2 (16 ´ - 9 )
æ æx 2
+ x + 1ö æx 2
- x + 1 ö ö÷
= ( 4 ) 2 + (3i ) 2 - 2 × 4 × 3i =±ç ç ÷ +i ç ÷
ç è 2 ø è 2 ø ÷ø
è
= ( 4 - 3i ) 2 = ± ( 4 - 3i )

y Example 50. Find the square root of Solution of Complex Equations

x + ( - x4 - x 2
- 1).
Putting z = x + iy , where x , y Î R and i = - 1 in the given
Sol. Let z = x + (- x 4 - x 2
- 1) equation and equating the real and imaginary parts, we
= x + i (x 4 + x 2
+ 1) [Q -1 = i ]
get x and y, then required solution is z = x + iy .

\ z = x 2
+ (x 4 + x 2
+ 1) y Example 51. Solve the equation z 2 + z = 0.
= ( x 4 + 2x 2
+ 1) = ( x 2
+ 1) 2 Sol. Let z = x + iy , where x , y Î R and i = - 1 …(i)
2 2 2 2
\ z = ( x 2 + 1) Þ z = ( x + iy ) = x - y + 2ixy
2 2
Re (z ) = x and z = (x + y )
4 2
Im (z ) = ( x + x + 1) > 0 Then, given equation reduces to
2
æ z + Re (z ) z - Re (z ) ö x - y 2 + 2ixy + ( x 2
+ y 2) = 0
Q z = ± çç +i ÷
÷
è 2 2 ø On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get
2
x - y 2 + (x 2
+ y 2) = 0 …(ii)
4 2
\ x + (- x - x - 1)
and 2xy = 0 …(iii)
æ æx 2
+1+ xö æx 2
+ 1 - x ö ö÷ From Eq. (iii), let x = 0 and from Eq. (ii),
=±ç ç ÷ +i ç ÷
ç è 2 ø è 2 ø ÷ø - y2 + y2 = 0
è
2
Aliter Þ - y + y =0
æ- x - x 4 2
- 1ö \ y = 0, 1
x + (- x 4 - x 2
- 1) = x + 2 ç ÷
è 4 ø Þ y = 0, ± 1
From Eq. (iii), let y = 0 and from Eq. (ii),
æ - ( x 2 + x + 1) ( x 2 - x + 1) ö 2 2
= x +2 ç ÷ x + x =0
è 4 ø 2
Þ x + x =0
éæ x 2
+ x + 1ö æx 2
- x + 1öù Þ x
2
+ x =0 Þ x =0
= x + 2 êç ÷´-ç ÷ú
êë è 2 ø è 2 ø úû \ x + iy are 0 + 0 ×i, 0 + i, 0 - i
i.e. z = 0, i , - i are the solutions of the given equation.
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 21

y Example 52. Find the number of solutions of the

2
equation z 2 + z = 0.
De-Moivre’s Theorem
2 Statements
Sol. Q z2 + z = 0 or z 2 + z z = 0
(i) If q 1 , q 2 , q 3 , ..., q n Î R and i = - 1, then
Þ z (z + z ) = 0
(cos q 1 + i sin q 1 ) (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 )
\ z =0 …(i) (cos q 3 + i sin q 3 )... (cos q n + i sin q n )
and z + z = 0 Þ 2 Re (z ) = 0 = cos (q 1 + q 2 + q 3 + ...+ q n )
\ Re (z ) = 0 + i sin (q 1 + q 2 + q 3 + ... + q n )
If z = x + iy [Q x = Re (z )]
(ii) If q Î R, n Î I (set of integers) and i = - 1, then
= 0 + iy , y Î R
and i = -1 …(ii) (cos q + i sin q ) n = cos nq + i sin nq
On combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), then we can say that the (iii) If q Î R, n Î Q (set of rational numbers)
given equation has infinite solutions. and i = - 1, then cos n q + i sin n q is one of the values
y Example 53. Find all complex numbers satisfying of (cos q + i sin q ) n .
2
the equation 2 z + z 2 - 5 + i 3 = 0, where i = - 1. Proof
Sol. Let z = x + iy , where x , y Î R and i = - 1 (i) By Euler’s formula, e iq = cos q + i sin q
Þ z 2 = ( x + iy )2 = x 2 - y 2 + 2ixy LHS = (cos q 1 + i sin q 1 ) (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 )
and z = (x 2 + y 2 ) (cos q 3 + i sin q 3 ) ... (cos q n + i sin q n )
Then, given equation reduces to = e iq1 × e iq2 × e iq3 ... e iqn = e i ( q1 + q2 + q3 + ... + qn )
2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) + x 2 - y 2 + 2ixy - 5 + i 3 = 0 = cos (q 1 + q 2 + q 3 + ... + q n )
Þ 2 2
(3x + y - 5) + i (2xy + 3 ) = 0 = 0 + i × 0 + i sin (q 1 + q 2 + q 3 + ... + q n ) = RHS
On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get (ii) If q 1 = q 2 = q 3 = ... = q n = q, then from the above
3x 2 + y 2 - 5 = 0 …(i) result (i), (cos q + i sin q ) (cos q + i sin q )
and 2xy + 3 = 0 …(ii) (cos q + i sin q ) ... upto n factors
On substituting the value of x from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get = cos (q + q + q + ... upton times)
æ 3ö
2 + i sin (q + q + q + ... upto n times)
2
3 ç- ÷ +y -5=0
è 2y ø i.e., (cos q + i sin q ) n = cos nq + i sin nq
9
Þ + y2 = 5 p
4y 2 (iii) Let n = , where p, q Î I and q ¹ 0, from above result (ii),
q
or 4y 4 - 20y 2 + 9 = 0 q
æ æp ö æ p öö
Þ 2 2
(2y - 9 ) (2y - 1) = 0 we have ç cos ç q ÷ + i sin ç q ÷ ÷
è èq ø è q øø
9 1 3 1
\ y 2 = , y 2 = or y = ± ,y = ± ææ p ö ö ææ p ö ö
2 2 2 2 = cos ç ç q ÷ q ÷ + i sin ç ç q ÷ q ÷ = cos p q + i sin p q
or y=-
3 3
, ,-
1 1
,
èè q ø ø èè q ø ø
2 2 2 2 æ pq ö æ pq ö
From Eq. (ii), we get Þ cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ is one of the values of
è q ø è q ø
1 1 3 3
x= ,- , ,- (cos p q + i sin p q ) 1 /q
6 6 2 2
\ z = x + iy æ pq ö æ pq ö
Þ cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ is one of the values of
1 3i 1 3i 3 i 3 i è q ø è q ø
= - ,- + , - ,- +
6 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 [(cos q + i sin q ) p ]1 /q
are the solutions of the given equation.
22 Textbook of Algebra

æ pq ö æ pq ö To Find the Roots of (a + ib ) p /q , where a , b Î R ;

Þ cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ is one of the values of
è q ø è q ø p , q Î I , q ¹ 0 and i = - 1
/q
(cos q + i sin q ) p Let a + ib = r (cos q + i sin q ) [polar form]
\ (a + ib )p / q = {r (cos (2np + q )
Other Forms of De-Moivre’s Theorem + i sin (2np + q) )} p /q
,n ÎI
1. (cos q - i sin q) n = cos n q - i sin n q, " n Î I
p /q p /q
Proof (cos q - i sin q) n = (cos ( - q) + i sin ( - q)) n =r (cos (2np + q ) + i sin (2np + q ))
= cos ( - nq) + i sin ( - nq) = cos nq - i sin nq /qæ æp ö æp öö
2. (sin q + i cos q) n = ( i ) n (cos nq - i sin n q), " n Î I
=rp ç cos ç (2np + q )÷ + i sin ç (2np + q )÷ ÷ ,
è èq ø èq øø
Proof (sin q + i cos q) n = ( i (cos q - i sin q)) n where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., q - 1
= i n (cos q - i sin q) n = ( i ) n (cos nq - i sin n q)
[from remark (1)] y Example 56. Find all roots of x 5 - 1 = 0.
3. (sin q - i cos q) n = ( - i ) n (cos nq + i sin nq), " n Î I
Proof (sin q - i cos q) n = ( - i (cos q + i sin q)) n
Sol. Q x 5 - 1 = 0 Þ x 5 = 1
= ( - i ) n (cos q + i sin q) n \ x = (1)1 / 5 = (cos 0 + i sin 0)1 / 5 ,
= ( - i ) n (cos nq + i sin nq)
n
4. (cos q + i sin f) ¹ cos nq + i sin nf, " n Î I
where i = -1
[here, q ¹ f\ De-Moivre’s theorem is not applicable] = [cos (2np + 0) + i sin (2np + 0)]1/ 5
1
5. = (cos q + i sin q) - 1
cos q + i sin q æ 2np ö æ 2n p ö
= cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷,
è 5 ø è 5 ø
= cos ( - q) + i sin ( - q) = cos q - i sin q
where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
p p
y Example 54. If z r = cos æç r ö÷ + i sin æç r ö÷ , where
\ Roots are
è3 ø è3 ø æ 2p ö æ 2p ö æ 4p ö
1, cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷, cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷,
æ 4p ö
i = - 1, prove that z 1 z 2 z 3 ... upto infinity = i. è 5 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø
æpö æpö æ 6p ö æ 6p ö æ 8p ö æ 8p ö
Sol. We have, zr = cos ç r ÷ + i sin ç r÷ cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷, cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
è3 ø è3 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø
æp p p ö æ 6p ö æ 6p ö
\ z1 z 2 z 3 ... ¥ = cos ç + 2 + 3 + ... + ¥ ÷ Now, cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
è3 3 3 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø
æp p p ö æ 4p ö æ 4p ö
+ i sin ç + 2 + 3 +... + ¥ ÷ = cos ç2p - ÷ + i sin ç2p - ÷
è3 3 3 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø
æ p ö æ p ö æ 4p ö æ 4p ö
ç ÷ ç ÷ æpö æpö = cos ç ÷ - i sin ç ÷
= cos ç 3 ÷ + i sin ç 3 ÷ = cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ è 5 ø è 5 ø
1
ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷1 è 2 ø è2ø
è æ 8p ö æ 8p ö
3ø è 3ø and cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
è 5 ø è 5 ø
= 0 + i ×1 = i
æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
4 = cos ç2p - ÷ + i sin ç2p - ÷
(cos q + i sin q ) è 5 ø è 5 ø
y Example 55. Express in a + ib
(sin q + i cos q ) 5 æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
= cos ç ÷ - i sin ç ÷
è 5 ø è 5 ø
form, where i = - 1.
Sol. Q (sin q + i cos q )5 = (i )5 (cos q - i sin q ) 5 æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
Hence, roots are 1, cos ç ÷ ± i sin ç ÷
è 5 ø è 5 ø
= i (cos q + i sin q )- 5
æ 4p ö æ 4p ö
(cos q + i sin q )4 (cos q + i sin q )4 and cos ç ÷ ± i sin ç ÷.
\ = è 5 ø è 5 ø
(sin q + i cos q ) 5 i (cos q + i sin q )- 5
(cos q + i sin q )9 Remark
=
i Five roots are 1, z1, z2, z1, z2 (one real, two complex and two
cos 9 q + i sin 9 q conjugate of complex roots).
= = - i cos 9 q + sin 9 q
i
= sin 9 q - i cos 9 q
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 23

y Example 57. Find all roots of the equation

x 6 - x 5 + x 4 - x 3 + x 2 - x + 1 = 0.
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity
(i) 1 + w + w2 = 0 and w 3 = 1
Sol. Q 1- x + x2 - x3 + x4 - x5 + x6 =0
[1 - ( - x )7 ] (ii) To find the value of wn (n > 3 ).
Þ 1× = 0, 1 + x ¹ 0
1 - (- x ) First divide n by 3. Let q be the quotient and r be the
or 1 + x 7 = 0, x ¹ - 1 or x 7 = - 1 remainder. 3 ) n (q
\ x = ( - 1)1 / 7 = (cos p + i sin p)1 / 7 , i = -1 - 3q
r
= [cos (2n + 1) p + i sin (2n + 1) p ]1 / 7
i.e. n = 3q + r , where 0 £ r £ 2
æ (2n + 1)p ö æ (2n + 1)p ö
= cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
è 7 ø è 7 ø \ wn = w 3q + r = ( w 3 ) q × wr = wr
for n = 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6. In general, w 3n = 1 , w 3n + 1 = w , w 3n + 2 = w 2
Remark ì3, when n is a multiple of 3
(iii) 1 + wr + w2r = í
QFor n = 3, x = - 1 but here x ¹ - 1 î0, when n is not a multiple of 3
\ n¹ 3
(iv) Cube roots of - 1 are - 1, - w and - w2 .
(v) a + b w + c w2 = 0 Þ a = b = c , if a, b, c Î R.
Cube Roots of Unity (vi) If a, b, c are non-zero numbers such that
Let z = (1) 1/ 3
Þ z =1 Þ z -1=0 3 3 a + b + c = 0 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 , then a : b : c = 1 : w : w2 .
Þ (z - 1) (z + z + 1) = 0 Þ z - 1 = 0 or z 2 + z + 1 = 0
2
(vii) A complex number a + ib (where i = -1), for which
- 1 ± (1 - 4 )
-1 ± i 3 a : b = 1 : 3 or 3 : 1 can always be expressed in
\ z = 1 or z = =
2 2 terms of w or w2 .
- 1 + i 3 - 1 -i 3
Therefore, z = 1 , , , where i = -1. For example,
2 2 (a) 1 + i 3 = - ( - 1 - i 3 ) [Q |1 : 3 | = 1 : 3 ]
If second root is represented by w (omega), third root will
be w2 . æ-1-i 3ö 2
= -2 ç ÷ = -2w
\ Cube roots of unity are 1, w, w2 and w, w2 are called è 2 ø
non-real complex cube roots of unity. i ( 3 + i ) (- 1 + i 3 )
(b) 3 +i = =
i i
Remark æ - 1 + i 3 ö æ2ö
1. w = w2, ( w) 2 = w 2. w = ± w2, w2 = ± w =ç ÷ç ÷ [Q | 3 : 1| = 3 : 1]
2
è 2 ø èiø
3. w = w =1
2w
= = -2i w
Aliter i
Let z = (1) 1 / 3 = (cos 0 + i sin 0 ) 1 / 3 , i = - 1 (viii) The cube roots of unity when represented on complex
plane lie on vertices of an equilateral triangle
= [cos (2 np + 0 ) + i sin (2 np + 0 )]1 / 3 inscribed in a unit circle, having centre at origin. One
æ 2 np ö æ 2 np ö vertex being on positive real axis.
= cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ , where, n = 0, 1, 2
è 3 ø è 3 ø Y
i
Therefore, roots are 2π/3
ω
æ 2p ö æ 2p ö æ 4p ö æ 4p ö 2π/3
1, cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ , cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø X′ X
–1 1
2pi / 3 4pi / 3 O
or 1, e ,e
ω2 2π/3
If second root is represented by w, then third root will be w2 –i
or if third root is represented by w, then second root will be w2 . Y′
24 Textbook of Algebra

Important Relations in Terms y Example 59. If a , b and g are the roots of

of Cube Root of Unity x 3 - 3x 2 + 3x + 7 = 0, find the value of
(i) a 2+ ab + b 2 = (a - bw ) (a - bw2 ) a - 1 b - 1 g -1
+ + .
(ii) a 2- ab + b 2 = (a + bw ) (a + bw2 ) b -1 g -1 a -1
(iii) a 3+ b 3 = (a + b ) (a + bw ) (a + bw2 ) Sol. We have, x 3 - 3x 2 + 3x + 7 = 0
(iv) a 3 - b 3 = (a - b ) (a - bw ) (a - bw2 ) Þ ( x - 1 )3 + 8 = 0
(v) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 - ab - bc - ca
Þ ( x - 1) 3 + 2 3 = 0
= (a + bw + cw2 ) (a + bw2 + cw )
(vi) a 3 + b 3 + c 3 - 3abc Þ ( x - 1 + 2) ( x - 1 + 2 w) ( x - 1 + 2 w2 ) = 0

= (a + b + c ) (a + bw + cw2 ) (a + bw2 + cw ) Þ ( x + 1) ( x - 1 + 2 w) ( x - 1 + 2 w2 ) = 0

y Example 58. If w is a non-real complex cube root of \ x = - 1, 1 - 2 w, 1 - 2 w2

unity, find the values of the following. Þ a = - 1, b = 1 - 2 w, g = 1 - 2 w2
1999
(i) w a - 1 b -1 g - 1 -2 - 2 w - 2 w2
- 998 Then, + + = + +
(ii) w b - 1 g - 1 a - 1 - 2 w - 2 w2 -2
3n + 2
æ - 1+ i 3ö 1 1
(iii) ç ÷ , n Î N and i = - 1 = + + w2 = w2 + w2 + w2 = 3 w2
è 2 ø w w

(iv) (1 + w) (1 + w 2 ) (1 + w 4 ) (1 + w 8 )... upto 2n factors 3+i

y Example 60. If z = , where i = - 1, find the
2
æ a + bw + gw 2 + dw 2 ö
(v) ç ÷ , where a, b, g , d ÎR value of (z 101 + i 103 )105 .
2
è b + aw + gw + dw ø æi 3 + i 2 ö
3 +i 1
Sol. Q z= = ç ÷ [Qi 2 = - 1]
(vi) 1 × (2 - w) (2 - w 2 ) + 2 × ( 3 - w) ( 3 - w 2 ) + 3 × 2 i è 2 ø
(4 - w)(4 - w 2 ) + K + K + (n - 1) ×(n - w)(n - w 2 ) æ- 1 + i 3ö
= -i ç ÷ = -iw
Sol. (i) w 1999
=w 3 ´ 666 + 1
=w è 2 ø
1 w \ z 101 = ( - iw)101 = - i 101 × w101 = - i w2 and i 103 = i 3 = - i
(ii) w- 998 = = =w
w998 w999 Then, z 101 + i 103 = - i w2 - i = - i ( w2 + 1)
3n + 2
æ - 1+i 3 ö
(iii) ç ÷ = w3n + 2 = w3n × w2 = ( w3 )n × w2 = - i ( - w) = i w
è 2 ø
Hence, (z 101 + i 103 )105 = (iw)105 = i 105 × w105 = i × 1 = i
= (1)n × w2 = w2
50
(iv) (1 + w) (1 + w2 ) (1 + w4 ) (1 + w8 ) ... upto 2n factors æ3 i 3ö
y Example 61. If ç + ÷ = 3 25 ( x - iy ), where
= (1 + w) (1 + w2 ) (1 + w) (1 + w2 ) ... upto 2n factors è2 2 ø
= ( - w2 ) ( - w) ( - w2 ) (- w) ... upto 2n factors x , y ÎR and i = - 1, find the ordered pair of ( x , y ).
= ( w3 ) ( w3 )... upto n factors = 1 × 1× 1 × ...upto n factors 3 i 3 æ 3 +iö 3 æi 3 + i 2 ö
Sol. Q + = 3ç ÷ = ç ÷
= (1)n = 1 2 2 è 2 ø i è 2 ø

æ a + b w + g w2 + d w2 ö w (a + b w + g w2 + d w2 ) æ- 1 + i 3ö
(v) ç ÷= = -i 3 ç ÷ = -i 3 w
è b + a w2 + g w + d w ø ( b w + a w3 + g w2 + d w2 ) è 2 ø
50
w (a + b w + g w2 + d w2 ) æ3 i 3 ö
= =w \ç + ÷ = ( - i 3 w) 50 = i 50 × 325 × w50
( b w + a + g w2 + d w2 ) è2 2 ø

(vi) S (n - 1) (n - w) (n - w2 ) = S (n 3 - 1) = S n3 - S 1 æ- 1 - i 3ö
= - 1 × 325 × w2 = - 325 × ç ÷
2 è 2 ø
ì n ( n + 1) ü
=í ý -n
î 2 þ
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 25

æ1 i 3 ö Then, f ( - w) = 0 and f ( - w2 ) = 0
= 325 ç + 25
÷ = 3 ( x - iy ) [given]
è 2 2 ø Þ - 7 w3 - aw + b = 0 and - 7 w6 - aw2 + b = 0
1 3 or - 7 - aw + b = 0
\ x = ,y = -
2 2 and - 7 - aw2 + b = 0
æ1 3ö On adding, we get
Þ Ordered pair is ç , - ÷.
è2 2 ø - 14 - a ( w + w2 ) + 2b = 0
or - 14 + a + 2b = 0 or a + 2b = 14 …(i)
y Example 62. If the polynomial 7 x 3 + ax + b is
and on subtracting, we get
divisible by x 2 - x + 1, find the value of 2a + b . - a ( w - w2 ) = 0
3
Sol. Let f (x ) = 7x + ax + b Þ a=0 [Q w - w2 ¹ 0]
and x 2 - x + 1 = ( x + w) ( x + w2 ) From Eq. (i), we get b = 7
Q f ( x ) is divisible by x - x + 1 2 \ 2a + b = 7

#L Exercise for Session 3

1 The real part of (1 - i )- i , where i = - 1 is

(a) e - p / 4 cos æç loge 2ö÷ (b) - e - p / 4 sin æç loge 2ö÷

1 1
è2 ø è2 ø

cos æç loge 2ö÷ (d) e - p / 4 sin æç loge 2ö÷

p/4 1 1
(c) e
è2 ø è2 ø
- iq
2 The amplitude of e e , where q ÎR and i = - 1 is
(a) sinq (b) - sinq
(c) e cos q (d) e sinq

3 If z = i loge (2 - 3 ), where i = - 1, then the cos z is equal to

(a) i (b) 2i (c) 1 (d) 2
i
4 If z = i i , where i = - 1, then z is equal to
(a) 1 (b) e - p / 2 (c) e - p (d) e p

5 ( - 8 - 6i ) is equal to (where, i = -1)

(a) 1 ± 3i (b) ± (1 - 3i ) (c) ± (1 + 3 i ) (d) ± (3 - i )

(5 + 12i ) + (5 - 12i )
6 is equal to (where, i = - 1)
(5 + 12i ) - (5 - 12i )
3 3 3 3
(a) - i (b) i (c) - i (d) -
2 4 4 2

7 If 0 < amp (z ) < p, then amp (z ) - amp ( - z ) is equal to

(a) 0 (b) 2 amp (z ) (c) p (d) - p

8 If z1 = z 2 and amp (z1) + amp (z 2 ) = 0, then

(a) z1 = z 2 (b) z1 = z 2 (c) z1 + z 2 = 0 (d) z1 = z 2

9 The solution of the equation z - z = 1 + 2i , where i = - 1, is

3 3 3 3
(a) 2 - i (b) + 2i (c) - 2i (d) - 2 + i
2 2 2 2
26 Textbook of Algebra

10 The number of solutions of the equation z 2 + z = 0, is

(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
æ ra ö æ ra ö
11 If z r = cos ç 2 ÷ + i sin ç 2 ÷, where r = 1, 2, 3, ..., n and i = - 1, then lim z1z 2 z 3 K z n is equal to
èn ø èn ø n®¥

(a) e ia (b) e - ia / 2
ia / 2
(c) e (d) 3 e ia
n
æ 1 + sin q + i cos q ö
12 If q ÎR and i = - 1, then ç ÷ is equal to
è 1 + sin q - i cos q ø
np np np np
(a) cos æç - nqö÷ + i sin æç - nqö÷ (b) cos æç + nqö÷ + i sin æç + nqö÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
np np æ p ö æ p ö
(c) sin æç - nqö÷ + i cos æç - nqö÷ (d) cos çn æç + 2qö÷ ÷ + i sinçn æç + 2 qö÷ ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è è2 øø è è2 øø

13 If i z 4 + 1 = 0, where i = - 1, then z can take the value

1+ i p p
(a) (b) cos æç ö÷ + i sin æç ö÷
2 è 8ø è 8ø
1
(c) (d) i
4i
14 If w ( ¹ 1) is a cube root of unity, then (1 - w + w2 ) (1 - w2 + w4 ) (1 - w4 + w8 ) ... upto 2n factors, is
(a) 2n (b) 22 n
(c) 0 (d) 1
x a+ yb+z g
15 If a, b and g are the cube roots of p ( p < 0), then for any x , y and z , is equal to
xb+ y g +z a
1 1
(a) (- 1 -i 3 ), i = -1 (b) (1 + i 3 ), i = -1
2 2
1
(c) (1 - i 3 ), i = -1 (d) None of these
2
Session 4
nth Root of Unity, Vector Representation of Complex Numbers,
Geometrical Representation of Algebraic Operation on Complex Numbers,
Rotation Theorem (Coni Method), Shifting the Origin in Case of Complex
Numbers, Inverse Points, Dot and Cross Product, Use of Complex Numbers
in Coordinate Geometry

nth Root of Unity Remark

1 × a × a2 × a3 ... an - 1 = ( - 1) n - 1 is the basic concept to be
Let x be the nth root of unity, then
understood.
x = (1) 1 /n = (cos 0 + i sin 0 ) 1 /n
(c) If a is an imaginary nth root of unity, then other roots
= (cos (2kp + 0 ) + i sin (2kp + 0 ) 1 /n are given by a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , ... , a n .
[where k is an integer]
1 /n
= (cos 2kp + i sin 2kp) Imaginary
axis
æ 2kp ö æ 2kp ö
\ x = cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ Y
è n ø è n ø
i
where, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., n - 1 A2(α2)
r
2p 2p A1(α)
Let a = cos + i sin , the n, nth roots of unity are θ
n n θ A0
X′ X Real axis
a k (k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... , n - 1) i.e, the n, nth roots of unity are –1 θ 1

1, a, a 2 , a 3 , ... , a n - 1 which are in GP with common ratio An-1(αn-1)

= e 2pi / n . –i

(a) Sum of n, nth roots of unity Y′

1 × (1 - a n ) (d) Q 1 + a + a 2 + ... + a n - 1 = 0
1 + a + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n - 1 =
(1 - a ) n -1

=
1 - (cos 2 p + i sin 2 p) Þ S ak = 0
k=0
1-a
n -1 n -1
æ 2 pk ö æ 2 pk ö
=
1 - (1 + 0 )
=0 or S cos ç ÷ + i S sin ç ÷ =0
1-a k=0 è n ø k = 0 è n ø
n -1
æ 2 pk ö
Remark Þ S
k=0
cos ç
è
÷ =0
ø
1 + a + a2 + a3 + ... + an - 1 = 0 is the basic concept to be n
understood. n -1

(b) Product of n , nth roots of unity and S sin æçè 2pk ö÷ø = 0
k=0 n
1 ´ a ´ a 2 ´ a 3 ´ ... ´ a n - 1 = a 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (n - 1 )
(n - 1 ) n These roots are located at the vertices of a regular
(n - 1 ) n
æ 2p 2p ö 2 plane polygon of n sides inscribed in a unit circle
=a 2 = ç cos + i sin ÷ having centre at origin, one vertex being on positive
è n n ø
real axis.
= cos (n - 1) p + i sin (n - 1) p
n -1 n -1
(e) x n - 1 = ( x - 1) ( x - a ) ( x - a 2 ) ... ( x - a n - 1 ).
= (cos p + i sin p) = ( - 1)
28 Textbook of Algebra

Important Benefits ì
iq
niq
2 × 2i sin æ nq ö ï
ü
1. If 1, a1, a2, a3, ... , an - 1 are the n, nth root of unity, then
ï e × e ç ÷
ìe iq { (e iq ) n - 1} ü ï è 2 øï
( 1) p + ( a1 ) p + ( a2 ) p + ... + ( an - 1 ) p = Im í ý = Im í ý
iq
ì0, if p is not an integral multiple of n î e -1 þ ï e iq /2 × 2i sin æç q ö÷ ï
=í
în, if p is an integral multiple of n ï è2ø ï
î þ
ì0 , if nis even
2. ( 1 + a1 ) ( 1 + a2 ) ... ( 1 + an - 1 ) = í ì æ nq ö ü æ nq ö
î1, if nis odd ïsin çè 2 ÷ø æç n + 1 ö÷iq ï sin çè 2 ÷ø éæ n + 1ö ù
ï è ø ï
3. ( 1 - a1 ) ( 1 - a2 ) ... ( 1 - an - 1 ) = n = Im í ×e 2 ý= × sin ê ç ÷ qú
( n - 2) / 2 ï sin æç q ö÷ ï sin æç q ö÷ ëè 2 ø û
æ z 2 - 2z cos 2rp + 1ö,
4. z n - 1 = ( z - 1) ( z + 1) P
r =1
ç
è
÷
ø
ïî è2ø þï è2ø
n
if ‘n’ is even.
( n - 2) / 2 Remark
5. z n + 1 = P
æ 2 æ ( 2r + 1) pö ö 2p
ç z - 2z cos ç ÷ + 1÷, if n is even. For q = , we get
r =0 è è n ø ø
n
( n - 3) / 2
æ 2 æ ( 2r + 1) p ö + 1ö, 2p 4p 6p ( 2n - 2) p ö
6. z n + 1 = ( z + 1) P ç z - 2z cos ç ÷ ÷ 1. 1 + cos æç ö÷ + cos æç ö÷ + cos æç ö÷ + ... + cos æç ÷ =0
r =0 è è n ø ø è nø è nø è nø è n ø
if ‘n’ is odd. æ 2p ö æ 4p ö æ 6p ö æ ( 2n - 2) p ö
2. sin ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ + ... + sin ç ÷ =0
è nø è nø è nø è n ø

The Sum of the Following y Example 63. If 1, w , w 2 , ..., wn - 1 are n, nth roots of
Series Should be Remembered unity, find the value of (9 - w) (9 - w 2 ) ...(9 - wn -1 ).
(i) cos q + cos 2 q + cos 3 q + ... + cos nq Sol. Let x = (1)1/n Þ xn - 1 = 0
æ nq ö has n roots 1, w, w2 , ... , wn - 1
sin ç ÷
è 2 ø éæ n + 1ö ù \ x n - 1 = ( x - 1) ( x - w) ( x - w2 ) K ( x - wn - 1 )
= . cos ê ç ÷ qú
æqö
sin ç ÷ ëè 2 ø û On putting x = 9 in both sides, we get
è2ø 9n - 1
= (9 - w) (9 - w2 ) (9 - w3 ) ... (9 - wn - 1 )
(ii) sin q + sin 2 q + sin 3 q + ... + sin nq 9 -1
æ nq ö (9 - w) (9 - w2 ) ... (9 - wn - 1 ) =
9n - 1
sin ç ÷ or
è 2 ø éæ n + 1ö ù 8
= × sin ê ç ÷ qú
æqö
sin ç ÷ ëè 2 ø û Remark
è2ø x n -1
= ( x - w) ( x - w2 ) ... ( x - wn - 1 )
Proof x -1
xn -1
(i) cos q + cos 2 q + cos 3 q + ... + cos n q \ lim = lim ( x - w) ( x - w2 ) ... ( x - wn - 1 )
x ®1 x -1 x ®1
= Re {e iq + e 2iq + e 3i q + ... + e niq }, where i = -1 Þ n = ( 1 - w) ( 1 - w2 ) ... ( 1 - wn - 1 )
ì iq niq /2 æ nq ö ü
ï e ×e × 2i sin ç ÷ ï æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
iq
ìe { (e ) - 1} ü iq n
ï è 2 øï y Example 64. If a = cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ , where
= Re í ý = Re í ý è 7 ø è 7 ø
iq iq /2
î e -1 þ ï e × 2i sin (q /2 ) ï i = -1, find the quadratic equation whose roots
ïî ïþ
are a = a + a 2 + a 4 and b = a 3 + a 5 + a 6 .
ì æ nq ö ü æ nq ö æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
ïsin çè 2 ÷ø æç n + 1 ö÷iq ï sin çè 2 ÷ø éæ n + 1ö ù
Sol. Q a = cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
ï è ø ï è7 ø è7 ø
= Re í ×e 2 ý= × cos ê ç ÷ qú
q
ï sin æç ö÷ ï sin æç ö÷q ëè 2 ø û \ a 7 = cos 2p + i sin 2p = 1 + 0 = 1
ïî è2ø ïþ è2ø or a = (1)1 / 7
(ii) sin q + sin 2 q + sin 3 q + ... + sin nq \ 1 , a , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , a 5 , a 6 are 7, 7 th roots of unity.
= Im {e iq + e 2iq + e 3iq + ... + e niq }, where i = -1 \ 1 + a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 = 0 …(i)
2 4 3 5 6
Þ (a + a + a ) + (a + a + a ) = - 1 or a + b = - 1
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 29

and ab = (a + a 2 + a 4 ) (a 3 + a 5 + a 6 ) y Example 67. If n ³ 3 and 1, a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n -1 are

4 6 7 5 7 8 7 9 10
= a + a + a +a + a + a + a + a + a the n, nth roots of unity, then find the value of
= a4 + a6 + 1 + a5 + 1 + a + 1 + a2 + a3 [Qa 7 = 1] S S ai a j .
= (1 + a + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 + a 6 ) + 2 1 £ i < j £ n -1

=0+2 [from Eq. (i)] Sol. Let x = (1)1/n

=2
\ x n = 1 or x n - 1 = 0
Therefore, the required equation is
\ 1 + a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n - 1 = 0
x 2 - (a + b ) x + ab = 0 or x 2 + x + 2 = 0
or a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n - 1 = - 1
y Example 65. Find the value of On squaring both sides, we get
2 2 2
10 a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a 2n - 1 + 2 (a 1a 2 + a 1a 3
é æ 2pk ö æ 2pk ö ù
S ê
k =1 ë
sin ç ÷ - i cos ç
è 11 ø
÷ , where i = - 1.
è 11 ø úû + ... + a 1a n - 1 + a 2 a 3 + ... + a 2 a n - 1
10
+ ... + a n - 2 a n - 1 ) = 1
Sol. S ésin æçè 2pk ö÷ø - i cos æçè 2pk ö÷ø ùú
k =1 ê
or 12 + (a 1 )2 + (a 2 )2 + (a 3 )2 + ... + (a n - 1 )2
ë 11 11 û
10
+2 SS a i a j = 1 + 12
1£i < j £n -1
é æ 2p k ö æ 2p k ö ù
= -i S
k =1 ê cos çè 11 ÷ø + i sin çè 11 ÷ø ú 0+2 SS ai a j = 2
ë û
1£i < j £n -1
ìï 10 é æ 2p k ö æ 2p k ö ù üï [here, p is not a multiple of n]
= -iíS ê cos çè 11 ÷ø + i sin çè 11 ÷ø ú - 1ý
îï
k =0 ë û ïþ \ SS ai a j = 1
1£i < j £n -1
= - i ( 0 - 1) [sum of 11, 11th roots of unity] Aliter
=i
Q x n - 1 = ( x - 1) ( x - a 1 ) ( x - a 2 ) ... ( x - a n -1 )
y Example 66. If a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , ..., a n - 1 are the n, nth
n -1 On comparing the coefficient of x n - 2 both sides, we get
ai
roots of the unity, then find the value of S . 0= SS a i a j + a 1 + a 2 + ... + a n - 1
i =0 2 - a i 0 £i < j £n -1

Sol. Let x = (1)1/n Þ x n = 1 \ xn - 1 = 0 0= SS ai a j - 1

n 1£i < j £n -1
or x - 1 = ( x - a 0 ) ( x - a 1 ) ( x - a 2 ) ... ( x - a n - 1 ) [ Q1 + a 1 + a 2 + ... + a n - 1 = 0]
n -1
\ SS ai a j = 1
= P (x - ai )
i =0
1£i < j £n -1

On taking logarithm both sides, we get

n -1 Vector Representation of
loge ( x n - 1) = S loge ( x - a i )
i =0 Complex Numbers
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get If P is the point ( x , y ) on the argand plane corresponding
n -1
n -1
æ 1 ö to the complex number z = x + iy , where x , y Î R and
nx
= S ç ÷ i = - 1.
x -1n i =0 è x - ai ø
Y
On putting x = 2, we get P (x, y)
n -1
n (2)n - 1
= S 1
…(i)
2n - 1 i =0 (2 - a i ) y
n -1 n -1
θ
ai æ 2 ö
Now, S = S ç- 1 + ÷ O x M
X
i =0 (2 - a i ) i = 0 è 2 - ai ø
n -1 n -1 ¾® ¾®
2 × n × 2n - 1 OP = x $i + y $j Þ OP = ( x 2 + y 2 ) = z
=- S 1 + 2 i S= 0 1
= - (n ) + n [from Eq. (i)]
Then,
¾®
i =0 (2 - a i ) 2 -1
n
and arg (z ) = direction of the vector OP = tan - 1 (y / x ) = q
n ×2 n ¾®
= -n + n
= n Therefore, complex number z can also be represented by OP.
2 -1 2 -1
30 Textbook of Algebra

Geometrical Representation (c) Product

z 1 = r1 (cos q 1 + i sin q 1 ) = r1 e i q1
of Algebraic Operation on Let
\ z 1 = r1 and arg (z 1 ) = q 1
Complex Numbers and z 2 = r2 (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 ) = r2 e iq2
(a) Sum \ z 2 = r2 and arg (z 2 ) = q 2
Let the complex numbers z 1 = x 1 + iy 1 =( x 1 , y 1 ) and Then, z 1 z 2 = r1 r2 (cos q 1 + i sin q 1 ) (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 )
z 2 = x 2 + iy 2 = ( x 2 , y 2 ) be represented by the points P and = r1 r2 {cos (q 1 + q 2 ) + i sin (q 1 + q 2 )}
Q on the argand plane. \ z 1 z 2 = r1 r2 and arg (z 1 z 2 ) = q 1 + q 2
Y
Y R(z1z2)
R (z1 + z2)
Q (z2)

r1 r2
Q(z2)
P (z1)
X P(z1)
r2
O θ1 r1
θ2 θ1
Complete the parallelogram OPRQ. Then, the mid-points O A
X
of PQ and OR are the same. The mid-point of
æ x + x2 y1 + y2 ö Let P and Q represent the complex numbers z 1 and z 2 ,
PQ = ç 1 , ÷. respectively.
è 2 2 ø
\ OP = r1 , OQ = r2
Hence, R = ( x 1 + x 2 , y 1 + y 2 )
ÐPOX = q 1 and ÐQOX = q 2
Therefore, complex number z can also be represented by
¾® Take a point A on the real axis OX, such that OA = 1 unit.
OR = ( x 1 + x 2 ) + i (y 1 + y 2 ) = ( x 1 + iy 1 ) + ( x 2 + iy 2 ) Complete the ÐOPA
= z 1 + z 2 = (x 1 , y 1 ) + (x 2 , y 2 ) Now, taking OQ as the base, construct a DOQR similar to
In vector notation, we have OR OP
DOPA, so that =
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® OQ OA
z 1 + z 2 = OP + OQ = OP + PR = OR
i.e. OR = OP × OQ = r1 r2 [since, OA = 1 unit]
and ÐROX = ÐROQ + ÐQOX = q 1 + q 2
(b) Difference
Hence, R is the point representing product of complex
We first represent - z 2 by Q ¢, so that QQ ¢ is bisected at O. numbers z 1 and z 2 .
Complete the parallelogram OPRQ ¢. Then, the point R
represents the difference z 1 - z 2 . Remark
1. Multiplication by i
Y p p
Since, z = r (cos q + i sin q) and i = æçcos + i sin ö÷
Q(z2) è 2 2ø
é æ p ö æ p ö ù
\ iz = r êcos ç + q÷ + i sin ç + q÷ ú
P(z1) ë è2 ø è2 øû
O
X′ X Hence, multiplication of z with i, then vector for z rotates a
right angle in the positive sense.
R(z1 – z2) 2. Thus, to multiply a vector by ( - 1) is to turn it through two
Q ′( –z2) right angles.
Y′ 3. Thus, to multiply a vector by (cos q + i sin q) is to turn it
through the angle q in the positive sense.
¾® ¾®
We see that ORPQ is a parallelogram, so that OR = QP
We have in vectorial notation, (d) Division
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
z 1 - z 2 = OP - OQ = OP + QO Let z 1 = r1 (cos q 1 + i sin q 1 ) = r1 e iq1
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
\ z 1 = r1 and arg (z 1 ) = q 1
= OP + PR = OR = QP and z 2 = r2 (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 ) = r2 e iq2
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 See Hugh, Odo, Robert
“French and English,” i. 24
Fréteval, ii. 73, 366
Fritheswith or Frideswide, S., i. 43.
See Oxford
Fulk the Red, first count of Anjou, i. 106;
his neighbours, 109;
political position, 109, 110;
marriage, 110;
death, 113;
chronology of his life, 128, 129, 132
Fulk II. the Good, count of Anjou, i. 113;
his rule, 113, 115;
canon of S. Martin’s, 114;
letter to Louis IV., ib.;
marriages, 116;
claims upon Nantes, ib.;
death, 117;
vision of S. Martin, 118;
prophecy made to, ib.;
its fulfilment, ii. 187, 373
Fulk III., the Black, count of Anjou, his mother, i. 136;
surnames, 143, note 2{294};
character, 144;
significance of his life, 145, 146, 169;
war with Conan of Rennes, 146, 147;
regains Anjou west of Mayenne, 148;
attacks Blois, 149;
rivalry with Odo II., 150;
castle-building, 151;
seizure of the water-ways, 151–152;
first marriage, 152;
first pilgrimage, 153, 192;
founds Beaulieu abbey, 153–155;
marries Hildegard, 154;
second pilgrimage, 156, 192–195;
his oath, 155;
 contrives the death of Hugh of Beauvais, ib.;
sacks Châteaudun, 156;
alliance with Maine, ib.;
victory at Pontlevoy, 157, 158;
subdues Hugh of Maine, 159;
imprisons Herbert of Maine, ib.;
invested with Saintes, ib., 173;
fortifies Montboyau, 161;
takes Saumur, 162;
besieges Montbazon, 163;
treaty with Odo, ib.;
his policy and its success, 164;
makes peace between Constance and her son, ib.;
joins King Henry’s expedition against Sens, ib.;
his home, 165;
buildings at Angers, ib.;
third pilgrimage, 166, 195, 196;
rebellion of his son, 166, 195;
wins Chinon, 167;
fourth pilgrimage, 167, 168;
quarrels with his son, 172, 175;
death, 168;
his tomb, ib.;
his work, 169, 188
Fulk IV. Rechin, son of Geoffrey of Gâtinais and Hermengard of
Anjou, invested with Saintonge, i. 214;
his character, 219;
intrigues against his brother, ib.;
wins Saumur and Angers, 220;
captures Geoffrey, ib.;
does homage for Touraine, 221;
cedes Gâtinais to France, ib.;
his rule, ib.;
drives Geoffrey of Mayenne from Le Mans, 222;
besieges La Flèche, ib., 223, 257;
receives Robert’s homage for Maine, 223;
his marriages, 224;
 excommunicated, ib.;
absolved, 225;
quarrels with his eldest son, 227, 228;
dies, 229;
his reign and its results, ib.;
his Angevin history, 127
Fulk V., count of Anjou, i. 229;
character and policy, 231, 232;
marries Aremburg, 232;
quarrel with Henry I. and alliance with France, 233;
homage to Henry, 234;
revolt of the burghers against, ib.;
joins league against Henry, 235;
wins Alençon, 236;
treaty with Henry, ib.;
goes to Jerusalem, 238;
quarrel with Henry, 240;
offers Maine to Clito, ib.;
imprisons the legate’s envoys, 242;
marries Melisenda and becomes king of Jerusalem, 246–
248;
dies, 361
Fulk the Gosling, count of Vendôme, i. 214

Gaimar, see Geoffrey

Galloway, ii. 164, 179, 237
Gandrea, wife of Theobald III. of Blois, i. 255, 256
Gascony, Richard’s campaign in, ii. 214;
revolt in, 316.
See Guy-Geoffrey, Odo
Gatian, S., bishop of Tours, i. 179
Gâtinais, county of, i. 129;
ceded to France, 221;
counts, 249, 250
Gaubert of Mantes, ii. 415
Geddington, council at, ii. 249
Gelduin of Saumur, i. 161, 162
Geoffrey I. Greygown, count of Anjou, i. 118;
his character, 119;
joins invasion of Lorraine, 120;
his marriages, 121, 134–136;
relations with Britanny, 121, 122, 137–139;
with Maine, 124, 140–142;
war with Poitou, 123, 137, 139;
wins Loudun, 123, 124, 139;
founds church of our Lady at Loches, 153;
dies at siege of Marson, 125
Geoffrey II. Martel, son of Fulk the Black, born, i. 154;
nursed at Loches, ib.;
count of Vendôme, 172;
quarrel with Fulk, ib., 175;
marries Agnes, 136, 174, 197, 199;
war with Poitou, 173–175;
wins Saintonge, 174;
rebels, 166, 195, 196;
count of Anjou, 169;
his character, 170–172;
invested with Tours, 178;
besieges it, 184;
victory at Montlouis, 186;
treaty with Theobald, 187;
its significance, 188;
advocate of see of Le Mans, 205;
imprisons Bp. Gervase, 206;
master of Maine, ib.;
excommunicated, ib.;
revolts, 207;
wins Alençon and Domfront, 208;
challenges William and retires, 209;
war with Aquitaine, 210;
besieges Ambrières, 211;
dealings with Nantes, 211, 212;
marries Grecia, 212;
blockaded in Saumur, 213;
 joins invasion of Normandy, ib., 214;
loses Vendôme, 214;
dies, ib.;
break-up of his dominions, 215;
dispute over them, 218;
his heirs, 251–252
Geoffrey III. the Bearded, count of Anjou, i. 214;
victory at Chef-Boutonne, 215, 252, 253;
receives Robert’s homage for Maine, 217;
wrongs Marmoutier, 220;
captured by Fulk, ib.;
imprisoned at Chinon, 221;
released and dies, 228
Geoffrey Martel II. of Anjou, son of Fulk Rechin, betrothed to
Aremburg of Maine, i. 226;
joins Henry I., 11;
quarrel with Fulk, 227, 228;
slain, 228
Geoffrey V. Plantagenet, son of Fulk V. and Aremburg, knighted
by Henry I., i. 244;
marriage, ib., 258–260;
his person and character, 261–265;
quarrels with his wife, 266;
with Henry, 269, 270;
invades Normandy, 281, 306, 307;
revolts against, 266, 267, 306, 343, 384;
summoned to England, 330;
treaty with Theobald, 337;
conquers Normandy, 338–342;
recalls his son, 343;
challenge to Stephen, 369;
cedes Normandy to his son, ib., 377;
his siege of Montreuil, 384, 386;
treatment of Gerald, 387;
cedes the Vexin to Louis, 388;
death, 389, 390;
burial, 390;
 will, 444
Geoffrey of Anjou, second son of Geoffrey and Matilda, born, i.
373;
seeks to marry Eleanor, 393;
rebels against Henry, 394, 395, 444, 445;
count of Nantes, 449;
dies, ib.
Geoffrey I., duke of Britanny, i. 137, 148
Geoffrey, fourth son of Henry II. and Eleanor, born, i. 453;
acknowledged heir to Britanny, ii. 58;
duke, 80;
revolts, 135;
knighted, 214;
joins young Henry, 225;
submits, 232;
marries Constance, 233;
dies, 243
Geoffrey, son of Henry II., bishop-elect of Lincoln, ii., 155;
takes Kinardferry etc., ib.;
chancellor, 245;
secures castles of Anjou, 256;
with Henry at Le Mans, 258, 259, 260;
at La Frênaye, 262;
goes to Alençon, ib.;
rejoins Henry, 263;
his devotion to Henry, 268;
appointed archbishop of York, 274, 278, 302;
early life, 301, 302;
character, 304;
consecrated, 305;
returns to England, ib.;
arrested, ib.;
released, 306;
joins John, 307;
enthroned, 313;
quarrel with Hugh of Durham, ib., 316;
buys sheriffdom of Yorkshire, 330;
 driven from England, 335;
redeems the Lincoln church-plate, 487
Geoffrey (Alberic), count of Gâtinais, marries Hermengard of
Anjou, i. 214, 249, 250
Geoffrey of Brulon, ii. 259
Geoffrey of Chaumont, i. 272, note 1{662}
Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, justiciar, ii. 355, 356;
earl of Essex, 393
Geoffrey Gaimar, ii. 446
Geoffrey of Lusignan, ii. 59 note 1{235}, 136, 250, 405
Geoffrey of Mandeville, i. 334, 335
Geoffrey de Mandeville, earl of Essex, ii. 124
Geoffrey of Mayenne, i. 211;
holds Le Mans for Walter of Mantes, 218;
submits to William, ib.;
revolts, 221, 222, 224
Geoffrey of Monmouth, ii. 445, 448
Geoffrey of Rancogne, ii. 214, 250, 367
Geoffrey Ridel, archdeacon of Canterbury, ii. 30, 77;
vice-chancellor, 142;
bishop of Ely, 176;
dies, 277
Geoffrey Talbot, i. 294, 296
Gerald de Barri (“Giraldus Cambrensis”), ii. 452–460
Gerald of Montreuil-Bellay, i. 384, 385, 386, 388
Geraldines, the, ii. 108, 183
Gerard de Camville, ii. 280, 298, 299, 300, 329
Gerard la Pucelle, ii. 449
Gerberga, wife of Fulk the Good, i. 116, note 1{258}
Germany, English trade with, under the Angevins, ii. 484, 485
Gersendis of Maine, i. 221, 254–256
Gervase of Château-du-Loir, bishop of Le Mans, i. 205;
imprisoned by Geoffrey Martel, 206;
released, ib.;
archbishop of Reims, 207
Gesta Consulum Andegavensium, its authorship and character,
i. 126, 127
Gévaudan, see Dulcia
Gilbert of Sempringham, S., i. 359, 360
Gilbert Becket, i. 50
Gilbert Foliot, abbot of Gloucester, i. 369, 370, 493;
bishop of Hereford, 371, 495;
his earlier history, 492, 493;
career as abbot, 494, 495;
relations with Abp. Theobald and with Henry II., 495, 496;
with Roger of Pont-l’Evêque, 478, 479;
character, 496, 497;
remarks on Thomas’s election, ii. 3, 6;
translated to London, 13, 14;
relations with Thomas, 13, 31, 49;
at council of Northampton, 35, 36, 37, 39;
his attitude in the Becket quarrel, 47–49;
his share in the bishops’ appeal, 67;
excommunicated, 70;
denies the primate’s jurisdiction, ib.;
absolved, 72;
dies, 277
Gilbert, bishop of Limerick, ii. 92;
legate in Ireland, ib., 93
Gilbert de Clare, earl of Pembroke, i. 377, 395, 396; ii. 99
Gilds, i. 29;
under Henry II. and Richard, ii. 469, 470;
leather-sellers’, i. 30;
merchant, i. 29, 36, 40, 43; ii. 481;
weavers’, i. 30, 52; ii. 481
Gildhall, i. 129;
of German merchants, ii. 485
Gilles, St., see Raymond
Giraldus Cambrensis, see Gerald
Gisors, i. 231, 234, 343;
meeting of Henry I. and Pope Calixtus at, 237, 238;
of Louis VII. and Henry II. at, ii. 148, 165;
claimed by Philip, 232, 236
Glanville, see Hervey, Ralf
Glastonbury, invention of Arthur at, ii. 447, 448
Gleeman, the, i. 90
Gloucester, i. 35, 36;
abbey and city, 493, 494;
council at, ii. 170;
commune at, 469.
See Avice, Gilbert, Miles, Philip, Robert, William
Godfrey de Lucy, bishop of Winchester, ii. 277, 288
Godfrey, abbot of Malmesbury, i. 84, 85
Godred, king of Dublin, ii. 88
Godric, S., i. 74–79
“Goliath, Bishop,” ii. 452
Gouleton, ii. 396, 402
Gournay, ii. 403.
See Hugh
Graçay, ii. 213, 361
Grandmesnil, see Ivo, Petronilla
Grandmont, ii. 58, 226;
order of, 435
Gratian, his work on canon law, i. 378
Grecia of Montreuil, second wife of Geoffrey Martel, i. 212
Gregory, archbishop of Dublin, ii. 94
Gregory, bishop of Tours, i. 181
Gué-St.-Rémy, ii. 244
Guerech, bishop and count of Nantes, i. 121, 122, 146
Guimund, prior of S. Frideswide’s, Oxford, i. 43
“Guirribecs,” i. 306
Guy of Anjou (son of Fulk the Red), bishop of Soissons, i. 112,
113
Guy of Anjou, son of Fulk the Good, i. 119
Guy of Crema, see Paschal
Guy, viscount of Limoges, ii. 407
Guy of Lusignan, ii. 59 note 1{235}, 136;
king of Jerusalem, 247;
Cyprus, 317, 321;
ally of Richard, 318, 320
Guy of Thouars, ii. 395, 424
Guy-Geoffrey, count of Gascony, i. 176, 212.
See William VII. of Aquitaine

Hackington, college at, ii. 437

Hainaut, see Elizabeth
Hameline, earl of Warren, son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, ii. 40,
144
Hamo de Massey, ii. 139
Hans-house, i. 29;
at York, 36
Harding or Stephen, founder of Cîteaux, i. 69, 70
Harptree, i. 295, 298
Hasculf Thorgils’ son, ii. 105, 106
Hautefort, ii. 204, 231
Haye, La, see Richard
Henry I., son of William the Conqueror, his early life, i. 4–6;
character, 6, 7;
election and coronation, 7;
charter, 8;
marriage, 1, 8, 9;
treaty with Robert, 9;
proceedings against traitors, 10;
Norman campaigns, 11;
victory at Tinchebray, 12, 13;
policy, 13–15, 19;
struggle with Anselm, 15–18;
character of his reign, 19;
his work, 19, 20;
love of “foreigners,” 23;
his ministers, ib.;
called “the Lion of Justice,” 26;
charter to York, 30, 36;
to Norwich, 41;
London, 45, 46;
palace at Woodstock, 44, 94;
court at Oxford, 44;
his “good peace,” 30 note 4{58}, 48, 95;
 settles Flemings in Pembroke, 52;
dealings with the Church, 63;
results, 64;
founds see of Ely, 68;
Carlisle, 69;
revival of literature under, 80–95;
relations with Maine, 227;
with France, 230, 231;
wars with France and Anjou, 233, 235;
treaties with Fulk, 234, 236;
victory at Brenneville, 237;
meets Calixtus at Gisors, ib., 238;
treaty with Louis, 238;
wreck of his hopes, 239, 240;
quarrel with Fulk, 240;
quells revolt in Normandy, 241;
alliance with Henry V., ib.;
proclaims Matilda his heiress, 243;
last years, 268–270;
death, 271;
possible successors, 274–275;
state of England after his death, 279;
burial, 282;
his court, 413
Henry II. Fitz-Empress born, i. 268;
Eadward’s prophecy fulfilled in, 1;
Witan swear fealty to, 269;
his early life, 372–374;
tutors, 375, 376;
goes to England, 334;
returns to Anjou, 343;
duke of Normandy, 369, 377;
goes to England, 377;
knighted, ib.;
returns, 378;
besieges Torigni, 386, 405;
does homage to Louis, 388;
marries Eleanor, 393;
ignores Louis’s jurisdiction, 394;
war with Louis and Geoffrey, 395;
lands in England, 396;
besieges Malmesbury, 397;
colloquy at Wallingford, ib.;
treaty with Stephen, 400, 401;
receives homage, 402;
plot to kill him, 403;
returns to Gaul, ib.;
effects of his visit to England, ib.;
resumes Norman demesnes, 404;
peace with Louis, 405;
comes to England, ib.;
crowned, ib.;
his work, 407;
person and character, 408–411, 414–417;
court, 411–413;
first ministers, 417, 418;
relations with Becket, 420, 423–427;
charter, 427;
settlement of the country, ib.;
of the succession, 429;
subdues William of Aumale, 428;
and Hugh of Mortemer, 429;
holds court at S. Edmund’s, 430;
goes to Anjou, 431;
scheme for conquering Ireland, ib., ii. 95;
effects of his first two years’ work in England, i. 431–434;
returns, 434;
demands Northumberland etc., 435;
receives Malcolm’s homage, 438;
wears his crown at Wigford, ib., 439;
at Worcester, 439;
his position compared with Cnut’s, 2, 440, 441;
relations with France, 441, 442;
does homage, 443;
subdues Geoffrey, 444, 445;
proposes for Margaret as wife for his son, 446;
seneschal of France, 450;
grants Britanny to Conan and obtains Nantes, 451;
designs on Britanny, 452, 453;
claims Toulouse, 458;
great scutage, 459–461;
his allies, 462, 463;
knights Malcolm, 464;
takes Cahors and threatens Toulouse, ib.;
withdraws, 465;
treaty, 467;
quarrel with Thomas, 469;
drives Louis from Chaumont, 471;
principle of his reforms, 474;
projects of crusade, 453, 497;
attitude towards the religious revival, 497;
relations with Adrian IV., ib.;
with Germany, 499, 502;
acknowledges Alexander III. as Pope, 502;
appoints Thomas archbishop, ii. 1;
meets Alexander and Louis, 13;
goes to England, ib.;
receives homage of Welsh princes at Woodstock, 14;
quarrel with Thomas, 15, 16;
plans of reform in criminal legislature, 17–20;
propounds his grandfather’s customs at Westminster, 22;
meets Thomas at Northampton, 23;
at Oxford, 24;
publishes constitutions of Clarendon, 26;
meets Thomas at Woodstock, 31, 32;
council of Northampton, 32–40;
sends envoys to the Pope, 41;
confiscates the primate’s estates and banishes his friends,
42;
effects of the quarrel, 46–49;
goes to Normandy, 54;
receives envoys from the Emperor, 55, 60;
plans for his children, 57, 60;
conquers Britanny, 57, 58;
correspondence with Arthur, 57 note 2{226}, 447;
meets Raymond, 58;
attempt to divorce him from Eleanor, 61;
does homage at Montmirail, ib., 62;
holds council at Chinon, 64;
appeals to Rome, 65;
drives Thomas from Pontigny, 68;
meets him at Montmirail, 69;
meets Louis and Thomas at Montmartre, 71;
at Fréteval, 73;
meets Thomas at Tours and Chaumont, 74;
goes to Rocamadour, ib.;
rash words at Bures, 78;
absolved, 81;
promises help to Dermot, 99;
forbids the war in Ireland, 108;
summons Richard of Striguil to Wales, 112;
goes to Ireland, 80, 113;
his fleet, 112;
Irish princes submit to, 114;
settlement of Ireland, 117;
of Dublin, 118;
goes to Normandy, 119;
relations with the barons, 120, 121, 126, 128;
legal and administrative reforms, 122–127;
inquest on Norman demesnes, 128;
alliance with Maurienne, 131;
receives homage of Toulouse, 133;
quarrel with young Henry, 134, 135;
revolt against, 141;
visits England, 143;
his adherents, 144–146;
takes Dol, 148;
meets Louis, ib.;
subdues rebels in Touraine, 151;
regains Saintes, 157;
returns to England, 158;
pilgrimage to Canterbury, 159;
receives news of William’s capture, 160;
takes Huntingdon and subdues Hugh Bigod, 163;
relieves Rouen, 164;
subdues Poitou, 165;
reconciled with his sons, ib.;
treaty with William the Lion, 166;
treatment of the rebels, 167;
end of the struggle, 166, 168;
his position after it, 169;
administrative work in England, 170–178;
his forest visitations, 171;
receives homage for Scotland, 178;
dealings with Wales, i. 435–437; ii. 179–181, 237, 453, 455;
treaty with Roderic O’Conor, ii. 182;
appoints John king of Ireland, 184;
character of his empire, 185–187;
continental policy, 188–191;
arbitrates between Castille and Navarre, 190;
administration in Normandy, 192–194;
buildings, 196, 197;
religious foundations, 197 and note 4{948};
hospitals, 198, 199;
Levée, 200;
bridges, ib.;
relations with Aquitaine, 203, 205;
quarrel with Louis, 212;
treaty, 213;
takes Châteauroux, ib.;
buys La Marche, 214;
house of Blois seek his help, 217;
makes peace in France, ib., 219;
tries to make peace among his sons, 224;
summons a conference at Mirebeau, 225;
 besieges Limoges, ib.;
arrests rebel leaders of 1173, 226;
forgives young Henry, 227;
Aquitaine submits to, 230;
interview with Bertrand de Born, 231;
homage to Philip, 232;
proposes to transfer Aquitaine to John, 233, 242;
makes John governor of Ireland, 234;
mediates between France and Flanders, 235;
receives submission of Galloway, 237;
receives the patriarch Heraclius, 240;
meets Philip, 244;
marches into Berry, 245;
truce, 246;
reinstates Richard in Aquitaine, 247;
meets Philip, 248;
takes the cross, 249;
musters his forces in Normandy, 252;
meets Philip, 253;
conference at Bonmoulins, 254;
goes into Aquitaine, 256;
meets Richard, ib.;
goes to Le Mans, 257;
conference at La Ferté, ib.;
flies, 259–262;
returns to Anjou, 262;
goes to Chinon and Azay, 263;
submits to Philip at Colombières, 265, 266;
learns John’s treason, 267;
last days, 268;
death, 269;
burial, 270, 272;
points out Arthur’s tomb, 447;
grants trading privileges to Chester, 484;
grants burial-grounds to the Jews, 486
Henry, second son of Henry II. and Eleanor, born, i. 429, 445;
betrothal, 446, 448;
 does homage for Normandy, 468;
marriage, 470;
intrusted to Thomas for education, 471, 472;
recognised heir to the crown, 472, 473;
receives homage of Malcolm IV., ii. 15;
withdrawn from Thomas, 23;
homage at Montmirail, 62;
receives Geoffrey’s homage for Britanny, ib.;
officiates as seneschal and does homage to Philip, ib.;
crowned, 72;
crowned again, 81;
rebels, 129, 130;
flies to France, 134;
threatens to invade England, 158, 162;
reconciled, 165;
receives homage of William the Lion, 178;
joins Richard in Aquitaine, 209, 210;
besieges Châteauroux, 211;
at crowning of Philip Augustus, 216, 218, 219;
character, 221;
quarrel with Richard, 222;
enters Aquitaine, 223;
confesses his league with the Poitevins, 224;
holds Limoges against his father, 225;
driven thence, 226;
plunders Grandmont, ib.;
and Rocamadour, 227;
death, ib., 228;
burial, 230, 232
Henry III., Emperor, i. 176
Henry V., Emperor, i. 241, 242
Henry VI., Emperor, his claims on Sicily, ii. 319;
demands for Richard’s ransom, 324, 325;
negotiates with Philip and John, 327;
grants Burgundian kingdom to Richard, 331;
conquers Sicily, 371, 372;
stirs up Richard against France, 372;
 dies, ib.
Henry I., king of France, joins Odo II. against Fulk Nerra, i. 163;
tries to drive Odo from Sens, 164;
revolt against, 177, 178;
grants Tours to Geoffrey Martel, 178;
relations with Normandy and Anjou, 207, 210;
visits Angers, 213;
invades Normandy, ib.;
defeated at Varaville, ib., 214;
dies, 214
Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester, his early life, i. 347;
supports Stephen, 277, 279;
legate, 305;
summons Stephen before a council at Winchester, 305;
advice at siege of Arundel, 309;
escorts Matilda to Bristol, 310;
receives her at Winchester, 321;
holds council there, 322;
again declares for Stephen, 324, 325;
his fortress of Wolvesey, 325;
besieged, 326;
fires the city, ib.;
holds council at Westminster and again proclaims Stephen,
329, 330;
his Church policy, 348;
character, 349;
position as legate, ib., 350;
elected to Canterbury, 350;
rivalry with Theobald, 351;
loses the legation, 356;
goes to Rome, ib.;
founds S. Cross, 357;
suspended, 368;
appeals, 381;
absolved, ib.;
consecrates S. Thomas, ii. 5;
at council of Northampton, 35, 36, 37, 41;
 dies, 80
Henry the Liberal, count of Champagne, joins invasion of
Normandy, i. 394;
betrothed to Mary of France, 445
Henry II., count of Champagne, king of Jerusalem, ii. 321
Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, betrothed to Matilda, daughter
of Henry II., ii. 55;
married, 59, 60;
exiled 238, 257;
regains his lands, 319
Henry, son of David king of Scots, made earl of Carlisle and
Huntingdon, i. 282;
Northumberland promised to, 286;
at battle of the Standard, 290, 291;
earl of Northumberland, 300;
at siege of Ludlow, 301, 302;
dies, 399
Henry of Albano, legate, ii. 256, 257
Henry of Essex, constable, i. 434;
drops standard at Consilt, 436, 437;
present in war of Toulouse, 466;
defeated in ordeal of battle, ii. 61
Henry Fitz-Aylwine, mayor of London, ii. 472;
his assize, 485
Henry of Huntingdon, i. 82, 83, 94
Henry Murdac, abbot of Fountains, i. 365;
opposes S. William, ib.;
archbishop of York, 366;
his troubles in Yorkshire, 367, 380;
reconciled to the king and enthroned, 381;
goes to Rome, ib.;
opposes election of Hugh of Puiset to Durham, 399, 400;
death, 400
Henry of Pisa, cardinal, ii. 2
Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem, ii. 240
Herbert I. Wake-dog, count of Maine, saves Fulk at Pontlevoy, i.
157, 158;
 his surname, 159;
imprisoned by Fulk, ib.;
quarrels with Bp. Avesgaud, ib. note 4{343}, 204;
death, 204;
daughters, 254, 255
Herbert II., count of Maine, i. 216
Herbert Bacco usurps the county of Maine, i. 204;
quarrels with Bishop Gervase, 205;
expelled, ib.
Herbert Lozinga, bishop of Thetford, removes his see to
Norwich, i. 41
Herbert, bishop of Salisbury, withstands Hubert Walter, ii. 350
Herbert of Bosham, ii. 9, 10, 38, 40, 75;
verdict on the Becket quarrel, 47
Hereford, i. 36;
castle seized by Geoffrey Talbot, 294;
yields to Stephen, 295.
See Gilbert, Miles, Robert, Roger
Herispoë, king of Britanny, i. 130, 203
Hermengard of Anjou, daughter of Geoffrey Greygown and wife
of Conan of Rennes, i. 121, 135
Hermengard (Adela) of Anjou, daughter of Fulk Nerra, wife of
Geoffrey of Gâtinais, i. 214, 249
Hermengard of Anjou, daughter of Fulk Rechin, marries Alan
Fergant, duke of Britanny, i. 328 note 4{930}
Hermengard of Beaumont, wife of William the Lion, ii. 237
Hermengard of Bourbon, second wife of Fulk Rechin, i. 224
Hervey of Glanville, i. 362
Hervey of Lions, i. 321
Hervey of Mountmorris, ii. 101, 112
Hicmar, legate, i. 364
Higra, the, i. 34
Hilary, bishop of Chichester, ii. 24, 39
Hildegard, wife of Fulk III. of Anjou, i. 154, 165, 168
Historia Comitum Andegavensium, its authorship and character,
i. 126, 127
History, English, under Henry I., i. 81–83, 87–91;