2 Aa seas {ile above es canbe pertomed wih dle HCl aswel Sulphate radial cana teens ‘if ilute HCL is used as on pase 9. Analysis of Acid Radicgy, - Macro Methog, tative analysis of any inorganic mixture covers lysis of cations i simple as itis system: fey oe ey eee oe nak isi es of en ue nce ney e Sn Se nord Caan cn ote ee Srintiee es Sama ary test with dete 50, ‘Take a small amount of mit este and add about? di. H,SO,. Note the change in cold Now warm gently, observe the change and draw inference as follows 1, Colouies pungentameling gas | Chonde (CT) Bog arodoincac wit cne Brome 8) Chaat Radiat Covrraton Text 2 Suspected 1\” Ellevescene with evlaion af | Carbonate (00,7) cold. | Nivite N0,") 3. Coloutes gas ing ike roten ges (H,S smell) Sulphide (s*) The clrfom andere (ror mayb alt oti cot Teaide 7) 4. Colouress gs in hot) with che 1. iter paper moistened with cite x ‘king smell of buring sulphur ‘iclromate solution geen one posure to gas. 2. Desolourses KMnO, solution 4% Ybor yellowish white rub | Thosuphae(S,0,) | —seethecontnmatny tes ghecadea diy on warming 6. Solution smells ike vinegar (ac 2 Adtdofrm nde wate foci atone ext —+ vi ‘oun tifa ie. irate (NOS) 1. Ring. Serre treasll anoanof te ir 1, Disdeumalamonteae ane omlae(€,029 : ‘Stray rts wie ie fame. —add wit ml of cone atthe jnetion of 40 ayers Brown ring is due to for NaNO, ~ 2HNO, + 6FeS0, + Ferocyanide and fer'eyanide with cone H,S0,. § lesteven in absence of mitra, ‘The carbon dioxide whe . ovhea pass 2 water, [C8COy, The excessofCO, comers CACO, ma solic C00, +1¢ jubhite. Dae sci composes sup sulphur, nso, (a) Ring Test, Take water exact or soda sbeonce again straight. Now low to stand for ~3 1 ——+ NaliSO, + HNO, 0+ 0, 5 "Cx *HS0 —> ¥.80,+1,0¢50, 7 Sethe test akead (2 ml just aided with dl H,, unds thoroughly. Co "position. Add freshly prepared saturated vy fom the side of ts tube without pou nutes A ship brown ring will be formed forced pour 3 na rns ler beneath slain. Brown ing Wil of + 3Fe(S0,), +2N0 + 41,0 sinus FeS0,+NO ——+ [FaNO)SO, alin. This! shoul ot be eto odide, ‘The ring testis also not eae "give sulphur diorde gas which has ¢ pnayes of Red Rasa hs a de formation of et apie es 4 2C14,COOH, rotues (aki wlan of KMD, (i acted KC, 2N0+0, —+ 20, Comma Gown “The nivous aid iberates iodine from potassium odd which gives Blue colour with starch 2KI + 2HNO, + 1,80, ——> KS, 210+ 2NO +1, {+ sare ——> Blue coloured odo-stareh comples starch iodide has no colour. (rac onan acetate sal iberates act aci which smells tke ving. Uectate, Aston of di cof actate gives red cloute fer acetate when weated wh neutral fri eborite, On “heating base fem actate is pues. COONS + FeCl, ——+ (CH,COO),Fe NACI ae > cHycoo(ort,fe + + 2cH,cooHr rates acetic ai lon mustbe petal and must not contain aions which peipiate {Pe{CN) I et. (he CNS” and Tins should aio be absent Ty which produces ed brown colour similar otha expected in n be removed by addition of AENO, or Ag,S0, solution 1 the fvolves he use of eongierabl amount of iver sls and, ee unless Very necessary 2-4, Reactions involved with conc. 1,S0, Chore, Upon warming with cone. H,SO, 3 chloside salt is decomposed to give clouess HCL as whieh forms dense fumes ofvet thiosulphate which 10 ‘warming of on addition of HCt into black Ag, through a colout 80, 19pivecarbon ton iy. Thecabon mononie na — Ae5,0,1+2%N0, Wee 0 My Ags +1150, mat ess of thiosulpha 'NalAgS,0, is formed which dissolves in excess of vdium thowlpate forming tbl cones NadAeiS,0,)) © -ABS,0,+N4S,0, —+ 2 2NalAgS,O,] + Nas, 0) ——> Na- Practical Chemistry (On warming the dilute solution, Ag;S is precipitated > AgyS 1 +5140, 1 +Na,S,0,-+Na,S0, + gist +81 +80, T+N0,80, ed with an equal volume of 10% ammonium ly down the side ofa test tube containing, with dl, HCland warm the soln, Itbecomes white sulphur. On wa evolved which can be detected + NalFe(S,0,),] + 3NaCl + 2F eC, + Na,S,0, H,P0, + 12(NH,); MoO, + 21HNO, ——> (NH,lPMo,,04] + 12H,0 +21NH,NO, ‘Canary yellow pt to the above test, presence of phosphate should always be tested ‘The reagentamm, molybdate must, therefore, be taken 1. Inabsence of phosphate, aw Discrd sucha pp. ed before performing the above test sep ne. HINO, before adding ammonium molybdate reagent, these (0) Fluoride. Mixa [Now warm the test tube gen touching the test tube and dep ‘reasy appearance inthe test tube is also seen, sand with mixture ina dry test tbe and add to n on the rod shows the precence of fluoride. A NaF + H,S0, —> NaliSO,+HE nays of Acts Raeats " bk fluoride and hydrfiuonc cid on iF —> sip, t+2nFT ‘cone. H,S0 dU ml Green Mares quite reliable because metallic ion ike copper and barium do Ina watch glass or porcelain dish, mix CaF, and mixture in equal amounts snd make the thick paste ofitwith cone, H,SO,. Keep litle paste on te tip of glass rod and bring ielose to (but don’t Tetittouch) the flame, Volatile BE is formed and flame appears green which confirms borate CaF, +H,S0, —> CaS0,+24F B,0,+6HF ——> 2BF, + 3H,0 ith geen Mae feat the mixture with cone. H,SO,. Ifcharring occurs immediately accom- iartarate is present. In the charring, carbon is produced and inthe test ube becomes black. salts of tartaric acid are wat ‘Take wat silver mirror is formed, tartarate is present. ‘Take $m of soda extract ina test tube and aciify with exces of dil CH,COOH. ‘Add CaCI, solution in excess. It gives white pp. sotuble in min terand wash the ppt. wth hot water. Take this ppt test tube and extract with KMnO, drop by drop and shake wel after each a colour of KMnO, dissppea NayC,0,+ CaCl, ——> 2NaCI + CaCO, wep CaC,0,+H50, —> C280,* H,6,0, 2KMinO, + 31,804 5H,C,0, —> K,S0,* 2Mn80,+ 81,0 * 1060, ens coluestPracteal Chemisty can be tested by following methods: dd barium chloride solution. A pale yellow precipitate insoluble jg lesolution. A brownish req lute H,S0, or acetic acid and add diphenyl carbazide reagent. A te, MnO,". All permanganates ar, a8 a rule, soluble in water imparting purple solution. Following tests éan be applied to ascerain the presence of permanganate radical, (0, Toanaqueous solution, add concentrated HCl and boil. Chlorine gas is evolved which tums sarch-iodide paper ion of oxygen gas. The green: purple colours of permanganat ate. This precipitate is soluble in ammonia and in alk hove testis wniten a ‘AsO; + 12MoO,? + 3NH"+ 24H” > (NH,),AsMo,,O9 4 + 12H,0 AsO +2H'+2" = AsO," +1, 4+H,0 2-6. Tests with sodium carbonate extract Donates ofthe metals remain as ‘mixture aftr tilration, Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract ‘Take one part of mixture and four parts of pure Na,CO, in a porcelain dish, Add 15-20 ml tilled wae aed heat whl sing with the lass rod. Heat ‘minutes, add water to make up the los by evoparatiot and fi surbonate extract. Use 1-2 ml ofthis extract foreach test,posit Rae 80,1+SL+1,0 (os etc) rn NaNO, +21 (i) Confirmation Ad bs water oF HNO, and warm, 2NaNO, + 2KL-+ ACH,COOH 5 White po. Sulphite Cl dissolves, — B80, 1+ anc)Practeal Chen, naive of hott acca v chain te. iterated iodine being soluble in CHC), Cand CS, prudent vine odo organi layer Feat of acer aad adde Confirmation of the cAlorade tom oo mast be removed Poot api onde changes ovo H to soda extract tlt becomes distinct acidic AS CaCl, land faoride as CaF, both as white ppt. are cbeainet ate eh are present, it fils and we proceed to another method ‘Second Method, Neutralise the soda extract with il HNO, and add AgNO, Fite he precip tate and do the following teatment; (a) Resudue treaiment. Addt0 f, dil H,SO,and few drops of KMaO, and warm The colow of KMnO, is discharged —+ Oxalate (8) Filtrate treatment. Ad Barium nitrate to this fitrate. This gives whe precqpeate of Bar Muoride —+ FluoridePractical Chemiay, posed by cone. H,SO, butcarbonst is decor er destroying the carbonate. nt arn. Ieffervescence ake place pass rent. Heat the: (Oy, Fresh effervescence co ‘uual sodium carbonate extract “The carboane can not be tested by soda extract as 1, H,SO, and gases SO, and Co, ever, notaffeced by pesencecy abonate in presence of sup, 1d add dil. H,S0, and some solid KjC0,, Warm and pass the ums milky, carbonate is present. 1 0, + cx + cco, +1,0 oat 4 1NxS0,+2HC1—+ 2NiCI+ 140 +80,7 80, # Cx0H}, —+ CaSO, +1,0 sin) Onpasingexens of gases 0," ease: C4CO, + H,0+CO, —+ €250, + 1,0 +50, —+ H,S0,— wl with BaCl test for sulphate. By a HCI, a white ppt of barium Muorde iso le in HCI even if sulphate is absent. Hence to test SO,* in presence of F Acidify soda extract with excess ot ace {is produced which confirms presence of sl Reactions NaySO, +(CH,COO),P> —+ PbSO,+2CH,COONs (osoabe) 2NaF + (CH,COO),Pb —> PLE, +2CH,COONa (otuiey lube whereas PO, is soluble in acetic acid, In this way, fluoride fils id ad lead acetate solution and warm. A white ppt ‘The ppt of PSO, to interfere inthe abo 1M, Phosphate, Ars in presence of each other. pre potion of sodium cabonate extet with di HCI and then pass H,S immediate %olow ASS, confims arsenite, Continue to pass H,S untfaomue rere volume, ad 2-3 mi cone. HNO, and heat, Now add excess of ‘warm —— appearance of canary yellow ppt contre: poe mi of 10%, solution and 5 drops of cons. CYyr 3 Analysis of Basic Radicals as Cations ration of s0hion ofthe it canbe taken to undergs, lar ye af ons atone time and other type ies Thisway,wedvie thea ofeatons nose ous. The carceraec get sou notanderg sedimentsion, et consiuens shoul osteo the bam, 34. Merits and Demerits of Acid Solvents 2. Hydrochlori Acid Atri. Sine the hlvides re moe volte than nitrates, cations dissolved in ‘as fest beter than in HINO, HCI canbe easily evaporated off The naseeaen Semis» S00 Mn eee insoluble in HNO, but dasolee in Red ae ‘egoey wed for preparing the solution of mite where Hs on Hct, foms gc, ‘nese complex detect Hg” ions idesare vapourised from hot HCI soation, arsenicand mercuric chor Presence of hydroium fon ted by hydronium ions alone renee id. For the purpose of solu 1480, He nd 380 is least desirable of the thee Se "sips isola, maybe ony an ble in water 20 a ‘Analysis of Basle Rascals as Catone ent. To prepare the solution, he selection ofthe may be done by using one ofthe following reagents, wiigins reagents in cold ethen contents shouldbehested Teg i HCL, we get white when HCL isolves We assume the absence of fist group members wot always ensure the presence of st growp hen present substan tate disappears on dilution with wat . ‘Cone. HCL When the dilute acid fils te dissolve, th water final "take, 1-2 ml of cone. HCIto dissolve + We prepare the solution and dite the ‘1 0ps of Br, water, bol and observe its solubility otherwise some ofthe second group radicals wll IRismecessary to dilute this solution with w not be precipitated 4. DiLUNO,, The amof the mixture in testa and observe third solvent with which tubeand add 2 ml of HN we ty is dil. HNO, Ase here also take 0.1 105, Shake itwellto dissolve. If itidoes not, he Boi dilated. Cone. HNO, Cipitate second group Bive yellow white suspens Aer finding out the suitable ‘make is solution. ing in take hydrogen from H, icreates compl solvent, (2) {transparent solution thes (®) Ifnot transparent, add again 1-2 milo! Solution does not become clear, add 2-3 ml of wat ny heatand observe. Ifthe to the same solution, Ifit becomes clea barium‘Anais Ot Bass Radeas as Catona 34. Basis of Group Sepa 5705p ir absent se the orginal solution for farther 33. Group separation The tonic conceneniee oa P radicals are precipitated i The} ‘The flow-sheet given below reveals in brief texted fren original solution values of first group chlorides me " Saleen ede vey low and ace basa rcp fom et of it eu i fam of grein, Lew hey bars Om he lovee ee aleof TV Spat eens Wate isuppesies the concenaton ofS“ eto ion common Hs +s (ret enn na ser From the fitrate of I group, the third recipitate in he form of thee hydrox uite low lest the hydroxides of higher is used as precipitating reagent and NHCl is wed to snes jie fourth erovp radicals ane precipitated a heir sulphides fom zt of I group and these need large concentration ofS" ons. The alalne medium helps in one co> NHOH = NH, +o1r HS = wH +s (ove insta) fogether to form non-electrolyte water. To make up the loss of” lone re and thus provides a high concentration of The fifth group radical are group. Ammoniacal medium is. OF ions join HS onises more and mor ‘Sion. Precipitated in form of thei carbonates from the filuate ofthe four already hereto contol the concentration of CO, "ions by NH," on common Finally im sinth group, Mg", Na" and Kare tested independently nthe sith group no group reagent is used is ps Pas, Cus, Bis, Nes. cas Conper Grom ‘uray Analysis of Group! (g's Pb He.”). Group Reagest—DiL HCL ‘Add dilute HCI to the orginal solution, If fist group is present, a white precip ofthe chlorides of first roup (PbCI,. AgCI and or He, ‘obtained. Filter it and keep the filtrate for ‘subsequent groups. Boil the residue with water and filter it hot Weroup i me, | White Residue Pt. (AgCl and He.) BsCO,, 170, and CaCO, ‘Wash it with hot wale fo remove PECI, Veroup portion + KI» yellow ppt ifany. Now sake the residue wit (of il NHOH, warm and fer.Practical Chemisy should have comer late retained in ingbut Thisshows the abince in large concen t ppt. This may, disappears by ang 2-3 drops of eon HCL auth as both with KI add K,CrO, give coloured precip onading water, The ppt may also be due to the borate before the separation al sluion of mint iprepard in di, on eating Pb is indicated. The white ppt ‘Anais f Basic Rascals as Cations oup Reagent—t ‘The precipitate so obtained in dilute and cone the second group ra their precipitated forms. mol by aioninaction upon verse wi ent. Divide He the second pat to double of its for few minute to ensue tie sppears on passing free sulphur, solution ismixed. The following table contains ll and colours Raale Presptatedas Cour af pe 1] 1 eS ‘Whit, changingo yellow and Taal oD | 2 Ps, Black may be Re 3 tis, Dark Brown or Bek | 4 as 5 cus | . Ass, 2 ss 2 Sos, 8 SS, Dal o diay yellow the precipitate and keep the irate Tor 3 of yellow ammonium sulphide ines and fle, subsequent groups. Takei resus na parcel (NH)S, and heat 1 1 neatly 60°C with constantPractical Chemisey sclomi HINO, (oneparteone. HINO, Fone group. Keeps eben need ‘SMUT ppt. Copper (0) Test far Cadmium, Divite second pr ito (0 Toone par add KCN (poison soln op by op unt Bue colour disappears. Pass HS > Note. Pass 1,5 for a short time (4 To second par, add exces of. make soln strongly sedie Now ad ier. To he fi Note: fon pnder can also be used in place of at. als as Catone a NO, and ad exces of aren finer ifnecesary and then pass HS. “The above operations ae necessary because if S? sulphate Ith group basi radials are also presen soation of mixtures prepared in Iconcetrated acid is required to prepare the original ‘and2-3 ml cone. 1Cland boil ofFalmost completely, Now a Aue by adsing ner 50m of water and then pass, The reasons for maintaining proper acidity are sroup sulphides snd Toensure complete precipitate ‘water and H,S is pasted long ax complete and use ic shouldbe repeatedly diluted by adding ‘does not give pp, the precipitation i ay be Seen which may be due to mercury but his is for a ‘black. This gives an idea about the presence of mercury Of HRCI,HgS. A long standing whit precipitate sof only -moment and such ppc yellow a ‘The white precipitate has probably a compos sulphur and this shouldbe discarded. 5. white suspension formed afer continued H,S treatm fice sulphur. This suspension passes, _roup sulphides, in result of oxidation of H,S to proatuce ough ier aper and thus it does not indicate the presence Of any IPractical Chemistry ‘cus and CAS). Ps. Bi ss and $0) Washebe pat water for 34 oe ee rate(1) Ie get blue colour fer ing NHI shows presene of eopp but eadmiuns may or ‘may ot be present In such meat, divide blue Sol at two prs a orton + oi suai slton (@) Tes fr Copper. Toone pan edd CH,COOH snexces and coal —> Block pp. ‘0 acy and then KFe(CN), sn. —+ Choeoe BISMUT late brown pe. Copper. (©) Test for Cadmium, Divide second pan into (0 Toone par, add KCN (poison) soln. op by ‘op unl blue colour disappears Pass HS dellow pt shows cadmium Note. Pass 1,8 for ashore, 0) Tosecond pan, add exces of il H,S0,t0 sake soln. strongly acidic. Now add lle zinc ‘Analy of Basic Radical as Catons Resiue (2) one. NO, and add excess of ‘molybdate and neat yellow pp Notes 1, (@) Hfthe mixture contains NO,” or N ‘ong time in order o decompose these oi (6). Ifthe orginal solution is prepared necessary and then pass HS, “The above operations are necessary because if'S* and SO,” are present in mixtut, they ae oxidised 0 sulphate. If Sth group basic radicals are also present, they will precipitate a 1 group sulphides. 2. Wfnizae is pesentin mixture, should also be destroyed by biling a litle inte with 1 gm solid to tand prepare the clear solution di ion ofl group base radi should contain about 0.3 NAIC, Fe of mixture i prepared in evaporate the solution to dynes add. di HCI. bol and iosteompletely, Now add Ait by adding eaty 50 ml of water nd then pass, The reaons for maintaining proper acidity are sch Yai medium Le solution contains too much HCH) —+ C4, Pb Sa are dificult to be precipitated as sulphides. Sometimes in oo ie medium if Pb is present, red ppt. of POC, PbS is obtained when H,S is passed in the solution nition ae oa solution is ess acidic (eit contins vr ‘s10up sulphides and arsenic does not completely prec Toensure complete precipitate of group basi radical, the i ater and HS is passed so long as pp. appears. When the completeand use his HC) —+ ZnS et. are precipitate along with tt repeatedly dled by adding f does not give pp. the prespiation is hay bed to mercy but is fora omen and such pce oy san ea about th pees of mere Tigi reat has probaly a composton oF HgC, HS. A long standing sine eerenee ‘sulphur and this should be discarded. z q * on % of oxidation of H,S to produce Ecggulpiu. This surpenson pase out tough iter operand thsi does nxn meses chee‘Analyse ot Basic Racal ax Cans = {i case mixture contains mercurous al, an lccbisicsluion of i acd gives an orange o Pes b+ 2811 1, nigh aii medium, afd pps baie. PS PHC], —> PECL PES Y et 1 composition and ealout of pp: depend pon the aii pai sotto te pte, btn abot Jos give ppt wits HS. Th i peciitating soon. Ina col andThe yellow pp. isnsoluble in uti cid and NI roCHO, + ANH (oli SleePractical Chemisty presence of exces of lence wilh KFe(CN),] a reddish brown ppt 2cu" + [Fe(CNyI” —> Cy Reactions with C4: este ‘ann, t . a when Ss pase 1 When filtrate ts blue : Aiton of excess of KCN forms soluble cite eee eel Yellow ppt. Reactions of Sb and Sn: Ht ations f°° q Sec, + 30 o SnCl, + 4(NHH),C,0, —> fons which at precipitated when H,S it Since compicx of antimony is unstable and gives ns to be precipitated ss sulphide when HS passed whereas complex of tin does not give suffic Fes Secl, —> Feci, +s01 Black HES is passed, no black ppt. of Cu,S is produced ; wh ton for eadmicyanide complex is comparatively high, therefore, enough Ca” ions are ble inthe soliton and when H,S is passed, 2 yellow ppt. of CaS is produced. In this way, cadmi ‘dented in the presence of copper. ‘Arsenic Group Reactions + Sal, ‘Treatment of soluble thio-sats in Removal of Interfering Radicals th cone. HINO,, the oxalate and tartarate are converied into onli and ar easly decomposed in presence of cone. HNO, a8 flows y+ 2NANO, + HCO, 2x0, 1'+200, 72440 44300,1+c0 T+ 7,0 Sb, forme iil, parually decomposed to Sb,S, 1. Oxalate a ‘Sb, —+ Sb,5, +25 1+ 2nS, $+ H,S tartaric acids respect INO, —+ §NO, 15 2 HCL Sot, 24SNaCrO, +2110 Nx, + 24680, —+ Ag,C10,4 + 2¥4NO, vith Fe Reactions with Ma, In cone. HNO, (0) Lead peroxide, 2Mo(NO,), + SPBO, + 61INO, Mn, 31,0 dissolves, + aist90, + sPeN0,, + 21,0 (urpesolny + NOT +2140 + are" je byoxies > Fe(om, 3 Avorn, +3 + CoM, 4 SNC habe convened otal (i) Sodium bitte ‘Manganese nate when reduced by sod MNO} )s + SNABIO, + 1 bismathatexves following reactions INO) —+ 2HM20, + sBicNo,), Carpe ssia + SNANO, + 71,0 manganese by HINO, and may be precipitated as Chemical reactions involved in 1V Group The addition of ammonia (1, con. NU 10H) converts these cations except Mn nto soluble amino tom- M01), +10] > Mao, + 11,0 plexes, y becomes hydated, e, Ma, ‘lt excess of NaOH forming a soluble sodium le yellow sodium chromate. i, © 890 ——y Nae Hee + (0) Mal +s" —y ans 4 "AMOI 10] —y 263,610, + 11,0 (Mesh aud) Soluble and (anny g” +s*—+ zs + anny sellow : ite ody whitePraca Chay, 10, —+ (tp fXs001 'on AgNO, pape Chromium and Manganese Excess of Na,CO, + KNO, are mixed Special Tests for Some Basic Radicals ‘The students may also performthe following special tests andthey mayhave some idea about some ‘ofthe basi radials which can be confirmed inthe regular analysis described in preceding sections. Copper Prepare clea solution of mixtu and add slowly NH,OH solution —> Bluish wh The ppt dissolves by adding excess of NH,OH —» Deep bive solution shows the presence of copper. baPractical Chom, 48 : xi 1,50, + 2CO, Mn$O,+2KNO,+2Na,CO, ——> NayMn0, +2KNO2* me ° Ca act with dil. H,SO,— pink ¢ The fused mass is extracted with boiling water. Acidify this xtra wid Bee cyedunaso shows the presence of Mn. Boil this pink solution with alcohol —> La fllow solution is tre te lo or orange-yellow colour becomes distinct —» Cr is present. When Ye Ti” Wi acetic acid and lead acetate, a yellow ppt. confirms the presence oF Cobalt Take the mixture in atest tube and add 1-2 ml of cone. HCl ar add excess of water and boil —» Light pink solution. Put a drop o and dry it on low flame. Green spot on the paper shows presence 0 Note. Most of the cobalt compounds respond to this test] Nickel dimeth; ‘Since in dimethyl glyoxime test of nickel, Fe’? and cobalt interfere, perform the dimethyl glyoxin, test for Nias follows : Prepared the solution of mixture in HCl and boil it with 1-2 drops of cone. HINO. Cool an make solution alkaline by NH,OH and filter out if any green ppt. Add dimethylglyoxime to 4, filtrate ~> rosy-red ppt. shows the presence of nickel Manganous Salts ‘The salt free from chlorides is boiled with a little of conc. HNO, in presence of a little lead dioxig diluted with water and then allowed to stand for 5-10 minutes. If supernatant liquid is purple (viole in colour, Mn’ is indicated. The purple colour is due to permanganic acid. Since Pb,O, on continued boiling with conc. HNO, changes to PbO;, hene (red lead) may also be used in place of lead dioxide (PbO,). ad boil —> Dark green solution, ‘y, this pink solution on a filter pap f cobalt. above test Pbc