NATIONALSENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 12

GEOGRAPHY P1
SEPTEMBER 2023

-
MARKS: 150

TIME: 3 hours

This question paper consists of 20 pages.

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INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. This question paper consists of TWO SECTIONS.

SECTION A
QUESTION 1: CLIMATE AND WEATHER (60)
QUESTION 2: GEOMORPHOLOGY (60)

SECTION B
QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES (30)

2. Answer ALL THREE questions.

3. ALL diagrams are included in the QUESTION PAPER.

4. Leave a line between subsections of questions answered.

5. Start EACH question at the top of a NEW page.

6. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.

7. Do NOT write in the margins of the ANSWER BOOK.

8. Draw fully labelled diagrams when instructed to do so.

9. Answer in FULL SENTENCES, except when you have to state, name, identify
or list.

10. Units of measurement MUST be indicated in your final answer, e.g. 1 020 hPa, 14
°C and 45 m.

11. You may use a non-programmable calculator.

12. You may use a magnifying glass.

13. Write neatly and legibly.

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION FOR SECTION B

14. A 1 : 50 000 topographical map 3319AD CERES and a 1 : 10 000 orthophoto map
3319 AD 12 CERES are provided.

15. The area demarcated in RED/BLACK on the topographical map represents the
area covered by the orthophoto map.

16. Marks will be allocated for steps in calculations.

17. You must hand in the topographical and the orthophoto map to the invigilator at the
end of this examination session.

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SECTION A: CLIMATE AND WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

QUESTION 1: CLIMATE AND WEATHER

1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers
(1.1.1 to 1.1.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.9 C.

Refer to the synoptic weather map below to answer QUESTIONS 1.1.1 to 1.1.4

[Adapted from https://www.weathersa.co.za/home /synopticcharts]

1.1.1 The synoptic weather map illustrated represents … season.

A summer
B autumn
C winter
D spring

1.1.2 A … low pressure found over the interior at B.

A coastal
B cut-off
C thermal
D frontal

1.1.3 The feature at C is a …

A coastal low.
B saddle.
C ridge.
D trough.

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1.1.4 The atmospheric pressure reading at A is … hpa.

A 1022
B 1024
C 1012
D 1016

Refer to the sketch below to answer QUESTIONS 1.1.5 to 1.1.8.

[Source: Examiner’s own]

1.1.5 The pressure cell at A is a/an …

A cyclone.
B trough.
C ridge.
D anticyclone.

1.1.6 Lines on a synoptic weather map joining places of the same

atmospheric pressure are known as …

A contours.
B isotherms.
C isohyets.
D isobars.

1.1.7 Which ONE of the mid-latitude cyclones C, D, E or F is the oldest?

A C
B D
C E
D F

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1.1.8 The south westerly winds from cell A will lead to ... and ...
weather conditions in Cape Town.

(i) dry
(ii) wet
(iii) cool
(iv) cloudy

A (i) and (iii)

B (i) and (iv)
C (ii) and (iii)
D (ii) and (iv) (8 x 1) (8)

1.2 Refer to the valley winds depicted in A and B. Match each of the
statements below with A or B. Write down only A or B next to
the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK,
e.g. 1.2.8 B.

[Adapted from https://survivalskills.guide/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Anabatic-

wind.jpg]

1.2.1 Occurs during the day

1.2.2 This wind can lead to the formation of frost in the valley

1.2.3 Air rises along the valley slopes

1.2.4 Results in the formation of a thermal belt at night

1.2.5 Cold air displaces warm air in the valley

1.2.6 This wind results in the formation of radiation fog in the morning

1.2.7 This wind occurs when the air mass cools and become dense in
the upper part of the valley (7 x 1) (7)

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1.3 Refer to the extract below on mid-latitude cyclones.

Wind, rain warning issued for Western Cape as more than 6 000 residents
deal with flooding as a result of the expected cold front: 29 June 2021
Cebelihle Mthethwa

The SA Weather Service (SAWS) has warned of gale force winds, with
possible gusts of 100km/h over parts of the Northern, Western and Eastern
Cape from Tuesday evening, as well as disruptive rainfall for Cape Town and
the Cape Winelands.

Anton Bredell, Western Cape MEC for local government, environmental affairs
and development planning, said there was a storm warning of Orange level 8,
to indicate the severity of the wind, which could be expected until Thursday.

"The SAWS warns that strong to gale north-westerly winds, with intense gusts
(100 to140 km/h), can be expected over the interior of the province, as well as
along the coastal regions between Alexander Bay and Saldanha," he said in a
statement.

"Travelling around the province over the next two days will be increasingly
difficult and certain vehicles may be at risk of falling over as result of
crosswinds. This is a concern on all major motorways, including the N1, N7 and
N14." Bredell says conditions at sea and in smaller harbours may be similarly
challenging and dangerous. "We urge that people take precautionary measures
and in case of emergency, reach out to the disaster response teams who
remain on standby."

As winter storms and heavy rains continue to batter (strike repeatedly) Cape
Town, around 6 300 people have been affected by localised flooding.
[Adapted from https://www.news24.com › news24 › southafrica › news]

1.3.1 Name the season referred to in the extract. (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.2 Quote a reason from the heading of the extract for the strong
winds and flooding. (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.3 According to the extract, why will it be difficult to move around

the province? (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.4 How could the strong to gale north-westerly winds, affect the
coastal regions between Alexander Bay and Saldanha? (2 x 2) (4)

1.3.5 Why would an estimated 6 300 people be affected by localised

flooding despite being issued with warnings. (2 x 2) (4)

1.3.6 Suggest TWO measures, (beside warnings) which the

authorities in the Western Cape could implement to reduce the
negative impact of the cold front. (2 x 2) (4)

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1.4 Refer to the infographic below on Tropical cyclone Emnati over Madagascar.

THE PATH OF TROPICAL METEOSAT IMAGE

CYCLONE EMNATI EMNATI MAKING A LANDFALL OVER
MADAGASCAR

[Adapted from
https://www.google.com/www.maravipost. [Adapted from: https://www.google.com/storm-
com/race-against-time-as-madagascar- ravaged-madagascar-faces-another-storm]
braces-for-4th-tropical-cyclone]

Situation overview

Between January and March 2022, Madagascar was hit by five storms and tropical
cyclones (Ana, Batsirai, Dumako, Emnati, and Gombo) that caused considerable
damage. Climate change made extreme rainfall heavier and more damaging,
according to an international team of climate scientists.
[Adapted from https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1112462]

Dangerous flooding expe cted: Emnati

Heavy rains are also expected along the path of the storm – up to 250 millimetres in
the space of 24 hours on the flat and from 400 to 500mm at higher altitudes.
Noting that the rains will cause “bad flooding and landslides”, Ms Nullis
explained, “the land is waterlogged, and it can’t absorb any more water.”

There may also be significant flooding in coastal areas, said the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO) official, citing the combination of a “cyclonic
swell” (storm surges) associated with waves close to 10 metres high offshore and a
sea level rise of about one metre.

[Adapted from https://www.maravipost.com/race-against-time-as-madagascar-braces-for-4th-tropical-

cyclone-in-a-month/]

Refer to the path of Tropical Cyclone Emnati.

1.4.1 In which direction is Tropical cyclone Emnati moving? (1 x 1) (1)

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1.4.2 Give a date on which Tropical cyclone Emnati make landfall.

(1 x 1) (1)

Refer to the meteosat.

1.4.3 What happens to Tropical cyclone Emnati as it makes landfall?

(1 x 1) (1)

1.4.4 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.4.3. (1 x 2) (2)

Refer to the extract.

1.4.5 Name the first and last tropical cyclone to strike Madagascar.
(2 x 1) (2)

1.4.6 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the

negative impact of flooding on the natural (physical) environment
in Madagascar. (4 x 2) (8)

1.5 Refer to the sketch map and the extract below..

[Adapted from https://twitter.com/SAWeatherServic/status/ 1452571942200950792/photo/2]

1.5.1 Identify TWO provinces that received level 2 warnings for severe
thunderstorms. (2 x 1) (2)

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1.5.2 Why are these provinces (answer to QUESTION 1.5.1)

vulnerable (at risk) to line thunderstorms? (1 x 2) (2)

1.5.3 Describe the moisture content of the winds which are

responsible for the formation of line thunderstorms. (2 x 1) (2)

1.5.4 Draw a rough sketch to represent the development of line

thunderstorms, indicating the direction of winds and a moisture
front. (3 x 1) (3)

1.5.5 Explain how the weather conditions expected over the interior of
South Africa will negatively affect farming, especially in the Free
State (3 x 2) (6)
[60]

QUESTION 2: GEOMORPHOLOGY

2.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A-D) next to the question numbers
(2.1.1 to 2.1.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 2.1.8 D.

Refer to the sketch below on a river profile to answer QUESTION 2.1.1

to 2.1.3

2.1.1 This river profile above shows the … of the river.

A length and breadth

B width and depth
C depth and length
D depth and height .

2.1.2 The shape of this profile is … shaped.

A open
B V
C wide
D U

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2.1.3 This profile is associated with the … course of a river.

A upper
B middle
C lower
D initial

Refer to the cross section below of a fluvial landform to answer QUESTIONS

2.1.4 to 2.1.7.

2.1.4 The width in this fluvial landform is due to … erosion.

A vertical
B headward
C lateral
D sheet

2.1.5 P is the … slope.

A slip off
B scarp
C gentle
D undercut

2.1.6 The fluvial landform represented by the sketch is a …

A meander.
B ox bow lake.
C floodplain.
D delta .

2.1.7 Slope P in the sketch is associated with … gradient and …

(i) steep
(ii) gentle
(iii) deposition
(iv) erosion

A (i) and (ii) .

B (ii) and (iv)
C (ii) and (iii)
D (i) and (iv)
(7 x 1) (7)

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2.2 Refer to sketches below on river grading. Complete the statements in COLUMN A
with either Y or Z in COLUMN B. Write down only Y or Z next to the question numbers
(2.2.1 to 2.2.8).in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 2.2.9 Z.

[Adapted from https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image]

COLUMN A COLUMN B
2.2.1 The dotted line in river profile P represents Y depth of a river
the … Z base level of erosion
2.2.2 The process which will change river profile Y river rejuvenation
P to river profile Q is… Z river grading
2.2.3 The shape of river profile Q is … Y concave
Z convex
2.2.4 Profile Q is in its … state. Y graded
Z ungraded
2.2.5 A state of equilibrium is reached in river Y P
profile … Z Q
2.2.6 The ultimate base level of erosion in Y dam
profiles P and Q. Z sea
2.2.7 The general river flow pattern in profile P Y turbulent
is … Z laminar
2.2.8 Changes in the shape of river profile Q will Y drop in sea level
be due to … Z rise in watershed
(8 x 1) (8)

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2.3 Refer to the sketches below showing drainage patterns.

2.3.1 What is a drainage pattern? (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.2 Identify the drainage pattern in sketch B. (1 x 1) (1)

2.3.3 Draw a labelled plan-view of drainage pattern in sketch B. (2 x 1) (2)

2.3.4 Give evidence from sketch A that the drainage pattern has a high
drainage density. (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.5 Explain how gradient and rainfall can influence the drainage density
of the drainage pattern in sketch B. (2 x 2) (4)

2.3.6 What impact will lack of rainfall have on first-order streams of

sketch A? (2 x 2) (4)

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2.4 Refer to sketches A and B on stream piracy.

[Adapted from https://assets.answersingenesis.org/img/articles/nab3/current-draining.gif]

2.4.1 Define the concept river capture. (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.2 Identify S in sketch B. (1 x 1) (1)

2.4.3 Explain how the process of headward erosion contributes to river

capture. (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the physical

changes that will occur in river T as a result of river capture. (4 x 2) (8)

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2.5 Refer to the map and extract below on catchment and river management.

LIMPOPO RIVER BASIN.

[Adapted from https://www.mdpi.com/water/water-03-00737/article_deploy/html/images/

water-03-00737-g001.png]

Human impacts to water quality

The Limpopo River flows north from the confluence of the Marico and Crocodile
Rivers, where it creates the border between South Africa and Botswana, then the
border between South Africa and Zimbabwe, before crossing into Mozambique, where
it runs across a broad floodplain and into the Indian Ocean.
As the river basin intersects four countries, travelling through various geographical
regions and biomes, and supporting a wide variety of water demands, there is a great
need for Integrated Water Resources Management.
Beyond use of water for drinking, cooking and sanitation, humans use water bodies
as convenient sinks for the disposal of waste – domestic, industrial and agricultural.
These uses degrade water quality and can have severe environmental impacts,
difficult to reduce even with treatment.
While society has long focussed on water quantity - maintaining dam volumes, stream
flow, water supply – maintaining water quality has been largely ignored.

[Adapted from https://www.limpopo.riverawarenesskit.org/Limpoporak_com/en/water_Quality/human_

impacts.htm]

2.5.1 Identify the mouth of the Limpopo River Basin. (1 x 1) (1)

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2.5.2 State TWO neighbouring countries that depend on the water of the
Limpopo River basin. (2 x 1) (2)

2.5.3 Quote a statement from the extract that states that humans dump
(dispose of) their waste in the river. (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.4 Explain how human activities taking place along the Limpopo River
catchment area could negatively impact on the water quality. (2 x 2) (4)

2.5.5 Suggest THREE measures that could be implemented by the

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry to manage the Limpopo
River Basin to ensure improved water quality. (3 x 2) (6)
[60]

TOTAL SECTION A: 120

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SECTION B

QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES

General Information

Coordinates: 33°22′S; 19°19′E

Ceres is situated 150 km or 90 minutes’ drive from Cape Town, in the heart of the Cape
Winelands. Ceres is blessed with abundant sunshine and fertile soil making it home to
some of the world’s most succulent fruit.

Ceres experiences a typical Mediterranean climate tempered by its altitude. The town
experiences warmer temperatures in summer, due to its inland location with infrequent
rainfall, however winters are cool to quite cold and wet, with frequent snowfalls on the
surrounding higher-lying ground, rarely falling on the valley floor itself. Total annual
precipitation averages 1088 mm, with average temperatures ranging from a February
maximum of 29,9 °C to a July minimum of 2,4 °C.

[Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres,_Western Cape]

The following English terms and their Afrikaans translations are shown on the
topographic map:

ENGLISH AFRIKAANS
Caravan Park Karavaanpark
Golf Course Gholfbaan
Gap Poort
Holiday Resort Vakansieoord
Clean swamp Skoon vlei
River Rivier

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3.1 MAP SKILLS AND CALCULATIONS

Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose
the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (3.1.1 to 3.1.2)
in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g 3.1.3 D

3.1.1 The contour interval on the orthophoto map is … metres.

A 5
B 10
C 15
D 20

3.1.2 The construction feature along the railway at 33° 24’ 35”S; 19° 17’ 05” E
(E) on the topographical map is a/an …

A excavation.
B mine dump.
C embankment.
D cutting. (2 x 1) (2)

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Refer to the topographic map.

3.1.3 This is an enlarged area F on the topographical map, followed by a hand

drawn cross section drawn from spot height 622 to spot height 473, 2 on
the topographical map.

622

473,2

622

473,2

1 : 50 000
a) State what features the following letters represent:

(i) A

(ii) B (2 x 1) (2)

b) Determine the vertical exaggeration (VE) of the cross-section in

3.1.3 given the V.S as 1:2000. Show ALL calculations. Marks will be
awarded for calculations.
𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐞
Formula: 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐞
(4 x 1) (4)

c) What does the answer in QUESTION 3.1.3(b) indicate about the

relationship between the vertical scale and the horizontal scale?
(1 x 2) (2)
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3.2 MAP INTERPRETATION

3.2.1 Ceres has a (Mediterranean/Tropical) climate. (1 x 1) (1)

3.2.2 Describe the climatic conditions experienced in Ceres in winter. (2 x 1) (2)

Refer to the orthophoto map.

3.2.3 What human-made feature is represented by S?

A Bridge
B Weir
C Canal
D Furrow (1 x 1) (1)

Refer to the topographical map.

3.2.4 The Dwars River is generally flowing …

A northward.
B southward.
C south to north.
D eastward. (1 x 1) (1)

3.2.5 The Ceres dam is a/an … base level of erosion.

A Ultimate
B Knickpoint
C Permanent
D temporary (1 x 1) (1)

3.2.6 Give a climatological reason for the large number of perennial water
sources (dams) and furrows found in the north eastern part of the
topographic map. (1 x 2) (2)

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3.2.7 Ceres is found in a valley where radiation fog and frost pockets are
common in winter.

[Adapted from Facebook Witzenberg sub-district, Cape Winelands district]

a) Where in the valley do frost pockets occur? (1 x 1) (1)

b) Frost is formed when dew point temperature is (below/above)

0°C. (1 x 1) (1)

c) Give a climatological reason for the blurry photo above. (1 x 2) (2)

3.3 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)

Refer to the orthophoto map.

3.3.1 Define buffering. (1 x 2) (2)

3.3.2 Provide evidence from blocks E1, E2, E3 and E4 that buffering is
taking place. (1 x 1) (1)

3.3.3 What is the purpose of creating a buffer zone along the river? (1 x 2) (2)

3.3.4 Identify ONE data layer that was considered by the GIS specialists
before building the Ceres dam. (1 x 1) (1)

3.3.5 Explain why the data layer you selected in QUESTION 3.3.4 is
important to consider. (1 x 2) (2)

TOTAL SECTION B: 30
GRAND TOTAL: 150

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