TYPES OF DYES

Miruthula
XII ‘A’
Roll No: 21
 Contents

Sl.No Topics Page no.

1. Introduction 1

2. History 2

Types of dyes- acidic, basic, substantative,

3. 3-17
mordant, vat, sulphur, disperse, azoic.

4. Conclusion 18

5. Bibliography 19
Introduction
A dye is a colored substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it
is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from pigments which do not
chemically bind to the material they color. Dyes differ from pigments, which
are finely ground solids dispersed in a liquid, such as paint or ink, or blended
with other materials. Most dyes are organic compounds (i.e., they
contain carbon), whereas pigments may be inorganic compounds (i.e., they do
not contain carbon) or organic compounds. Pigments generally give brighter
colours and may be dyes that are insoluble in the medium employed. Dye is
generally applied in an aqueous solution and may require a mordant to improve
the fastness of the dye on the fibre.

Colour has always fascinated humankind, for both aesthetic and social reasons.
Throughout history dyes and pigments have been major articles of commerce.
Manufacture of virtually all commercial products involves colour at some stage,
and today some 9,000 colorants with more than 50,000 trade names are used.
The large number is a consequence of the range of tints and hues desired, the
chemical nature of the materials to be coloured, and the fact that colour is
directly related to the molecular structure of the dye.

Synthetic dyes are produced from various chemicals. The great majority of dyes
are obtained in this way because of their superior cost, optical properties (color),
and resilience (fastness, mordancy). Both dyes and pigments are colored,
because they absorb only some wavelengths of visible light. Dyes are usually
soluble in some solvent, whereas pigments are insoluble. Some dyes can
be rendered insoluble with the addition of salt to produce a lake pigment.

Unlike most organic compounds, dyes possess colour because they 1) absorb
light in the visible spectrum (400–700 nm), 2) have at least one chromophore
(colour-bearing group), 3) have a conjugated system, i.e. a structure with
alternating double and single bonds, and 4) exhibit resonance of electrons,
which is a stabilizing force in organic compounds. When any one of these
features is lacking from the molecular structure the colour is lost. In addition to
chromophores, most dyes also contain groups known as auxochromes (colour
helpers), examples of which are carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, amino, and
hydroxyl groups.
History

Textile dyeing dates back to the Neolithic period. Throughout history, people
have dyed their textiles using common, locally available materials. Scarce
dyestuffs that produced brilliant and permanent colors such as the natural
invertebrate dyes Tyrian purple and crimson kermes were highly prized luxury
items in the ancient and medieval world. Plant-based dyes such
as wood, indigo, saffron, and madder were important trade goods in the
economies of Asia and Europe.

Until the 1850s virtually all dyes were obtained from natural sources, most
commonly from vegetables, such as plants, trees, and lichens, with a few
from insects. Solid evidence that dyeing methods are more than 4,000 years old
has been provided by dyed fabrics found in Egyptian tombs. Ancient
hieroglyphs describe extraction and application of natural dyes. Countless
attempts have been made to extract dyes from brightly coloured plants and
flowers; yet only a dozen or so natural dyes found widespread use.

Natural yellow dyes include louting, from the leaves of weld, Reseda luteola,
and quercetin, from the bark of the North American oak tree, Quercus tinctoria.
These are in the flavonoid family, a group of compounds occurring almost
exclusively in higher plants and producing the colours of many flowers. In fact,
these compounds can produce all the colours of the rainbow except green.
Luteolin, a yellow crystalline pigment, was used with indigo to produce Lincoln
green, the colour associated with Robin Hood and his merry men.

Another group of compounds, the carotenoids, present in all green plants,

produce yellow to red shades. Lycopene, from which all carotenoids
are derived, produces the red colour of tomatoes. An ancient natural yellow dye,
crocetin, was obtained from the stigmas of Crocus sativus; this dye is
undoubtedly derived from lycopene in the plant. Few of the flavonoid and
carotenoid colorants would have survived ancient extraction processes.
Types of Dyes

Dyes are classified according to their solubility and chemical properties.

1. Acid dyes
An acid dye is a dye that is typically applied to a textile at low pH. They are
mainly used to dye wool, not cotton fabrics. Some acid dyes are used as food
colorants, and some can also be used to stain organelles in the medical field.
Acid dyes are generally divided into three classes according to their fastness
requirements, migration ability, and dyeing pH.
Acid dyes affix to fibers by hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces and ionic
bonding. While some acid dyes work in water, many choose to activate dyes in
acid dye-baths instead. According to the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, an
acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a proton and this is determined by
the acid dissociation constant. Compared to most acids, water has a much
higher pKa value, meaning that it dissociates to give H+ with more difficulty. In
this context, if an acid is used instead of water, then the hydrogen ion (H+) is
more easily able to dissociate in order to react with the aniline dye anion,
allowing the dye to dissolve.

Uses of Acid dyes

 Fibers
In the laboratory, home, or art studio, the acid used in the dye-bath is often
vinegar (acetic acid) or citric acid. The uptake rate of the dye is controlled with
the use of sodium chloride. In textiles, acid dyes are effective on protein fibers,
i.e. animal hair fibers like wool, alpaca, and mohair. They are also effective
on silk. They are effective in dyeing the synthetic fiber nylon, but of minimum
interest in dyeing any other synthetic fibers.
 Histology
In staining during microscopic examination for diagnosis or research, acid dyes
are used to color basic tissue proteins. In contrast, basic dyes are used to stain
cell nuclei and some other acidic components of tissues. Regarding cellular
structures, acid dyes will stain acidophilic structures that have a net positive
charge due to the fact that they have a negatively charged chromophore.
Acidophilic structures include the cytoplasm, collagen and mitochondria. The
two have an affinity for each other due to the conflicting charges. Examples of
acid dyes used in medicine include:

 Lee's stain (stains reddish-pink).

 Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH) stain (stains blue).
 Eosin stain (stains pinkish-orange).

 Food Industry
Acid dyes can also be used as food colouring, helping to increase the
attractiveness of certain foods, and thus becoming more appealing to
customers. Some examples include erythrosine, tartrazine, sunset
yellow and allura red, to name a few, many of which are azo dyes. These
dyes can be used in frosting, cookies, bread, condiments or drinks. In order
to prevent health hazards, a dye must be approved for consumption before it
can be marked as edible. Some separation methods that can be used to
identify unapproved dyes include the solid phase extraction process, the
overpressured thin layer chromatography process, and the use of reversed-
phase plates.

2. Basic dyes
Basic dyes are called so since they are salts of organic bases. They are also
known as cationic dyes because of the presence of positive charge in the dye
molecules under dyeing conditions. During dye application, the negatively
charged acrylic fiber attracts the positively charged dye cations for ionic
bonding. Due to high attraction between the oppositely charged fiber and dye
molecules, there is risk of unlevel dyeing because of high rate of dyeing. This
risk may be reduced by careful control of dyeing temperature and used of
suitable retarding agents.
The basic dyestuffs are well known for their intense hues and brilliant shades,
unrivalled by any other class of dyes. Basic dye has excellent light
fastness because of their resistance to destructive effect of ultraviolet radiations
in sunlight. Their washing fastness is also quite good, which may be attributed
to hydrophobic nature of the acrylic fiber and good substantivity of the dye for
the fiber. The basic dyestuff is most commonly used for dyeing polyacryonitrile
or acrylic materials. Basic dye is also used for dyeing wool and silk fibers.
Characteristics / Properties of Basic Dyes:

 The outstanding characteristics of the basic are brilliance and intensity of

their colors.
 The bright colors achieved from basic dyestuffs do not usually occur with
other dye classes.
 Many of the basic dyestuffs are sparingly soluble in water.
 The addition of glacial acetic acid helps to dissolve the basic dye quickly in
water.
 Basic dye is readily soluble in alcohol or mentholated spirit.
 The basic dyestuffs are poor fastness to light and vary with regard to
washing fastness from poor to moderate.
 The basic dyestuff will combine with direct dyes or sulphur dyes or some
acid dyestuffs. So they cannot be used together in the same bath. But basic
dyestuffs are used in after treating cotton or other materials dyed with direct
colors. Here the direct dyestuff acts as mordant.
 When treated with a reducing agent most of the basic dye get converted into
their colors less leuco compounds, return to their original color by oxidizing
agents or even by exposure to air.
 Basic dyestuffs are also used for making inks, typewriter ribbons and
dyeing leather.

Types / Classification of Basic Dyes:

The conventional basic dyes belong to several chemical classes, such as:

1. Diphenylmethane or ketone imine (presence of C=NH group), e.g. C.I.

Basic Yellow 1.
2. Triphenylmethane, e.g. C.I. Basic Green 4, C.I. Basic Blue 5 and C.I. Basic
Violets 3 and 14.
3. Thiazine (nitrogen and sulphur atoms forming a ring with benzene carbons),
e.g. C.I. Basic Blue 9 and C.I. Basic Green 5.
4. Oxazine, similar to Thiazine, but nitrogen and oxygen atoms form a ring
with benzene carbons, e.g. C.I. Basic Blue 12.
5. Azine, similar to thiazine, but two nitrogen atoms form a ring with benzene
carbons, e.g. C.I. Basic Red 5.
6. Xanthenes (two benzene rings linked by oxygen atom and methylene
bridge) derivatives, e.g. C.I. Basic Violet 10.
7. Acridine (two benzene rings linked by a nitrogen atom and –CH= group)
derivatives, e.g. C.I. Basic Orange 14.
8. Azo groups, e.g. C.I. Basic Brown 1.
Advantages of Basic Dyes:

 High Tinctorial strength

 Moderate substantivity
 Relatively economical
 Wide shade range
 Includes some of the most brilliant synthetic dyes
 Shows good brightness

Limitations of Basic Dyes:

 Poor shade stability

 High acid content
 colored backwaters
 Very poor light fastness
 Preferential dyeing

Application of the Basic Dyes:

Basic dyestuffs are extensively used for dyeing of jute, cut flowers, dried
flower, coir, etc. For dyeing Acrylic fibers, basic dye are used widely. Modified
basic dye is used for dyeing of Acrylic fiber, because these are perfect for this
material. If the reason behind the success of Basic dyes is analysed, it would be
seen that the positively charged cations of the Basic dyes gets attracted towards
the negatively charged anions in the acrylic fiber. Acrylic polymers have
anionic groups attached to it. They are most commonly the sulphonate group, –
SO3−, followed closed by the carboxylate group, –CO2−. This reaction of the
cation and anion results in salt linkages. Basic dye does not show absolutely any
migration in acrylic fibers under normal dyeing conditions.

Basic dyestuffs are also preferred to dye leather, because they can get combined
easily with vegetable-tanned leather thus doing away with mordant. Basic dyes
are also used in the colouring of papers. Basic dyestuffs for paper widely used
in textile industries. Basic dye offered by us is used mainly in the applications
of acrylic fibers such as types 42 and 75 orlon and type 61 creslan. The dye is
generally used to produce bright and deep shades with superior light and wash
fastness. Its application is similar to that of direct dyes but requires different and
more precise controls with auxiliaries and temperature.
 3. Direct or Substantive dyes
A substantive dye or direct dye is a dye that adheres to its substrate, typically a
textile, by non-ionic forces.
The amount of this attraction is known as "substantivity": the higher the
substantivity the greater the attraction of the dye for the fiber. Substantive dyes
work best on textiles with high contents of cellulose, such as cotton. In contrast
to direct dyes, wool and leather goods are dyed by the process of ion exchange,
exploiting the cationic nature of proteins near neutral pH. The development of
substantive dyes helped make mordant dyes obsolete.
Substantive dyes are set in a slightly basic or neutral environment at
temperatures close to boiling point. They are set by formation of aggregates of
dyes within interstices of the fibres. Aggregation is enhanced by extended
aromatic rings.

4. Mordant dyes

A mordant or dye fixative is a substance used to set (i.e. bind) dyes on fabrics.
It does this by forming a coordination complex with the dye, which then
attaches to the fabric (or tissue). It may be used for dyeing fabrics or for
intensifying stains in cell or tissue preparations. Although mordants are still
used, especially by small batch dyers, it has been largely displaced in industry
by directs.
Mordants include tannic acid, oxalic acid, alum, chrome alum, sodium chloride,
and
certain salts of aluminium, chromium, copper, iron, iodine, potassium, sodium, t
ungsten, and tin.
Iodine is often referred to as a mordant in Gram stains, but is in fact a trapping
agent.

Dyeing methods
The three methods used for mordanting are:

 Pre-mordanting (onchrome): The substrate is treated with the mordant and

then the dye. The complex between the mordant and dye is formed on the
fibre.
 Meta-mordanting (metachrome): The mordant is added in the dye bath itself.
The process is simpler than pre- or post-mordanting, but is applicable to only
a few dyes. Mordant red 19 shown above is applied in this manner
 Post-mordanting (afterchrome): The dyed material is treated with a
mordant. The complex between the mordant and dye is formed on the
fibre.
The type of mordant used affects the shade obtained after dyeing and also
affects the fastness property of the dye. The application of mordant, either pre-
mordant, meta-mordant or post-mordant methods, is influenced by:

 The action of the mordant on the substrate: if the mordant and dye methods
are harsh (for example, an acidic mordant with an acidic dye), pre-
mordanting or post-mordanting limits the potential for damage to the
substrate.
 The stability of the mordant or dye lake or both: the formation of a stable
dye lake means that the mordant can be added in the dye without risk of
losing the dye properties (meta-mordanting).
Dye results can also rely on the mordant chosen as the introduction of the
mordant into the dye will have a marked effect on the final color. Each dye can
have different reactions to each mordant. For example, cochineal scarlet, or
Dutch scarlet as it came to be known, used cochineal along with a tin mordant
to create a brilliant orange-hued red.
Residual iron mordant can damage or fade fabric, producing "dye rot".

5. Vat dyes

Vat dyes are a class of dyes that are classified as such because of the method by
which they are applied. Vat dyeing is a process that refers to dyeing that takes
place in a bucket or vat. The original vat dye is indigo, once obtained only from
plants but now often produced synthetically.

Although almost all dyeing can be done in a vat, the term vat dye is used to
describe a chemical class of dyes that are applied to cellulosic fibre (i.e., cotton)
using a redox reaction as described below. Because of the use of caustic soda,
and the very high pH of the dye bath in the dyeing process, wool cannot be dyed
using vat dyestuffs. This is because wool is soluble in caustic soda solutions.
Instead, it is possible to dye wool at room temperatures with indigo (vat blue 1)
and other low substantive vat dyes using soda ash as the alkali source with very
little strength loss. Vat red 10, vat violet 13 and vat orange 1 can be applied in
this manner as well.
Indigo is an example of this dye class: it changes from yellow, in the dye bath,
to green and then blue as the air hits it.
Not all vats dyeing are done with vat dyes.

Properties
The vat dyes have high color fastness, which is uncommon in other dye classes.
On the other hand, vat dyes tend to have poor rubbing fastness, but this can be
mitigated with special treatments to the fabric. Indigo is subject to major
crocking (i.e., rubbing the dye off onto other items) unless it is applied
carefully. This means that dipping many times in a weaker dye-bath is more
preferred than to dip once in a stronger dye-bath.

6. Reactive dyes

In a reactive dye, a chromophore (an atom or group whose presence is

responsible for the colour of a compound) contains a substituent that reacts with
the substrate. Reactive dyes have good fastness properties owing to the covalent
bonding that occurs during dyeing. Reactive dyeing is the most important
method for colouring cellulose fibers. Reactive dyes can also be applied
on wool and nylon; in the latter case they are applied under
weakly acidic conditions. Reactive dyes have a low utilization degree compared
to other types of dyestuff, since the functional group also bonds to water,
creating hydrolysis.
Reactive dyes had been tested in the late 1800s involving both adding
functionalized dyes to the substrate and then activating the substrate first
followed by fixation of the dye. The first commercial success was described in
the early 1950s. Rattee and Stephens at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI)
popularized the chlorotriazines as linkers between the substrate and the
chromophore.
Trichlorotriazine remain a popular platform for reactive dyes. The
chromophore, with an amine functional group, is attached to the triazine,
displacing one chloride:
(NCCl)3 + dye-NH2 → N3C3Cl2(NHdye) + HCl
The resulting dichlorotriazine can then be affixed to the cellulose fibre by
displacement of one of the two chloride groups:
N3C3Cl2(NHdye) + HO-cellulose → N3C3Cl(NHdye)(O-cellulose) + HCl
The fixation process is conducted in a buffered alkaline dye bath.

Reactive dyes are categorized by functional group.

Functionality Fixation Temperature Included in Brands

Basilen E & P,
Monochlorotriazine Haloheterocycle 80 °C Cibacron
E, Procion H,HE

Monofluorochlorotriazine Haloheterocycle 40 °C Cibacron F & C

Basilen M, Procion
Dichlorotriazine Haloheterocycle 30 °C
MX

Levafix EA,
Difluorochloropyrimidine Haloheterocycle 40 °C
Drimarene K & R

Dichloroquinoxaline Haloheterocycle 40 °C Levafix E

 Drimarene X & Z,
Trichloropyrimidine Haloheterocycle 80-98 °C
Cibacron T

activated double
Vinyl sulfone 40˚ Remazol
bond

activated double
Vinyl amide 40˚ Remazol
bond

7. Disperse dyes

Disperse dye is a category of synthetic dye intended for polyester and related
hydrophobic fibers. Disperse dyes are polar molecules containing anthraquinone
or azo groups. It is estimated that 85% of disperse dyes
are azos or anthraquinone dyes.
Disperse dyes are non-ionic in nature and partially soluble in water. The
interaction of dye molecule and polymer takes place with Van der
Waals and dipole forces. Disperse dyes have better diffusion at boiling to a
higher temperature.

Examples.
 Disperse Orange 1 is an azo dye.
 Disperse Red 9 is a red dye derived from anthraquinone.
 Disperse Red 11, also called C.I. 62015 and 1,4-diamino-2-methoxy
anthraquinone, is another anthraquinone dye.
 Disperse Red 60 is also an anthraquinone dye.

8. Azoic dyeing
Azoic dye is produced by the combination of the Naphtha or coupling
component and the Diazo component. The production procedure of Azoic Color
is different from other dyes‘ production processes. Azoic color is different from
other dyes and its application process is also different.

Azoic Color is called Ice Color or magic color because it needs low temperature
and after coupling color is produced within a few seconds. Color
fastness properties are good to excellent.

Cotton fibers are dyed using azo compounds, which are converted into azoic
colors. Azoic dyes are not soluble in water and must undergo a chemical
reaction on the surface of the fiber to produce color. Typical azoic dye types
include the following:

 Diazo Azo Dyes: These colors belong to a class of azoic dyes that also
contain diazonium ions. Excellent color fastness results from this dye.
However, cotton, silk, and wool fibers are frequently dyed using this
substance.
 Naphthol Azo Dyes: It provides a large variety of hues and is frequently
used for vivid colours. They come from organic substances called
naphthols.
 Fast Color Base Dyes: These dyes change color when they react with a
coupling element. It offers outstanding fastness qualities and good
resistance to fading, washing, and light exposure.

The azoic dyes listed above are only a few examples. A variety of azoic dye
variants and formulas are available. Every azoic dye has a unique set of
properties and use in the textile industry.

Properties of Azoic Dye:

The azoic color has some characteristics. The following are the characteristics
of azoic color. They are-

 Firstly, azoic dye is a water-insoluble dye.

 Secondly, azoic color consists of two components; such as the Azoic
coupling and the Azoic Diazo component
 Thirdly, component coupling is necessary for color production.
 However, azoic Color is comparatively cheap in price.
  Furthermore, wash fastness of azoic dye is very good.
 Dyeing process is run by three processes such as Naphtholation,
Diazotization and Coupling.
 Final color produce within few seconds after immersing the textile
materials in the dye solution.
 Lastly, it uses for lighter shade dyeing.

Advantages of Azoic Dye:

There are some benefits of azoic color. The following are the advantages of
azoic color. They are-

 Firstly, the color fastness of the azoic color is good.

 Secondly, it has a wide color range.
 Thereafter, it has a versatile application area.
 Moreover, it is cost-effective than other dyes.
 It is compatible to use with different dyeing, and printing techniques.
 Also, it has the ability to absorb light.
 Lastly, the environmental impact is low.

Uses of Azoic Dye:

It is used in different manufacturing industry to produce different color. The

following is the application area of azoic dyes. They are-

1. Textile Industry
2. Leather Industry
3. Paper Industry
4. Ink and Printing Industry
5. Paints and Coating Industry
6. Plastic and Polymer Industry

9. Sulfur dyes

Sulfur dyes are the most commonly used dyes manufactured for cotton in terms
of volume. They are inexpensive, generally have good wash-fastness, and are
easy to apply. Sulfur dyes are predominantly black, brown, and dark blue. Red
sulfur dyes are unknown, although a pink or lighter scarlet color is available.
Process
Dyeing includes a few stages, viz. reduction, dyeing, washing, oxidation,
soaping, and final washing. The anion is developed on reducing and solubilising
at boil when it shows affinity for cellulose. Sodium sulfide (Na2S), the reducing
and solubilising agent, performs both reduction and solubilisation, producing
thiols and then to sodium salt of thiols or thiolates, which are soluble in water
and substantive towards cellulose. Higher rate of exhaustion occurs at 90-95 °C
in presence of electrolyte. Dyed cellulosics exhibit a tendering effect on storage
under humid atmosphere due to presence of excess free sulfur. After treatment
with sodium acetate is required to suppress that. H2S liberated during dyeing
forms corrosive metal sulfide. This restricts use of metal vessels except those
made of stainless steel:

Sulfur dyes are water-insoluble. In the presence of a reducing agent and at

alkaline pH at elevated temperature of around 80 °C, the dye particles
disintegrate, which then become water-soluble and hence can be absorbed by
the fabric. Sodium sulfide or sodium hydrosulfide are suitable reducing agents.
Common salt facilitates the absorption. After the fabric is removed from the dye
solution, it is allowed to stand in air whereupon the dye is regenerated by
oxidation. The regenerated parent dye is insoluble in water. Oxidation can also
be effected in air or by hydrogen peroxide or sodium bromate in a mildly acidic
solution.

Some dyes commonly used in Staining:

Basic Dyes Acidic Dyes

Safranin Eosin

Basic Fuchsin Acid Fuchsin

Crystal violet Congo Red

Methylene
Blue
CONCLUSION
From this project, I could infer immense knowledge about the general chemical
substance that we put into use on a daily basis- dyes. Looking at our
surroundings, there are colours everywhere. Everything that exists has colour
and we can manipulate the colours to our liking.

Nevertheless, it is to be kept in mind that they are chemicals at the end of the
day and should not be used regularly such as food colouring, which has caused
several irregularities in organisms. At the same time, dyes are essential as they
are the major ingredient in several industries including the fabric and textile
industry, machinery, etc.

Although there is awareness created about excessive usage of synthetic dyes, it

is not completely dangerous until the limit of the dyes is not exceeded.
Therefore lets make them an safe as well as essential thing, as they are
unavoidable due to the fact that they are present in almost everything that we
use in our day-to-day life.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Websites:
 www.wikipedia.org
 https://ukessays.in
 www.textilelearner.net
 https://www.dyespigments.in

Books:
 Inorganic pigments, By Gerhard Pfaff
 Dyes and pigments, By Ahmet Gurses