Global Warming: A Crash Course

I. Introduction

Global warming refers to the long-term heating of Earth's climate system observed since the pre-
industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning,
which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere. This phenomenon is
a significant aspect of climate change, which encompasses not only rising global surface
temperatures but also changes in precipitation patterns, sea level, and the frequency and intensity
of extreme weather events.

II. Causes

 Greenhouse Effect: The Earth's atmosphere naturally traps some of the sun's energy,
creating a "greenhouse effect" that keeps the planet warm enough to sustain life. This
natural process is enhanced by human activities that release greenhouse gases, such as:
o Carbon Dioxide (CO2): The primary greenhouse gas, largely emitted from
burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas).
o Methane (CH4): Released from livestock, natural gas leaks, and agricultural
activities.
o Nitrous Oxide (N2O): Emitted from agriculture, industrial processes, and
burning fossil fuels.
o Fluorinated Gases: Used in refrigerants, aerosols, and industrial processes.
 Deforestation: Trees absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, acting as carbon sinks.
Deforestation eliminates these sinks, further increasing atmospheric CO2 levels.

III. Impacts

 Rising Temperatures: Global average temperatures have increased by approximately

1°C (1.8°F) since the late 19th century, and are projected to rise further.
 Extreme Weather Events: Increased frequency and intensity of heatwaves, droughts,
floods, and storms.
 Sea Level Rise: Melting glaciers and thermal expansion of ocean water contribute to
rising sea levels, threatening coastal communities and ecosystems.
 Ocean Acidification: Absorption of CO2 by the ocean causes a decrease in pH, making
it more acidic and challenging for marine life to survive.
 Biodiversity Loss: Species struggle to adapt to changing climate conditions, leading to
habitat loss and biodiversity decline.

IV. Evidence

 Temperature Records: Instrumental records show a consistent warming trend over the
past century.
 Sea Level Data: Satellite measurements indicate a steady rise in sea level since the
1990s.
  Glacier Retreat: Observations confirm widespread glacier retreat in mountainous
regions worldwide.
 Ocean Heat Content: Direct measurements demonstrate increasing ocean heat content,
indicating a significant energy imbalance.
 Climate Models: Sophisticated computer models simulating the Earth's climate system
consistently reproduce the observed warming trend and project future warming under
different emission scenarios.

V. Mitigation and Adaptation

 Mitigation: Actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including:

o Transition to renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro).
o Improved energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industry.
o Carbon capture and storage technologies.
o Reforestation and sustainable forestry practices.
 Adaptation: Actions to adjust to the impacts of climate change already being
experienced, such as:
o Building infrastructure resistant to floods and other extreme events.
o Developing drought-tolerant crops and water management strategies.
o Coastal protection measures to mitigate sea level rise.

VI. Conclusion

Global warming is a complex and urgent issue with far-reaching consequences for humanity and
the planet. Understanding its causes, impacts, and potential solutions is crucial for addressing
this challenge. While mitigating emissions is essential to prevent the worst effects, adaptation
strategies are necessary to manage the impacts we are already experiencing. Collective action by
individuals, governments, and businesses is required to transition to a more sustainable future.

VII. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

The IPCC is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change. Established by
the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) in 1988, the IPCC provides comprehensive scientific assessments of
climate change, its impacts, and possible response options. The IPCC's reports are widely
recognized as the most authoritative source of information on climate change.

VIII. Key Facts and Figures

 Global CO2 emissions: Approximately 40 billion tonnes of CO2 are emitted annually
from fossil fuel burning alone.
 Pre-industrial CO2 concentration: Around 280 parts per million (ppm).
 Current CO2 concentration: Over 410 ppm, the highest level in millions of years.
 Global temperature rise: Average global temperature has increased by approximately
1°C (1.8°F) since the late 19th century.
  Projected sea level rise: IPCC projections estimate a sea level rise of 0.61 to 1.1 meters
(2 to 4 feet) by 2100.

IX. Social and Economic Impacts

 Increased displacement and migration: Climate change-related events like droughts,

floods, and sea level rise can displace populations and trigger migration.
 Impact on food security: Changes in precipitation patterns and rising temperatures can
affect crop yields and food production.
 Economic losses: Extreme weather events and rising sea levels cause significant
economic damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and tourism.
 Health impacts: Heat waves, air pollution, and the spread of infectious diseases are all
associated with climate change.

X. Addressing Global Warming

 International Cooperation: Global agreements like the Paris Agreement aim to limit
global warming well below 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels.
 Policy and Regulation: Governments can implement policies such as carbon pricing,
renewable energy subsidies, and energy efficiency standards.
 Technological Innovation: Developing and deploying new technologies like renewable
energy sources, carbon capture, and sustainable transportation systems are essential.
 Individual Action: Individuals can contribute to reducing emissions through choices
regarding energy consumption, transportation, diet, and consumption patterns.

XI. Conclusion

Addressing global warming is a complex and urgent task requiring collective action at all levels.
By understanding the science, mitigating emissions, and adapting to changing climate conditions,
we can strive to build a sustainable future for generations to come.