Load path: simple frame CEE380 Engineering Structures II
Vertical Loads
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Subdivide for a structural system
Beam design
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Tributary area for beams
Tributary area: Columns
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Foundation types
Hess (2004)
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Progressive Collapse
Use of Different Materials
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Post and beam structural evolution
[Corkill, Puderbaugh and Sawyers, (1965)]
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Greek temple: classic expression of post & beam
Post and beam in traditional Japanese architecture
Severe plan limitations
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Contemporary post & beam construction: flexible layout
Glass facade with minimal column support
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Early development of post & beam skyscraper
Skeleton frame
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Evolution of skeleton frame
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Hess (2004)
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And evolving
Dead Loads
Given: Dimensions and materials Find: Dead Load on Beam Solution:
Look up materials Multiply by the tributary areas Sum
Fordham Spire
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Dead Loads
Example [Coleman]: A floor spandrel (perimeter) beam supports a 4-ft width of 6-in thick concrete slab, the same tributary width of acoustical fiber board ceiling system and a 6 ft height of exterior masonry wall composed of 4-in thick and 8 in concrete block (heavy weight) of 55 psf. Calculate the dead load on the beam.
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Solution
Concrete Slab = 6 in x 12 psf/in x 4 ft =288 lb/ft Ceiling = 1 psf x 4 ft = 4 lb/ft Brick wall = 39 psf x 6 ft = 234 lb/ft Block wall = 55 psf x 6 ft = 330 lb/ft Total Load = 872 lb/ft
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Dead Load Example
Determine the total dead load for an interior column of a three story concrete building with bays of 30 ft by 30 ft. Dead loads are 50 psf for the roof and floors.
Solution
Tributary area at each level for the interior column is 30 ft by 30 ft = 900 ft2 The roof load = area x dead load = 900 ft2 x 50 psf = 45,000 lbs The floor load = area x dead load = 2 floors x 900 ft2 x 50 psf = 90,000 lbs Total column load = 135,000 lbs
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Live Loads
Definition: Loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building May be uniform or concentrated Non-permanent loads, such as
People Furniture Vehicles Minor equipment
Hess (2004)
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Live Load Example
A hotel is to contain a restaurant on the top floor and a ballroom on the second floor, and all other floors will contain guest rooms and corridors. Determine the live load to be used.
Solution
Restaurant = 100 psf Ballroom = 100 psf Corridors = 100 psf Guest rooms = 40 psf Guest corridors = 40 psf
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LL Reduction ASCE7-10, p. 15 Chapter 4; Table 4.1 pp. 17-19.
Lr = 20R1R2
L = L0 0.25 + 15 K LL AT 2 for K LL AT 400 ft
Roof Live Loads Lr Chapter 4, p. 15-16
L = reduced design live lod per sq. ft. of area supported by member L0 = unreduced design live load ...(Table 4 - 1) K LL = live load element factor (Table 4 - 2) AT = tributary area
1 for AT 200 ft 2 where R1 = 1.2 0.001AT for 200 ft 2 < AT < 600 ft 2 0.6 for AT 600 ft 2 1 for F 4 R2 = 1.2 0.05F for 4 < F < 12 0.6 for F 12 F number of inches of rise per foot for a sloped roof
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Area discussion
ASCE7 used to distinguish between an influence area AI and a tributary area AT for live loads -- see the commentary. However, the latest ASCE7 modified the LL equation to include the tributary area only. Since some building codes still use the notion of influence area, we will discuss it.
Breyer, et al. (2004)
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Breyer, et al. (2004) Breyer, et al. (2004)
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Moving loads across bridges are also considered live loads.
Moving live loads
How do we estimate the largest stress induced in a bridge or parking garage by moving loads? Influence lines
Notes will be provided Mostly transportation applications Will delay this discussion
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(7.0) Snow Loads p. 29
Also vertical loadings Map of ground snow loads provided pp. 34-35: modified for roof loading Slope of roof important Drift important
Snow Load Calculations
Flat Roof Snow Loads p f p f [ psf ] = 0.7CeCt I s pg Ce Exposure Factor, Table 7 - 2, p. 30; Exposure Section 26.7, p. 246 Ct Thermal Factor, Table 7 - 3, p. 30 I s Importance Factor, Table 1.5 - 2, p. 5
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Exposure Factor
Thermal Factor
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Snow Loads Figure [partial]
General
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General
Snow Loads Continued
Minimum Snow Load for Low - Slope Roofs, pm [ p.29 ] Monoslope, hip & gable roofs with slopes less than 15 degrees... Where pg 20 psf, pm = I s pg Where pg > 20 psf, pm = 20 I s Sloped Roof Snow Loads [p. 31] ps = C s p f Where Cs Roof Slope Factor Figure 7 - 2 p. 36 Unbalanced Roof Loads p. 32 Rain - on - Snow Surcharge Load : p. 33 This may apply to Puget Sound area.
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Lateral loads: Wind (26.0+), Seismic (11.0 +)
Summary
Introduction to ASCE7-10 Dead and Live Loads
Tributary areas--load path Tables for use Effect of moving live loads (cars) determined by influence line procedures
Snow Loads Effect of lateral loads differs from vertical ones.
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References
ASCE7 Structural Systems Design, Coleman [out of print] Fundamentals of Structural Design, L.A. Hill, Jr. [out of print] Army Manual TM 5-809-10
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