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Power System Optimization

Structure of Power System

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Emmanuel Nyantakyi
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27 views27 pages

Power System Optimization

Structure of Power System

Uploaded by

Emmanuel Nyantakyi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER SYSTEM PLANNING & OPTIMIZATION

EEE 465

BY: DESMOND OKWABI AMPOFO


POWER SYSTEM PLANNING & OPTIMIZATION

COURSE CONTENT

 Brief overview of optimization theory including constrained and


unconstrained minimization, linear programming and dynamic
programming. Application to the power dispatch problem.
 Generation, transmission and distribution planning. Load forecasting
techniques. Use of capacity outage tables.
• Generation, transmission and distribution system expansion;
maintenance planning and scheduling.
 Industrial power system planning and layout to include power panel
arrangements and specifications. Energy conservation in buildings
STRUCTURE OF POWER SYSTEM
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
 Renewable Generation

 Electric Vehicles and Greater Demand Variability

 Distributed Generation

 Technologies for Reliability and Efficiency

 Monopoly and Deregulation


OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
 Renewable Generation

 Main Drivers
 Concerns about the environment
 Tax incentives for renewable generation

 Opportunities
 Diversification of the generation mix
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
 Renewable Generation

 Challenges
 Variability of the supply
 Mostly located far from load centers
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
 Electric Vehicles and Greater Demand Variability

 Challenges
 Substantial increase in power demand during select hours of the years
 Increasing ratio of system peak loads to average loads and falling capacity
utilization
 Charging times for Electric Vehicles
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
 Electric Vehicles and Greater Demand Variability

By 2005–2009, in both
New York and New
England, demand
exceeded 70% of its peak
for only about
1,000 hours so that more
than 30% of capacity was
in use less than 12% of
the time.

Source: MIT future grid study


OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
 Distributed Generation(DGs)
 DGs are small scale generation system of up to 50MW connected to
distribution networks
 At low levels of penetration, distributed generation simply reduces the load
at individual substations
 At high levels of penetration, however, distributed generation can exceed
load at the substation level, causing unusual distribution flow patterns with
power flowing from the substation into the transmission grid
 High penetration of distributed generation complicates the design and
operation of distribution systems
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
 Technologies for Reliability and Efficiency

 Emerging Technologies;

 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)


 Consumer systems
 Distribution Management System (DMS)
 Information and Communicating technologies (ICT)
 Demand response
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION

 Power system optimization is a broad set of interrelated decisions on


obtaining, operating, and maintaining physical and human resources for
electricity generation, transmission, and distribution that minimize the total
cost of providing electric power to all classes of consumers, subject to
engineering, market, and regulatory constraints
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Power System Optimization is aimed at improvements in more areas than
cost:

 Reliability
 Efficiency
 Economics
 Environmental Friendliness
 Security
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Power System Optimization is aimed at improvements in more areas than
cost:
 Reliability — by reducing the cost of interruptions and power quality
disturbances and reducing the probability and consequences of widespread
blackouts

 Economics — by keeping downward prices on electricity prices, reducing the


amount paid by consumers as compared to the “business as usual” (BAU)
grid, creating new jobs and stimulating the nations GDP

 Efficiency — by reducing the cost to produce, deliver, and consume


electricity.
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Power System Optimization is aimed at improvements in more areas than
cost:

 Environmental — by reducing emissions when compared to BAU by enabling a


larger penetration of renewables and improving efficiency of generation,
delivery, and consumption

 Security — by reducing dependence on imported energy as well as the


probability and consequences of manmade attacks and natural disasters
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Optimization Creates Societal Value:

 Reduced losses from outages and PQ


 Increased grid efficiency
 Downward pressure on electricity prices
 Economic growth and opportunity
 Improved environmental conditions
 Improved national security
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Optimization theory

where
𝑔 𝑥, 𝑢 is the set of nonlinear equality constraints (power flow equations)
ℎ 𝑥, 𝑢 is the set of inequality constraints of vector arguments x and u
x is the vector of dependent variables consisting of bus voltage magnitudes and phase
angles, as well as MVAr loads, fixed bus voltages, line parameters, etc.
u is the vector of control variables
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Optimization theory
 Vector u includes the following:

 Real and reactive power generation


 Load MW and MVAr (load shedding)
 Control voltage settings
 Load tap changer (LTC) transformer tap settings
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Optimization theory

 Common objectives in a power system include:


 Active power cost minimization
 Active power loss minimization
 Improve voltage stability index
 Improve voltage profile
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Optimization theory
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Optimization theory
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Unconstrained optimization;
 The absence of equal and inequality constraints specifies an unconstrained
optimization problem

 Most of the constrained optimization problems in power system operation


can be converted into unconstrained optimization problems

 The major unconstrained optimization approaches that are used in power


system operation are the gradient method, line search, Lagrange multiplier
method
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Optimization techniques

 Analytical Approaches

 Genetic algorithm

 Ant Colony

 Etc……
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Genetic Algorithm
 Genetic Algorithms are the heuristic search and optimization techniques that
mimic the process of natural evolution

 These algorithms encode a potential solution to a specific problem on a


simple chromosome like data structure and apply recombination operators
to these structures so as to preserve critical Information
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Genetic Algorithm: Principle of natural selection
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Genetic Algorithm: Principle of natural selection

 Giraffes with slightly longer necks could feed on leaves of higher branches
when all lower ones had been eaten off.
 They had a better chance of survival.
 Favorable characteristic propagated through generations of giraffes
 Now, evolved species has long necks
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Genetic Algorithm: Evolution of species
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Genetic Algorithm Conceptual

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