JOURNAL OF OPTOELECTRONICS AND ADVANCED MATERIALS Vol. 18, Iss. 3-4, March – April 2016, p.

399-406

An experimental study on the performance of proton

exchange membrane fuel cell
M. KELLEGOZ*, I. OZKAN
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Physics Department, 26480 Eskisehir, Turkey

It is known that different operating conditions influence the performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The
effects of different humidification temperatures, backpressures, and flow rates of the reactant gases on the performance of
the proton exchange membrane fuel cell have been studied experimentally. Results are presented in the form of I-V
polarization curves. The possible mechanisms and their interrelationships for these results are discussed. Commonly it can
be said that the electrochemical reaction rate have to be controlled at its maximum rate. Because, excessive use of
required operating conditions cause “flooding” this in turn decreases the electrochemical reaction. In this context, the
o
optimum working conditions under the cell temperature of 70 C were found to be as follows: anode humidification
o o
temperature of 75 C; cathode humidification temperature of 90 C; backpressures of 3atm on both sides, and flow rates of
3
40cm /min on both sides. Under these conditions, the amount of the maximum power density was determined as 0.727
2
W/cm .

(Received December 01, 2014; accepted April 05, 2016)

Keywords: Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Performance test, Polarization curves, Operating conditions

1. Introduction (1.3)

Most energy systems that mankind use provides their Thus a PEMFC is an electrochemical device that
energy requirements from fossil originated fuel sources. converts energy into electrical energy by a chain of
Because of the negative environmental effects and reactions [1-2,9]. When RL is kept wide, a performance
increasingly depletion of these traditional fuel sources, curve can be obtained which is useful in the explanation of
studies directed to clean and renewable energy sources that physical and chemical relationships, and the fundamental
can be substituted for fossil originated fuels and operating principles of PEMFC. The current and voltage
technologies [1]. Proton exchange membrane fuel values of the obtained performance curve depend on both
cell(PEMFC) has received much attention in the last few the electrochemical reactions on the anode and cathode of
decades according to other kinds of fuel cells because of the PEMFC and RL [10-11]. The performance of PEMFC
its high efficiency, durability, lightweight, compactness, is known to be influenced by different operating
harmless and usage as energy converter in fixed and conditions like pressure, temperature and humidification
mobile applications [2-8]. A typical PEMFC structure of the reactant gases. Many studies [12-20] have been
consists of two electrodes as an anode and a cathode which done in order to understand and improve the performance
are separated by a proton exchange membrane (PEM) that of PEMFC.
acts as an electrolyte. Hydrogen gas (H2) that is used as In this work, an experimental study has been done to
fuel flows through a network of channels to the anode, understand the performance of PEMFC under different
where it separated into protons and electrons. While humidification temperatures, backpressures, and flow rates
protons flow through the PEM, electrons flow over an of the reactant gases. This was illustrated by using a
external load (RL) to the cathode. Electrons that flow over double cell stack home-made PEMFC.
RL produce an electric current from the PEMFC. Oxygen
gas (O2) that is used as oxidant flows through a similar
network of channels to the cathode, where it combines 2. Experimental
with protons and electrons to form water (H 2O). The
reaction for H2O formation is an exothermic reaction. 2.1 Preparation of PEM
Therefore heat is produced beside H2O. The reactions on
the anode and cathode sides are Commercially obtained NRE-212 Nafion® membrane
was used to prepare the required PEM having 0.05mm
(1.1) thickness and 36cm2 surfaces. PEM has been purified from
and surface, organic and metal ion contaminations. This
(1.2) process has been done by boiling the membrane for 75min
at 80oC, in pure water, 15% hydrogen peroxide solution
respectively. The total reaction is given as and 50% sulfuric acid solution, respectively. Finally PEM
400 M. Kellegoz, I. Ozkan

was purified from sulfuric acid solution by double rinsing 6x6x1.5cm (LxWxH) and two graphite plates with the
in pure water for 15min at 80oC. Water bath was used for dimension of 6x6x1cm (LxWxH) were used as gas flow
heating the PEMs which was immersed in beakers of the plates. Gas flow channels were drilled on the surfaces of
relevant solutions. Finally, PEM was stored in pure water them. Vertical straight configuration was used as gas flow
to avoid it from environmental pollutions. channels as shown in Fig. 1.

2.2 Preparation of electrodes and gas diffusion

layers(GDLs)

Commercially obtained CC-S type carbon cloths were

used as electrodes and GDLs. Only one side of the
electrodes was loaded with 0.5mg/cm2 platinum (Pt) as
catalyst. Catalyzing solution was used for loading the
electrodes with Pt. The solution was prepared by using
Ammonium Ferric (III) oxalate and Potassium
Terrachloroplatinate (II) chemicals. Brush method was
used for applying the prepared solution onto the
Fig. 1. Vertical straight configured gas flow channels
electrodes. The covered electrodes were dried overnight at
room temperature.
The widths of both the gas flow channel and rib are
2.3 Preparation of membrane-electrode assembly 1mm. In this case the active gas flow area ratio is 45.13%.
(MEA) Each gas flow field consists of 21 vertical straight parallel
gas flow channels and 19 ribs. The slope at the bottom of
MEA is the heart of PEMFC. It consists of a PEM and the gas flow field provides better flow and drip of water.
two electrodes bounded on each side of the PEM by a While the two graphite plates with the sloped gas flow
commercially obtained 5% w/w Perfluorosulfonic acid field were used on the cathode side, the graphite plate
solution. The electrodes with the Pt loaded side having without slope was used on the anode side.
16cm2 surface were placed in the middle of the each side
of PEM having 36cm2 surface. Hot pressing has been 2.5 Assembly of PEMFC
performed at 130oC and 250psi for 5 min to obtain MEA.
The double cell stack PEMFC was assembled with
2.4 Preparation of gas flow plates and gas flow MEA, gas flow plates, current collector strips, convenient
channels gaskets which are kept together with screws and nuts by
using end plates. A schematic drawing of the double cell
Commercially obtained graphite plates were used as stack PEMFC is shown in Fig. 2.
gas flow plates. Graphite plates are well machinable
materials. A graphite plate with the dimension of

Fig.2. Schematic drawing of double cell stack PEMFC.

2.6 Experimental setup pressure (P) and temperature (T) measurement unit, water
collecting (WCT) unit, pressure control unit and electric
A schematic diagram of the experimental setup test unit.
employed in this paper is shown in Fig. 3. This setup
consists of seven major units, i.e., gas supply unit,
humidifying (HMD) unit, flow rate control (FM) unit,
 An experimental study on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell 401

and temperature of the inlet gases just before the PEMFC.

The WCT unit collects water that occurs during the
reaction on the cathode sides of PEMFC. The pressure
control unit which consists of a pressure regulator was
used to control the pressure of the gases from the supply
unit. Besides, with the addition of a back pressure
regulator (BPR), pressure control unit allowed to keep the
pressures of the reactant gases at a constant value. The
electric test unit was used to obtain the electrical
performance as I-V characteristics.

2.7 PEMFC tests

Different operating conditions were applied to

determine the performance of the PEMFC. The conditions
were obtained by varying the pressure, temperature,
humidity and flow rate of the reactant gases to determine
the effects of them on the performance of the PEMFC. The
operating conditions and experimental parameters can be
seen in detail in Table 1. The PEMFC was operated
overnight before evaluating the I-V characteristics for each
set. Every best result of each set was used in the next set of
Fig. 3. Experimental setup diagram. experiments so that we can reach to the optimum operating
condition of the PEMFC at last. The measurements were
The gas supply unit supplies the reactant gases as H2 performed by using a voltmeter and an ammeter and by
and O2 for the PEMFC. The HMD unit provides the varying the RL. These measurement results were used to
humidification of inlet reactant gases. Besides it also plot the performance curve to determine the I-V
provides heating of the gases via adjusting the temperature characteristics of the PEMFC at the relevant operating
by water bath (WB). The FM unit controls the rate of the conditions.
inlet gases that feed the PEMFC. The P and T
measurement units were used for measuring the pressure
Table 1. Operating conditions and experimental parameters.

3. Results and discussion performance of the PEMFC. First experiment was

performed by using humidified reactant gases on both the
3.1 Effects of humidification anode and the cathode sides. Second experiment was
performed by humidified O2 on the cathode side while H2
Three experiments of set 1 were carried out to study on the anode side was kept in a non-humidified condition.
the effects of humidification of the reactant gases on the In the third experiment humidified H2 was used on the
402 M. Kellegoz, I. Ozkan

anode side while O2 on the cathode side was non- was maintained at 70oC. Third experiment was performed
humidified. The humidification process was done by using by increasing the humidification temperatures from 70 to
water bath and bubblers. During these experiments 90oC by 5oC steps on both sides of the electrodes. These
backpressures, temperatures and flow rates of the reactant processes were done by heating the relevant reactant
gases were constant at 2atm, 70oC and 40cm3/min, gases. During these experiments, backpressures and flow
respectively. PEMFC temperature was maintained at 70oC. rates of the reactant gases were constant at 2atm and
In Fig.4, performance curves with the above 40cm3/min, respectively. The best humidification
mentioned humidification conditions on both the anode
condition on section 3.1 was applied in this set of
and the cathode sides are presented. The performance
experiments. PEMFC temperature was kept at 70 oC.
curve with humidified reactant gases shows the best
In Fig.5, performance curves of various anode
performance. The performance decreases with the usage of humidification temperatures are presented. The PEMFC
non-humidified reactant gases. The decrease in performance was improved with the increase of the anode
performance with the non-humidified anode side was humidification temperature from 70 to 75 oC. Performance
higher than the non-humidified cathode side. In all three begins to decrease slightly from 75 to 80 oC. A drastic
experiments it can be seen that especially the reactant gas decrease can be seen between 80 and 90 oC. These results
of the anode side have to be humidified for a good can be explained as follows: Performance increment from
performance. This observation can be explained with the 70 to 75oC can be explained by the increase in the
results of Nguyen et.al. [21] who found that at high current conductivity of the PEM at high temperatures which was
densities ohmic losses in the PEM accounts for a large also concluded by Sone et al. [22], Ozen et al. [23] and
friction of the voltage loss in the PEMFC and back Kadjo et al. [24]. The increase in the diffusivity of the
diffusion of H2O from the cathode side of the PEM is reactant gases with the increase of the temperatures is also
insufficient to keep the PEM hydrated for well effective on the performance. The performance loss after a
conductivity. Therefore to minimize the ohmic loss the critical temperature (80oC) can be explained by the
reactant gas of the anode side has to be humidified. The reduction of the active surface area with the increase of the
appropriate humidification temperatures of the reactant H2O amount that produced by the electrochemical reaction
on the cathode side. This phenomenon caused by the H2O
gases are discussed in the next section.
flooding on the cathode side that reduces the reaction rate
so that the current decreases to a lower level as concluded
1,0 by Voss et al. [25].
anode and cathode humidified
anode humidified; cathode non-humidified
anode non-humidified; cathode humidified
0,8 1,0
o
70 C
o
75 C
o
0,6 0,8 80 C
voltage (V)

o
85 C
o
90 C
0,4 0,6
voltage (V)

0,2 0,4

0,0 0,2
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6
2
current density (A/cm )
0,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6
2
current density (A/cm )
Fig. 4. Performance curves for various humidification
conditions.
Fig. 5. Performance curves for various anode humidification
3.2 Effects of humidification temperatures
temperatures.
Three experiments of set 2 were carried out to study
In Fig.6 performance curves of various cathode
the effects of humidification temperatures of the reactant
humidification temperatures are presented. The
gases on the performance of the PEMFC. In the first
performance was improved with the increase of the
experiment, the cathode humidification temperature was
cathode humidification temperatures which were chosen
maintained at 70oC while the anode humidification
from 70 to 90oC. All performance curves are rather closed
temperature was changed from 70 to 90oC by 5oC steps.
to each other. The slight increase in the performance of the
Second experiment was performed by increasing the
PEMFC with the increase of the cathode humidification
cathode humidification temperature from 70 to 90 oC by
temperatures from 70 to 90oC can be explained by the
5oC steps whereas the anode humidification temperature
 An experimental study on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell 403

different H2O concentration gradient between the anode

and the cathode. The H2O concentration of the cathode 1,0
o
side rises with the increase of the cathode humidification 70 C
o
temperature. In this state back diffusion process occurs 75 C
o
0,8 80 C
and H2O migrates from the cathode side to the anode side o
85 C
through the PEM. This phenomenon contributes to the o
90 C
anode humidification by increasing it a little more. As seen 0,6

voltage (V)
in Fig. 5, performance increases with the increase of the
anode humidification temperature from 70 to 75oC.
0,4
Besides this explanation the increase in the hydration of
the PEM is also effective in this occurrence, which cause
an increase in the conductivity so that the current increases 0,2

to a higher level slightly as concluded by Sone et al. [22].

0,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6
1,0 2
70 C
o current density (A/cm )
o
75 C
o
0,8 80 C
o
85 C
Fig. 7. Performance curves for various humidification
o temperatures. (Tanode = Tcathode).
90 C
0,6
voltage (V)

3.3 Effects of backpressures

0,4
Three experiments of set 3 were carried out to study
the effects of backpressures of the reactant gases on the
0,2 performance of the PEMFC. First experiment was
performed by increasing of the backpressure on the anode
side from 1 to 4atm by 1atm steps, whereas the
0,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 backpressure on the cathode side maintained at 1atm.
2
current density (A/cm )
Second experiment was performed by the increase of the
backpressure on the cathode side from 1 to 4atm by 1atm
steps, whereas the backpressure on the anode side
Fig. 6. Performance curves for various cathode maintained at 1atm. In the third experiment the
humidification temperatures. backpressures on both the anode and the cathode sides
were increased from 1 to 4atm by 1atm steps. During these
In Fig. 7, performance curves of various
experiments flow rates of the reactant gases were constant
humidification temperatures are presented. The
at 40cm3/min. The best humidification condition (anode
humidification temperatures are equal to each other and
and cathode humidified) on section 3.1 and the best
were changed from 70 to 90oC by 5oC steps. The
humidification temperatures (anode humidification
performance was improved with the increase of the
temperature was 75oC; cathode humidification temperature
humidification temperature from 70 to 75 oC on both side
was 90oC) on section 3.2 were applied in this set of
of the electrodes. There is no apparent change in the
experiments. PEMFC temperature was maintained at 70 oC.
performance of the PEMFC with the change in the
In Figs. 8 and 9, performance curves of various anode
humidification temperature from 75 to 80 oC. Performance
and cathode backpressures are presented, respectively. The
begins to decrease from 80 to 90oC. These results can be
PEMFC performance was improved with the increase of
explained by the change in the conductivity and hydration
the relevant backpressures from 1 to 4atm. A notable
of the PEM as concluded by Kordesch et al. [7] and
improvement was observed due to the pressurized cathode
Wintersgill et al. [26]. It is also explained by the further
accumulation of H2O on the cathode side. The reason of side rather than the pressurized anode side. The increase in
the increase in the performance between 70 and 75 oC is the electrochemical reaction rate on the cathode side has
the increase in the conductivity at high temperatures. more effect than that of the anode side on the performance
However, the increase in the diffusivity of the reactant of the PEMFC. The open circuit voltage increases with the
gases is also effective. The decrease in the performance increase in backpressure. These results can be explained
between 80 and 90oC causes by the H2O flooding on the by the increase in the partial pressure of the reactant gases
cathode side that reduces the reaction rate. Thus the according to the Nernst equation [27].
performance decreases despite the increase of the
humidification temperatures of the reactant gases.
404 M. Kellegoz, I. Ozkan

on the cathode side. This phenomenon caused to H2O

1,0
flooding on the cathode side that reduce the reaction rate
1 atm so that the current decrease to a lower level.
2 atm
0,8 3 atm
4 atm
1,0
0,6 1 atm
voltage (V)

2 atm
0,8 3 atm
4 atm
0,4

0,6

voltage (V)
0,2

0,4
0,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6
2
current density (A/cm ) 0,2

0,0
Fig. 8. Performance curves for various anode 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6
backpressures. 2
current density (A/cm )

1,0
1 atm Fig. 10. Performance curves for various backpressures.
2 atm
0,8 3 atm
4 atm 3.4 Effects of reactant gas flow rates

0,6 Two experiments of set 4 were carried out to study the

voltage (V)

effects of flow rates of the reactant gases on the PEMFC.

First experiment was performed by the increase of the
0,4
flow rate on the anode side from 10 to 40cm3/min by
10cm3/min steps, whereas the flow rate on the cathode side
0,2 maintained at 40cm3/min. Second experiment was
performed by the increase of the flow rate on the cathode
0,0 side from 10 to 40cm3/min by 10cm3/min steps, whereas
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 the flow rate on the anode side maintained at 40cm3/min.
2
current density (A/cm ) During these experiments the best conditions (anode and
cathode humidified; anode humidification temperature was
75oC, cathode humidification temperature was 90 oC;
Fig. 9. Performance curves for various cathode
backpressures. anode and cathode backpressures were 3atm each) on
section 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 were applied in this set of
In Fig. 10, performance curves of various experiments. PEMFC temperature was maintained at 70 oC.
backpressures are presented. The backpressures are equal In Fig. 11, performance curves of various anode and
to each other and were varied from 1 to 4atm by 1atm cathode flow rates are presented, respectively. The
steps. The open circuit voltage increases with the increase performance curves have no significant difference. The
in backpressure. Performance begins to increase from 1 to curves were nearly congruent to each other despite the
3atm. A decrease can be seen between 3 and 4atm. These change of the anode flow rate from 10 to 40cm3/min. This
results can be explained as follows. Performance can be explained by the limited electrochemical reaction
increment from 1 to 3atm can be explained by the increase rate on the cathode side as concluded by Wang et al. [28]
in the partial pressure of the reactant gases. The density and Dietmar et al. [29] which has a fixed flow rate of
and diffusivity of the reactant gases are also effective on 40cm3/min. On the other hand an increase can be seen on
the performance. Even if the humidification temperatures the performance of the PEMFC by changing the cathode
are equal to each other at different backpressures, the flow rate from 10 to 40cm3/min by 10cm3/min steps,
humidified reactant gas density hydrates the PEM at whereas the anode flow rate was fixed to 40cm3/min. This
higher backpressures more easily. This causes the phenomenon can be explained by the decrease of the
electrochemical reaction rates to rise. The performance electrochemical reaction rate on the cathode side in which
loss between 3 and 4 atm can be explained by the the oxidant amount is reduced step by step as concluded
reduction of the active surface area with the increase of the by Sreenivasulu et al. [30].
H2O amount that produced by the electrochemical reaction
 An experimental study on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell 405

4. Conclusions
1,0
3
10cm /min
In this work, a double cell stack home-made PEMFC
3
20cm /min having H2/O2 feeding was designed and effects of the
0,8 3
30cm /min operating conditions on its performance was investigated.
3
40cm /min
The performance of the PEMFC was strongly dependent
0,6
on the humidification, backpressure, and gas flow rate of
voltage (V)

the reactant gases. The experiments were performed by

0,4 changing these operating conditions.
Humidified reactant gases improve the performance of
0,2 the PEMFC. This is related to the increasing conductivity
of PEM which resulted from the hydration. If the provided
0,0
humidification is insufficient, the performance of the
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 PEMFC became worse. Commonly the increase of the
2
current density (A/cm ) humidification temperature, backpressure, and flow rate of
the reactant gases improves the performance of the
Fig. 11. Performance curves for various flow rates. PEMFC. But, above the critical values of the operating
conditions the performance decreases.
The anode humidification temperature has significant
1,0 effects on the performance of the PEMFC. Above a critical
3 humidification temperature of the anode side the
10cm /min
0,8
3
20cm /min performance decreased due to the “flooding” on the
3
30cm /min
3
cathode side by the further accumulated H2O that reduced
40cm /min
the active reaction area. The cathode humidification
0,6
temperature has no significant effects on the performance
voltage (V)

of the PEMFC. The increase in the backpressure of the

0,4
anode and cathode side separately improves the
performance of the PEMFC. The pressurized cathode side
0,2
has attractive effects on the performance of the PEMFC
than the pressurized anode side. When both the anode and
0,0 the cathode backpressures increased synchronously, the
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6
2 performance of the PEMFC improves until a critical
current density (A/cm )
backpressure. Above the relevant backpressure the
performance decreased due to the partial pressures of the
Fig. 12. Performance curves for various flow rates. reactant gases. The anode flow rate has no significant
effects on the performance of the PEMFC. Performance
The polarization and power density curves are given curves are nearly congruent to each other. The decrease in
in Fig. 13. It can be seen that the best power density is
the flow rate of the cathode side reduces the performance
determined at 0.727W/cm2.
of the PEMFC due to the reduction of the oxidant.
The optimum conditions in this work are obtained at
1,0 0,8
performance curve
power density
3atm on both side of the electrodes, 70 oC at anode
humidification temperature, 90oC at cathode
0,8
0,6 humidification temperature, and 40cm3/min of flow rate on
power density (W/cm )

both side of the electrodes under the cell temperature at

0,6
70oC. Under these conditions, maximum power density
voltage (V)

0,4
was determined at 0.727W/cm2.
0,4

0,2 Acknowledgements
2

0,2

A part of this work has been financed and supported

0,0 0,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 by the scientific research commission of Eskisehir
2
current density (A/cm ) Osmangazi University of Turkey with the project number
of 200319010 and 201215015.
Fig. 13. Maximum performance and power density
curves.
406 M. Kellegoz, I. Ozkan

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