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)= x = (x-0)(+~0)(x -0) has three identical factors. The curve
‘coincident points i.e. at exactly one point. 3
= 2° hasexactly one zero equal to0. Thecurve y = x° cuts x-axis
x-coordinate is equal to zero of the polynomial.
cussion we infer that the graph of a linear polynomial crosses
only and the graph of a quadratic polynomial crosses x-axis atatmost two
graph of a cubic polynomial crosses x-axis at atmost three points. In
nth degree polynomial crosses the x-axis at atmost n points.
AMP!
one ofthe following graphs is the graph ofa polynomial then identify which one
ear polynomial and which one corresponds to a quadratic polynomial?
y=ac) ibe +e represents a parabola i
pening upwards. Therefore, a > 0.
isinfourthquadrant. - tera
0=>b<0. [-a>0]
¢ cuts y-axis at P and on y-axis. We have x = 0. Therefore, on
+ bx + c, we get y = ¢. So, the coordinates of P are (0, c). As Plies on.
= ax? +bx +c cuts y-axis at P which lies on OY. Putting x = 0 in
| we get y = c. So, the coordinates of P are (0, c). Clearly, P lies on OY.
ce, a> 0,b <0,andc>0.
y= ax? +bx +c opens downwards. Therefore, a<0. The vertex
of the parabola is on OX’.
=> b<0 [-a<0]
4 by + ¢ cuts y-axis at P (0,c) which lies on OY". Therefore, c <0. Hence,
= ax? + bx +c opens upwards, Therefore, a >0. The vertex
of the parabola lies in the first quadrant.
D b
> —<0>b<0 a> 0)
>0>5< | 1
OY. Therefore, c> 0.Hence, a > 0,b 0.
0. As (-b/2a, — D/4a) liesinthe fourth quadrant.
o=tb>0 frac)
2a
», <0. Hence, a< 0,b > Oandc < 0.
wi
© | _ Coefficien;
=a
of is
ee
e 2. Then,
16g
epee = gr + 9 ~ x - 12)
P92) — (8x + 12)) = 2 (3x (2x + 3)-4(2¢ +3) 1 7, 4 3)(3x-4)
6
iby fix) =0.
:
0 = 243-0 oF,3x-4 = 0-9 x= = oF, 2=4
2 3
Constant term __
and, Coefficient of x
een the coefficients and zerosis verified.
ETRIC EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING ZEROS OF &
OLYNOMIAL
and B are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x7 — px +4, then find the
Pi 241
‘that o. and f are the zero of the polynomial f(x) = x preg
a, (ii) 9,
sum and
Pro.
ac
Fatic polyno
INCERT EX
Given that a ~ )=0 => V2x-3=0 or, Vix+1=05 xe fp Oh xa
3 A;
F(x) and —
are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x* -x~2, find a
2a+1 and 2B +1.
that cand f are the zeros of the polynomial f(x) = x° =x ~ 2.
te a+B=1
1) QB +1) = 408 +20 +28 +1=40B+2(a+f)+1
[sa +B = Land af = 2]
= Sx +P} =k (x? — 4x —5), where kis any non-zero constant.
N' ‘THE VALUES OF SYMMETRIC EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING ZEROES OF A
IC POLYNOMIAL
and Bare the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = ax? +bx +c, then
Gi) es (ii) o2 + 8°
ft is given that a and B are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial
e
4 T4~ If cand Bare the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) =k? + 4x + 4 such that
2 = 24, find the values of k.
It is given that a and B are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial
ke taxed
a+p=—Sand,op = 4
a? +p? =
(a+) - 2ap = 24 [y o? +B? = (a +B)? - 208]
3k (k +1)-2(k+1) =0
(+1) @k-2)= 0 k+1=0 of 3k-2=0 > k=--1 or, rd
p testent 3
MLE 15 Ifa, Bare the zeros of the polynomial f(x) = 2x + 5x + k satisfying the relation
+op=21, then find the value of k for this to be possible.
a) ee ee f(x) = 2x? + 5x +k.
f asp =—2 and, and, op = £ | = Tasnd pee eae
lynomial whose zerosare 2a.+ 38 and 3
SOLUTION _ Itis given that cand are the;
e+p-{-$)=Secmel
Let S and P denote respectively the sum an
Then,
S = (2a +39) +(3a+26) = 5(a.
and, P= (2a + 38) (3a-+ 28) = 6(a? +f
5 15
=6(a+py +oB= 6x(3) “a
Hence, the required polynomial g(x) is given by
( 2
ge) = ko? 58 +P) OF 8 = ( a of : ts,
are the zeros of the polynomial f(x) = 3x” = 4x41,
and, op
> 3
_ 2 +B _ (+f) - 308 (a +f)
a
d Pencil g(t) is ae
Sx +P) or, g(x) =k (#-2 - B+ 3) where kis any non-zero real number:
Find a quadratic polynomial whose zeros are reciprocals of the zeros of the
| fla) = ax? + bx +0,a40,c40.
Let a.and B be the zeros of the polynomial f(x) = ax? + by + ¢. Then,
_ EXERCISE 2.1
zeros of each of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the
between the zeros and their coefficients:
2 —2x-8(NCERT] (ii) g(s) = 4s" -4s +1
-15 [NCERT] (iv) f(x) = 6x" -3-7x
+2V2x-6 (vi) q(x) = V3x? + 10x + 73
{NCERT]
INCERT] polynomial such that =2%4anda-B=8,
having a.and B as its zeros, , ae
nd ‘are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x" ~ 1, find a quadratic
zeros are and.
|B are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x* ~ 3x ~ 2, find a quadratic
or
si Parethe zeros of the polynomial f(x) = x? + px +g, forma polynomial whose
ure (a +f)? and (a ~ fy’,
ff are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial fix) =x -2x+3, finda
whose rootsare(i) a+2,+2 (ii) act, .
frarethe zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = ax +bx+c, thenevaluate:
a ae 1,1_,
® <- 8 @) ots 2a8
1 1
+488 , epee
) a +p W) Jasb epee
wn oS )a(5 8)
——— _—__________ ANSWERS
55 (i) VB-VB wy SS
ww B- wi) Ba (vii «2
3 & V3,-53 — &i) 28,8 (xii) 13
on(2 +$s+4) iy fay =k(? -41+3)
k(x? + 23x -9) (iv) fey=e{ +e 3). where kis any constant real number
Pare JS and —/3, then)
{CBSE 20)
ind zero of /(x). Ther
Coeff of *
at B ey =
Coolt. of treS
[e048 =02.p=-a)
= 4,B=-4andy=5
“When « = ~4:: In this case,
atP=0>-4+P=0>p=4
erosare a = -4,8 = 4andy = 5
either case the zeros are 4,—4 and 5.
LE 5 If the zeros of the polynomial f(x) = x —3x7 +x+1 are a—b, a, a+b, find
INCERT]
Itis given that a—b, aand a+ bare the zeros of f(x). ©
a—b+atatb=-2 > %=330=1
Constant term
lee la oe
@ bya b= -F
Sag = y=
1-P =-1 coefficients of the }
) =0
2 such that a+p- 271 = 0), whichis the required condition.
zeros of the polynomial fix) = x° — 5x? — 2x + 24, if it is given that the
is 12.
A)
-Aii)
iii) EXERCISE 2.2
\along side of the cubic polynomials below are their zeros.
i eo the zeros and coefficients in each case:
- +2; yl
- Sx-2; 21,1
I egy Sook te prodietat is nroetaker NFO ea ie
83, ~1 and ~3 respectively.
cee f(x) = 2x3 — 15x? + 37x - 30 arein AP., find them.
hat the zeros of the polynomial f(x) = x° + 3px? + 3qx +r may be
(NCERT]
=0-
polynomial f(x) = x° - 12x? + 39x +k are in A-P., find the value
ANSWERS
— 3x? — x + 3),k is any non-zero real number. 3. Oe
6. k= -28
we have studied division of integers. We have seen that on division of an
dividend) by anon-zero integer (called divisor), we obtain the quotient and
»r which is either zero or less than the divisor. Also, dividend, divisor, quotient
remainder always satisfy the following relation.
Dividend = Quotient x Divisor + Remainder
known as Euclid’s division Jemma which we have studied in chapter k
classes, we have studied about division of polynomials. In this section, we shall
the division of polynomials also follows the similar rule which is known as the
gorithm for ials. We will also discuss problems on finding zeros of cubic
ti ials when some of its zerosare given.
it refresh the method of dividing one polynomial by another Po!
illustrations.
1 Divide the polynomial fis) = 140° -
ynomial through
5x? + 9x —1by the polynomial mori!
the poly" POS G8 tePOE - 3h +24
= Ox* + 3x9 ~ 34? — 333 — x?
= (2) q(x) + r(x) = 9x4 + 0x? — 4x 40x 44 — |
, = u(x)
lend = Quotient x Divisor + Remainder
4 Divide
4 the —* 30x' + 11x79 - 82x? - 120448 by
ee — z
4) 30x* + 11x? — 82x? — 12x + 48 (10x? - 3x - 12
30x* + 20x? - 40x?
- - +
= 9x? — 42x? — 12x + 48
= 9x5 — 6x7 +12x
a
— 36x? — 24x + 48
= 36x? — 24x + 48
ee
0
) = 10x? - 3x - 12 and remainder r(x) = 0.
4 r(x) = (x? + 2x - 4) (10x? - 3x - 12) +0
= 30x! — 9x? - 36x? + 20x? - 6x? — 24x - 40.
x? — 12x + 48 = f(x)
x? + 12x + 48 +0
g(a) q(x) +110) = 30x! + 11x? - 82:
_ Quotient x Divisor + Remainder
s, we observe that the division process is
is less than the degree of divisor.
stoped when either the
‘Also, divident, divisor,
a —3,3
5 3x ESx* + 6x — 2, ftw”
[NCERTI
of ft
«a. isa factor
29 isafactorot/”
~2 tofind the other eres! fe -V2)(x+ VD -2x-2+0)
= (x - 2x + 12) {2x (2-1-2 -}
(x-V3)(x+V2)(x-2x-0
tors x - V2, x+ V2, x-1 and 2x - acme - ut
the given polynomial are V2 v3, - 2,1 and ‘
in all the zeros of the polynomial f(x) = 3y4 + 6x? — 2x7 ~ 10x - 5, if tov of
INCERT]
IS :
mys ste two. zeros of f(x). Therefore,
(2 5) diat-5)
eet sca:
a ts of various powers of x, weget
[On equating the coefficients of x4]
[On equating the coefficients of 7]
[On equating the coefficients of x7]
[On equating the coefficient of x]
[On equating the constant terms]
) a= -1,b=0,c =-2,p=-Sandq =10
Quotient q(x) = -x* - 2. and Remainder r(x) = Sx +10.
ON CHECKING WHETHER A GIVEN POLYNOMIAL IS A FACTOR OF THE OTHER:
OLYNOMIAL BY APPLYING THE DIVISION ALGORITHM
By applying division algorithm prove that the polynomial g(x) = x? +3x +1 isa
omial f(x) = 3x‘ + 5x? — 7x? + 2x +2.
We find that degree ( f(x)) = 4 and degree ( ¢(x)) = 2. Therefore, quotient q(x)
2 ( = 4 - 2) and the remainder r(x) is of degree 1 or less. Let
+bx+c and r(x) = px+q. ee
sionalgorithm, we have
fx) = g(x) x q(x) + r(x)
5x? — 7x7 + 2x + 2= (ax? + bx +0)(x? + 3x +1) + (prt) :
Gx 7x? + 2x $2 = ar +Ga4d)x?+(a+3+c)x? ++ Sct p)xtcrg a
ficients of various powers of x, we get
hie [On equating the coefficients of x4] |
Batb=5 [On equating the coefficients of x°] if)
a+ct+3b=-7 [On equating the coefficients of x”] |
b+3c+p=2 [On equating the coefficient of x]
ct+q=2 [On equating the constant terms]
eequations, we get
a@=3,b=-4,c=2,p=Oandq=0 |
Quotient q(x) = 3x? — 4x +2 and, Remainder r(x) = 0x +0 =0 |
‘r(2t) = 0. Hence, (x) isa factor of lx).
|EOUS APPLICATIONS OF DIVISION ALGORITHM
On dividing the polynomial f(x) = x° ~ 3x? +x +2 by a polynomial g(x), the
remainder r(x) where q(x) = x-2 and r(x) = -2x + 4 respectively. Find the
- INCERT] +7
x(@-1)+b-7
2
2° + x +7 and, Remainder = x (a~1) + (b—7)
y g(x). Therefore, LHS is also divisible by g(x). Thus, if we add
ble by g(x). Let us now find the
= 61x ~ 65 to f(x) sothat the resulting polynomial is divisible by by another p
[CBSE 2009)
21x +7 by the poiy.
Od as shown below:
ol ynom + 5x +6 and 2) 2
