1.

(a)(i) Write down an expression for the force on a charge, q coulombs moving with
velocity, u, at an angle, α, to a uniform magnetic field of flux density B.(01mark)

F = Bqusinα

(ii) Use the expression in (a)(i), to deduce the force on a conductor carrying a current in
magnetic field. (03marks)

Using F = Bqusinα

q = It

=> F= BItusinα

Where t is the time and I the current flowing

Since tu = L, the length of a conductor

Then, F = BILsinα

(b) Figure below shows an aluminium bar AB resting on two horizontal aluminium rails
connected to a battery through switch K. a magnetic field of flux density 0.10T acts
perpendicularly into paper.

(i) Explain what happens to AB when switch K is closed(03marks)

Current flows in the bar in the direction BA. From the Fleming’s left hand rule, the
bar BA will experience a magnetic force and it will move towards the right.
(ii) Calculate the angle to horizontal to which the rail must be tilted to keep AB
stationary if its mass is 5.og, current in it is 4.0A and the direction of the field
remains unchanged. (04marks)
 Let the angle be θ

At equilibrium, F= mgsinθ
BILcosθ = mgsinθ
0.10 x 4 x 5 x 10-2cosθ = 5 x 10-3 x 9.81 sinθ
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 5 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 9.81
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0.1 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 0.40775
θ = 22.180

(c)(i) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the structure and mode of operation of a
moving coil galvanometer. (06marks)

Structure

- It consist of a rectangular coil of fine insulated copper wire wound on an aluminium

frame to provide electromagnetic damping.
- The coil together with the frame of aluminium are mounted over a soft iron cylindrical
core and freely pivoted on jeweled bearing to minimize friction at contact.
 - The suspension torsion wire suspending the coil is attached to a pair of control hair
springs T1 and T2 for feeding current in and out of the coil and control rotation of the
coil.
- The coil is then suspended between concave pieces of a strong magnet to provide
magnetic field.
Mode of action
- Current I to be measured is passed into the coil via hair spring T1.
- The current then causes the coil to experience a deflection torque, r = NABI due to a
couple force causing rotation in a radial magnetic field.
- The coil turns with the pointer through angle θ until stopped by restoring torque, r =
kθ provided by a pair of hair springs T1 and T2.
- At equilibrium, NABI = Kθ
𝑘
- ∴ current I = ( )𝜃
𝑁𝐴𝐵
- I ∝ θ, hence the instrument has a linear scale
Where B = magnetic field strength between the poles of the magnets
A = area of the plane of the coil
N = number of turns of the coil
k = torsion constant of suspension wire

(iii) Discuss the factors which affect the current sensitivity of a moving coil
galvanometer (03marks)
- Strength of magnet, current sensitivity is proportional to the strength of the magnets
- Number of turns, current sensitivity is proportional to the number of turns
- Nature of suspension torsion wire, current sensitivity is inversely proportional to the
torsion constant of the suspension torsion wire.
- Area A of the plane of the coil; current sensitivity is proportional to the area of the
plane of the coil
- Size of copper wire making the coil; current sensitivity is proportional to the size of
copper wires making the coil since the bigger the wires the lower the resistance.

2. (a) State the laws of electromagnetic induction. (02marks)

- Faraday’s law states that the magnitude of the e.m.f induced in a circuit is directly
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
- Lenz’s Laws states that induced current flows always in such a direction as to oppose
the change which is giving rise to· it.
 (b)(i) With the aid of a diagram, describe how a simple a.c. generator works (04marks)

How it works
- The coil is rotated in a magnetic field, the magnetic field linked with it changes and
hence e.m.f is led away by means of slip rings which press slightly against the carbon
brushes.
- Applying Fleming’s right hand rule, the induced current enters the coil AB and leave
the coil via CD.
- Starting with the coil in the vertical position, the magnetic flux linking it is maximum
and hence no induced e.m.f.
- The induced e.m.f increases with the position of the coil in the magnetic field until it
becomes maximum with the coil in horizontal position and then decrease to zero as
the coil rotates to the vertical position
- The force acting on the sides of the coil change as the coil passes over the position and
hence he current flowing in the coil reverses. Hence an alternating e.m.f or current
flows through the load.

(ii) What are the main energy losses in a practical a.c. generator and how are they minimized?
(02marks)

- Eddy current loss are minimized by laminating the armature

- I2R losses are minimized by use of low resistance winding wires
- loss due to friction minimized by lubricating the rubbing parts

(c) A circular coil having 20 turns each of radius 8.0cm is rotated about its vertical diameter with
angular speed of 50 radians per second in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude
30mT.
(i) Calculate the r.m.s value of the e.m.f. induced in the coil (03marks)

E = NABω = 20 x[3.14x(8 x 10-2)2] x (30 x 10-3) x 50 = 0.603V

𝐸0 0.603
Er.m.s = = = 0.426𝑉
√2 √2
(ii) If the coil forms a closed loop of resistance 10Ω, how much power is dissipated as heat in
it? (02marks)
2
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 (0.426)2
P= = = 0.018𝑊
√2 √2
 (d) The figure below shows a capacitor and a bulb connected to a.c supply

Explain
(i) Why the bulb lights when switch K, is closed (01marks)
The capacitor is continuously charging and discharging. This cause continuous
charge (current) flow in the bulb

(ii) What would happen if the capacitance were reduced? (02marks)

When the capacitance is reduced the reactance increases and therefore the
charging and discharging current is decrease. The bulb dims or goes off.

(e) Explain the following observation:

(i) A spark is seen at the switch when the circuit of a current carrying coil is broken
(02marks)

When the switch is broken, the magnetic flux linking the coil collapses. A large e.m.f is
induced between the contacts creating a high electric field intensity which ionizes the
air there. The ions meet and neutralize violently producing sparks.

(ii) A magnetized iron bar dropped vertically through a hollow region of a thick cylindrical
shell made of copper experiences a retarding force. (02marks)

Magnetic flux linking the shell changes inducing eddy currents that oppose motion of
the bar magnet thus causing retardation.

3. (a) Define the following

(i) Peak value(01mark)
Peak value of alternating current is the maximum value attained by such a current
in a cycle.
(ii) Root mean square (r.m.s) value of alternating current.(01mark)
Root mean square (r.m.s) value of an alternating current, is the value of
steady/direct current that would dissipate heat in a given resistor at the same rate
as alternating current.
 (b) Derive an equation relating peak value and r.m.s value of alternating current (03marks)

Consider an alternating current I = I0sinωt through a resistor, R.

The average rate at which heat is dissipated = I2R

P = 𝐼02 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡
1
= 𝐼02 𝑅 𝑥
2

𝐼02 𝑅
=
2

Let Id be the steady value of direct current that dissipates heat at the same rate as a.c. in
a given resistance

Power = 𝐼𝑑2 𝑅

From definition of Ir.m.s

𝐼02 𝑅
𝐼𝑑2 𝑅 =
2
𝐼0
Id =
2

But Id = Ir.m.s
𝐼0
Thus Ir.m.s =
2

(c) An electric current flow through a coil of 4Ω immersed in 200kg of water placed in a
container. If the temperature of the water rises by 1K per minute, calculate the peak value
of current supplied. (03marks)

R = 4Ω, m =200g, ∆θ = 1K, t = 60s

𝑚 2
𝑥 𝑐 𝑥 ∆𝜃 = 𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 𝑅
𝑡
0.200 2
𝑥 4200 𝑥 1 = 4𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠
60
 2
𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = 1.871𝐴

Peak value, I0 = √2 𝑥 𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = √2 𝑥 1.871 = 2.646𝐴

(d) What is meant by resonance in a circuit? (01mark)

Resonance is when in the LCR circuit, the impedance and current is maximum. Resonance
in the circuit is the result of oscillations in a circuit as stored energy is passed from the
inductor to capacitor. It occurs when inductive reactance (XL) is equal capacitive reactance
(XC) and the impedance of the circuit is equal to resistance value as Z = R.

(e) A lamp of resistance 10Ω, a capacitor of capacitance 0.4μF and an inductor of inductance
0.4H are connected in series to an alternating voltage source of 0.01V (r.m.s). The
frequency, f, is varied from low to high value while maintaining the amplitude of the
applied voltage constant.

(i) Explain how the brightness of the lamp rises. (03marks)

Initially the brightness of the bulb increases as current through the circuit increases with
increasing frequency. At resonant frequency, the current through the circuit becomes
maximum and the brightness of the bulb becomes maximum. However, the brightness of
the bulb dims until it dies off at frequencies greater than the resonant frequency since the
current flowing reduces in it.

(ii) Calculate the resonance frequency. (03marks)

At resonant frequency, XC = XL
1
2πf0L =
2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝐶
4𝜋 2 𝐿𝐶𝑓02 = 1
1 1
𝑓0 = = =397.9Hz
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 2𝜋√0.4 𝑥 0.4 𝑥 10−6

(iii) Find the voltage across the capacitor. (03marks)

Impedance, Z = R = 10Ω
V = IZ
0.01 = I x 10

I = 1 x 10-3A
1 1 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 106
Using Vc =IXc = = = 1𝑉
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2𝜋 𝑥 397.9 𝑥 0.4

(f) Explain why in an R-C circuit, power is only absorbed by resistive part of the circuit.
(02marks)

In one quarter cycle as the capacitor charges, power is transferred from the source to the
capacitor. In the next quarter cycle as the capacitor discharges, power is returned to the
source.
4. (a) With the aid of a sketch graph, explain the hysteresis curve for ferromagnetic material
(07mark)
Solution

- When a magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material, the magnetic domains

tend to align with the applied field. The magnetic flux density increases along OA until
saturation. When the magnetizing field is reduced to zero, there is residue
magnetization at C. This is due to failure of the dipoles to respond instantly. Energy is
lost.
- To bring the dipoles to their original orientation, a magnetic field OD is applied in
opposite direction. As the magnetic field is increased in this reversed direction,
saturation is attained at E
- When reversed magnetic field is reduced to zero, state F is attained. Reversal of
dipoles requires an increase of magnetic field in opposite direction to state EF. The
cycle is then repeated on further increase of magnetic field
- The curve of B verses H is called a hysteresis curve

(b)(i) Describe with the aid of a labeled diagram, the structure and mode of action of a
moving coil galvanometer (06marks)
Structure

- It consist of a rectangular coil of fine insulated copper wire wound on an aluminium

frame to provide electromagnetic damping.
- The coil together with the frame of aluminium are mounted over a soft iron cylindrical
core and freely pivoted on jeweled bearing to minimize friction at contact.
- The suspension torsion wire suspending the coil is attached to a pair of control hair
springs T1 and T2 for feeding current in and out of the coil and control rotation of the
coil.
- The coil is then suspended between concave pieces of a strong magnet to provide
magnetic field.
Mode of action
- Current I to be measured is passed into the coil via hair spring T1.
- The current then causes the coil to experience a deflection torque, r = NABI due to a
couple force causing rotation in a radial magnetic field.
- The coil turns with the pointer through angle θ until stopped by restoring torque, r =
kθ provided by a pair of hair springs T1 and T2.
- At equilibrium, NABI = Kθ
𝑘
- ∴ current I = ( )𝜃
𝑁𝐴𝐵
- I ∝ θ, hence the instrument has a linear scale
Where B = magnetic field strength between the poles of the magnets
A = area of the plane of the coil
N = number of turns of the coil
k = torsion constant of suspension wire
 (iii) Explain why eddy currents are useful in a moving coil galvanometer. (02marks)

Eddy current are induced in the core when the coil moves in magnetic field.
The eddy current damp the oscillations of the coil. This makes the pointer to settle
at a point quickly. It is desirable for quick and accurate reading of the value.

(c) A conducting disc of radius 0.05m with its plane perpendicular to uniform magnetic
field of flux density 0.25T, rotates at 15 revolution per second about an axis through
its center and perpendicular to its plane.
Calculate
(i) Magnetic flux threading the disc at any time (03marks)

Magnetic flux, φ = BA but A = πr2

- φ = Bπr2
= 0.25 x 3.14 x (0.05)2 = 1.96 x 10-3Wb

(ii) E.m.f generated between the center of the disc and any point on its rim.

ε = Bπr2f = 0.25 x 3.14 x (0.05)2 x 15 = 2.9 x 10-2V

or ε = φf = 1.96 x 10-3 x 15 =2.9 x 10-2V

5. (a) state Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (01 mark)

The magnitude of e.m.f induced in the circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change
of magnetic flux linked with the circuit
(b) With the aid of a diagram describe an experiment to illustrate Lenz’s law of
electromagnetic induction. (05marks)
Solution

- The galvanometer is first connected in series with the battery and the coil PQ. The
switch K is closed. The direction of deflection of the galvanometer for which current
flows in an anticlockwise direction at the end P of the coil is noted.
- The battery is then disconnected and the circuit containing the coil and the switch is
made complete.
- A strong permanent magnet is brought towards the coil with a North Pole facing end P
of the coil.
- The galvanometer deflects in a direction for which the site of the coil facing the
magnet is North Pole.
- When the magnet is moved away from the coil, the galvanometer deflects in the
opposite direction implying that the pole of the coil near the magnet is a south pole.
- In the first case, the pole due to the increased current was repelling the approaching
magnet while in the second case, the pole was attracting the receding magnet. The
induced current therefore is in such a direction as to oppose the change causing it,
which is Lenz’s law
(c) Define magnetic moment of a coil. (01mark)

Magnetic moment is torque experienced by the coil per tesla of magnetic field acting
along the plane of the coil.
Or
Magnetic moment of a coil is a couple exerted on a coil when it is placed with its plane
parallel to a magnetic field of 1T

(d) A small circular coil of 20 turns of wire lies in a uniform magnetic field of flux density
5.0 x 10-2T. The normal to the coil makes an angle of 300 with the direction of the
magnetic field. If the radius of the coil is 4cm and the coil carries a current of 2.0A, find
the
(i) magnetic moment of the coil (02marks)

M = NIA = 20π x (4 x 10-2)2 x 2 = 0.2Am2

(ii) torque on the coil

T = MBsinθ = 0.2 x 5 x 10-2sin300 = 5.0x 10-3Nm

(e) (i) State and define the unit of magnetic flux density.

One tesla (1 T) is defined as the field intensity generating one newton (N) of force per
ampere (A) of current per meter of conductor:

(ii) Show that when the magnetic flux linking a coil changes, the total charge which
passes through is depends only on the resistance of the coil and total flux linking it
(05marks).

Consider a coil of N turns each linked by magnetic flux of φ1.

Suppose the magnetic flux changes to φ2.
When the magnetic flux φ changes, an e.m.f ε is induced in the coil.
−𝑁𝑑𝜙
ε=
𝑑𝑡
𝜀
I = ; R = the resistance of the coil
𝑅
ε = IR
−𝑁𝑑𝜙
Hence IR =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑄
But I = ; where Q is the induced charge
𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑄 −𝑁 𝑑𝜑
 = .
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡
−𝑁
dQ = 𝑑𝜑
𝑅

The amount of the charge which passes through the coil when the magnetic flux changes
from φ1 to φ2 is
−𝑁 𝜙2 −𝑁
Q=
𝑅
∫𝜙 𝑑𝜙 = 𝑅
(𝜙2 − 𝜙1 )
1

(iii) State any two factors which determine the efficiency of a transformer. (01mark)

- Resistance of wire used to make the primary and secondary coils/resistance of

windings
- Coupling between the primary and secondary coil
- The design of the core/eddy current in the core

6. (a)(i) What is meant by capacitive reactance? (01mark)

Capacitive reactance is non-resistive opposition flow of a.c. through a capacitor.

(ii) Peak value of an alternating voltage. (01mark)

Peak value of an alternating voltage is the maximum value of the alternating voltage
𝑉0
(iii) Show that the r.ms value of an alternating voltage is Vr.ms = , where V0 is the peak
√2
voltage (03marks)
𝑉2
Instantaneous power = , where V = 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑅
𝑉02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡
Pinst =
𝑅
𝑉02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡
Average power, P =
𝑅
1
But sin2ωt =
2
2
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠
For steady voltage, P =
2𝑅
𝑉2 2
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠
=> =
𝑅 2𝑅
𝑉0
Hence Vr.m.s =
√2

(b) Distinguish between mutual and self-induction. 02marks)

Mutual induction is a production of e.m.f in a conductor caused by change in magnetic

field linking it due to change in current due to nearby circuit

while

Self- induction is the production of an e.m.f in a conductor caused by change in

magnetic flux linking it due to the change in the current in the same conductor.

(c)(i) Describe with the aid of a diagram, the structure and working of a.c. transformer
(02marks)
 - Transformer consists of two coil of insulated wire, the primary and secondary wound
on laminated soft iron core.
- When alternating voltage, Vp is connected to primary coil, it drives alternating current
in the primary coil.
- The alternating current produces a varying magnetic flux φp that link the primary coils
inducing a back e.m.f EB in the primary.
- The varying magnetic flux, φs links the secondary coil by mutual induction/inducing
alternating voltage, Vs in the secondary
𝑑𝜙𝑝
Vp = Np ………………………..(i)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙𝑝
Vs = Ns ………………………..(ii)
𝑑𝑡
Eqn. (i) ÷Eqn (i)
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
=
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠

When Ns > Np the transformer is a step up

Ns < Np the transformer is a step down

(ii) Explain the steps taken to minimize power losses in electric power transformation.
(03marks)

- Voltage generated is stepped up using a transformer so as to transmit high voltage and

low current.

- Low resistance cables are used

(d) In figure below, P is a 6V lamp and Q is a coil of negligible resistance

(i) Explain which of the lamps in the figure above will be brighter when K is closed
(02marks)

The bulb in (a) will be brighter.

When the switch is closed in (a), current flows and back e.m.f is induced. This
limit s brightness of the bulb. When the current reaches the steady value, the
back e.m.f is zero, the bulb lit brightest

In coil (b) the continuous change in direction and quantity of current induces
continuous change in magnetic flux and thus back e.m.f and the bulb is dim.
 (ii) Explain what happens when a soft iron core is introduced in the coil in each of
the circuit (03marks)

When soft iron core is introduced, magnetic flux is enhanced in (a), the back
e.m.f increases and the current decreases. The brightness of the bulb reduces.
The back e.m.f reduces to zero when the current increases to the maximum (and
the change in charge reduces to zero) leading to increase in brightness of the
bulb.

In (b) the back e.m.f increases and the current reduces. The brightness of the
bulb thus reduces.

7. (a) Define magnetic flux density. (01mark)

Magnetic flux density is the force acting on conductor of length 1m and carrying of 1A
placed perpendicular to magnetic field.

(b) Write the expression for the

(i) Magnetic flux density B at a distance r from long straight wire currying current I.
(01mark)
𝜇0 𝐼
B=
2𝜋𝑟
(ii) Force F on a straight wire of length L carrying current I perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field of flux density B.

F = BIL

(c) A moving-coil galvanometer consists of a rectangular coil of N-turns each of area A

suspended in a radial magnetic flied of flux density B.
(i) Derive an expression for the torque on the coil when a current I passes through it
(04marks)

The is no force on the sides PQ and SR since they are parallel to the field

Applying Fleming’s left hand rule, the force initially on PS, F = μBIL (into the plane)
 The force initially on QR, F = μBIL (out of the plane)
These force constitute a couple whose moment is given by
Torque, τ = F x b
= μBIL x b
But L x B = A
∴ torque, τ = μBIA

(ii) If the coil is suspended by a torsion wire for which the couple per unit twist is C, show
that the instrument will have a linear scale.(03mark)

Torque on the coil, τ = μBIA

Torque due to torson wire, τ = Cθ
At balance, Cθ = μBIA
μBIA
 θ=
𝐶

Since, μ, B, C and A are constant

θ∝I, the scale is linear

(iii) How can current sensitivity of the instrument be measured? (02marks)

The instrument is connected in series with an ammeter to a voltage source. The

current measured, and the deflection, θ, of the instrument is recorded.
𝜃
Current sensitivity is given by, SI =
𝐼

(d) Describe an experiment to determine the magnetic flux density of a uniform magnetic
field using a search coil and ballistic galvanometer

A search coil of cross section area A and number of turns, N, is connected in series with
ballistic galvanometer. The search coil is then placed in uniform magnetic field such that
the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field. The coil is then pulled
completely out of the field. The first deflection of the ballistic galvanometer noted θ1.

A capacitor of known capacitance C is then charged to a p.d. V and then charged through
the ballistic galvanometer, θ2 is noted

The magnetic flux density of uniform magnetic field is obtained from

 𝐶𝑉𝑅 𝜃1
B= 𝑥
𝐴𝑁 𝜃2

Where R is the resistance of the whole circuit.

(e) Figure 2 shows an ampere balance, wires AB and CD each of length 100cm, lie in the same
vertical plane and separated by 2.0mm.

When a current I is passed in opposite direction through the wires, a mass of 0.3g is
placed in the pan to obtain balance. Find the value of the current I

Assumption made

- PQ = QR and AB is fixed
- AB is above CD
In equilibrium
F1 x PQ = F2 x QR
F1 = F2
𝜇0 𝐼 2 𝐿
mg =
2𝜋𝑎
2𝜋𝑚𝑔𝑎
I=√
4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 𝐿

0.3𝑥 10−3 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 2 𝑥 10−3

=√ =5.4A
2 𝑥 1 𝑥 10−7

Alternatively if CD is above AB force at P is downward and force R is upwards. Hence

equilibrium will not be attained.
Or
Both forces produce a turning effect in the same direction. Equilibrium will not be
attained.

8. In the figure below X and Y are smooth conducting rails connected to a source of e.m.f, E.
CD is a metal rod of length L m placed horizontally on X and Y perpendicular to magnetic
field of flux density B
 (i) Copy the diagram and indicate the direction of Force acting on the rod. (01mark)

(ii) Using the principle of conservation of energy, show that F = BIL, where I is the
current supplied by the source. (04marks)

Induced e.m.f, ε = BLV where V is the velocity of the rod.

Let I be the current induced, electrical power generated = EI
Mechanical power spent = EV

∴ from the principle of conservation of energy, FV = EI

= BIVL

Force, F = BIL

(b) (i) Describe the feature of earth’s magnetic field (05marks)

Geographical meridian is the vertical plane containing the geographical axis

Magnetic meridian is the vertical plane containing magnetic axis.

Angle of dip varies from 00 at the magnetic equator to 900 at the poles.

(ii) Sketch the resultant magnetic flux around a wire carrying current vertically upwards in in
earth’s magnetic field. (02marks)
(c) A circular coil of 50 turns and radius 0.5m is placed with its plane perpendicular to earth’s
magnetic meridian. It is connected to a ballistic galvanometer of sensitivity 5.7 x 103 radC-1
and circuit resistance of 100Ω. When the coil is rotated through 1800 about a horizontal
axis, the galvanometer deflects through 0.8 rads.

Calculate

(i) Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic flux density. (04marks)

2𝐵𝐴𝑁 𝜃
Q= =
𝑅 𝛼
𝑅𝜃 100 𝑥 0.8
B= = = 1.79x 10-4T
2𝛼𝜇𝐴 2𝑥 5.7 𝑥 103 𝑥 50 𝑥 𝜏 𝑥 (0.5)2
(ii) p.d across a solenoid of 2000 turns per meter and resistance 5Ω that produces the
same magnetic flux density as calculated in (c)(i). (04marks)
𝑉
B = μ0nl But I =
𝑅
𝑉
B =μ0n x
𝑅
𝐵𝑅 1.77 𝑥 10−4 𝑥 5
V= = = 0.36V
𝜇0𝑛 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 2000

9. (a) Define root mean square value of an alternating current. (01mark)

Root mean square value of an a.c. is the value of stead current which dissipates heat at
the same rate in a given resistor as alternating current.

(b)(i) Write down and expression for the e.m.f generated by a dynamo and use it to
identify the factors which determine the maximum e.m.f. (04marks)

Induced e.m.f , E = 2πfμABsin2πft

Maximum e.m.f, E0 = 2πfμAB
Maximum e.m.f thus increases with increase in
- Frequency or angular velocity
- Number of turns of the coil
- Magnetic flux density

(ii) Explain the structural modification needed to convert an a.c. generator into a d.c.
generator.

The slip rings are replaced by commutators and the brushes are arranged so that the
changeover of contacts occur over each half a cycle
(c) An iron-cored coil having a low resistance and high inductance is connected in series
with a filament lamp, P. the coil and lamp are connected across a d.c. supply as shown
in the figure below

Explain what is observed when switch K is closed and then opened. (04marks)

When K is closed bulb P lights dimly and increases to full brightness. This is because
when K is closed and current begins to flow, back e.m.f is induced in the coil which
opposes the flow of current in the circuit. Gradually the back e.m.f reduces to zero
because current reaches maximum (and the change in induced magnetic field reduce
to zero) and brightness increases.

When switch K is opened, sparks are produced between the contacts and the bulb goes
off. This is due to e.m.f induced between switch contacts.
Alternatively bulb goes off immediately since there is no current.

(d) An alternating voltage V = V0cosωt is connected across an inductor of inductance L.

(i) Derive the expression for the reactance of the inductor, XL. (04marks)
V = V0cosωt
𝑑𝐼
Induced e.m.f E = -L
𝑑𝑡
Since the inductor is a coil of zero resistance (for finite current) V = -E
𝑑𝐼
V0cosωt = L
𝑑𝑡
𝑉0
dI = cosωt . dt
𝐿
𝑉0
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝑡
𝑉0
I = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝐿
𝑉0
But I0 =
𝜔𝐿
I = I0sinωt
𝑉0 𝑉
XL = = 𝑉0 0 =ωL
𝐼0 ⁄𝜔𝐿
(ii) Sketch using the same axes the variation of applied voltage and current through the
inductor with time. (02marks)
 (e) Describe how a thermocouple ammeter is used to measure an alternating current.
(03marks)

P and Q are dissimilar wires

Current to be measured is passed through the wire AB and heats the junction R of the
thermocouple.

The thermoelectric effect generated at R causes a direct current to flow through the
micrometer calibrated to measure the r.m.s value of current.

10. (a) (i) what is the difference between a motor and a dynamo? (01mark)

A dynamo converts mechanical energy to electrical energy while a motor converts

electrical energy into mechanical energy.

(ii) Describe with the aid of a labelled diagram the structure and mode of operation of
a d.c generator. (06marks)

B1 and B2 are carbon brushes, C1 and C2 are split ring commutators and abcd is a
rectangular coil
When the coil rotates at uniform velocity in magnetic field, e.m.f is induced in it.
 When the coil is in vertical position, the commutators change brushes C1 to B2 and
C2 to B1.
E.m.f reverses direction but the current does not change direction. Hence current
flows in the same direction in a resistor.

(iii) Describe briefly the factors that determine the peak value of the induced e.m.f.
(03 marks)

The peak value of induced e.m.f increases with increase in

- The number of turns in the coil
- The area of the coil
- The strength of the magnetic field
- The frequency of rotation of the coil

(iv) How can a d.c. generator be converted into an a.c. generator. (01mark)

To convert a d.c. generator to an a.c. generator, the ends of the rectangular coil
are connected to a pair of slip rings instead of the commutators.

(b) Figure below shows two wires AB and Cd of length 5.0cm each currying a current of
10.0A in the direction shown. A long conductor carrying a current of 15A is placed
parallel to the wire CD 2.0cm below it.

(i) Calculate the net force on the long wire (06marks)

𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2
F1 = 𝑥𝐶𝐷
2𝜋𝑟1
4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 10 𝑥 15 𝑥 10−2
= = 7.5 x 10-5N
2𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑥 10−2
𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2
F2 = 𝑥𝐴𝐵
2𝜋𝑟0
4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 10 𝑥 15 𝑥 10−2
= = 3 x 10-5N
2𝜋 𝑥 (2 +3) 𝑥 10−2
Net force = F1 – F2
= 7.5 x 10-5N - 3 x 10-5N
= 4.5 x 10-5N toward CD.

(ii) Sketch the magnetic field pattern between the long wire and wire CD after
removing wire AB. Use the field pattern to define a neutral point (03marks)
 A neutral point is appoint where two magnetic field are equal and opposite and
the resultant is zero.

11. (a) What is meant by the following as applied to the earth’s magnetic field?
(i) Magnetic meridian (01mark)

Magnetic meridian is a vertical plane in which a freely suspended magnet sets

itself.

(ii) Magnetic variance (01mark)

Magnetic variation is the angle between the magnetic and geographical

meridians.
Or,
angle between the earth’s magnetic axis and geographical axis.

(b) Describe the structure and mode of action of the deflected magnetometer (06marks)

It is used to compare magnetic moments of magnets

It consists of a small compass needle (small magnet) which is pivoted on a vertical axis and
carries alight aluminium pointer. The pointer can rotate over a circular scale (0-900)

The deflection magnetometer is used to compare two magnetic field flux densities, one
being the horizontal component of the earth’s flux density BH.

The two fields i.e. BH and any other field to be compared are arranged at right angles to
each other. The compass needle then sets itself at angle, θ, to its initial direction when it
was in the field BH alone.
 The needle now points in the direction of the resultant field of BH and B.

The angles of deflection θ1 and θ2 of the needle are measured.

𝜃1 + 𝜃2
The average deflection θ = is determined.
2
𝐵𝐶
The ratio = tan θ
𝐵𝐻

(c) A circular coil of four turns and diameter 11cm has its plane vertical and parallel to the
magnetic meridian of the earth. Determined the resultant magnetic flux density at the
center of the coil when a current of 0.35A flows in it.

(Take the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic flux density to be 1.6 x 10-5T)
(04marks)
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 4 𝑥 0.35
Bc = = = 1.6 x 10-5T (due to east or west
2𝑟 2 𝑥 5.5 𝑥 10−2

Let the resultant field be Br

−5 )2
BR = √(𝐵𝐶2 + 𝐵𝐻2 ) = √(1.6 𝑥 10−5 )2+ (1.6 𝑥 10 = 2.26 x 10-5T

𝐵𝐶 1.6 𝑥 10−5
tan θ = = =1
𝐵𝐻 1.6 𝑥 10−5

θ = 450

(d) (i) Define self-induction and mutual induction (02marks)

Self – induction is the generation of e.m.f in a circuit (coil) due to a change in the
current in the same circuit; and mutual induction is the generation of e.m.f in a
circuit (coil) due to a change in current in adjacent but separate circuit.

(ii) Give the causes of power loss in an a.c. transformer and state how each can be
minimized. (04marks)

Cause of power loss Means of minimizing the loss

Ohmic loss Use of thick copper wires
Eddy currents Use of a laminated core
Magnetic flux leakage Winding secondary coil on primary coil

(iii) Explain why the current in the primary coil of a transformer increases when the
secondary is connected to the load.

When load is connected to the secondary winding, a current flows in it. The
current flows in such a direction as to reduce the back e.m.f in primary coil, hence
the current increase.

12. (a) Define root mean square (rms) value of alternating voltage (01mark)
Root mean square value (r.m.s) of an alternating current is the steady current which
would dissipate heat at the same rate in a conductor as the a.c.

(b) A resistor of resistance 100Ω is connected across an alternating voltage, V =

20sin120πt.
(i) Find the frequency of the alternating voltage (01mark)
ω = 2πf
120π = 2πf
f = 60Hz
(ii) Calculate the mean power dissipated in the resistor. (03marks)
2
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 𝑣02 20 𝑥 20
Power, P = = = = 2W
𝑅 2𝑅 2 𝑥 100

(c) (i) Show that when an inductor s connected to an a.c supply voltage of V = V0sin2πft,
the resulting current lags the voltage by 900. (04marks)
𝑑𝐼
EB = -L
𝑑𝑡
But for finite current, V = -Eb
𝐿𝑑𝐼
V= ; but V = V0sin2πft,
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼 −𝑉0
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
𝑉0
∫ 𝑑𝐼 = 𝐿
∫ sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡𝑑𝑡
−𝑉0
I= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑓𝑡
2𝜋𝑓𝑡𝐿

𝜋
From trigonometry, 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑓𝑡 = sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + )
2
−𝑉0 𝜋
Thus, I= sin( 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + )
2𝜋𝑓𝑡𝐿 2

𝜋
 I lags V by or 900
2

(ii) Sketch on the same axes the variation with time of the voltage and current is a
capacitor is connected to the voltage supply in (c)(i). (02marks)
Explanation
𝑑𝑉
The current I through (not across) a capacitor is C . This is the slope of the voltage.
𝑑𝑡

When a capacitor is connected to an AC voltage (at the zero crossing) the maximum current flow
𝑑𝑉
will occur immediately, i.e. t = 0, will approach infinity instantly and then repeat as a sinusoidal
𝑑𝑡
waveform.

There will be a peak current at every zero crossing of the voltage waveform. The current
waveform will lead the voltage waveform 90 degrees.

(d) (i) Describe how thermocouple meter works. (04marks)

P and Q are dissimilar wires

Current to be measured is passed through the wire AB and heats the junction R of the
thermocouple. The thermoelectric effect generated at R causes a direct current to flow
through the micrometer calibrated to measure the r.m.s value of current.

(ii) Explain any precautionary measure taken in the design of thermocouple meter (02mark)

The fine wire is enclosed in an evacuated glass bulb to shield it from draughts. If the wire
was in the open, some heat would be lost to the surrounding so that the temperature
difference between the hot and cold junctions would not be proportional to the power
dissipated in the wire.

(e) A capacitor of capacitance 60μF is connected to an a.c. voltage supply of frequency 40Hz.
An a.c ammeter connected in series with the capacitor reads 2.2A. Find the p.d across the
capacitor. (03marks).

𝐼 1
𝑋𝑐 = =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2𝜋 𝑥 40 𝑥 60 𝑥 10−6

Voltage, Vr.m.s = Ir.m.s x Xc

2.2 𝑥 1
=
2𝜋 𝑥 40 𝑥 60 𝑥 10−6

= 146V
13. (a) What is meant by the following as applied to the earth’s magnetic field?
(i) Magnetic meridian (01 mark)

Magnetic meridian is the vertical plane through the magnetic north and south
poles of earth’s magnet.

(ii) Angle of dip (01marK)

Angle of dip is the angle between the resultant earth’s magnetic field and
horizontal.

(b) (i) Define the ampere (01mark)

The ampere is steady current flowing in negligible cross-section, one meter apart in
vacuum when the force between them is 2 x 10-7NM-1.

(ii) there conductors P, Q and R carrying currents 3A, 6A and 8A respectively are
arranged as shown in the figure below

Calculate the force experienced by conductor P. (06marks)

𝐹 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2
=
𝐿 2𝜋𝑟

4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 3 𝑥 8
𝐹𝑃𝑅 = x 2.4 x 10-5
2𝜋 𝑥 0.2

4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 6 𝑥 3
𝐹𝑃𝑄 = x 1.8 x 10-5
2𝜋 𝑥 0.2
 2 2
𝐹 2 = 𝐹𝑃𝑅 + 𝐹𝑃𝑅 − 2𝐹𝑃𝑅 𝐹𝑃𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝐹 2 = (2.4 𝑥 10−5 )2 + (1.8 𝑥 10−5 )2 – 2 x (2.4 𝑥 10−5 )𝑥 (1.8 𝑥 10−5 )cos600

𝐹 = 2.16 𝑥 10−5 𝑁
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 sin 600
=
1.8 𝑥 10−5 2.16 𝑥 10−5

𝛼 = 46.20 where α is the angle between F and FPR.

(d) (i) Define magnetic flux and magnetic flux density (02marks)

Magnetic flux is the product of the magnetic flux density and the projection of the
area normal to the magnetic field.

Or

Magnetic flux density is the force acting on a conductor of length 1m carrying

current of 1A placed perpendicular to magnetic field.

(ii) A charge particle of mass 1.4 x 10-27kg and charge 1.6 x 10-19C enters a region of
uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.2T at point P and emerges at a point Q as
shown in the figure below

If the speed of the particle is 107ms-1, calculate the distance PQ. (04marks)

The conductor describes a circle of radius, r.

𝑚𝑉 2
F = BQV =
𝑟

𝑚𝑉 1.4 𝑥 10−27 𝑥 107

r= = = 0.4375m
𝐵𝑄 0.2 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19

PQ = √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 = √0.43752 + 0.43752 = 0.62m

(d) Describe an experiment to measure the magnetic flux density between the pole pieces
of a strong magnet. (05 marks)

A search coil is connected to a ballistic galvanometer. The coil is then placed with its plane
normal to the magnetic field whose magnetic flux density, B is required.

The coil is then pulled completely out of the field and deflection θ1 of ballistic
galvanometer is noted
 𝑁𝐴𝐵
= 𝐶𝑄, where R = resistance of the coil
𝑅

A capacitor of known capacitance Q is charged to a p.d. V and is then discharged through

the ballistic galvanometer. The deflection θ2 is noted

CV = Cθ2
𝐶𝑉𝑅𝜃
The magnetic flux density B is now calculated from B = where A is the area of the coil,
𝑁𝐴𝜃′
N is the number of turns in the coil and R is the resistance of the coil circuit.

14. (a) (i) state the laws of electromagnetic induction (02marks)

- Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction; the induced e.m.f acts in such a direction as
to oppose the change causing it
- Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction; the magnitude of induced e.m.f in a
conductor is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linking it.

(ii) Describe with aid of a diagram, an experiment to verify Faraday’s law of

electromagnetic induction (05marks)

X and Y are brush contact.

A copper rod which can rotate round the north pole of permanent magnet is connected as
shown above.

The wheel is turned steadily until the deflection of the galvanometer is constant.

The time, t, for N rotations is measured and the number of revolution (n) per second is
𝑁
determined from n = . The deflection θ of the galvanometer is also noted.
𝑡

The experiment is repeated at different speed of rotation of the wheel and values of n and
θ tabulated.
A graph of θ against n is plotted.

A straight line graph is obtained implying that θ ∝ n

Since θ ∝ e.m.f induced and n ∝ speed of rotation of the rod, then the induced e.m.f is
proportional to the rate of change of flux linkage.

(b) Explain

(i) Why when a plate of copper is pushed into a strong magnetic field between the poles
of a powerful electromagnet, considerable resistance to the motion is felt, but no
such effect is felt with a sheet of glass.

When the copper plate cuts the magnetic field and Eddy currents are induced in it

The magnetic field due to Eddy currents interacts with the applied field opposing the
motion.

Glass is an insulator no eddy current is induced in it hence no resistance to its motion.

(ii) How damping is achieved in moving coil galvanometer (03marks)

The coil is wound on an iron core. When the coil (together with the core) rotates in
the magnetic field, Eddy currents are induced in the core. The magnetic field due to
the Eddy currents interacts with the applied field causing retardation (opposing the
rotation) of the coil. So the coil comes to rest sooner than it would for accurate
reading.

(c) An aero plane of wing span 30m flies horizontally at a speed of 1000kmh-1.

What is the p.d across the tips of its wings, if the horizontal component of the earth’s
magnetic field is 1.46 x 10-4T? (Angle of dip at the place is 700) (03marks)

E = BVLv; but Bv = BHtan700

E = BHtan700Lv
1000 𝑥 1000
= 1.46 x 10-4 x tan700 x 30 x = 3.34V
1 𝑥 60 𝑥 60

(d) A coil of 500 turns and area 80cm2 is rotated at 1200 revolution per minute about an
axis perpendicular to its plane and magnetic field of flux density 0.25T.

Calculate the maximum e.m.f induced in the coil (03marks)

E.m.f = BANω

= BAN.2πf
1200
= 0.25 x 80 x 10-4 x 500 x 2π x
60
 = 126V

15. (a) (i) Define root mean square (r.m.s) current of an a.c (01mark)

It is a steady current which converts electrical energy to other forms of energies in a

given resistor at the same rate as the alternating current.

(ii) Derive an experiment for capacitive reactance (04marks)

Applied voltage = V0sinωt

Q = CV = C V0sinωt
𝑑𝑄 𝑑(𝐶𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
I= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 I0 = CV0ω
𝑉0 1 1
Xc = = or
𝐼0 𝐶𝜔 2𝜋𝑓𝑐

(iii) Sketch on the same axes, the graphs showing variation of applied p.d and current
when an inductor is connected to an a.c. supply. (02marks)

Note that the current starts at zero and rises to its peak after the voltage that drives
it, i.e., it is voltage that drives current.

(b) (i) A capacitor of capacitance, C, and an ammeter are connected in series across an
alternating voltage, V, of frequency f. Explain why current apparently flow through
the capacitor. (03marks)

- When the circuit is completed, the ammeter deflects indicating that current is flowing
in it.
- When the circuit is closed, the capacitor charges and discharges in opposite direction
alternatively. Charge (current) therefore flows in the circuit continuously and the
capacitor appears to conduct current.
- In the first quarter, capacitors charges to maximum and in second quarter, it
discharges.
- In the third quarter, it charges again but with charge on the plate interchanged.
- In the fourth quarter, it discharges.
- It is repeated at the frequency of the a.c.
- The charging and discharging current flows throughout the circuit though no charge
passes across the capacitor.

(ii) A sinusoidal p.d of r.m.s value of 20V and frequency50Hz is applied across a 100μF
capacitor. Calculate the capacitive reactance of the circuit. (02 marks)
1 1
Xc = = = 31.8Ω
2𝜋𝑓𝑐 2𝜋 𝑥 50 𝑥 100 𝑥 10−6

(c) Describe the mode of operation of a transformer. (04marks)

- Transformer consists of two coil of insulated wire, the primary and secondary wound
on laminated soft iron core.
- When alternating voltage, Vp is connected to primary coil, it drives alternating current
in the primary coil.
- The alternating current produces a varying magnetic flux φp that link the primary coils
inducing a back e.m.f EB in the primary.
- The varying magnetic flux, φs links the secondary coil by mutual induction/inducing
alternating voltage, Vs in the secondary
𝑑𝜙𝑝
Vp = Np ………………………..(i)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙𝑝
Vs = Ns ………………………..(ii)
𝑑𝑡
Eqn (i) ÷Eqn (i)
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
=
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠

When Ns > Np the transformer is a step up

Ns < Np the transformer is a step down

 (d) A transformer connected to a.c supply of peak voltage 240V is to supply a peak voltage
of 9.0V to a mini-lighting system of resistance 5Ω. Calculate the

(i) r.m.s current supplied to the lighting system (02marks)

𝑉0
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 =
√2

𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 𝑉0
𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = =
𝑅 √2𝑅
9.0
= = 1.27𝐴
5√2

(ii) average power delivered to the lighting system. (02marks)

P = I2R
2
= 𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 𝑅

= (1.27)2 x 5

= 8.1W

16. (a) State the laws of electromagnetic induction (02marks)

Faraday’s law states that the magnitude of the e.m.f induced in a circuit is directly
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
Lenz’s Laws states that induced current flows always in such a direction as to oppose the
change which is giving rise to· it.

(b) Describe a method of measuring the magnetic flux density in the region between the
poles of a magnet. (06marks)

Solution

A search coil is connected in series with a ballistic galvanometer, B.G and a resistor.
The search coil is placed between the poles pieces of the magnet with its plane normal to
the magnetic field.
When the ballistic galvanometer pointer settles, the coil is completely withdrawn from the
field and the first deflection θ of the B.G is noted.
A capacitor of known capacitance C is charged to a p.d V and then discharged through the
ballistic galvanometer and the corresponding θ’ is noted.
 𝐶𝑉𝑅𝜃
The magnetic flux density B is now calculated from B = where A is the area of the coil,
𝑁𝐴𝜃′
N is the number of turns in the coil and R is the resistance of the coil circuit.

(c) Two straight parallel wires A and B carrying steady currents IA and IB respectively are
placed close to each other as shown in figure below

(i) Sketch the resultant magnetic field pattern (02marks)

(ii) Explain what happens when the current IA and IB are steady currents. (04marks)

When the two circuit carrying conductors are placed near each other, the
conductors repel each other. If the current IA and IB are steady, the resultant
magnetic field is constant.
𝐹 𝜇0 𝐼𝐴 𝐼𝐵
The force acting per meter length, =
𝐿 2𝜋𝑟
Therefore the force is constant.

(iii) Find the force per unit length of the wires when IA = 8.0A , IB =11.0A and r = 3.0cm
(04marks)

The magnetic flux density which A produces at B is given by

𝜇0 𝐼𝐴 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 8
= = 5.30 x 10-5T
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 𝑥 3 𝑥 10−2

Force exerted by A on B, F = BIBL

𝐹
= 𝐵𝐼𝐵 = 5.30 x 10-5 x 11 = 5.85 x 10-4Nm-1.
𝐿

Or
𝐹 𝜇0 𝐼𝐴 𝐼𝐵 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 8 𝑥 11
= = = 5.85 x 10-4Nm-1
𝐿 2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 𝑥 3 𝑥 10−2

(d) Explain how eddy currents are produced (02marks)

 When a conductor cuts through a magnetic field, the magnetic flux linking it
changes. This cause small currents to flow in loops in the conductor. These
induced currents are called Eddy currents

17. (a) (i) Write an expression for the force exerted on a straight wire of length, L meters
carrying a current, I, amperes, placed at right angles to a uniform magnetic field flux
density B teslas. (01 marks)
F = BIL
(ii) Explain the origin of the force n (a) (i). (04marks)

- The current sets up a magnetic field around the wire.

- When the field due to current interacts with external magnetic field, the
resultant magnetic field has greater flux density on one side than the other; in
the diagram above, high flux density is created below than above.
- The wire moves from a region of greater to lower flux density; thus it move up
in this case.

(b) A rectangular coil of N turns each of length, L, and breadth, b, is inclined at an angle θ
to a uniform magnetic field of flux density B. Derive an expression for torque of the coil
when a current I is passed through it.

- When current flows through the coil, the conductor experiences a magnetic force.
- Force on side PQ = NBIbsinθ (downwards) while Force on side RS = NBINsinθ
(upwards). The two forces cancel out due to rigidity of the coil.
- Side PS experiences force NBIL perpendicularly into the page while RQ
experiences force NBIL perpendicularly out of page. The two forces constitute a
couple whose moment of force
T = F x bcosθ
= NBILbcosθ
 (c) A single rectangular loop of wire with dimensions 35cm by 75cm is arranged such that
part of it is inside a region of uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.45T and part of it
is outside the field. The total resistance of the loop is 0.23Ω. Calculate the force
required to pull the loop from the field at a constant velocity of 3.4ms-1 perpendicular
to the field. (05marks)

Solution

Induced e.m.f on the loop on pulling out of the field is given by’

E = BLV = 0.45 x 35 x 10-2 x 3.4 = 0.5355V

𝐸 0.5355
Current, I, that flows in the loop = = = 2.328A
𝑅 0.23

Mechanical power experienced = electrical energy developed.

- FV = IE
𝐼𝐸 2.328 𝑥 0.5355
- F= = = 0.367N
𝑉 3.4

Alternatively

From

F =BIL ……………………….. (i)

𝐸
I = …………………………… (ii)
𝑅

E = BLV ……………………… (iii)

𝐵2 𝐿2 𝑉 0.452 0.352 𝑥 0.34
It follows that F = = = 0.367N
𝑅 0.23

(d)(i) Define the term magnetic flux. (01marks)

Magnetic flux is the product of magnetic flux density and projection of the area at right
angles to the magnetic field

(ii) An electron resolves in a circular orbit of radius 2.0 x 10-10m at a frequency of 6.8 x
1015 revolution per second. Calculate the magnetic flux density at the center of the
orbit (04marks)

The circulation of the electron constitute a current

𝑒
I = = 𝑒𝑓
𝑡

𝜇0 𝑒𝑓 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝑥 6.8 𝑥 1015

But 𝐵0 = = = 3.4T
2𝑅 2 𝑥 2.0 𝑥 10−10

18. (a)(i) What is a sinusoidal alternating current? (01mark)

A sinusoidal a.c is aperiodic current whose time dependence is given by sine function.
 (ii) Define peak value, root mean square (r.m.s) value and frequency of alternating
current. (03marks)

Peak value is the maximum value of an alternating current.

Root mean value is the value of direct current which dissipates heat in a given resistor
at the same rate as the a.c.

Frequency of alternating current is the number of complete cycles which the current
goes through in one second.

(b) A sinusoidal voltage of r.ms value 13.2V is connected across a 50μF capacitor.

(i) Find peak value of the charge on the capacitor (02marks)

𝑄0 = 𝐶𝑉0 but 𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 𝑥 √2

Hence 𝑄0 = 𝐶𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 𝑥 √2

= 50 x 10-6 x 13.2 x √2

= 9.333 x 10-4C

(iii) Sketch using the same axes the graphs of charge Q on the capacitor and current I
in the circuit against time. (02marks)

Explanation of the curve

𝑑𝑉
The current I through (not across) a capacitor is C . This is the slope of the voltage.
𝑑𝑡

When a capacitor is connected to an AC voltage (at the zero crossing) the maximum
𝑑𝑉
current flow will occur immediately, i.e. t = 0, will approach infinity instantly and then
𝑑𝑡
repeat as a sinusoidal waveform.

There will be a peak current at every zero crossing of the voltage waveform. The current
waveform will lead the voltage waveform 90 degrees.
 (iv) If the frequency of the alternating current is 49.6Hz, calculate the r.m.s value of
current through the capacitor. (03marks)
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 1
= = 𝑋𝐶
𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 𝑥 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
= 13.2 x 2π x 49.6 x 50 x 10−6 =0.206A

(c) Explain why a capacitor in a circuit blocks the flow of direct current but allows the
flow of alternating current. (04marks)

When a capacitor is connected to a d.c. source the capacitor charges and when it is
fully charged, current flow stops.

When it is connected to an a.c, it charges when the voltage is increasing and

discharges when the voltage is decreasing. Since increase and decrease in voltage is
continuous, there is continuous flow of current in the circuit. Hence a capacitor
allows flow of a.c.

(d) Describe the structure and mode of operation of the repulsion type moving iron
meter. (05marks)

When a current is passed through the coil, the iron rods magnetize in the same poles
adjacent to each other in whatever the direction of current. Hence they repel and the
pointer move in the same direction until it is stopped by the restoring spring.

Since the magnetic force is proportional to the square of the average current, hence,
the deflection is proportional to the square of average current.

Advantage: it measured both direct and alternating current.

Disadvantage: it has nonlinear scale

19. (a) Define the following:

(i) Magnetic flux density (01mark)
 Magnetic flux is the product of the magnetic flux density and the projection area
normal to the magnetic field.

(ii) Magnetic flux linkage (01mark)

Magnetic flux linkage is the product of the magnetic flux density and the area it
links perpendicularly.

(b) (i) A rectangular coil of N turns, length, L and breadth, b, carrying a current, I, is placed
with its plane making an angle, θ, to a uniform magnetic field of flux density, B. Derive the
expression for torque exerted on the coil. (05marks)

- When current flows through the coil, the conductor experiences a magnetic force.
- Force on side PQ = NBIbsinθ (downwards) while Force on side RS = NBINsinθ
(upwards). The two forces cancel out due to rigidity of the coil.
- Side PS experiences force NBIL perpendicularly into the page while RQ
experiences force NBIL perpendicularly out of page. The two forces constitute a
couple whose moment of force
τ = F x bcosθ
= NBILbcosθ

(ii) A current of 3.25A flows through a long solenoid of 400 turns and length 40.0cm.

Determine the magnitude of force exerted on a particle of charge 15.0μC moving at 1.0
x 103ms-1 through the center of the solenoid at an angle of 11.50 relative to the axis of
the solenoid. (04marks)

Magnetic flux density, B = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼

400
= 4.0π x 10-7 x x 3,25T
40 𝑥 10−2

= 4.084 x 10-3T

Force, F = BCVsin θ

= 4.084 x 10-3 x15 x 10-6 x 1.0 x 103 sin 11.5

= 1.22 x 10-5N
(c) Describe with the aid of a diagram, an absolute method of measuring current.
(06marks)

Current balance is based on principles of moments

The apparatus setup is as above, AB = AF, length BC = L and the current through the
wire is A

The magnets provide a uniform magnetic field, B, perpendicular to wire BC.

At equilibrium when the frame BCEF is balanced

The force exerted on the wire = weight of the mass

BIL = Mg
𝑀𝑔
Current I =
𝐵𝐿

Sources of error

- Accuracy of length L
- Rigidity of the frame
- To avoid overheating, the current should be switched off as soon as
measurements have been taken.
- Shield the set-up from the disturbance of wind.

(d) Explain why a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a
force. (03marks)

- The current sets up magnetic field around the wire.

 - When the field due to current interacts with external magnetic field, the
resultant magnetic field has greater flux density on one side than the other; in
the diagram above, high flux density is created below than above.
- The wire moves from a region of greater to lower flux density; thus it move up
in this case.

20. (a) (i) State Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction (01mark)

The Induced current flows always in such a direction as to oppose the change which
is giving rise to· it.

(ii) Describe an experiment to demonstrate Faraday’s law of electromagnetic

induction. (06marks)

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic inductions states that the magnitude of induced

e.m.f in a conductor is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux
linking it.

Verification setup

X and Y are brush contact.

A copper rod which can rotate round the north pole of permanent magnet is connected as
shown above.

The wheel is turned steadily until the deflection of the galvanometer is constant.

The time, t, for N rotations is measured and the number of revolution (n) per second is
𝑁
determined from n = . The deflection θ of the galvanometer is also noted.
𝑡

The experiment is repeated at different speed of rotation of the wheel and values of n and
θ tabulated.

A graph of θ against n is plotted.

A straight line graph is obtained implying that θ ∝ n

Since θ ∝ e.m.f induced and n ∝ speed of rotation of the rod, then the induced e.m.f is
proportional to the rate of change of flux linkage.

(b) The figure below shows a piece of metal swing in between opposite magnetic poles

Explain what will be observed after some period of time (04marks)

The amplitude of oscillation reduces gradually until oscillation stop because as the metal
oscillated, it cuts the magnetic field between the poles. Eddy currents are induced in the
metal whose magnetic field oppose the oscillation thus causing the oscillation to slow
down.

(c)(i) Define the term self-induction and mutual induction. (02marks)

Self-induction is the process by which e.m.f is induced in a circuit due to changing

current in the same circuit.

Mutual induction is the process by which e.m.f is induced in a circuit due change in
current in the nearby circuit.

(ii) Describe an experiment which can be used to demonstrate self-induction. (03marks)

An iron cored coil is connected in series with a bulb, cell and switch as shown above.
When K is closed, the bulb lights dimly and then its brightness is increased to maximum.

The initial current is small due to large back e.m.f and then increases to the maximum
because back e.m.f finally reduce to zero.
(d) A search coil has 40 turns of wire and cross section area of 5cm2. The coil is connected to a
ballistic galvanometer and then with its plane perpendicular to uniform magnetic field of
flux density B.

When the coil is withdrawn from the field, the galvanometer gives a deflection of 240
divisions. When a capacitor of 4μF is charged to 20V and then discharged through the
circuit, the galvanometer deflection is 180 divisions. Find the value of B, if the total
resistance of the circuit is 20Ω. (04marks).

N = 40, A = 5 x 10-4m2, R = 20Ω, θ1 = 2400, C = 4 x 10-6F, V = 20V, θ2 =1800

𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑁𝐴𝐵
From = 𝑘𝜃1 ; k =
𝑅 𝑅𝜃1

𝐶𝑉
But Q = CV = 𝑘𝜃2 ; k =
𝜃2

𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝑉
∴ =
𝑅𝜃1 𝜃2

𝐶𝑉𝑅𝜃1 4 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 20 𝑥 20 𝑥 240

𝐵= = = 0.107T
𝑁𝐴𝜃2 40 𝑥 5 𝑥 10−4 𝑥 180

21. (a) What is meant by the terms reactance and impedance as applied to alternating
currents. (02marks)

Reactance is non resistive opposition to the flow of a.c in a circuit containing either an
inductor or a capacitor.

Impedance is the resultant opposition to flow of a.c in circuit containing reactive and
resistive components.

(b)(i) A source of sinusoidal current of amplitude I0 and frequency, f, is connected across a

pure inductor of inductance, I, Derive an expression for the peak voltage across the
inductor. (04marks)

𝑑𝐼
Induced e.m.f in the inductor E = -L
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
= -L
𝑑𝑡
= ωL𝐼0 cos 𝜔𝑡
For infinite current flow through a pure inductor
V = -E = ωL𝐼0 cos 𝜔𝑡 where 𝑉0 = ωL𝐼0
Since ω = 2πf then 𝑉0 = 2πf L𝐼0
So peak voltage, 𝑉0 = 2πf L𝐼0

(ii) Sketch using the same time axis, graphs to show variations of the voltage across the
inductor and current through it. (02marks)
(c) An alternating current I = 5sin 200πt, flows through a pure inductor of inductance 2.0H.
Calculate the
(i) reactance of the inductor. (03marks)

XL= 2πfL, From I = 5sin200πT, => f = 100Hz

Hence
XL = 2π x 100 x 2 = 1256Ω

(ii) root mean square value of the voltage across the inductor. (03marks)

𝑉0
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = , but 𝑉0 = 𝑋𝐿 𝐼0 = 1256 x 5= 6280V
√2

6280
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = = 4440V
√2

(d)(i) Explain how an alternating current can be measured using a rectifier meter
(04marks)
When a.c is supplied to a rectifier meter, current flows in only one direction. Current
flows in the half cycle for positive bias of the diode and in the next half cycle current
flow is zero. The characteristics is shown below

When the frequency is high, the ammeter reads a steady r.m.s value of the current.

(ii) Explain why a moving coil ammeter is unsuitable for measuring alternating current.
(02marks)

When an a.c is passed through a moving coil ammeter, the direction of the couple
changes every time the current reverses. With high frequency, the pointer only
vibrates about the zero position hence the value of the current cannot be read
22. (a) Define the following:
(i) Weber (01mark)

The weber is magnetic flux that passes normally though an area of 1m2. When the
magnetic flux density is 1T.

(ii) Ampere (01mark)

The ampere is a steady current which when flowing in each of two infinitely long
straight wire parallel conductors of negligible cross section area and 1 meter apart
in a vacuum produces between the wires a force of 2.0 x 10-7N per meter of the
length.

(b) A circular coil of N turns, each of radius R carries a current I.

(i) Write an expression for the magnetic flux density at the center of the coil (01mark)
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
B= where 𝜇0 is permittivity of free space.
2𝑅

(ii) Sketch the magnetic field pattern associated with the coil. (02marks)

(c) Describe how deflection magnetometer can be used to investigate the variation of
magnetic flux density at the center of a circular coil with the current flowing through
the coil. (06marks)

The circular coil is set with its plane in the earth’s magnetic meridian. A deflection
magnetometer is mounted on a vertical axis at the center of the circular coil, with its
pointer initially at the zero mark. The coil is then connected through a reversing switch
to a battery, rheostat and an ammeter. Adjust the rheostat so that the ammeter a
suitable value of I.

The deflection θ1 and θ2 are noted. The procedure is repeated for other suitable values
𝜃1 +𝜃2 + 𝜃3 + 𝜃4
of I and the results tabulated including values of θ = and tan θ.
4

A graph of tan θ against I is plotted and it is linear. This shows that tan θ is proportional
to I
 Since B = BHtan θ, where BH is horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic flux
density.

This implies that B ∝ I

(d) Two parallel wires P and Q, each of length 0.2m carry currents of 10A and 1A respectively

The distance between the wires is 0.04m. If both wires remain stationary and the angle of
the plane with the horizontal is 300. Calculate weight of Q.

Solution

Force F between the two wires is given by

𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐿 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 10 𝑥 1 𝑥 0.2
F= = = 1.0 x 10-3N
2𝜋𝑎 2𝜋 𝑥 0.4

But for equilibrium, the component of the weight along the slop is balanced by the
magnetic force on the wire i.e. F = Wsinθ
𝐹 1.0 𝑥 10−3
=> W = = = 2 x 10-3N
sin 𝜃 sin 30

(e) (i) State why the damping in the ballistic galvanometer should be as small as possible.
(01mark)

When the oscillation in the ballistic galvanometer is damped, the deflection is not
proportional to the charge.

(ii) Describe how the damping can be reduced in practice (03marks)

Damping in ballistic galvanometer is reduced in the following ways

- Winding the coil on non-conducting frame

 - Using a heavy coil so that it has a large inertia
- Using a fine suspension so as to increase the period of oscillation.

23. (a)(i) Define the terms self-induction and mutual induction. (02marks)

Self-induction is a process of generating e.m.f in a coil due to changing current in the

same coil.
Mutual induction is a process of generating e.m.f in a coil due to changing current in
neighboring coil.

(ii) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (01mark)

It states that the magnitude of induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linking it.

(b) (i) Describe the structure and action of a.c transformer. (06marks)

- Transformer consists of two coil of insulated wire, the primary and secondary wound
on laminated soft iron core.
- When alternating voltage, Vp is connected to primary coil, it drives alternating current
in the primary coil.
- The alternating current produces a varying magnetic flux φp that link the primary coils
inducing a back e.m.f EB in the primary.
- The varying magnetic flux, φs links the secondary coil by mutual induction/inducing
alternating voltage, Vs in the secondary
𝑑𝜙𝑝
Vp = Np ………………………..(i)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙𝑝
Vs = Ns ………………………..(ii)
𝑑𝑡
Eqn (i) ÷Eqn (i)
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
=
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠

When Ns > Np the transformer is a step up

Ns < Np the transformer is a step down

 (ii) Explain why the voltage at a generating power station must be stepped up to very
high value for long distance transmission (03marks)

Transmission is at high voltage to reduce power loss

Note that

Power supplied, P =IV

𝑃
I=
𝑉

Hence when V is high, I is small. From power loss, P’ = I2R, when I is small power loss
is reduced.

(c) In the figure below, a conducting rod PQ of length 20mm rests on a smooth conducting
frame to form a complete circuit of resistance 4.0Ω. When a force, F, is applied, the rod
moves at a constant velocity of 6.0ms-1 perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of
flux density 1.5T.

(i) Explain why the rod PQ moves with constant velocity. (03 marks)

As PQ moves, it cuts the magnetic field and an e.m.f is induced across it.
Since the rod is a closed circuit, induced current flows through it. By
Fleming’s left hand rule, magnetic force acts on the rod in such a way as
to oppose the motion. When magnetic force = applied force, then the
resultant force is zero. Therefore PQ moves with constant velocity.

(ii) Calculate the amplitude of the induced e.m.f (02marks)

E = BLV= 1.5 x 20 x 10-3 x 6.0 = 0.18V

(iii) Calculate the magnitude of the force, F. (03marks)

𝐸 0.18
F = BIL and I = = =0.045A
𝑅 4
F = 1.5x 0.045 x 20 x 10 = 1.35 x 10-3V
-3

24. (a) Define the term peak value and root mean square value of an alternating current. (02
marks)
Peak value is the maximum value of alternating current.

Root mean square value is the value of direct current which dissipates heat in a given
resistor at the same rate as the a.c.

(b) A coil of many turns of wire is connected in parallel with an electric bulb to a d.c supply
as shown in the figure below.

At the instant switch K is closed, the bulb flashes briefly for a short time and then goes off.
Explain the observation.

When switch K is closed, current begins to flow through the coil and the changing
magnetic flux due to the change in current induces a back e.m.f in the coil thus most of
the current flows through the bulb making it to flash. Latter back e.m.f decay to zero and
most of the current then flows through the coil

(c) A sinusoidal alternating voltage of 20V (r.m.s) and frequency 60Hz is applied across a
coil of wire of inductance 0.2H and negligible resistance.
(i) Find the reactance of the coil at this frequency. (03marks)

XL = 2πfL
= 2π x 60 x 0.2
= 75.4Ω

(ii) Calculate the r.m.s value of the current which passes through the coil (02marks)

𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠
XL =
𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠
20
 𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = = 0.265A
75.4

(iii) Explain why on average the power delivered to the inductor in one cycle is zero.
(03marks)

During the first quarter cycle, when current increases, work is done against the back
e.m.f. The energy supplied by the source is stored in the magnetic field of the coil.
During the second quarter cycle, as current begins to decay, the magnetic field begins
to collapse and energy is returned to the source. The same process is repeated in the
next half cycle. Hence the energy supplied in the cycle to the coil is zero.

(d) Describe with aid of a labelled diagram the structure and action of a hot wire ammeter.
(06marks)
 - The current flows through a fine resistance-wire XY, which it heats.
- The wire warms up to such a temperature that it loses heat-mainly by convection-
at a rate equal to the average rate at which heat is developed in the wire.
- The rise in temperature of the wire makes it expand and sag; the sag is taken up
by a second fine wire PQ, which is held taut by a spring.
- The wire PQ passes round a pulley attached to the pointer of the instrument,
which rotates as the wire XY sags.
- The deflection of the pointer is roughly proportional to the average rate at which
heat is developed in the wire XY; it is therefore roughly proportional to the
average value of the square of the alternating current, and the scale is a square-
law one.

25. (a) Define the following terms as applied to alternating voltage

(i) Root mean square value (01 marks)

Root mean square value is the value of direct current which dissipates heat in a
given resistor at the same rate as the a.c.

(ii) Peak value

Peak value is the maximum value of alternating Voltage.

(b) (i) An alternating voltage is applied across a capacitor of capacitance, C. show that
current in the circuit leads the voltage by 𝜋⁄2

Instantaneous charge on the capacitor.

Let V = V0sinωt = V0sin2πf t

Q = CV = CV0sin 2πft
𝑑𝑄 𝑑(𝐶𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
Bur I = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

= 2πfCV0 cos 2πft.

 𝜋
But cos 2πft = sin (2πft + ).
2

This shows that the current varies a quarter-cycle out of step with the voltage-or, as
is more often said, π/2 out of phase.

When the voltage is a maximum, so is the charge on the capacitor. It is therefore

not charging and the current· is zero.

When the voltage starts to fall, the capacitor starts to discharge; the rate of
discharging, or current, reaches its maximum when the capacitor is completely
discharged and the voltage across it is zero.

(ii) Find the expression for capacitive reactance in terms of frequency, f, and
capacitance, C.

I0 =CV0ω
𝑉0 1 1
XC = = =
𝐼0 𝐶𝜔 2𝜋𝑓𝐶

(iii) A capacitor of 0.1μF is in series with an a.c. source of frequency 500Hz. If the r.m.s
value of the current flowing is 6mA, calculate the voltage across the capacitor
(03marks)

𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 6 𝑥 10−3
=> 𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = = = 19.1V
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2𝜋 𝑥 500 𝑥 0.1𝑥 10−6

(c) A bulb is connected in series with an inductive coil and a d.c source as shown in the
figure below

(i) What happens to the brightness of the bulb when an iron core is inserted in the
coil? (01mark)

Initially the bulb dims and becomes bright.

(ii) Explain what happens to the brightness of the bulb when the d.c. source is
replaced with a.c. and an iron core inserted in the coil. (03marks)

Initially the bulb is dim due to back e.m.f in the coil and then become bright
because the back e.m.f decays to zero and current increases to the maximum

(d) (i) What is hysteresis loss ? (01mark)

 Hysteresis loss is the loss in energy due to the change in magnetic domains from
one direction to the other as current changes

(ii) How can hysteresis loss be minimized in a.c. transformer? (01mark)

It is minimized by using soft magnetic materials like soft iron and perm alloy in
which energy required

(iii) Explain why the primary current in the a.c. transformer increases when the
secondary coil is connected to the load? (04marks)

When a load is connected to the secondary, current flows in the secondary which
induces magnetic flux in the core in opposition to magnetic flux due to primary
current.
Magnetic flux in the core due to primary current thus reduces.

This leads to a reduction in back e.m.f in the primary and hence the primary
current increases.

26. (a)(i) Draw a well labelled diagram to show the structure of repulsion type moving iron
ammeter (02marks)

(ii) Explain how the ammeter in (a)(i) above is able to measure alternating current.
(05marks)

When a current is passed through the coil, the iron rods magnetize in the same poles
adjacent to each other in whatever the direction of current. Hence they repel and the
pointer move in the same direction until it is stopped by the restoring spring.

Since the magnetic force is proportional to the square of the average current, hence,
the deflection is proportional to the square of average current.

Advantage: it measured both direct and alternating current.

 Disadvantage: it has nonlinear scale

(b) (i) Write down an expression for magnetic flux density at the center of a flat circular
coil, N, turns each of radius, a, carrying current I. (01mark)

𝜇0𝑁𝐼
B= where 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝐻𝑚−7 .
2𝑎

(ii) Describe how you would determine the value of the earth’s magnetic flux density at
a place, using a search coil. (06marks)

- A coil of known number of turns, N (about 100) and area A is connected to a

calibrated ballistic galvanometer so that the total resistance in the circuit is R.
- The coil is placed in a vertical plane perpendicular to the magnetic meridian of the
earth as shown in (i) in figure above. The coil is then rotated through 1800 about
the vertical axis. The maximum throw θ1 is noted.
- The coil is then placed with its plane in horizontal plane perpendicular to the
magnetic meridian of the earth as shown in (ii) in figure above. The coil is then
rotated through 1800 about the horizontal axis. The maximum throw θ2 is noted.
- Treatment of results
𝑘𝜃1 𝑅 𝑘𝜃2 𝑅
BH = and BV =
2𝑁𝐴 2𝑁𝐴
k is obtained by charging standard capacitor to a known p.d V and then
discharging it through the ballistic galvanometer and the deflection α is noted.
𝐶𝑉
k=
𝛼
Then B is calculated from b = √𝐵𝐻2 + 𝐵𝑉2

(c) A coil of 50 turns and radius 4cm is placed with its plane in the earth’s magnetic
meridian. A compass needle is placed at the center of the coil. When a current of 0.1A
 passes through the coil, the compass needle deflects through 400. When the current is
reversed, the needle deflects through 430 in opposite direction.
(i) Calculate the horizontal component of the earth’s flux density. (04marks)

𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
tan θ = and 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = where θ is average deflection
𝐵𝐻 2𝑅
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
Hence tan θ =
2𝑅𝐵𝐻
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 50 𝑥 0.1
𝐵𝐻 = = 40+43 = 8.87 x 10-5T
2𝑅𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 2𝑥 4 𝑥 10−2 tan( )
2
(ii) Calculate the magnetic flux density of the earth at that place given that the angle of
dip at the place is 150.

𝐵𝐻
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 where δ is the angle of dip
𝐵

B = BH sec δ
= 8.87 x 10-5sec15 = 9.18 x 10-5T

27. (a) State the laws of electromagnetic induction. (02marks)

Faraday’s laws states that the magnitude of the induced e.m.f in a conductor is directly
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linking the conductor.

Lenz’s law states that the direction of the induced e.m.f is such that the current which it
causes to flow opposes the charge which is producing it.

(b) (i) A circular metal disc of radius R. rotates in an anticlockwise direction at angular
velocity, ω, in a uniform magnetic field of flux density, B, directed in to paper as shown in
the figure below

A and C are contact points

Derive an expression for e.m.f induced between A and C.
Le r = radius of the disc
Thus AC cuts the magnetic flux continuously.
0+𝑟𝜔 𝑟𝜔
The average velocity V of AC = =
2 2
∴ Induced e.m.f in Ac = E = BLV
𝐵𝑟.𝑟𝜔
=
2
1
= 𝐵𝑟 2 𝜔
2

(ii) A copper disc of radius 10cm is placed in a uniform magnetic field of flux density,
0.02T, with its plane perpendicular to the field. If the disc is rotated parallel to the
field about an axis through its center at 3000 revmin-1, calculate the e.m.f that is
generated between its rim and the centre. (03marks)
1
Since E = 𝐵𝑟 2 𝜔, ω = 2πf
2
1
= 𝐵𝑟 2 . 2πf
2
= Br2πf
If f = 3000revmin-1;
3000
= = 50𝐻𝑧
60
∴ 0.02 x (0.1)2 x 2 x 3.14 x 50 = 3,14 x 10-2V

(c) Describe an experiment to demonstrate mutual induction (04marks)

Coil A and B are placed close to each other. When K is closed bulb P lights. Hence e.m.f
is induced in B. Since the circuit is closed current flows and the bulb lights.

(d) The diagram in the figure below shows the arrangement by which a laboratory balance
is critically damped. The aluminium beam supporting the pan moves in the magnetic
field of two powerful magnets.
 (i) Explain how damping is caused. (03marks)

When the beam moves between the magnetic poles, it cuts the magnetic field.
Eddy currents are induced in the beam whose magnetic field opposes its
movement. Hence damping the motion.

(ii) What change would occur in the performance of the balance if the magnets were
replaced by weaker ones (01mark)
The beam takes longer to settle.

(e)(i) Define the ampere (01mark)

The ampere is the current which when flowing in each of the two long parallel wires
of negligible cross-sectional area and 1m apart in a vacuum produces a force of 2 x
10-7Nm-1 on each other.

(ii) Two parallel wire, P and Q of equal length 0.1m, each carrying a current of 10A are a
distance 0.05m apart with P directly above Q. If P remains stationary, find the weight of
P. (03marks)

Force due to magnetic field on P = weight of P, W.

𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐿 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 10 𝑥 10 𝑥 0.1
W= = = 4.0 x 10-5N
2𝜋𝑎 2𝜋 𝑥 0.05

28. (a) Define the term magnetic flux density. (01mark)

Magnetic flux density is the force acting on a charge of 1C moving with a velocity of 1ms-1
at right angle to magnetic field.

(b) Write expression for the

(i) magnetic flux density at a perpendicular distance, R, from a long straight wire carrying
current, I, in air. (01mark)

𝜇0 𝐼
B=
2𝜋𝑅

(ii) Force on a straight conductor of length, L (meters) carrying current, I (ampere) at an

angle, θ, to a uniform magnetic field of flux density, B (tesla)
 F = BILsinθ

(c) Two straight long and straight wires of negligible cross-section area carry currents of
6,0A and 3.0A in opposite direction as shown below

If the wire are separated by a distance of 8.0cm, find the;

(i) Magnetic flux density at a point mid-way between the wires (04marks)

Magnetic flux density midway between the wires.

B = B1 + B2
𝜇0 𝐼1 𝜇0 𝐼2
= +
2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
6 𝑥 4𝜋 𝑥 11110−7 6 𝑥 4𝜋 𝑥 11110−7
= +
2𝜋 𝑥 0.4 2𝜋 𝑥 0.4
= 4.5 x 10-5T

(ii) Force per meter between the wire (03marks)

𝐹 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥6 𝑥 3
= = = 4.5 x 10-5Nm-1
𝐿 2𝜋𝑎 2𝜋𝑛 𝑥 0.8

(d) Define:

(i) angle of dip (01mark)

Angle of dip is the angle between the earth’s resultant magnetic flux density and the
horizontal.

(ii) angle of declination (01mark)

Angle of declination is the angle between the earth’s magnetic and geographical axes
or angle between the earth’s meridian and geographical meridian.

(e) A straight conductor of length, L, is perpendicular to magnetic field of flux density B. If

the conductor moves with velocity, U, at an angle θ to magnetic field, derive the
expression for e.m.f induced. (04marks)

Component of the velocity perpendicular to B is Usinθ

 Area swept by conductor in one second is Lsinθ

Change in magnetic flux linkage in 1s = BLsin θ

𝑑𝜃
But induced e.m.f = −
𝑑𝑡

∴ |𝐸| = 𝐵𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

(f) An aircraft of wing 20m is moving horizontally from west to east at a velocity of 250ms-1
in a place where the angle of dip is 400. The e.m.f induced across the tips of the wings
is 6mV. Find the magnetic flux density of the earth field. (04mrks)

Component of BE perpendicular to U = BEsinθ

∴ Induced e.m.f of E = BEsin θ x LU

𝐸 6 𝑥 10−3
𝐵𝐸 = = = 1.867 x 10-6T
𝐿𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 20 𝑥 250 𝑥 sin 40

29. (a) State the laws of electromagnetic induction. (02marks)

The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linking the circuit or conductor.

The direction of the induced e.m.f is such that it tends to oppose the charge causing it.

(b) The e.m.f generated in a coil rotating in a uniform magnetic field is given by E0sinωt.
(i) State the meaning of the symbols used and give their units. (03marks)

- E0 is the maximum(peak) value of e.m.f in volts

- ω is the steady angular velocity of the coil in radians per second.
- t is time in seconds.

(ii) Draw diagrams showing the relative positions of the coil and the magnetic field when t
is zero and when the e.m.f generated is E0. (03marks)

(c) A rectangular coil of 50turnsis 15.0cm wide and 30.0cm long. If it rotates at a uniform
rate of 2000 revolution per minute about an axis parallel to its long side and at right
angles to a uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.04T, find the peak value of the e.m.f
induced in the coil (03marks)
 Induced e.m.f, E = ωNAB sinωt
Where E0 = ωNAB
2000
= 𝑥 2𝜋 𝑥50 𝑥 0.15 𝑥 0.1 𝑥 0.30 𝑥 0.04 = 18.84V
60

(d)A solenoid of, n, turns per meter, a resistor, R, an ammeter, A, and a rheostat are
connected to the battery as shown in the figure below. A disc of radius, r, is mounted
inside the solenoid with is axis coincident with that of the solenoid. The center and rim
of the disc are connected across, R. The disc is rotated with its plane perpendicular to
the axis of the solenoid at a frequency, f.

The rheostat is adjusted until the galvanometer shows no deflection and ammeter reads a
current of I amperes.
(i) Show that the e.m.f induced between the center and rim of the disc is πBr2f,
where B is magnetic flux density inside the solenoid. (04marks)

Magnetic flux density with the disc, φ = BA

−𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝐵𝐴 𝑑𝐴
Now induced e.m.f E = = =𝐵
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 𝜋𝑟 2 2
But = = 𝜋𝑟 𝑓 since 1/T = f
𝑑𝑡 𝑇
2
∴ |𝐸| = B 𝜋𝑟 𝑓

(ii) Deduce an expression for resistance of R, in terms of n, f, I and r.

IR = B 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑓 but B = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
IR = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼𝜋𝑟 2 𝑓
R = 𝜇0 𝑛 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑓

(iii) State two limitations of the above set up in measurement of resistance.

Since the e.m.f generated is very small the method is only used to measure very
small resistance.
- The earth’s magnetic field affects the induced e.m.f.
- The effect of thermal e.m.f generated due to friction at the contact.
30.(a) (i) Distinguish between root mean square value and peak value of an alternating current.
(02marks)

Root mean square value of alternating current is the value of steady or direct current
which dissipates heat in a given resistor at the same rate as the alternating current, while
peak value is the maximum value of current.

(ii) What is peak value of voltage from a 240 a.c mains? (02marks)

𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = 240

But V0 = √2𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠

= √2 𝑥 240

= 339.4V

(b)

An air-cored coil, a bulb and an a.c. source are connected as shown in figure above. When
a solid iron core is introduced in the coil, the bulb becomes dimmer and the core hot.
Explain the observation. (06marks)

When the iron core is introduced into the coil, the magnetic flux linkage with the coil
increases. The rate of change of magnetic flux linkage with the coil increases, and hence
an increase in the induced back e.m.f. This leads to a reduction in the current flowing
through the bulb that dims.

The changing magnetic flux in the coil induces Eddy currents in the iron core. These
currents cause the core to heat up by I2R mechanism

Secondary, the changing magnetic field continuous reverse magnetization of the core thus
reversing the magnetic domains of the core. This leads to heating of the core due to
friction between domains or hysteresis.

(c) (i) What is meant by the term inductive reactance? (01mark)

Inductive reactance is non-resistive opposition to flow of alternating current through the

inductor.
 (ii) Derive an expression for reactance of an inductor of inductance L when a sinusoidally
varying a.c. of frequency, f, passes through it. (05marks)

Suppose current I =I0 sin2πft flows through an inductor where I0 is amplitude.

𝑑𝐼
Induced back e.m.f E = -L
𝑑𝑡

For finite current in a pure inductor applied voltage V = -E

𝑑(𝐼0 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡
= -L
𝑑𝑡

= -2πfLI0cos2πft

∴V 0 = 2πfLI0
𝑉0 2𝜋𝑓𝐿𝐼0
Now reactance XL = = =2πfL
𝐼0 𝐼0

(iii) A sinusoidal alternating voltage of 6.0Vr.m.s and frequency 1 kHz is applied to a coil
of inductance 0.5H. Assuming that the coil has negligible resistance, calculate the
root mean square value of current. (03marks)

𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 6.0

- 𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = = = 1.9 x 10-3A
𝑋𝐿 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 2 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 1000𝑥 0.5

(d) State one advantage of a.c over d.c.

- a.c can easily and cheaply be changed from one voltage to another.
- a.c can easily be transmitted with little power loss
- a. c. is cheap to generated

31. (a) Define the terms magnetic flux and magnetic flux density. (02marks)

Magnetic flux is the product of magnetic flux density and the projection of area normal to
the magnetic field.

Magnetic flux density is the force acting on a 1m long conductor carrying current of 1A in a
direction perpendicular to magnetic field.

(b) A straight wire of length 20cm and resistance 0.25Ω lies at right angles to a magnetic
field of flux density 0.4T. The wire moves when a p.d of 2.0V is applied across its ends.
Calculate the;
(i) initial force on the wire

2 20
F = BIL = 0.4 x 𝑥 = 0.64N
0.25 100

(ii) force on the wire when it moves at a speed of 15ms-1. (02marks)

 Induced e.m.f, E = BLV
= 0.4 x 0.2 x 15 = 1.2V
𝑉−𝐸 2−1.2
I= = = 3.2A
𝑅 0.25
F = BIL
= 0.4 x 3.2 x 0.2 = 0.256N

(iii) Maximum speed attained by the wire (02marks)

At maximum speed, force, F = 0

Induced e.m.f = applied p.d
But E = BIu = V
𝑉 2
Speed u = = = 25ms-1
𝐵𝐿 0.4 𝑥 0.2

(c) (i) sketch the magnetic field pattern around a vertical straight wire carrying a current in
the earth’s magnetic field and use it to explain a neutral point in magnetic field.
(03marks)

A neutral point is appoint where the resultant magnetic flux (density) is zero

(ii) Two long parallel wires placed 12cm apart in air carry currents of 10A and 15A
respectively in the same direction. Determine the position where the magnetic flux is
zero. (04marks)

Let P be the point where the resultant magnetic flux is zero

𝜇0 11 𝜇0 12
Then, =
2𝜋𝑥 2𝜋(12−𝑥)

10 15
=
𝑥 12−𝑥
 x = 4.8cm

P is 4.8cm from 10A current and 7.2 cm from the 15A current carrying conductor.

(d) Describe with the aid of a diagram, an absolute method of determining resistance.
(05mark).

The circuit is connected as above. The metal disc of known radius r, is placed at the center
of solenoid carrying current with the plane of the disc perpendicular to magnetic field.
The disc is rotated using the driving shaft. The speed of rotation of the disc is adjusted
until the galvanometer shows no deflection. The number of revolutions for a given
interval of time is counted and the frequency, f, determined.

The resistance is then calculated from;

R = μ0nπr2f;

Where n is the number of turns per meter of the solenoid

32. (a) Derive an expression for the charge, Q, induced in a coil of N turns when the
magnetic flux through it changes. (04marks)

−𝑑 (𝑁𝜙)
Instantaneous induced e.m.f E =
𝑑𝑡
𝐸 −1 𝑑(𝑁𝜙)
Instantaneous current I = = −
𝑅 𝑅 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑄
But I =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑄 −𝑁 𝑑𝜙
∴ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡
 −𝑁
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝜙
𝑅
Suppose when time in zero flux linkage is φ0

And when time is t, flux linkage is φ1. Then total

𝑁 𝜙
Induced charge Q = − ∫𝜙 1 𝑑𝜙
𝑅 0
𝑁
= (𝜙0 − 𝜙1 )
𝑅

(b) (i) Describe how a ballistic galvanometer of an unknown charge sensitivity can be used
to measure magnetic flux density in a region between the poles of a magnet.
(05marks)

Solution

A search coil is connected in series with a ballistic galvanometer, B.G and a resistor.
The search coil is placed between the poles pieces of the magnet with its plane normal to
the magnetic field.
When the ballistic galvanometer pointer settles, the coil is completely withdrawn from the
field and the first deflection θ of the B.G is noted.
A capacitor of known capacitance C is charged to a p.d V and then discharged through the
ballistic galvanometer and the corresponding θ’ is noted.
𝐶𝑉𝑅𝜃
The magnetic flux density B is now calculated from B = where A is the area of the coil,
𝑁𝐴𝜃′
N is the number of turns in the coil and R is the resistance of the coil circuit.

(ii) State the possible sources of error in above experiment. (02mark)

- It may not be possible to get the coil completely out of the field
- Improper position of the search coil
- Inaccuracy of ballistic galvanometer
- Influence of earth’s magnetic flux

(c) A flat circular coil with 2000turns, each of radius 50cm, is rotated at a uniform rate of
600 revolutions per minute about its diameter at right angle to a uniform magnetic flux
density 5 x 10-4T. Calculate the amplitude of the induced e.m.f. (03marks)

E0 = 2πfNAB
600
= 2π x 𝑥 2000 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 0.52 𝑥5 𝑥 10−4 = 49.3V
60
 (d) Describe with the aid of a labelled diagram, the structure and action of a hot wire
ammeter. (06marks)

- The current flows through a fine resistance-wire XY, which it heats.

- The wire warms up to such a temperature that it loses heat-mainly by convection-
at a rate equal to the average rate at which heat is developed in the wire.
- The rise in temperature of the wire makes it expand and sag; the sag is taken up
by a second fine wire PQ, which is held taut by a spring.
- The wire PQ passes round a pulley attached to the pointer of the instrument,
which rotates as the wire XY sags.
- The deflection of the pointer is roughly proportional to the average rate at which
heat is developed in the wire XY; it is therefore roughly proportional to the
average value of the square of the alternating current, and the scale is a square-
law one.

33. (a) (i) what is meant by peak value of a sinusoidal current? (01mark)

The peak current of a sinusoidal current is the maximum value of the current.

(ii) A source of sinusoidal voltage of amplitude V0 and frequency f is connected across a

capacitor of capacitance, C. Derive an expression for instantaneous current which
flows (03marks)

Instantaneous charge on the capacitor, Q = CV = CV0sin2πft

 𝑑𝑄 𝑑(𝐶𝑣0 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
But I = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 2πfCV0cos2πft

(iii) With reference to the circuit in (a)(ii), sketch using the same axes, graphs to show the
variation of voltage and current with time. (02marks)

Explanation
𝑑𝑉
The current I through (not across) a capacitor is C . This is the slope of the voltage.
𝑑𝑡

When a capacitor is connected to an AC voltage (at the zero crossing) the maximum
𝑑𝑉
current flow will occur immediately, i.e. t = 0, will approach infinity instantly and then
𝑑𝑡
repeat as a sinusoidal waveform.

There will be a peak current at every zero crossing of the voltage waveform. The current
waveform will lead the voltage waveform 90 degrees.

(b)(i) Explain why an alternating current apparently flow through a capacitor whereas a
direct current does not. (03marks)

When a capacitor is connected to a d.c source, the capacitor charges fully and current
stops flowing.
When the capacitor is connected to a.c voltage supply, the voltage increases and
decreases alternatively. When the voltage increases the capacitor charges and when
the voltage decreases the capacitor discharges. Hence continuous flow of charge
(current) in the circuit.

(ii) Explain the advantages of a.c over d.c in power transmissions. (02marks)

- a.c can easily be stepped up and down

- a.c is easy to generate
- a.c can be transmitted with low power loss.

(c) With the aid of a diagram, describe how a half wave rectifier type of meter works.
(04marks)
 Current to be measured is fed to the meter through rectifier diode in which current
flows in only one direction. So a direct current of varying magnitude flows through
the meter. The moving coil meter is calibrated to measure the average current (or
Ir.m.s)

(c) A sinusoidal voltage V = 339sin100πt is connected across 40Ω resistor. Find the;
(i) amplitude of the current through the resistor. (02marks)

𝑉0 339
𝐼0 = = = 8.475A
𝑅 40

(ii) average power developed in the resistor. (03marks)

𝑉0 𝐼0 𝑉02 3392
Average power, P = = = = 1436.5W
2 2𝑅 2 𝑥 40

34. (a) Define:

(i) The tesla (01mark)

A tesla (1 T) is defined as the magnetic field intensity generating one newton (N) of force
per ampere (A) of current per meter of conductor:

(ii) Magnetic flux (01mark)

Magnetic flux is the product of the magnitude of the magnetic flux density and the
area perpendicular to the magnetic field.

(b) Two infinitely long straight wire currying currents, I1 and I2 respectively are placed
parallel to each other in a vacuum at a distance, d, meters apart. Derive an expression
for the force per meter between the wires. (05marks)

Consider two infinitely long parallel wires X and Y carrying currents I1 and I2
respectively. The conductors are separated by a distance, d.
Magnitude of magnetic flux density, B1 at any point, Say Q on Y due to the current in Q is
𝜇0 𝐼1
given by B1 =
2𝜋𝑑

Force acting per meter length of Y = B1I2

𝜇0 𝐼1𝐼2
=
2𝜋𝑑

Magnitude of magnetic flux density, B1 at any point, Say Q on Y due to the current in Q is
𝜇0 𝐼2
given by B2 =
2𝜋𝑑

Force acting per meter length of X = B2I1

𝜇0 𝐼1𝐼2
=
2𝜋𝑑
𝜇0 𝐼1𝐼2
Hence F1 = F2 =
2𝜋𝑑

(c)(i) Sketch the magnetic field pattern due to a current flowing in a circular coil. (02mark)

(ii) Write an expression for magnetic field flux density, B, at the center of circular coil of N
turns of radius, r, and carrying a current I (01 mark)
𝜇0𝑁𝐼
B=
2𝑟

(iii) A wire of length 7.85m is wound into a circular coil, find the magnetic flux density
at the center of the coil of radius 0.05m. If the current of 2A passes through the
coil, find the magnetic flux density at the center of the coil. (04marks)
 Solution
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒
Number of turns, N =
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝐿 7.85
= = = 25 turns
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 𝑥 0.05
𝜇0𝑁𝐼 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 25 𝑥 2
But B = = = 6.28 x 10-4T
2𝑟 2 𝑥 0.05

(d) (i) Explain the term back e.m.f in a d.c motor. (02mark)

As the motor rotates the magnetic field, the flux linking changes. This induces an e.mf in
the coil. The e.m.f acts in opposition to applied voltage, hence back e.m.f

(ii) Show how the back e.m.f in a motor is related to efficiency of motor (04marks)

Suppose Eb, V, and r are the magnitudes of back e.m.f, applied p.d and total resistance
respectively.

If I is the current flowing, the power supplied = VI = I2R + IEb

IEb is the rate at which the motor does mechanical work, I2r is the power dissipated in the
coil and VI is the power supplied by the motor.
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑜𝑡
Efficiency of the motor, η = 𝑥 100%
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

𝐼𝐸𝑏
= 𝑥 100%
𝑉𝐼
𝐸𝑏
= 𝑥 100%
𝑉

35. (a)(i) Define the terms amplitude and root mean square (r.m.s) value of an alternating
current. (02amrks)

Amplitude of an alternating current is the maximum value of alternating current.

Root mean square value of an alternating current is the value of steady current that
dissipates heat at the same rate as alternating current.

(b)
A small magnet is attached to a spring as shown above. Switch, K is closed and the magnet
is displaced downwards slightly and released to oscillate vertically. Explain
(i) The observation made (03marks)

The galvanometer deflects in one direction when the magnet approaches the coil and
deflects in opposite direction when it recedes.

This is because as the magnet moves toward the coil, the flux linking it changes and e.m.f
is induced in the coil. Since the circuit is complete, current flows in the direction of the
induced e.m.f.

As the magnet moves away from the coil, an e.m.f is induced in the opposite direction.

(ii) Why the magnet takes long to come to rest when K is opened (03marks)

When the switch is open, there will be no flow of induced current that would
cause an opposing magnetic field that produce electromagnetic damping.
Consequently, the oscillation take long to stop.

(c) A sinusoidal voltage of r.m.s value 10V is supplied across a 50μF capacitor.
(i) Find the peak value of the charge on the capacitor. (02marks)

From Q = CV
 Q = CV0sin ωt = 𝑄0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
Where Q0 = CV0
So the peak value of charge, Q0 =CV0
= CVr.m.s√2
= 50 x 10-6 x 10 x √2
= 7.07 x 10-4C
(ii) Draw a sketch graph of charge Q on the capacitor against time. (01mark)
(iii) Draw on the same sketch in (c)(i) a graph of voltage against time. (01mark)

Explanation
𝑑𝑉
The current I through (not across) a capacitor is C . This is the slope of the
𝑑𝑡
voltage.
 When a capacitor is connected to an AC voltage (at the zero crossing) the
𝑑𝑉
maximum current flow will occur immediately, i.e. t = 0, will approach infinity
𝑑𝑡
instantly and then repeat as a sinusoidal waveform.

There will be a peak current at every zero crossing of the voltage waveform. The
current waveform will lead the voltage waveform 90 degrees.

(iv) If the a.c supply has a frequency of 50Hz, calculate the r.m.s value of the
current through the capacitor. (04marks)

Solution
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠
Capacitive resistance =
𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠
Ir.m.s = ………………………………… (i)
𝑋𝐶
1 1
Also, XC = = =63.66Ω
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2𝜋 𝑥50 𝑥 (50 𝑥 10−6 )
10
Thus, Ir.m.s = = 0.15A
63.66

36. (a) (i) Distinguish between self-induction and mutual induction (02marks)

Self-induction is a type of electromagnetic induction where by an e.m.f is induced in a

coil due to change in the current flowing in the same coil.
Mutual induction is a type of electromagnetic induction where by change in current in
one coil or induces e.m.f in the neighboring coil or circuit.

(ii) An aired cored inductor is connected in series with a switch and d.c. source. The
switch is closed and left for some time. Explain why a spark is observed across the
switch contacts when the switch is reopened. (03marks)

When the switch is opened, the falling current causes a change in the
magnetic flux linking the inductor coil.

A change in the magnetic flux linking the coil, induce a large e.m.f in the
circuit and leads to high the electric field intensity between the contact
points causing ionization of gases.

When the oppositely charged ions collide, a spark is produced.

(b) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, how the magnetic flux density between the poles
of a strong magnet can be measured. (06marks)
 Solution

A search coil is connected in series with a ballistic galvanometer, B.G and a resistor.
The search coil is placed between the poles pieces of the magnet with its plane normal to
the magnetic field.
When the ballistic galvanometer pointer settles, the coil is completely withdrawn from the
field and the first deflection θ of the B.G is noted.
A capacitor of known capacitance C is charged to a p.d V and then discharged through the
ballistic galvanometer and the corresponding θ’ is noted.
𝐶𝑉𝑅𝜃
The magnetic flux density B is now calculated from B = where A is the area of the coil,
𝑁𝐴𝜃′
N is the number of turns in the coil and R is the resistance of the coil circuit.

(c)(i) Explain how eddy currents can be produced. (02marks)

Eddy currents are currents induced in a conductor moving across magnetic field; these
currents oppose the motion of a solid conductor.

When a piece of metal moves in a magnetic field, a force acts on delocalized electrons in
accordance with Fleming’s left hand rule. The electrons deficient atoms also attract
electrons from other atoms. This movement of electrons cause current loops that are
called Eddy currents.

(iii) Explain the application of eddy currents. (03marks)

- Damping a 'galvanometer. In the galvanometer the coil is wound on a metal former.

Eddy currents in the metal slow down the turning of the coil towards its eventual
position, and also suppress its swings about that position; in the end the coil comes to
rest sooner than if it were not damped.
- Cause overheating in dynamos and motors damaging the insulation of windings.
- Speedometer
- Electric brakes

(d) A coil of 500 turns and mean area 4.0 x 10-2m2 is rotated at a uniform rate of 600
revolution per minute about an axis perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of flux
density 0.2T. Calculate the maximum value of the e.m.f induced in the coil. (04marks).

E = BANωsinωt
Emax = BANω
 2𝜋 𝑥 600
But ω = = 20π rads-1
60
∴ E = 0.2 x 4.0 x 10-2 x 500 x 20π = 251.3V

37. (a)(i) What is a magnetic field? (01marks)

Magnetic field is a region of space in which a magnetic dipole experiences a force.

(b)

A magnetic field of flux density 0.08T is applied to a metal strip currying current, I, as
shown above
(i) Account for the occurrence of potential difference (p.d) between points P and Q.

When a current begins flowing in the y-direction, by Fleming’s left hand rule, a
magnetic force acts on the conduction electrons in the direction PQ.

The electrons are deflected towards P, since there is high concentration of

negative charge on side P and positive charge on side Q, a p.d develops between
sides P and Q.

(ii) Calculate the electric field intensity between P and Q if the drift velocity of the
conduction electrons is 4.0 x 10-4m/s (03marks)
In equilibrium, electric force on electrons = magnetic force on the electron

i.e. eE = VeB
∴ E = BV

= 0.08 x 4 x 10-4

= 3.2 x 10-5Vm-1

(c)(i) Describe with the aid of a diagram the structure and mode of action of moving coil
galvanometer. (03marks)
Structure

- It consist of a rectangular coil of fine insulated copper wire wound on an aluminium

frame to provide electromagnetic damping.
- The coil together with the frame of aluminium are mounted over a soft iron cylindrical
core and freely pivoted on jeweled bearing to minimize friction at contact.
- The suspension torsion wire suspending the coil is attached to a pair of control hair
springs T1 and T2 for feeding current in and out of the coil and control rotation of the
coil.
- The coil is then suspended between concave pieces of a strong magnet to provide
magnetic field.
Mode of action
- Current I to be measured is passed into the coil via hair spring T1.
- The current then causes the coil to experience a deflection torque, r = NABI due to a
couple force causing rotation in a radial magnetic field.
- The coil turns with the pointer through angle θ until stopped by restoring torque, r =
kθ provided by a pair of hair springs T1 and T2.
- At equilibrium, NABI = Kθ
𝑘
- ∴ current I = ( )𝜃
𝑁𝐴𝐵
- I ∝ θ, hence the instrument has a linear scale
Where B = magnetic field strength between the poles of the magnets
A = area of the plane of the coil
N = number of turns of the coil
k = torsion constant of suspension wire
 (ii) Explain how the design of the moving coil galvanometer can be modified to produce a
ballistic galvanometer. (03marks)

The light metal former is replaced by a heavy insulating former. The former is an
insulator to minimize eddy currents. The former is made heavy and the suspension
fine to achieve a longer period of oscillation.

(e) A flat circular coil X of 30 turns and mean diameter 30cm is fixed in a vertical plane
and carries a current of 3A.

Another coil Y of 2cm x 2cm and having 2000 turns is suspended in a vertical plane at
the center of the circular coil. Initially the planed of the two coils coincides. Determine
the torque on the coil Y when a current of 2.0A is passed through it. (04marks)

𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
Magnetic flux density at the center of the larger coil B =
2𝑅
Initial torque on the small coil, τ = NBIAcosθ
4 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 10−4 𝑥 30 𝑥 3
= 200 x ( )x 2 x 4 x 10-4cos900
2 𝑥 15 𝑥 10−2
=0
38. (a)(i) Describe an experiment to demonstrate the damping effect of eddy current,
(04marks)

A metal plate is suspended in a magnetic field so that its lane is perpendicular to the
magnetic field. The plane is set to oscillate such that its plane cuts the magnetic field, and
the time taken for the oscillation to die out is noted.
The experiment is repeated without a magnetic field.
It is noted that in absence of magnetic field when no eddy currents are induced
oscillations take longer to stop.

(ii) Give two practical applications of this effect. (01mark)

- damping of moving coil meters

- melting metals in induction furnaces
- breaking in electric train
- speedometer
(b) What is meant by:

(i) self induction? (01mark)

Self-induction is a type of electromagnetic induction where by an e.m.f is induced in a

coil due to change in the current flowing in the same coil.

(ii) mutual induction? (01mark)

Mutual induction is a type of electromagnetic induction where by change in current in

one coil or induces e.m.f in the neighboring coil or circuit.

(c) Discuss the factors which determine the maximum e.m.f generated by a dynamo.
(04mark)

Induced e.m.f, E = 2πfNBAsin 2πft

Maximum e.m.f, E0 = 2πfNBA

Thus maximum e.m.f increases with increase in

frequency or angular velocity

number of turns in the coil
area of the coil
magnetic flux density.

(d) A transformer has 2000 turns in the primary coil. The primary coil is connected to a 240V
mains. A 12 V, 36W lap is connected to the secondary coil. If the efficiency of the
transformer is 90%, determine the

(i) number of turns in the secondary coil (02marks)

𝑉𝑆 12
𝑁𝑆 = 𝑥 𝑁𝑃 = 𝑥2000 = 100
𝑉𝑃 240

(ii) current flowing in the primary coil (03marks)

IsVs = 0.9IpVp
𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑠 36
Ip = = = 0.167A
0.9𝑉𝑝 0.9 𝑥 240

(e) Explain any two factors which lead to energy losses in the transformer.

- Hysteresis – energy spend in turning the magnetic domains, dissipated as heat.

- Eddy currents- Eddy currents circulating in metal dissipate heat by I2R mechanism
 - Flux leakage- all the magnetic flux associated with the primary does not pass
through secondary coil
- Resistance of winding lead to I2R heat loss minimized by use of thick copper wires

39. (a) (i) Define root mean square value of alternating current. (01mark)

Root mean square value of an alternating current is the value of steady current that
dissipates heat at the same rate as alternating current.

(ii) A resistor of 400Ω is connected to 240V a.c. supply. What is the peak value of current
flowing through the resistor? (03marks)

From Vr.m.s = Ir.m.s x R

𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 240
Ir.m.s = = = 0.6A
𝑅 400

(b)

A 60W, 30V bulb, and a coil of inductance 5H are connected in series to a battery of 30V
as shown above.

(i) What is observed when switch K is closed and when it is opened? (02marks)

When the switch is closed, the bulb increases slowly to full brightness. When the
switch is opened, the bulb dims gradually until it goes off.

(ii) Explain your observation in (b)(i) (04marks)

When the switch is closed, a large back e.m.f is induced in the coil which opposes
the flow of current in the circuit. Due to low current the bulb produces dim light.
The rate of change of current reduces gradually and the back e.m.f reduces to
zero. This leads to maximum current in the circuit causing the bulb to light
brightest.
When the switch is opened, the decaying magnetic field in the coil induces an
e.m.f in the circuit which tend to reinforce the decaying current. The glow of the
bulb gradually reduces before going off.

(c) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe how a repulsive type of moving iron
ammeter works. (05marks).
 When a current is passed through the coil, the iron rods magnetize in the same poles
adjacent to each other in whatever the direction of current. Hence they repel and the
pointer move in the same direction until it is stopped by the restoring spring.

Since the magnetic force is proportional to the square of the average current, hence,
the deflection is proportional to the square of average current.

Advantage: it measured both direct and alternating current.

Disadvantage: it has nonlinear scale

(d)

A 100V, 50Hz a.c. supply is connected across a capacitor of 24μF as shown in figure above,

(i) Calculate the reactance of the circuit (03marks)

1 1
Capacitive reactance, Xc = = = 132.6Ω
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2𝜋 𝑥 50 𝑥 24 𝑥 10−6

(ii) Sketch graphs to show the time-dependence of supplied voltage and the current
in the circuit. (02marks)
 Explanation
𝑑𝑉
The current I through (not across) a capacitor is C . This is the slope of the voltage.
𝑑𝑡

When a capacitor is connected to an AC voltage (at the zero crossing) the maximum
𝑑𝑉
current flow will occur immediately, i.e. t = 0, will approach infinity instantly and then
𝑑𝑡
repeat as a sinusoidal waveform.

There will be a peak current at every zero crossing of the voltage waveform. The current
waveform will lead the voltage waveform 90 degrees.

40. (a) Define magnetic flux density and state its units (02marks)

This is the force acting perpendicularly on a conductor carrying a current in a direction

normal to the field.

The S.I unit of B is tesla (T)

This is the force acting perpendicularly on a conductor of length one meter carrying a
current of one ampere in a direction normal to the field.

(b) Describe how the magnetic flux density between the poles of a powerful magnet can
be determined. (03marks)

Solution

A search coil is connected in series with a ballistic galvanometer, B.G and a resistor.
The search coil is placed between the poles pieces of the magnet with its plane normal to
the magnetic field.
When the ballistic galvanometer pointer settles, the coil is completely withdrawn from the
field and the first deflection θ of the B.G is noted.
A capacitor of known capacitance C is charged to a p.d V and then discharged through the
ballistic galvanometer and the corresponding θ’ is noted.
𝐶𝑉𝑅𝜃
The magnetic flux density B is now calculated from B = where A is the area of the coil,
𝑁𝐴𝜃′
N is the number of turns in the coil and R is the resistance of the coil circuit.

(c)(i) Explain with the aid of sketch, the terms angles of dip and declination. (04marks)

Angle of dip (inclination) α: Angle of dip is the angle that the axis of a freely suspended bar
magnet makes with the horizontal when the magnet settles.

Horizontal
Angle of dip α

Vertical

(ii) Explain what happens to the angle of dip as one moves along the same longitude
from the equator to the North Pole. (02marks)

At the equator, the earth’s magnetic force is parallel to the surface of the earth and
thus the angle of dip is zero.
From the equator towards the North Pole, the field lines the angle of dip increases
from zero to 900. As the field lines bend away from the horizontal. At the North Pole
the field lines are perpendicular to the earth’s surface.

(iii) Find the force per unit length on a straight horizontal wire carrying a current of
2.0A in the direction north to south if the angle of dip is 700 and the earth’s
horizontal field component is 1.6 x 10-5T. (04marks)

Bv = BHtanθ
𝐹
= 𝐵𝑣 𝐼
𝐿

= BHtanθ x I

= 1.6 x 10-5 tan 700 x 2

 = 8.8 x 10-5 Nm-1

(d)

A wire is placed vertically in a horizontal magnetic field as shown in figure above. Sketch
the resultant magnetic field pattern (03marks)

41. (a) (i) With the aid of diagram, describe how a simple d.c. motor works (06marks)

It consists of a rectangular coil abcd of wire pivoted between curved poles of a strong
magnet and free to rotate about its axis with a uniform velocity.
The ends of the coil are connected to two halves of sprit ring (commutators) which press
lightly against the carbon brush.

Mode of operation

The switch K is closed and current flows in the coil in the direction shown

Applying Fleming’s left hand rule, ab experiences an upward force and side cd a
downward force. The two forces constitute a couple which rotates the coil in a clockwise
direction.

When the coil passes over the vertical position, the commutators change contact with the
carbon brushes and current in the coil is immediately reversed. The force acting on the
sides thus change and the coil continues to rotate in the same direction.

Because the conductor cuts the magnetic field, an e.m.f that oppose the supply voltage is
induced in it called back e.m.f

If V is the supply voltage and E is the back e.m.f, then then the current Ia is given by
𝑉−𝐸
Ia = where Ra id the armature resistance
𝑅𝑎

(ii) Explain the significance of back e.m.f. in the operation of a d.c. motor (02marks)

The back e.m.f in a d.c. motor provides the useful power of the motor.
back e.m.f also reduces the heating effect in motor by reducing the current, since
𝑉− 𝐸𝑏
I= where Eb = back e.m.f
𝑟
(b) A motor of armature resistance 0.75Ω is operated from a 240V d.c. supply.
(i) When the motor turns freely without a load, the current in the armature is 4.0A and the
motor makes 400 revolution per minute. Calculate the back e.m.f. (02marks)

V = 240V, R = 0.75Ω, I = 4.0A

Eb = V – IR = 240 – 4 x 0.75 = 240 -3 = 237V

(ii) When a load is placed on the motor, the armature current increases to 60.0A. Find
the new speed of rotation of the motor (04marks)

Eb1 = 237V
Eb ∝ ω
=> Eb1 = kω1 ………………………… (i)
Eb2 = kω2 ………………………… (ii)
Eqn (ii) ÷ Eqn (i)
𝐸𝑏2 𝑘𝜔2
=
𝐸𝑏1 𝑘𝜔1
𝐸𝑏2
𝜔2 = 𝑥 𝜔1
𝐸𝑏1
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑏2 = 240 – 60 x 0.75 = 195V
 195
∴ 𝜔2 = 𝑥 400 = 329.1 revolution per minute
237

(c) (i) A circular coil of 10 turns and radius 5.0cm carries a current of 1.0A. Find the
magnetic flux density at its center. (02marks)

𝜇0𝑁𝐼 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 10 𝑥 1
B= = = 1.26 x 10-4T
2𝑅 2 𝑥 5 𝑥 10−3

(ii) A copper wire of cross section area 1.5mm2 carries a current of 5.0A.The wire is placed
perpendicular to magnetic field of flux density0.2T. If the density of free electrons in
the wire is 1029m-3, calculate the force on each electron. (04marks)

1
V=
𝑛𝐿𝐴
Force on the rod, F = BIL
But I = nevA, where n = number of electrons per unit volume and v is the drift velocity… (i)
F = BnevA
𝐹
∴ Force of each electron, F’ = = Bev ………………. (ii)
𝑁
1
From v =
𝑛𝑒𝑉

Putting into EQn

𝐵𝐼𝑒 𝐵𝐼 0.2 𝑥 5
F’ = = = = 6.67 x 10-24N
𝑛𝑒𝐴 𝑛𝐴 1029 𝑥 1.5 𝑥 10−6

42. (a) Define the terms root mean square, peak of an alternating current and derive the
relation between them for a sinusoidal a.c. (06marks)

Peak of an alternating current is the maximum value of alternating current.

Root mean square value of an alternating current is the value of steady current that
dissipates heat at the same rate as alternating current.

(b) A sinusoidal alternating current, I =I0 sinωt, passes through a pure inductor of
inductance, I
(i) Derive an expression for the reactance of the inductor. (04marks)

𝑑𝐼
Induced e.m.f = -L
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝐼) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡)
E= -L = -ωLI0cosωt
𝑑𝑡
Current flow in a pure inductors, V = -EωLI0cosωt
Hence V = V0cosωt where V0 = ωLI0
𝑉0 𝜔𝐿𝐼0
Inductance = XL = = = ωL
𝐼0 𝐼0
 (ii) Using the axes, sketch graphs to show the relative phases of the current and voltage
across the inductor. (02marks)

The figure above is a circuit consisting of an air coil, L, a bulb, X and an alternating voltage
source connected in series, an iron core is introduced into the coil. Explain why the
(i) Bulb becomes dimmer (03marks)

When the iron core is introduced in the coil, the magnetic flux linking the coil is
enhanced. The rate of change of magnetic flux linking the coil thus increases,
leading to increase in back e.m.f. High e.m.f leads to low current flowing through
the bulb, hence dim light.

(ii) Iron core becomes warm. (02marks)

The iron core warms up due to:

- Hysteresis: E energy used to turn the magnetic domains of the core is
dissipated as heat.
- Eddy currents induced in the core are dissipated as heat by I2R mechanism.

(d) Explain why a moving coil ammeter cannot be used to measure alternating current
from the mains. (03marks)

The coil rotates about a vertical axis between the north and south concave poles of
strong magnet. This provides a radial magnetic field. When an alternating current is
passed through the coil, the torque on the coil reverses direction at the same
frequency as current. The pointer vibrates with very small amplitude about the mean
position hence a steady current reading cannot be taken

43. (a) Define magnetic flux density. (01mark)

Magnetic flux density is the force acting on a 1m long conductor carrying current of 1A in a
direction perpendicular to magnetic field.

(b) Two identical circular coils are placed coaxially at distance equal to the radius of each
coil.
(i) Sketch the magnetic field pattern which results when equal current are passed through
the coils. (02marks)

(ii) Describe how you would investigate the variation of magnetic flux density with
distance along the axis of the coils. Draw a sketch graph to show the expected results.
(06marks)

Solution

- A search coil is connected in series with a ballistic galvanometer, B.G.

- The search coil is placed such that its plane is parallel to those of the coils.
- When the ballistic galvanometer pointer settles, the coil is completely withdrawn
from the field and the first deflection θ of the B.G is noted.
- A capacitor of known capacitance C is charged to a p.d V and then discharged
through the ballistic galvanometer and the corresponding θ’ is noted.
𝐶𝑉𝑅𝜃
- The magnetic flux density B is now calculated from B =
𝑁𝐴𝜃′
Where A = the area of the coil,
N = the number of turns in the coil and;
R = the resistance of the coil circuit.

- The procedure is repeated for different distances, X, from the coils

- A graph of B against X is plotted.
(c) A small rectangular coil of 10turns and dimensions 4cm by 2cm is suspended inside a
long solenoid of 1000 turns per meter so that its plane lies along the axis of the solenoid
as shown in the figure below. The coil is connected in series with solenoid.

The coil deflects through 300 when a current of 2.0A is passed through the solenoid. Find
the torsion constant of the suspension. (05mark)

n = 1000, I = 2A, N = 10 A = 4 x 2 x 10-4 = 8 x 10-4 m2

Magnetic flux density in the center of the coil, B = μ0nI
= 4π x 10-7 x 1000 x 2
= 2.512 x 10-3
Deflection torque = τ = BANI
This torque is equal to opposing, t’ = Cθ where C is the torsion constant.
At equilibrium
BANI = Cθ
𝐵𝐴𝑁𝐼 2.512 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 ( 8 𝑥 10−4 )𝑥 10 𝑥 2
C= = 𝜋⁄ = 7.68 x 10-5Nmrad-1
𝜃 6

(d) A moving coil galvanometer reads 15mA when it is connected in series with a source of
e.m.f of negligible internal resistance is replaced with one of resistance 100Ω.
The galvanometer reads 10mA when the 100Ω resistor is replaced with one of resistance
200Ω. Find the
(i) Resistance of the galvanometer

Let r be the resistance of the galvanometer

From V = (R + r)I
 V = 15 x 10-3 (100 + r) = 10 x 10-3 (200 + r)
r = 100Ω

(ii) E.m.f of the source.

Substituting for r,
V = 15 x 10-3 (100 + 10) = 3,0V

44. (a) State the laws of electromagnetic induction (02marks)

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that magnitude of induced in a

circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage in the
circuit.
Lenz’s Laws states that the direction of the induced current is such as to oppose the
change causing it.

(b) A coil of 100turns is wound round the middle of a long solenoid of 500 turns per meter
and radius 8.0cm
A sinusoidal current I = 10sin(120πt), amperes, is passed through the solenoid winding.
Find the amplitude of e.m.f induced across the terminals of the coil. (05mark)

Solution
𝑑(𝑁𝜙) 𝑑(𝐵𝐴)
|𝐸| = =𝑁
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
But B = μ0nI
𝑑
∴ |𝐸| = 𝑁𝐴𝜇0 𝑛 (10𝑠𝑖𝑛120𝜋𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑁𝐴𝜇0 𝑛 . 120𝜋 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠120𝜋𝑡
Amplitude of induced e.m.f, E0 = 𝑁𝐴𝜇0 𝑛 . 120𝜋
= 100 x (π x 82 x10-4) x 4π x 10-7 x 500 x 120 π
= 4.75V

(c)(i) With the aid of labelled diagram, describe the structure and action of a simple d.c.
motor. (07marks)
 It consists of a rectangular coil abcd of wire pivoted between curved poles of a strong magnet and
free to rotate about its axis with a uniform velocity.

The ends of the coil are connected to two halves of sprit ring (commutators) which press lightly
against the carbon brush.

Mode of operation

The switch K is closed and current flows in the coil in the direction shown

Applying Fleming’s left hand rule, ab experiences an upward force and side cd a downward force.
the two forces constitute a couple which rotates the coil in a clockwise direction.

When the coil passes over the vertical position, the commutators change contact with the carbon
brushes and current in the coil is immediately reversed. The force acting on the sides thus change
and the coil continues to rotate in the same direction.

Because the conductor cuts the magnetic field, an e.m.f that oppose the supply voltage is induced
in it called back e.m.f

If Vis the supply voltage and E is the back e.m.f, then then the current Ia is given by
𝑉−𝐸
Ia = where Ra id the armature resistance
𝑅𝑎

(ii) Explain the term back e.m.f in a motor and derive its relation to the efficiency of the motor.
(03marks)

When the armature coil of a motor rotates in magnetic field, an, e.m.f is induced in the
coil. The induced e.m.f opposes the applied p.d. and is therefore a back e.m.f.
 If V, E and r are applied p.d, induced e.m.f and resistance to the armature coil
respectively, then the current flowing in the coil is given by
𝑉−𝐸
I=
𝑟
=> V- E = Ir
Multiplying through by I
VI = EI + I2r
Since I2r is the power dissipated as heat in the armature, EI is the mechanical power
output and VI is the power supplied.
𝐸𝐼
Efficiency of the motor, η = 𝑥 100%
𝑉𝐼
𝐸
= 𝑥 100%
𝑉

(d) Briefly explain one application of eddy currents (03marks)

- Damp and slow down the oscillation of a pointer of the galvanometer.
- Melting of metals in induction furnace
- Electric brakes

45. (a) (i) Describe with the aid of a diagram, the structure and mode of operation of a.c.
generator. (05marks)

Solution

How it works
- The coil is rotated in a magnetic field, the magnetic field linked with it changes and
hence e.m.f is led away by means of slip rings which press slightly against the carbon
brushes.
- Applying Fleming’s right hand rule, the induced current enters the coil AB and leave
the coil via CD.
- Starting with the coil in the vertical position, the magnetic flux linking it is maximum
and hence no induced e.m.f.
- The induced e.m.f increases with the position of the coil in the magnetic field until it
becomes maximum with the coil in horizontal position and then decrease to zero as
the coil rotates to the vertical position
- The force acting on the sides of the coil change as the coil passes over the position and
hence he current flowing in the coil reverses. Hence an alternating e.m.f or current
flows through the load.
(ii) Explain the structural modifications needed to convert an a.c generator to a d.c
generator. (02marks)

To convert an a.c. generator to d.c. generator, the ends of the rectangular coil are
connected to commutators instead of a pair of slip rings

(b)(i) Define the terms peak value and root mean square (r.m.s) value of alternating
voltage (02marks)

Root mean square value is the value of direct current which dissipates heat in a
given resistor at the same rate as the a.c.

(ii) An electric kettle draws 1.5 x 103W from a 240V mains supply. Find the peak value of
the current drawn by the kettle, if the voltage is sinusoidal. (03marks).

P = 1.5 x 103W, Vr.m.s = 240V

P = Ir.m.s x Vr.m.s
1.5 𝑥 103
𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = = 6.25A
240

I0 = √2𝑥 𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = √2 𝑥 6.25 = 8.84A

(c) An alternating voltage of 12V and variable frequency, f, is connected in series with a
capacitor of capacitance, C.

(i) Explain why current apparently flows through the capacitor. (05marks)

During the first quarter cycle, the capacitor charges in one direction until the p.d.
between the plates is equal to supply voltage.

In the second quarter a cycle, the supply voltage decreases and the p.d between the
capacitor plates drives charge in opposite direction.

The charge gets depleted from the plates but the flow of charge continues in the same
direction, thus charging in opposite sense.
 In the fourth quarter cycle, voltage begins to decrease and capacitor drives charge in the
circuit in opposite direction.

The process is repeated many times per second such that the millimeter shows
continuous flow of current.

(ii) Calculate the value of the current in the circuit when f and C are 1kHz and 0.5μF
respectively. (03marks)
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 1
From =
𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝐶

𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 𝑥 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 = 12 𝑥 2𝜋 𝑥 1000 𝑥 0.5 𝑥 10−6 = 3.77 x 10-2A

46. (a) with the aid of a diagram, describe briefly an experiment to illustrate Lenz’s law of
electromagnetic induction (05marks)

- The galvanometer is first connected in series with a battery and the direction for a
given direction of current is determined.
- The battery is disconnected and is replaced by a coil of known winds.
- A strong permanent magnet is brought towards the coil with N-pole facing the
coil, the galvanometer deflects in a direction for which the side of the coil facing
the magnet is N-pole.
- When the magnet is move away from the coil, the galvanometer deflects in
opposite direction, implying that the pole near the coil is a S-pole.
- In the first case, the pole due to the induced current was repelling the
approaching magnet, while in the second case, the pole was attracting the
receding magnet.
- The induced current therefore is in such as to oppose the change causing it, which
is Lenz’s law.

(b) Explain the main precautions taken in the construction of an a.c. transformer.
(04marks)

The main precaution

- Low resistance copper wire are used to reduce I2R losses.
- Laminated core reduce Eddy currents
- Use of soft iron core reduce hysteresis
- Winding secondary coil on top of primary to reduce magnetic flux leakage.
 (c) Explain the effect of the following on the voltage across the secondary coil of a.c
transformer.
(i) A fall in the supply frequency of the current in the primary (04marks)
Transformer works on the principal of mutual induction i.e. induced e.m.f in the
secondary.

𝑑 (𝑁𝜙) 𝑑 (𝑁𝐴𝐵)
ES = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
But B + KI0sin2πft
𝑑 (sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
∴ ES = 𝑁𝐴𝐼0
𝑑𝑡
= NAKI0.2πftcos 2πft
E0 = NAKI0.2πft
Hence when the supply frequency falls, the output voltage also falls.

(iii) A reduction in the primary turns. (02marks)

𝑁𝑝 𝑁𝑝
=
𝑁𝑓 𝑉𝑆
𝑁𝑆 𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑆 =
𝑁𝑃
Hence a reduction in primary turns causes an increase in secondary voltage.

(d) A transformer whose secondary coil has 60 turns and primary 1200 turns, has its
secondary connected to a 3Ω resistor. If its primary is connected to a 240V a.c supply,
calculate the current flowing in the primary assuming that the transformer is 80%
efficient. (05marks)

𝑁𝑆 𝑉𝑃 60 𝑥 240
𝑉𝑆 = = = 12V
𝑁𝑃 1200
𝑉𝑆 12
𝐼𝑆 = = = 4.0𝐴
𝑅 3
𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 = 0.8𝑉𝑃 𝐼𝑃
12 𝑥 4 = 0.8 𝑥 240 𝑥 𝐼𝑃
𝐼𝑃 = 0.25𝐴

47. (a) When can an alternating current be referred to as being sinusoidal?(01mark)

An alternating current is referred to as sinusoidal when its variation with time can be
represented by a sine wave.
(b) Define
(i) the root mean square value of an alternating current (01mark)

Root mean square value of an a.c is the value of steady current which dissipates heat at
the same rate in a given resistor as a.c.

(ii) reactance (01mark)

Reactance is non resistive opposition to the flow of a.c through an inductor or capacitor.
(c) Describe the structure and action of a meter that makes use of a thermocouple in
measuring the root mean square value of an alternating current. Why this meter does
has high sensitivity. (05marks)

Solution

P and Q are dissimilar wires

Current to be measured is passed through the wire AB and heats the junction R of the
thermocouple. The thermoelectric effect generated at R causes a direct current to flow
through the micrometer calibrated to measure the r.m.s value of current.

The meter has high sensitivity because of its low inductance and capacitance

(d) (i) Show that current leads voltage by 900 when a sinusoidal voltage is applied across a
capacitor. (05marks)

Solution
Let p.d across the capacitor at time t be V
V = V0sin2πft
Charge on the capacitor is Q = CV, where C is the capacitance of the capacitor.
The instantaneous current flowing through the capacitor,
𝑑𝑄
I=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝐶𝑉0 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
=
𝑑𝑡
=2πfCV0cos 2πft
𝜋
From trigonometry, cos 2πft = sin (2πft + )
2
𝜋
 I = 2πfCV0sin(2πft + )
2
𝜋
Hence current leads voltage by = 900.
2

(ii) Sketch a phase diagram to illustrate the orientation of the current vector with
respect to voltage vector in (d)(i) above. (01mark)
 (e)

An inductor, L, a capacitor, C and switch, K, are connected as shown above. Explain, briefly
what happens when the switch K is closed (06marks)

When switch K is closed, the charged capacitor begins to discharge and current flows. A
magnetic field now begins to build up around L, and by Lenz’s law, an e.m.f is induced in L
so as to oppose the current, C therefore discharges slowly. When it is completely
discharged, the electrical energy originally stored in the electric field between the
capacitor plates has been transferred to magnetic field around L.

At this instant, the magnetic field begins to collapse and a p.d is induced in L which tries to
maintain the field. Current therefore flows in the same direction as before and C gets
charged in the reverse sense creating a magnetic field of opposite polarity.

Discharge again occurs in opposite direction to attain the initial charge on either plates
and the whole process is repeated over and over again.

48. (a) What is meant by magnetic meridian? (01mark)

Magnetic meridian is the vertical plane through the earth containing the earth’s magnetic
axis. Or it is a vertical plane in which a freely suspended magnet sets.

(b)(i) Describe the effect of eddy currents in a dynamo and state how they can be
reduced? (03mark)
Eddy currents cause heating up of the dynamo armature core. This reduces
efficiency since some of the energy input is converted into heat. This problem is
reduced by laminating the core to prevent circulation of these currents.
 (ii) Explain why eddy currents are useful in a moving coil galvanometer. (03marks)

In a moving coil galvanometer, eddy currents damp the oscillation of the coil. This
makes the pointer to settle at point quickly. It is desirable for quick and accurate
reading.

(iii) What is the difference between a motor and dynamo? (02marks)

A motor converts electrical into mechanical energy while a motor converts

mechanical into electrical energy.

(c) Describe how a search coil and calibrated ballistic galvanometer can be used to
measure magnetic flux density at a given point near a wire carrying current.
(06marks)

A search coil of know geometry connected in series with a ballistic galvanometer BG is

placed close and with its plane parallel to the wire under test.

Switch K is closed and deflection θ1 on BG is taken.

K is then opened and deflection θ2 on BG is taken again.

𝜃1 + 𝜃2
The average θ = is determined
2

Now Q = kθ
𝐵𝐴𝑁
Also, Q =
𝑅
𝑘𝑅
∴B=
𝐴𝑁

Where A = Area of the coil

N = Number of turns

R- total resistance of the circuit

 k = calibration constant

(d) An aircraft is flying horizontally at 800kmh-1 at a point where the earth’s magnetic flux
density is 2.31 x 10-5T and angle of dip is 600. If the distance between the wing tips is
50m, calculate the potential difference induced between its wing tips. (05marks)

BV = 2.31 x 10-5 sin 600 = 2 x 10-5 T

1000
e.m.f induced = BLu = BVLu = 2 x 10-5 x 50 x 800 x = 0.22V
3600

u = velocity in m/s

49. (a) (i) Write down the expression for the force exerted on a straight wire of length, L
meter carrying a current, I amperes at right angles to magnetic field of flux density B tesla
(01marks)

F = BIL

(ii) A rectangular coil of N-turns and area A m2 is suspended in a uniform magnetic field
of flux density B tesla. Initially the plane of the coil is at right angles to the magnetic
field. Derive an expression for the initial couple on the coil when a current I amperes
flows through the coil. (05marks).

Solution

- When current flows through the coil, the conductor experiences a magnetic force.
- Force on side PQ = NBIb (downwards) while Force on side RS = NBIN (upwards).
The two forces cancel out due to rigidity of the coil.
- Side PS experiences force NBIL perpendicularly into the page while RQ
experiences force NBIL perpendicularly out of page. The two forces constitute a
couple whose moment of force
τ=Fxb
= NBILb
= NBIA (where is the area = L x b)
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer and explain how it works (06
marks)

Structure

- It consist of a rectangular coil of fine insulated copper wire wound on an aluminium

frame to provide electromagnetic damping.
- The coil together with the frame of aluminium are mounted over a soft iron cylindrical
core and freely pivoted on jeweled bearing to minimize friction at contact.
- The suspension torsion wire suspending the coil is attached to a pair of control hair
springs T1 and T2 for feeding current in and out of the coil and control rotation of the
coil.
- The coil is then suspended between concave pieces of a strong magnet to provide
magnetic field.
Mode of action
- Current I to be measured is passed into the coil via hair spring T1.
- The current then causes the coil to experience a deflection torque, r = NABI due to a
couple force causing rotation in a radial magnetic field.
- The coil turns with the pointer through angle θ until stopped by restoring torque, r =
kθ provided by a pair of hair springs T1 and T2.
- At equilibrium, NABI = Kθ
𝑘
- ∴ current I = ( )𝜃
𝑁𝐴𝐵
- I ∝ θ, hence the instrument has a linear scale
Where B = magnetic field strength between the poles of the magnets
A = area of the plane of the coil
 N = number of turns of the coil
k = torsion constant of suspension wire

(c) A small circular coil of 10 turns and mean radius 2.4cm is mounted at the center of a
long solenoid of 750 turns per meter with its axis at right angles to the axis of the
solenoid. If the current in the solenoid is 2.0A, calculate the initial torque on the
circular coil when a current of 1.0A is passed through it. (05marks)

Solution

For a solenoid, B = μ0nI = 4π x 10-7 x 750 x 2 = 1.88 x 10-3T

Initial torque, τ = BIAN

= 1.88 x 10-3 x 1 x (π (2.4 x 10-2)2) x 10

= 3.69 x 10-5Nm

(d) Explain why a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experience a force.
(03marks)

Solution

The current in the wire setup a magnet field around the wire. When the field due to the
wire interacts with the external magnetic field. The resultant magnetic field has greater
flux density above the wire than below it.

The wire moves from a region of greater magnetic flux density. Hence the wire moves
downwards.

50. (a) (i) What is meant by the root mean square value of alternating current? (01mark)
 Root mean square value of an a.c is the value of steady current which dissipates
heat at the same rate in a given resistor as a.c.

(ii) Describe with the aid of a labelled diagram, the structure and action of a moving
iron meter. (05marks)

When a current is passed through the coil, the iron rods magnetize in the same poles
adjacent to each other in whatever the direction of current. Hence they repel and the
pointer move in the same direction until it is stopped by the restoring spring.

Since the magnetic force is proportional to the square of the average current, hence,
the deflection is proportional to the square of average current.

Advantage: it measured both direct and alternating current.

Disadvantage: it has nonlinear scale

(iii) What is meant by the term reactance? (01mark)

Reactance is the opposition to the passage of alternating current through a

capacitor.

(b) In the diagram below, VL is the voltage drop across the inductor.

(i) Draw a vector diagram to show the orientation of VL with respect to current I
(01mark)
 Note that vector diagrams are also called phase diagrams since they indicate phase
angle and quantities. In this case VL leads I by π/2

(ii) Using the same axes, sketch graphs to show the variation of VL with current I with
time (02marks

(c)

The bulb P and Q have the same rating. P is connected in series with a capacitor across an
a.c source while Q is connected in series with an identical capacitor across a d.c., source
of e.m.f equal to root mean square voltage of the a.c as shown in the figure above.
Explain why bulb P light continuously while bulb Q does not. (05marks)

Solution

During the half cycle when end A is positive, plate D of the capacitor is charged positively.

During the next half cycle, plate D loses its positive charge and becomes negatively
charged.

Current moves to and fro in the wires connected to the capacitor.

Since the filament of the bulb heats up regardless of the direction of current through it,
the bulb light continuously.
 Q lights initially because the initial rate of charge flow is high and then goes out because
the p.d that develops across the plates of the capacitor oppose flow of current. In fact
when the capacitor is fully charged no current flows through it.

(d) A 240V, 60W alternating voltage is applied across a capacitor of capacitance 10μF.
Calculate the

(i) root mean square value of the current which flows (04marks)
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠
𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 =
𝑋𝐶

1
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶

 𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠
𝑉0
Also, 𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 =
√2

𝑉0 2𝜋 𝑥 60 𝑥 (10 𝑥 10−6 )𝑥 240

Thus, 𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 = = 0.64A
√2 √2

(ii) power expended. (01marks)

Power expended = 0

A capacitor is worthless component in an a.c. circuit

51. (a) (i) Define ampere (01mark)

The ampere is the current which when maintained in two parallel conductors of negligible
cross section area and a separation of 1m cause a force of 2 x 10-7N per meter between
them.
(ii)

The diagram in the figure above show a parallel wire P and Q placed 1cm apart and carrying
current currents of 10A and 20A respectively in the same direction. If wire Q is 10cm long,
find the magnetic force acting on it. (04marks)
 Force, F = BI1L
𝜇0 𝐼2
But B =
2𝜋𝑟

𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐿 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 10 𝑥 20 𝑥 10 𝑥 10−2
Thus, F = = = 4 x 10-4N (from Q towards P)
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 𝑥 1 𝑥 10−2

(b) A stream of electrons enter normally, a uniform magnetic field which is perpendicular to
and directed into the plane of the page as shown below

Explain, with the aid of a diagram, the path of electrons while inside the field and after
leaving it (06marks)

Current flows in the direction opposite to that of electrons. Applying Fleming’s left hand
rule, electrons are deflected downwards, i.e. electrons are deflected downwards describing
a circular path.

When electrons move out of the field, the magnetic force become zero. The electrons now
move in a straight line tangential to the circle at the point of exit

(c) Explain why, when a current is switched off in some circuits, a spark is seen across the gap of
the switch. (03mark)

When current is switched off, there is a sudden change in magnetic flux from a large value to
zero in a very short time.

Consequently, a high voltage is induced across the open switch. The high voltage ionizes the
air in the gap. Then positive ions and negative ions combine violently causing a spark.

(d) Show that the total charge which passes through a coil depends only on the resistances of
the coil and the total flux linked. (06marks)
 Consider a coil of N turns and total resistance, RΩ, in which the flux linking each turn is
changing and has a value of φ at time t.
𝑑(𝑁𝜙)
The induced e.m.f, E = -
𝑑𝑡

𝐸 𝑁 𝑑𝜙
Induced current, I = = − ( )
𝑅 𝑅 𝑑𝑡

But I is the rate of change of charge,

𝑑𝑄
∴I=
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑄 𝑁 𝑑𝜙
 = =− ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡

If the flux charges, say from φ1 to φ2, the total charge, Q, that passes is given by
𝑄 2 𝑁 𝜙
∫0 𝑑𝑄 = − 𝑅 ∫𝜙 𝑑𝜙
1

𝑁(𝜙2 = 𝜙1 ) 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥

𝑄= − =−
𝑅 𝑅

Therefore the total charge which passes through a coil depends only on the resistance of the
coil and the total flux linkage.

52. (a) Distinguish between self-induction and mutual induction. (03marks)

Self-induction is the process by which e.m.f is induced in a circuit due to changing current
in the same circuit.
Mutual induction is the process by which e.m.f is induced in a circuit due change in
current in the nearby circuit.

(b) (i) explain the factors which affect the efficiency of a transformer. (04marks)

- Joule heat loss in the winding. Current in the winding leads to dissipation of electrical
energy as heat by I2R mechanism.
- Eddy currents loss. When the magnetic flux linking the core of transformer changes,
currents called eddy currents are induced in the core. The currents cause dissipation
of electrical energy in form of heat.
- Hysteresis loss. When alternating currents flow in the primary coil, movement of
magnetic domains in the core leads to dissipation of energy known as hysteresis loss.
- Loss of magnetic flux. Not all the magnetic flux linking the primary links the secondary
which results in energy loss.

(ii) Power of 6000W is produced at 100V is to be transmitted over a distance of 2km

through cables of resistance 0.2Ω. Determine the voltage at the output of
transformer needed to transmit the power so that only 5% of it is lost.
(assume the transformer is 100% efficient) (05 marks)
 Solution
Power = I2R
= I2 x 0.2 x 2000
= 400I2
400𝐼 2 5
Hence =
6000 100
60 5
=> I2 = 𝑥 = 0.75
4 100
I = 0.866A
Current in secondary of the transformer is 0.866A
Assuming 100% efficient
VPIP = VSIS
6000 = VS (0.866)
VS = 6930V
(c)

In the diagram above, C is a coil of large number of turns connected in series with a center
zero meter, A and a resistor R across cell E. The switch K is closed for some time and then
opened.
(i) Sketch a graph to show the variation of current with time observed on the ammeter
from the moment K was first closed. (01mark)

(ii) Explain the variation of current observed in in (c)(i) (05marks)

When the switch is first closed, growth of current in the coil causes varying magnetic
flux and hence an induced e.m.f in the coil.
The direction of the induced e.m.f is such as to oppose the applied e.m.f. initially most
of the current flows through the ammeter because the back e.m.f is very high.
 As current in the coil increases, its rate of change decreases and the induced e.m.f
decrease to zero and nearly all current flows through the coil. The current through the
ammeter tends to zero.
When K is opened, the collapsing magnet field in the coil leads to an induced e.m.f in
the coil which tends to maintain current in the coil. Current flows through the ammeter
in opposite direction and in the coil current decays to zero as the magnetic field in the
coil decays to zero.

(iii) Describe the effect of placing a bunch of soft iron wire inside the coil, on the
observations in (c)(i) and (c)(ii) (02marks)

- The initial current flows in the ammeter at closing and opening the switch higher
- The time taken for the current through the ammeter to decay to zero is longer.

53. (a) (i) Write down the expression for the force on a charge q coulombs moving with
velocity V at an angle, θ, to a uniform magnetic field of flux density, B.

F = qBVsinθ

(ii) Use the expression in (a)(i) above to deduce the force on a conductor carrying a
current in magnetic field. (03marks)

Suppose N electrons pass through the wire of length L in time t.

𝐿
Force on the electrons = (Ne)B.( )sinθ
𝑡
𝑁𝑒
But =𝐼
𝑡
Force on the electrons and communicated to the wire= IBLsinθ

(iii) Two thin, long parallel wires A and B carry current of 5A and 2A respectively in
opposite directions, if the wires are separated by a distance of 2.5cm in vacuum,
calculate the force exerted by wire B on 1m of wire A (03 marks)

𝜇0 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑏 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 5 𝑥 2
From F = = = 8.0 x 10-5Nm-1
2𝜋𝑎 2𝜋 𝑥 2.5 𝑥 10−2

(b) With the aid of a diagram, explain the terms angle of dip and magnetic meridian, as
applied to earth’s magnetic field. (04marks)
 α = angle of dip

θ = angle of declination

BH = horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field

BV = vertical component of magnetic field

Angle of dip (inclination) α: Angle of dip is the angle that the axis of a freely suspended
bar magnet makes with the horizontal when the magnet settles

Magnetic meridian: This is the vertical plane containing the magnetic axis

(c)(i) Describe, using an appropriate circuit diagram, an expression to investigate the

dependence of magnetic flux density at the center of circular coil on the current
through the coil. (07mark)

The circuit is set up as above

The search coil is placed in the center of the coil such that their planes coincide.
 Current in the circular coil is adjusted using a potential divider. K is closed. Current is
reversed in the circular coil. The deflection θ of the BG is noted.

The procedure is repeated for several currents in the circular coil and corresponding
angles θ of deflection in BG are noted.

A graph of θ against I is plotted and straight line graph through the origin is obtained.

Since θ is proportional to B, then B is proportional to I (current)

(ii) State two other factors on which the magnetic flus density in (c)(i) depends.
(02marks)

- Radius of the coil

- Number of turns of the coil

54. (a)(i) Define magnetic flux. (01mark)

Magnetic flux is thus, a product of magnitude of magnetic flux density and area of
projection normal to magnetic field lines

(ii) Describe an experiment to investigate the relationship between the force on a

current conductor situated in a uniform magnetic field and the current, using the
ampere/current balance. (06marks)

Solution

The apparatus setup is as above, AB = AF, length BC = L

- The Coil BCEF is adjusted to balance in a horizontal position

- Mass M is placed on the scale pan and the current required to restore the balance is
determined.
- The mass is varied and corresponding currents to maintain the balance are
determined.
- A plot of the graph of I against M gives a straight line showing that force on BC is
proportional to current.

(b)

A circular loop of wire of radius, r, is placed in a uniform magnetic field of flux density, B,
with the axis to the field as shown above. Explain what happens to the loop when
current starts to flow in it a clockwise direction if the loop is pivoted about the axis POQ.
(04marks)

Solution

The right hand side experiences an outward force. The left hand side experiences an
equal but inward force.

The two forces constitute a couple which causes the coil to turn about PQ in an
anticlockwise direction.

(c) A vertical square coil of the side 5cm has 100 turns and carries a current of 1A.
Calculate the torque on the coil when it is placed in a horizontal magnetic field of flux
density 0.2T with its plane making an angle of 300 to the field. (03marks)

τ = BANIcos300

= 0.2 x (5 x 5 x 10-4) x 100 x 1 x cos300

= 4.33 x 10-2Nm

(d) Explain why a moving coil galvanometer should have a radial magnetic field, fine
springs and many turns. (06marks)

Radial magnetic field ensures that the Force, F, remains normal to the plane of the
coil when it turns through an angle i.e.
 Torque on the coil τ = BANIsinα, where α is the angle between the normal to the coil
and magnetic field this is balanced by restoring torque = kθ due to current, where θ is
the angle turned through
𝜃 𝐵𝐴𝑁𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
Thus, current sensitivity given by =
𝐼 𝑘

For a linear scale, sin α = 1 => radial field

For current sensitivity, k must be small; i.e. the springs must be fine

For current sensitivity, N, must be large

55. (a)(i) Define the ampere (2marks)

An ampere is a current when maintained in two parallel conductors of negligible cross

section area and separation of 1m cause a force of 2 x 10-7N per meter between them.

(ii) Write down the expression for the force on a conductor carrying current which is
inclined at an angle θ to a uniform magnetic field (02mark)

Force, F = BIL sinθ

Where B = magnetic flux density
L = length of the conductor
I = current

(b)

Figure above represents a current balance. When switch, K, is open the force required to
balance the magnet is 0.2N. When switch, K, is closed and a current of 0.5A flows, a force
of 0.22N is required for balance.

(i) Determine the polarity at the end of the magnet closest to the coil (03marks)

Solution
When K is closed, current observed from end of the coil near the magnet will be
flowing in an anticlockwise direction implying that it becomes a north pole.
 Since a large force is needed to balance the magnet on closing K, there attraction
between the magnet and the coil hence the end of the magnet near the coil is a
South Pole.

(ii) Calculate the weight required for balance when a current of 2A flows through the coil
(03marks)
If Wm is the of the magnet, Fm is the magnetic force due to the coil, and W is the
weight required, then
W = Wm + Fm ……………………. ((i)
But Wm = 0.2 and Fm = kI2
When I = 0.5, Fm = (0.22 – 0.2 = 0.02
0.02
Hence k = = 0.08
0.52
When I = 2, k = 0.08, Fm = 0.08 x 22 = 0.32
Substituting Fm in eqn.
W = 0.2 +0.32 = 0.52N

(c) A rectangular coil of N turns each of dimensions L x b is inclined at an angle θ to

uniform magnetic field of flux density, B. derive an expression for torque on the coil if a
current I is passed through it.

- When current flows through the coil, the conductor experiences a magnetic force.
- Force on side PQ = NBIbsinθ (downwards) while Force on side RS = NBINsinθ
(upwards). The two forces cancel out due to rigidity of the coil.
- Side PS experiences force NBILcosθ perpendicularly into the page while RQ
experiences force NBIL cosθ perpendicularly out of page. The two forces
constitute a couple whose moment of force
τ=Fxb
= NBILbcosθ
= NBIAcosθ (where A is the area = L x b)

(d) A ballistic galvanometer of sensitivity 2 divisions per μC is connected across a coil of 10

turns wound tightly round the middle of a solenoid of 103 turns per meter and
diameter 5.0cm. When the current in the solenoid is reversed, the ballistic
 galvanometer deflects through 8 divisions. If the total resistance of the coil and
galvanometer is 20Ω, find the current in the coil.

Solution
8
Q= 𝑥 10−6 = 4 x 10-6C; r = 20Ω, n = 103
2

𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋(5 𝑥 10−2 )2
A= = = 1.96 x 10-2m2
4 4

B in the solenoid = μ0nL

Magnetic flux linking the coil = φ1 = μ0nI x NA

When current is reversed, magnetic flux linking the coil, φ2 = -μ0nI x NA

Change in magnetic flux linking the coil, φ1 – φ2 = 2μ0nINA

∆𝜙
Charge, Q =
𝑅

𝑄𝑅 4 𝑥10−6 𝑥 20
I= = = 1.62A
2𝜇0 𝑛𝑁𝐴 2 𝑥 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 10 𝑥 103 𝑥 1.96 𝑥 10−3

56. (a) State the laws of electromagnetic induction. (02marks)

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the magnitude of induced e.m.f in
a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change in magnetic flux linking the circuit.
Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the induced e.m.f is in such a
direction as to oppose the change causing it.

(b) A circular coil of 100turns and cross sectional area 0.2m2 is placed with its plane
perpendicular to horizontal magnetic field of flux density 1.0 x 10-2T.
The coil is rotated about a vertical axis so that it turns through 600 in 2s.
Calculate:
(i) The initial flux linkage through the coil (02mark)

Initial flux linkage, φ1 = NBA = 100 x 0.2 x 1 x 10-2 = 0.2Wb

(ii) The e.m.f induced in the coil (03marks)

Induced e.m.f = - rate of change in magnetic flux

φ1 = NBAcos600 = 100 x 0.2 x 1 x 10-2 x 0.5 = 0.1Wb
∆𝑄 −(𝜙1 − 𝜙2 ) −(0.1−0.2)
e.m.f = = = = 0.05V
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 2

(c)(i) Explain the origin of the back e.m.f in an electric motor (02mark)
 When the armature of an electric motor rotating, the wires are cutting the lines of
force and an e.m.f is induced in the armature. The direction of the induced e.m.f is
such that it opposes the applied e.m.f and hence back e.m.f.

(ii) A motor whose armature resistance is 2Ω is operated on 240V mains supply. If the
back e.m.f in the motor is 220V, calculate the armature current. (03marks)
𝑉−𝐸 240−220
I= = = 10A
𝑟 2

(d) (i) Describe with the aid of a diagram the mode of action of a simple d.c. generator.
(06marks)

B1 and B2 are carbon brushes, C1 and C2 are split ring commutators and abcd is a
rectangular coil
When the coil rotates at uniform velocity in magnetic field, e.m.f is induced in it.
When the coil is in vertical position, the commutators change brushes C1 to B2 and
C2 to B1.
E.m.f reverses direction but the current does not change direction. Hence current
flows in the same direction in a resistor.

(ii) Sketch the output of a d.c. generator. (01mark)

(iii) What is the major difference between a d.c. motor and a.c. generator? (01mark)
 In a d.c. motor, electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy while for a
d.c. generator mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

57. (a) Define root mean square value (r.m.s) of an alternating current. (01mark)

Root mean square value of an a.c is the value of steady current which dissipates heat at
the same rate in a given resistor as a.c.

(b) A sinusoidal alternating voltage V = 170sin120πt, voltage, is applied across a resistor of

resistance 100Ω
Determine
(i) The r.m.s value of current which flows. (03marks)

𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 𝑉0
Ir.m.s = but
𝑅 √2
𝑉0 170
∴ 𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = = = 1.2 𝐴
𝑅√2 100√2

(ii) The frequency of the current through the resistor. (02marks)

ω = 2πf; ω = 120π
𝜔 120𝜋
∴f= = = 60Hz
2𝜋 2𝜋

(c) With the aid of a labelled diagram describe the structure and action of hot wire
ammeter. (06mark)

- The current flows through a fine resistance-wire XY, which it heats.

- The wire warms up to such a temperature that it loses heat-mainly by convection-
at a rate equal to the average rate at which heat is developed in the wire.
- The rise in temperature of the wire makes it expand and sag; the sag is taken up
by a second fine wire PQ, which is held taut by a spring.
 - The wire PQ passes round a pulley attached to the pointer of the instrument,
which rotates as the wire XY sags.
- The deflection of the pointer is roughly proportional to the average rate at which
heat is developed in the wire XY; it is therefore roughly proportional to the
average value of the square of the alternating current, and the scale is a square-
law one.

(d) Explain the term self-induction and mutual induction. (03 marks)

Self-induction is the process by which e.m.f is induced in a circuit due to changing

current in the same circuit.

Mutual induction is the process by which e.m.f is induced in a circuit due change in
current in the nearby circuit.

(e) A coil of self-inductance, L and negligible resistance is connected across a source of

alternating voltage, V = V0cosωt.

(i) Find the expression for the current which flows in the coil. (03marks)

If E is induced e.m.f and V is the applied voltage, then V = -E

𝐿𝑑𝐼 𝐿𝑑𝐼
E= ; since V = Vm then V0sincosωt =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐿
∫ cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉0
∫ 𝑑𝐼

1 𝑉0
sin 𝜔𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜔 𝐿𝜔

(ii) Sketch, using the same axes, the time variation of the applied voltage and the
current which flows in the coil (02marks)

58. (a) Write down an expression for the magnetic flux density at
(i) A perpendicular distance, d, from a long straight wire carrying a current I, in
vacuum. (01mark)

𝜇0 𝐼
B=
2𝜋𝑑

(ii) The center of a circular coil of N turn of radius, R, and carrying a current, I(01mark)

𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
B=
2𝑅
(iii) The center of an air-cored solenoid of a turns per meter each carrying a current I.
(01mark)

B = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼

(b) Sketch the magnetic field pattern around a vertical current carrying straight wire in
the earth’s field and used it to explain a neutral point in a magnetic field. (04marks).

At the neutral point, X, the earth’s magnetic field is equal and opposite of the magnetic
field due to the current carrying wire.

(c) What is meant by terms:

(i) magnetic meridian (01mark)

Magnetic meridian is a vertical plane in which a freely suspended or pivoted magnet

rests.

Or

It is the vertical plan containing the earth’s magnetic poles.

(ii) angle of dip? (01marks)

The angle dip is the angle between the horizontal and magnetic axis of freely suspended
magnet.

(d) A circular coil of 10 turn and diameter 12cm carries current I. The coil is placed with its
plane in the magnetic meridian. A small magnetic needle placed at the center of the
coil makes 30 oscillation per minute about a vertical axis.

When the current is cut off, it makes 15 oscillations per minute. If the horizontal
component of the earth’s magnetic flux density is 2.0 x 10-5T, calculate the magnitude
of I.
(Assume that the square of frequency of oscillation is proportional to the magnetic flux
density) (07marks)

Solution

BH = horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field

BC =magnetic flux density due to current in the coil

BR = resultant magnetic flux density.

𝐵𝑅 302
= =4
𝐵𝐻 152

𝐵𝑅 = √𝐵𝐶2 + 𝐵𝐻2

But 𝐵𝑅 = 4𝐵𝐻

𝐵𝑅2 = 16𝐵𝐻2

16𝐵𝐻2 = 𝐵𝐶2 + 𝐵𝐻2

𝐵𝐶2 = 𝐵𝐻 √15 = 2 x 10-5√15

𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
But 𝐵𝐶 =
2𝑅

4𝜋4 𝑥 10−7 𝑥10 𝑥 𝐼

2 x 10-5√15 = = 0.74A
12 𝑥 10−2

(e) Explain what is meant by eddy currents and give four of their applications. (04marks)
When the magnetic flux cutting across a metal changes, an e.m.f is induced in the
metal. This causes eddy currents to circulate within the metal. These currents flow in a
direction as to oppose the magnetic flux threading the metal

Applications
- Damping in the moving coil galvanometer
- Detection of cracks in metal
 - In electromagnetic brake system
- Used in sorting metallic objects from solid wastes.

59. (a) State laws of electromagnetic induction. (02 marks)

Faradays law states that the magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the
rate of change of the magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
Lenz’s law states that the e.m.f induced in a circuit is in such a direction so as to oppose
the change causing it

(b) (i) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the structure and mode of action of a.c.
transformer (05mark)

How it works
- The coil is rotated in a magnetic field, the magnetic field linked with it changes and
hence e.m.f is led away by means of slip rings which press slightly against the carbon
brushes.
- Applying Fleming’s right hand rule, the induced current enters the coil AB and leave
the coil via CD.
- Starting with the coil in the vertical position, the magnetic flux linking it is maximum
and hence no induced e.m.f.
- The induced e.m.f increases with the position of the coil in the magnetic field until it
becomes maximum with the coil in horizontal position and then decrease to zero as
the coil rotates to the vertical position
- The force acting on the sides of the coil change as the coil passes over the position and
hence he current flowing in the coil reverses. Hence an alternating e.m.f or current
flows through the load.

(ii) What are the main energy losses in a practical a.c. generator and how are they
minimized? (02marks)

- Eddy current loss are minimized by laminating the armature

- I2R losses are minimized by use of low resistance winding wires
- loss due to friction minimized by lubricating the rubbing parts

(c) An a.c. transformer operates on a 240V mains. The voltage across the secondary which
has 900 turns is 20V.

(i) Find the number of turns in the primary. (02marks)

VP = 240V, VS = 20V, NS = 960 turns
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑆
=
𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃
𝑉 960 𝑥 240
𝑁𝑃 = 𝑁𝑆 𝑃 = = 11520 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝑉 𝑆 20

(ii) If the efficiency of the transformer is 80%, calculate the current in the primary coil
when a resistor of 40Ω is connected across the secondary. (04marks)

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency = 𝑥 100%
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑆2⁄
𝑅
= 𝑉2 x 100%
𝑃⁄
𝐼𝑃
202⁄
80 =2402 40
⁄𝐼
𝑃
IP = 0.052A

(d) Two long parallel wires X and Y are separated by 8cm in a vacuum. The wires carry
currents of 10A and 5A respectively in the same direction. At What points between
the wires is the magnetic flux density is zero? (03marks)

Solution

Let b be the distance from wire X at which the resultant magnetic flux density is zero.
𝜇0 𝐼
Magnetic flux due to a wire carrying current I is B =
2𝜋𝑟
10𝜇0 10𝜇0
B1 = and B2 =
2𝜋𝑏 2𝜋(0.08−𝑏)
But the resultant magnetic flux density is zero when B1 = B2
10𝜇0 10𝜇0
Then, =
2𝜋𝑏 2𝜋(0.08−𝑏)
 B = 0.053
Hence the resultant magnetic field is zero at points that are perpendicular distance of
0.053m from a wire carrying 10A.

60. (a) Define the terms amplitude and root mean square (r.m.s) value an alternating current.
(02marks)
Amplitude of an a.c is the maximum value of alternating current.
Root mean square value of a.c is the value of a steady current that dissipates heat at the
same rate as alternating current in a given resistor.

(b) A sinusoidal current I = 4sin (100πt) amperes flows through a resistor of resistance
2.0Ω. Find the mean power dissipated in the resistor. Hence deduce the r.m.s value of
the current. (04marks)

Solution
Power dissipated = I2R = (4sin (100πt))2 x 2 = 32sin2(100πt)
But sin2(100πt) = ½
1
Then power = 32 x = 16W
2
2 2
Also, Power = 𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 𝑥 𝑅 = 2𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = 16
2
𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = 8

(c) Describe, with the aid of a labelled diagram, how a hot wire ammeter works. (05marks)

- The current flows through a fine resistance-wire XY, which it heats.

- The wire warms up to such a temperature that it loses heat-mainly by convection-
at a rate equal to the average rate at which heat is developed in the wire.
- The rise in temperature of the wire makes it expand and sag; the sag is taken up
by a second fine wire PQ, which is held taut by a spring.
- The wire PQ passes round a pulley attached to the pointer of the instrument,
which rotates as the wire XY sags.
- The deflection of the pointer is roughly proportional to the average rate at which
heat is developed in the wire XY; it is therefore roughly proportional to the
 average value of the square of the alternating current, and the scale is a square-
law one.

(d) An inductor of inductance, L is connected across a source of alternating voltage,

V = V0sinωt.
(i) Find the current which flows (03marks)
V = V0sinωt.
𝑑𝐼
The back e.m.f E in the inductor wire due to charging current I is E = -L
𝑑𝑡
Assuming the inductor has zero resistance, then for current to flow, the applied p.d, D
must be equal and opposite to the back e.m.f, hence
V = -E
𝑑𝐼
= -L
𝑑𝑡
𝑉 𝑉0
dI =− 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝐿 𝐿
𝑉0
I=− ∫ sin 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡
𝐿
𝑉0
I=- cos 𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐿

(ii) Sketch using the same axes, the variation with time of the voltage across the inductor
and the current through it, and explain the phase difference between them (06marks)
Solution

𝑉0
V = V0sinωt and I = - cos 𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐿
At A; Current lags behind voltage by a quarter a cycle or 900
At B; the current is zero but its rate of increase is at maximum, therefore for the inductor
of constant inductance, the rate of change of flux is also at a maximum. Hence the back
e.m.f is a maximum

Thank you
Compiled by Dr. Bbosa science