Scribd
Upload
14 views5 pages

Webcontent 146 513 2 Hydrogen 20190918151713

Hydrogen has similarities to both alkali metals and halogens. It has an electronic configuration of 1s1 and is usually placed in group 1 or 17. Hydrogen exists as the diatomic molecule H2 and is prepared through various reactions including the reaction of acids with metals. Water is an important compound of hydrogen and has many unique properties.

Uploaded by

Amandeep Kaur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views5 pages

Webcontent 146 513 2 Hydrogen 20190918151713

Hydrogen has similarities to both alkali metals and halogens. It has an electronic configuration of 1s1 and is usually placed in group 1 or 17. Hydrogen exists as the diatomic molecule H2 and is prepared through various reactions including the reaction of acids with metals. Water is an important compound of hydrogen and has many unique properties.

Uploaded by

Amandeep Kaur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Hydrogen

SYNOPSIS
Symbol- H
Electronic configuration-1s1
Position in Periodic Table- Not fixed (sometimes with alkali metals in IA and sometimes with halogens
in VIIA group.
Similarities with alkali metals-
1. Electronic Configuration- ns1
2. Electropositive character-

H 
e
 H

Li 
e
 Li

Na e
 Na 
3. Valency- Both hydrogen and alkali metals show electrovalency +1.
4. Oxidation state- Both hydrogen and alkali metals show +1 oxidation state
5. Affinity for non-metal
6. Reducing nature

Similarities with Halogens-


1. Nonmetallic character
2. Electronic configuration-Both have one electron less than the next inert gas.
3. Diatomic nature- H2,F2,Cl2,Br2
4. Electronegative nature-
H  e  H
Cl  e  Cl

5. Ionisation potential- Ionisation position of hydrogen is 13.5eV. The value is nearer to the halogens.
6. Similar covalent compound- CH4 and CCl4, SiH4 and SiCl4.

Discovery and Occurrence-


1. Hydrogen was prepared by Henry Cavendish by the action of acids on metals.
2. Lavoisier named it hydrogen.
3. Hydrogen is most abundant element in the universe.
4. Present in sun’s atmosphere, mineral oils, Organic compounds, alkalies.

Isotopes of Hydrogen-

Protium(1H1), Deuterium(1H2), Tritium(1H3)

Preparation of Dihydrogen, H2 –
Laboratory preparation-
1. Reaction of granulate zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid
Zn + 2H+  Zn 2  H2
2. Reaction of zinc with aqueous alkali
Zn  2NaOH  Na 2 ZnO2  H 2
Sodium Zincate

www.topperlearning.com 1
Commercial production-
1. Electrolysis of acidified water
2H2O  2H2  O2
2. In production of NaOH and Cl2
2Na  2Cl  2H2O  Cl2  H2  2Na  2OH
3. Reaction of Steam on hydrocarbons
CH4  H2O 
1270K
Ni
 CO  3H2
C  H2O 
1270K
 CO  H2
CO  H2O 
673K
 CO2  H2
CO  H2O  Water gas\Syn gas

Properties of Dihydrogen, H2 –
Physical properties- Colourless, odourless, tasteless, combustible gas
Chemical properties-
1. Reaction with halogens-
H2  X2  2HX (X  F,Cl,Br,I)
2. Reaction with dioxygen-
2H2  O2  2H2O
3. Reaction with dinitrogen
N2  3H2  2NH3
4. Reactions with metals
H2  2M  2MH
5. Reactions with metal ions and metal oxides
yH2  Mx Oy  xM  yH2O
6. Reactions with organic compounds
H2  CO  RCH  CH2  RCH2CH2CHO
H2  RCH2CH2CHO  RCH2CH2CH2OH

Hydrides-
1. Ionic or Saline hydride- NaH,LiH
2. Covalent hydride- H2O, NH3,CH3
3. Metallic or Non-Stoichiometric(or Interstitial) Hydride- LaH2.87,YbH2.55,VH0.56

Water-
1. Colourless, tasteless liquid
2. High freezing and High boiling point
3. Bond angle in the water molecule is 104.5°.

www.topperlearning.com 2
Structure of Ice
1. The crystalline form of water is ice.
2. At atmospheric pressure, ice crystallises in the hexagonal form, but at very low temperatures, it
condenses to the cubic form.

Chemical Properties of Water-


1. Amphoteric nature-
H2O(l)+NH3 (aq)  OH- (aq) + NH+4 (aq)

H2O(l)  H2S(aq)  H3O (aq)  HS (aq)
2. Redox Reactions Involving Water-
2H2O(l)  2Na(s)  2NaOH(aq)  H2 (g)
6CO2 (g)  12H2O(l)  C6 H12O6 (aq)  6H2O(l)  6O2 (g)
3. Hydrolysis Reaction-
P4 O10 (s)  6H2O(l)  4H3PO4 (aq)
SiCl4 (l)  2H2O(l)  SiO2 (s)  4HCl(aq)
4. Hydrates Formation-
Coordinated water- Cr(H2O)6  3Cl
3

Interstitial water- BaCl2 .2H2O


Hydrogen-bonded water-
Cu(H2O)4 
2
SO24 .H2O in CuSO4 .5H2O

Hard and Soft Water-


1. Water free from soluble salts of calcium and magnesium is called soft water. It gives lather with soap.
2. Water containing soluble salts of calcium and magnesium in the form of hydrogen carbonate,
chlorides and sulphates is called hard water. It does not give lather with soap.

Hardness of Water-
1. Temporary hardness
2. Permanent hardness

Methods to remove Temporary hardness-


1. Boiling:
Mg(HCO3 )2 
Heating
 Mg(OH)2  2CO2 
Ca(HCO3 )2 
Heating
 CaCO3  H2O  CO2 
2. Clark’s method:
Ca(HCO3 )2  Ca(OH)2  2CaCO3  2H2O
Mg(HCO3 )2  2Ca(OH)2  2CaCO3  Mg(OH)2  2H2O

Methods to remove permanent hardness-


1. Treatment with washing soda (sodium carbonate):
MCl2 +Na2CO3  MCO3  +2NaCl
MSO4 +Na2CO3  MCO3  +Na2SO4

www.topperlearning.com 3
2. Calgon’s method:
Na6 P6 O18  2Na   Na 4 P6O18
2

2
M2  Na 4 P6 O18  [Na2 MP6 O18 ]2  2Na 
3. Ion-exchange method:
2NaZ(s)  M2 (aq)  MZ2 (s)  2Na  (aq)
(M  Mg,Ca)
MZ2 (s)  2NaCl(aq)  2NaZ(s)  MCl2 (aq)
4. Synthetic resins method:
2RNa(s)  M2 (aq)  R2M(s)  2Na  (aq)

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)-

Preparation-
1. BaO2 .8H2O(s)  H2SO4 (aq)  BaSO4 (s)  H2O2 (aq)  8H2O(l)
2. 2H2SO4 (aq) 
Electrolysis
 HO3SOOSO3 (aq) 
Hydrolysis
2HSO4 (aq)  2H (aq)  H2O2 (aq)
O2 (air)

3. 2  ethylanthraquinol   H2O2  (oxidised product)

H /Pd
2

Physical Properties
1. In the pure state, H2O2 is a colourless (very pale blue) liquid.
2. H2O2 is miscible with water and forms a hydrate H2O2. H2O.

Structure
1. It has a non-polar open book (skew) structure.
2. The length of the O–H bond is 95 pm, that of the O–O bond is 147.5 pm and the H–O–H bond angle is
111°5.

Chemical properties-

1. Oxidising action in acidic medium


2Fe2 (aq)  2H  (aq)  H2O2 (aq)  2Fe3 (aq)  2H2O(l)
PbS(s)  4H2O2 (aq)  PbSO4 (s)  4H2O(l)

2. Reducing action in acidic medium


2MnO4  6H  5H2O2  2Mn2  8H2O  5O2
HOCl  H2O2  H3O  Cl   O2

3. Oxidising action in basic medium


2Fe2  H2O2  2Fe3  2OH
Mn2  H2O2  Mn4  2OH

4. Reducing action in basic medium


I2  H2O2  2OH  2I  2H2O  O2
2MnO4  3H2O2  2MnO2  3O2  2H2O  2OH

www.topperlearning.com 4
Heavy Water (D2O)-

 It is manufactured by the electrolytic enrichment of normal water. It is used as a moderator in nuclear


reactors.
CaC2  2D2O  C2D2  Ca(OD)2
SO3  D2O  D2SO4
Al4 C3  12D2O  3CD4  4Al(OD)3

www.topperlearning.com 5

You might also like