CHAPTER ve SQL and Advance SQL : SQL Performance Tuning Interacti inbuilt Funetions: Sting, Arithmetic, Date and Time, Aggregate Functions, Group By, Having and Order By Clay — Joins — Inner and Outer Joins, Sub Queries Views : Concept of Views, The create view command, updating view Dropping views ‘Sequences : Creating Sequences, Altering Sequences, Dropping Sequences: Indexes : Index Types, Creating of Index, simple unique and composite Index, Dropping Indexes ;s, views and joins, views and sub-quetc, = Synonyms : Creating Synonyms, Dropping Synonyms | GES SAA pee nae) fan ono Syllabus Tople : Inbullt Functions - String, ‘Arithmetic INITCAP%string) + to convert fist leer of each wot i capita eter. 3.1. Inbuilt Functions : String, Arithmetic SOUS Scleal intceplcoame) Bom capi lean 4. LPAD(chart,n,char2) : retums char, left-padded to leogh a 3.1.1 String Functions +m users werieng sae, Wenyere ven ‘withthe character specified in char2. ‘SQL> Select ipad(‘Phoenix’ 10," from du ‘Explain any four sting functions with examples. (Refer section 3.1,1) ‘Output CSERSSEASS AS OSSTAUSTALME || 5. RPAD(chart,n,char2) : retums charl, cight-padded to lenge thoenix Sting: reuse stingin overs ‘with the character specified in char2, cleet lower(‘PHOENIX) from dual; SQLS Select iadPhoenixs.10;*") foal dual) Output : phoenix Output : Phoenix: If we want to display ename column from emp table in tower | & LTRIMstring, chars) + remove characters from tte Ht case _ — Ctesoning ofthe suing SQL> Select lower (ename) fom emp; gE ‘SQLS Sclet ism CPHOENIRP) from duals pa UPPER(Sting: ns the singin epee. Output: HoENTX TESOLS Seteet Upper phocnix) fom duals 0) 7. RTRIMGtring, chars) : remove characters from te #8 Output : PHOENIX _ tein oft ing I we want to display ename column from emp able in upper "SQL> Sele sim (PHOENIX) Rom dal casepaMs (MSBTE-Sem. 3-Comp) ‘output: PHOENT fg, TRIMO + Removes all spaces from string (beginning and ering ‘output: Phoenix 9, TRANSLATE(tring, from, 0) : Replace a sequence of characters in a string with another set of characters. This is the character to character replacement © SQL>: Select translate(jack’¥'7b) from ‘dual; Output : beck 430, REPLACE(tring, search string, replace string) : word to ‘word replacement SOLS Seles replace( jack and jue 7H) fom dual Output : Black and blue 11, LENGTH(string) : ets the length of sing "Ti SQLS Select length (PHOENIX from dual Output : 7 12. SUBSTR(sting, m,n) : to display n no of characters from sh charter om given sig SQLS Sete subst('PHOENIX INFOTECH) from - dual; ee Output : NIX INF 3.1.2 Arithmetic Functions = Rater than the aggregate functions there are some more numeric functions. 1. POWER(ms) PESOS’ SA porer(A2) from duals find nth power to the number m. Output : 16 it returns the absolute valye SOLE Select abs( 35) from duals ss Output : 15 32 Intoractive SOL & Adv. SQL : SQL Performance Tunins Output : 100.25 number. 4, SQRT : to find out square root of git © SQL> Select sqr(25) from dual; Output : 5 5. GREATEST(expl,exp2yexpn) returns the greatest value in alist of expressions. SOLS Satect greatest(.317) from dual: Output :17 6. LEAST(expl,exp2,expn) : retums the lowest value in a list of expressions. SQL> Select least(4,5,17) from dual; Output: 4 ‘Syllabus Topic : Date and Time, Aggregate Functions 3.2 Date and Time , Aggregate Functions 3.2.1 Date and Time Functions > (usBTE- w-1s, w-16, $17) @. 3.2.1 Explain any four date function with example. ‘(Refer section 3.2.1) 1. ADD_MONTHS(4.0) : Return date after adding the number ‘of months specified in the function. ‘SQL>Seleet add_months(eysdate,4) from dual; 2. LASTLDAY : Returns the last date of the month specified with the function. “SQL> Select syedate,last_day(eysdate) from dual, 3. MONTHS_BETWEEN(d1,d2) : Retums number of months between dl and d2. SOLS Seieat months. between(02.feb-06"02.jan07) from doa 4. NEXT_DAY(date,weekday) : Retums the date of the first ‘weekday coming after the date SOLD Select next. day(06.jl-02°/monday) fom duals. Output : retum coming Monday after 06-jul-023.2.2 Aggregate Functions > quspte-w-13, 544) 9.2.2 Explain any four Aggregate functions with ‘example. (Refer section 3.2.2) set of values — Aggregate functions perform a calculation on & ‘and retum a single value. Usually these functions ignore [NULL values(except for COUNT). ‘© Types of aggregate functions = There are different types of aggregate functions: Fig. 3.2.1 : Aggregate functions Consider the table emp > @ Mind ‘This function returns smallest value from specified column of the table. Query ‘Select min(sal) from emp; Output 800 > (2) Maxi This function returns greatest value from specified column of the table. Query Seleet max(cl) from emp; Output 5000 7 {AL Performance Tun Interactive SOL & Adv. SOL > @ Sumo srs funetion returns sum of all the values Of specify column of the table. Query Select sum(sal) from emp; Output 20025 gear Al > @ Aw0 ‘This function returns average of all the values of speciteg column ofthe table. Query ; Select avg(eal) from emp; Output 2078.21 ne > Cound This function returns total number of values of specified column ofthe table Query SBeleo! count (ename) from eiaps Output 4 Syllabus Topic :_ Group By Clause 3.3 GROUP BY Clause > (MSBTE - W-13, W-14, S-15, S-16, $-17, W-17) Q.3.3.1 Explain group by clause. (Roter section 3.8) TEE 3.3.2 Explain group by clause with suitable example. (Refer section 3.3) CESS TMA Q.3.3.3 Define group by clause, (Refer section 3.3) E Group by clause is a clause which is used ® I | output result by grouping similar data.DBMS (MSBTE-Sem. 3-Comp) ‘The GROUP BY clause is used in collaboration with the pL8CT statement. Tt elps £0 arange similar data into groups, I jz ao sed with SQL Functions to gr0Up the result from one of more ables. Table 3.3.1 : Empt [fap exawe [Jos [war | wineDATE] SAL] coun |bemnio) = [me |rresoowr] [ronment te [ee Tae [naan [75 |escies[ asl Tp Free [ocnn fuscia | otares | 20 a 3-4 __ Interactive SQL & Adv. SQL : SQL Performance Tuning In general we use WHERE clause to give some condition 10 filter the data. But WHERE clause is not allowed in collaboration with GROUP BY clause, HAVING clause is used with GROUP by clause to specify condition. ——— Syllabus Topic : Having Clause 3.4 _ HAVING Clause > (sere - w-13, $-16, $-17) @.3.44 Explain having clause with example. rao [unuen [ouerK [7782 ovreats82| 1200] 1, Display sum of salaries department wise. Select depino,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno; Output DEPTNO | SUM(SAL) 30 9400 20 10875 10 8750 2 Display maximum salaries groping on the basis of job ‘Setter emp group by jl Output JOB MAXGAL), CLERK 1300 SALESMAN, 1600 PRESIDENT 5000 ‘MANAGER 2915 ANALYST 3000 7a [poves [uanacen | 7a36|ooconoer| ans 5 rr [soort [anacrst | 725] ranaree| son a (Reter section 2.4) 7am [Fond _|anaLvsT [7866] ronares|eoco a ‘69_{SMTH_JCLERK _| 7802] 1217/1980 600 2 || 1. Display sum of saares of department 10 7ae2 [alten [sauzswan [7020 | eazoneer| iso] soo | a0 Z ext [ward _|SaLeswan [7696] aazaroei |izeo] smo | van] | wlect dePtnosumtsl) Femme uy by det hing g rest [wantin | saLesman | 7636 | oavzeraa1 | 1250} 1400 | 20 ae . ~ rats [TuRNER| sALesmaN | 7608] oataitg61|1500| 0 | 0 || Output rare [roan foun [7768 ovranaes| co = DErINGL Ena ra [ues [oun [ree] rocaoe| on % 0 = play sum of salaries of department 10 and 20 Select deptno,sum(sal) from emp soup by depine being deptno in (10,20); Output DEPTNO | _SUM(GAL) 20 10875 10 8750 Syllabus Topic : Order By Clause 3.5 _ Order By Clause > (MSBTE - W-13, W-14, S-15, W-17) Q.3.54 Explain order by clause with suitable example. (Refer section 3.5) To arrange the displayed rows in ascending or descending ‘order on given field(column) , Onder By Clause is used. © ‘Syntax Select * from table name order by coll col2. [dese]SE} )DEMs (MSBTE-Som.3.Comp nas Example : We need to display the employee informatio tn their sending oer, the query wile is order by Eames — ‘Manager_| 18000 Ontput B < Salesman | 13000 Eno Job _ a Clerk 102 | ajay _ | Manager | 18000 [101 | 104 | Bhat | Manager | 1700 . <= Joins - Inner and Outer Joine 103 | Dinesh | clerk _ | 10000 Sue — - [nner and Outer Joins 105 | Prajakta | Salesman | 13000 3.6 Joins In 101 | susheet | crerk | 12000 — Now to display same information in descending order on job the query will be Clerk | 12000 13000 10000 Salesman Clerk Manager_| 17000 18000 102 | Ajay | Manager — Sometimes same records may available in field given for Sorting criteria. In such case we can give names of more than ‘one columns for sorting purpose. If data in first column is same, in such case the data of second ‘column can be taken into consideration for sorting. Consider following table Eno | Ename || Job | Sal 6. SELF 101 | Susheet | Clerk | 12000 Fig. 3.6.1 : Types of joins 102 | Dinesh | Manager | 18000 ios ge To understand joins consider following two tables. 103 | Dinesh | Clerk | 10000 Table 3.6.1: Emp 104 | Bharati | Manager | 17000 Baa awn eae = FHPNO| NAME | Jos _|war | aneDATe| sa ale 105 | Prajakta | Salesman | 13000 7380 |kwa | PaESoeNT| | 17r1s01 [5000 ~ Here names of wo employes is same "Dies. Now sont ihe | [To [2 data we can mention Sorting fields as ename and job, BLAKE [Manacen |7e09 | oso | 2850 from emp order by ename,joby 77 Jota |wanacer || csnaries | 2450 [) Explain various types of joins with exampi, (Refer sections 9.6 10 3.6.3) ‘A. JOIN is a means for combining columns from om (ceiftable) or more tables by using values common to exch. = There are following types of Joins. 4, RIGHT OUTER 5. FULL OUTER, ]Interactive SQL & Adv. SQL : SQL Performance Tuning ‘i Inner Join (Equi Join) Fas luones_[wascen | r20| oscars |zers a The INNER JOIN is used to display records that have 2 ‘matching values in both tables. ras [ovort [avast 755 rarese| sno 2 ee rae (roo [aNALrST_ |7566 | 2ar684 | ooo 20 Dsl es [ours [oven [7502] armse0 | aco 2 usa [ALLEN [SALESMAN | 7686 |ozeoress | 1e00] 300 | 99 rar [wand |SALESWAN |7688 fooearest | 1280] sco | ao zest {wan | saLesuan |7598 lonzareet | 1250] 1400 | 20 rout |TuRNER| SALESMAN |7698]]oa08rse1 1500] 0 | 20 INNER TOWN ub 2 rere |aoaws [cer | 788 |oxnanoea| 1100 2 be : ies ON table_1.column_name = table:2.column_name eo [saves oven [7698 saa | oso #0 Example est |muuen overx — [7782 lovzate8 | 1300 10 Table 3.6.2: Dept INNER JOIN dept DEPINO| DNAME | LOC onempadepino = deptdepinos a 10 _ | ACCOUNTING | NEW YoRK Output 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS ENAME | JOB __|SAL|DEPTNO| _DNAME 30 | SALES CHICAGO CLARK [MANAGER |2450] 10 [accouNTING uaa l(orentncne dl coston MILLER |cLERK [1300/10 _|accountiNG KING __|PRESIDENT|s000] 10 [AccoUNTING ~ Inthe database having large amount of data itis not possible eine Ford _|anatyst [3000] 20 [RESEARCH ‘© store the entre data ina single table, The related data may te stored indifferent tables. In above tables emp and deptihe | [SCOTT |ANALYST [3000] 20 {RESEARCH ata of employees is stored. JONES [MANAGER |2975| 20 |RESEARCH ~The EMP ble contain te basic information of employee | Tru levee ao] a0 [restancn ‘ike employee number, name, job(post) salary, department allaerualc ; AD/ 20 __|RESEAI umber etc, The DEPT table contains the information of RESEARCH ‘ame employees about their depart names and locations. WARD |SALESMAN|1250] 30. |saLes ~ I we want to display whole information means basic | |sarmin|SALESMAN|1250| 30 [Sates infmaon with deparment names and Toews then we | eT eT aT Veto combine these two tables in query using joins. 5 JaMes |cLERK | 950] 30 |sALes For using joins, we required a common column between both the tbls In this example the EMP and DEPT ables contains | [atten [sacesman|i6o0] 30 [saves a common column DEPTNO. BLAKE |MANAGER |2850] 30 |saLEs —‘oth tables urns. ches in ‘The INNER JOIN keyword selects all rows {rom -Emp and Dept as long as there is a match between the there are records in the “Dept” table that do not have mH Emp", then such records will not got daplayed In Devt ble department OPERATIONS of number 40 is present, but it f 90 displayed as no matching record is available in table em 3.6.2 Outer Join Cuter Join is based on both matched and unmatched dats. (Outer Joins subdivide further into, ‘Types of Outer Join (1) Left Outer Join (2) Right Outer Join Hl (3) Full Outer Join Fig. 3.6.3: Types of outer join Consider following two tables Stud_datal and Stud_data2 + Stud_datat Table 3.64 : Stud_data? [Roll No.| NAME | Roll No | Address 1 | Rahul 1 | Mumbai 2 | Kunal 2 | Pune 3 [ty 3 | Nasik 4 | Vinay 7_| Bangalore S_| Preeti 8 | Goa > (1) Left Outer Join ‘The SQL LEFT JOIN retums all rows from the left table, even if there are no matches in the right table, Null values are shown atthe place of right table values, Fig.3.6.4 ame = ble-2.columnname, pp uble-Leolum™ {OM Stud [eFTOUTER JOIN Stwel_date2 ON siad_Datal rollno = Stud_Data2.Rollno; TD | Name | 1 | Address | 1 | Ramat [1 Mumbai 2 | Kunal [2 | Pune 3 Jay 3 Nasik 4 | Vinay | NULL | NULL 3_| Pree | Nute [ NULL > 2 Right Outer Join Returns all rows from the right table even if there are m ‘matches in the let table. Null values are shown at the plcecl left table values ‘on table-1 columnname = SELECT * FROM Stud. Daw RIGHT OUTER JOIN Siud_Daua2 table-2.column-name Sa > iS3 a) Interactive SQL & Adv. SOI ‘Name Dadar 3.6.3 SELF Join Rahul 1_| Mumbai Kenal 2 | Pune (Refer section 3.6.3) Tay 3_[ Nasik = Self join is used Af as if the table join i used to join a table to itself as if the table were NULL 7_| Bangalore a =o ‘wo tables. Virtual copies of the table are considered Consider the table Emp 4 @ FallOuter Join ‘Table 3.65: Emp ‘he full outer jin returns a result with the matching data of | [EMPNO| ENAME |JoB ~ |NGR| HIREDATE| SA the tables and then remaining rows of both left table an ca fableand | Tras xe Jeresoent| | si7teat then the right table, 7256 |avace |yswacer | 7290 |osovost | 250 x 7722_|o.arK |wanacen |7200|osoares [ase 0 7365 [owes |awacen |res0 |oavareat | 275 2 r7e8_|soort_|anatyst_|756 | rare | o00 2 7e02 |For [aways |7e66| rama | 00 » 7360 [wri [cuenk [race | zr9e0 | 800 2 7499 |auen | saresuan |r| cazareet | 1600] 00 | 20 a 7521 _|wano | saLeswan |reee| caraness | 1280] 500 | 99 FULL OUTER JOIN table-name2 /7e54 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | o2e/t981 | 1250| 1400 | 30 ‘on ble-L.column-name = table-2.column-name; rosa |rorwen| sarzsamy |7ec0| onveroe: |s00| 0 | 20 = Example ere _|aoans [cer _ |77es owas 1100 2 SELECT * FROM Stud_Datal 7300 |unmes lover | | voostaet | so » FULL OUTER JOIN Stud_Date2 eat [unter |cuerx — |77se ovesree | 1300 10 $n (Std_Datal ollno= Stud_Data2. rollno); Output ID [Name | m | Address 1 | Rabut [1 _|_Mumbai 2_[ Kunal Pune 3 [ty [3 | Nak 4 | Vinay [Nutt | NULL S| Preeti [ NULL | NULL nou | nuit [7 _[ Bangalore nuu[ wut] s_| Gos = Here the MGR number indicates the name of MANAGER of particular employee. For Example MGR of MILLER is 7782 ‘which is EMPNO of CLARK. That mean CLARK is manager of MILLER. — Now we want to display list of employees with their manager names. In this case we have to join this emp table to itself, ‘We will consier two copies of emp table, emp A and emp B. From emp A we will retieve employee names while from emp B we will get manager names; 7 Query ‘coame “Employes” B.ename “Manage ‘elect ‘A,emp B where A.mgr = Buempno;formance Tuy, Bhoous ) 3.9 __ Interactive SQL & Adv. SO! el employees whore s ‘To display records of employees lism Employes | Nawoeer FORD _ [JONES scott _| JONES ALLEN _| BLAKE JAMES _| BLAKE ‘TURNER | BLAKE MARTIN | BLAKE. WARD _| BLAKE MILLER | CLARK ‘ADAMS _| SCOTT BLAKE | KING cuark_| KING gones | KING smrrx | FORD Syllabus Topic : Sub-querles 3.7 Sub-queries Explain sub-query concept wh exampl (Refer section Writing @ query inside another query is known as nested ‘query or subquery. The inner query gets executed first then the output on inner query is given as input to outer query. Consider the previous emp table Example : To display records of employees working in SMITH's department Select * from emp where deptno = (Gelect depino from emp where ename = ‘SMITH, Output [ia soa eS 77e8_| scoTr| anavyst | 755 | 1209/1982 | aco0| 7902_{ FoR | anaLyst |7585| r200/991 | so00| 2 760 | swith | cuenK | 7e02| ran7ne60| 600 2 776 |apams| cuERK | 7788 | ov121083| 1100 2 Example than the salary of FORD Select * from emp: ‘where sal me é (tec al rom emp where enanie = ‘FORD: Output evewo|eNAwe| 08 7o09_| kn [PresioeN] [MGR |HIREDATE| SAL |CoMM| 1711981 |5000| Example : To display records of employees Who ae sero JONES ‘Gicc* om emp were rcdate < {Gelect hizedate from emp where ename ONES); Output IEMPNO|ENAME| JOB _ |MGR|HIREDATE| SAL |COMM|pePryq 7aeq | sum | LEAK | 7602] 12/7/1980) 600 a | 199 | ALLEN [SALESMAN] 7698) 02!20"881|1600] 900 | 99 7521_| war |satesman| 7608 oaze/961]1250| sco | a9 3.7.4 Correlated Sub-queries Explain Correlaied subquery concept! wa example. (Refer section 3.7.1) (8 Mari) Th a SQL database query, a correlated subguery (also lnown 8 8 synchronized subquery) is a subquery (a query sesed inside another query) that uses values from the outer gu Because the subquery may be evaluated once foreach rv processed by the outer query, it can be inefficient ‘ete isan example for atypical correlated subquery. In hs ‘example, the objective isto find all employees whose ss? is above average for their department. SELECT employee number, name FROM employees AS emp i WHERE selary > ( ( SELECT AVG(ealary) FROM employees WHERE department = emp.department); = _Inthe above query the outer query is SELECT employee number, FROM employees AS emp name WHERE salary >pide above nested query the inner query has to be ree geod foreach employee onelated subqueries may appear elsewhere besides the ‘WHERE clause; for example, this query uses a correlated cabquery in the SELECT clause to print the entice list of cenployees alongside the average salary for each employee's department. ‘Agtin, because the subquery is correlated with a column of the outer query, it must be re-executed for each row of the name, (ELECT ‘AVGGalary) : | Emp_id | emp name |’ “Address FROM employees aoe . E1__| Kunal ‘Camp WHERE department = emp.department) AS ‘ E2 | dy Tilak Road, depariment_average E3 | Radhika | Somwar Peth FROM employees AS emp; BA _| Sagar Warje ES__| Supriya | LS Roed ive SQL & Adv. SQL : SQL Performance Tuni ‘The changes made in a table get automaticaly reflected in original table and vice versa, ‘Purpose of View ‘View is very useful in maintaining the security of database, Consider a base table employee having following data Bip namie Address Et | Kunal Camp 2 |i Tilak Road 53 | Radhika Somwar Peth eA | _ sues Warje ES_|_ Supriya | 6700 | LS Road 1. Now just consider we want fo give this table to any user but (MSBTE - W-13, 5-14, S-15, W-15, S-16, W-16) 3.8.1 What is view? Write the syntax of create view. (Refer sections 3.8 and 3.8.1) ‘ TST 3.82 Explain viows with example. a (Refer section 3.8) “numer [Tn SQL, a view is @ virtual table containing] | the records of one or more tables based on SQL} [statement executed. ‘ ‘and columns. You st like a real table, view contains rows £29 add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN statements [0 & View and present the data as ifthe data were coming from one Single table ‘Also in multiuser system, it may be possible that more than cone user may want to update the data of same table, Consider two users A and B want to update the employee table. In such ‘case we can give Views to both these users, These users will ‘make changes in their respective views, and the respective changes are done in the base table automatically. ——— Syllabus Topic : The Create View Command 3.8.1 The Create View Command Consider existing table student ‘Table 3.8.1 : Student ‘rollno | stud_name | bdate | marks to1_[ Kunal 12-02-2000 | 90 102 | Jay 07-08-1999 | 68 103_| Radhika | 05-04-2000 | 85 tos | Sagar 13-02-2000 | 70 105 | Supriya | 11-08-1999 |_72 SEEDBMS (MSBTE-Ser m Creating view having all records and fields fro! existing table = Syntax: “GREATE oe fplace VIEW view name AS Sevecr FROM table_ name few : WHERE condition; > Example Creating a view of base table student with same structure and all the records, creating new view having specific recorg, the fields from existing table syntax Greate or replace view jew name ‘ag select * from ex ing table_name ‘where cond & Example / (Grater replace view su. L views asedlect where marks > BOs from student ‘Output Outpar Table 3.8.4 : stud_view3 ‘Table 3.8.2: stud_view! Bl en ‘stud_name roll_no | studname’| < bdate 1o1_[ Kunat 12.02.2000 [90 101 a 102_[ tay 07-08-1999 [68 103 | Radhika 103 | Radhika [05-04-2000 [ 85) 10s _[ Sagar 13.02-2000 [70 '@.3.8.3 Consider following schema, 105 | Supriya [11-08-1999 [72 EMPLOYEE-DETAILS (empname, empld, 008, 2. Creating view having specific fields but all the records from existing table = syntax cea riew view name 7 Example (Create or replace ‘Wiew stud, 4s select roll_no, name from student; ied Output : The newly created view will be Table 3.8.3: stud_view2 Follsno [stud name tor_| Kunal 102, Jay 103, tos | Segar 105_| Supriya salary, job) Create a view on EMPLOYEE-DETAILS havrg attribute (empname, empld, DOB, salary, job) whes ‘salary is greater than 20,000 (Reter section 3.8.1) Create of replace view v1 as select empname, empl, DO, Salary, job from employee_details where salary > 20000, Q.3.8.4 Consider following schema : Depositor (Acc_no, Name, PAN, Balance) i Create a view on depositor having atvbst (Acs_no, PAN) ‘Where balance is greater than 100000. (Refer section 3.8.2) PAN ft Create oF replace view v2. as select Ace_n0, ‘epositor where balance > 100000; “aja as eens 4= 342 & us (wSBTE-Sem.3-Comp 2 syllabus Tople : Updating Views je2 updating Views upd ain i id 10 update the eons of view, Upton antes oii ale also, Means th sae changes we male in the original table also, & Example: We are updating marks to 73 of student having roll_no 102. In this case marks of roll_no 102 will get updated in both view view as well as table student. Output View - View! Tolizpo|| stud.name | bdate | marks | tor | Kunal 12-02-2000 | _ 90 102 | hy 07-08-1999 | _73 103 | Radhika | 05-04-2000 | _ 85 tos | Sagar 1302-2000 | 70 105 | Supriya | 11-08-1999 | 72 Output Table 3.8.5 : Student rollino | stud.name | tbdate | Marks tor | Kunal 12-02-2000 | _90 102_| hay 07-08-1999 | _73 103 | Radhika | 05-04-2000 | _ 85 10s_| Sagar 13-02-2000 | _70 {105 | Supriya | 11-08-1999 | _72 ‘There are some restrictions on the. modification with respect view, Interactive SOL & Adv. SQL : SOL Performance Tuning In case of view containing joins between multiple tables, only insertion and updation inthe view is allowed, deletion is not allowed Data modification is not allowed in the view which is based ‘on union queries. Data modification is not allowed in the view where GROUP BY or DISTINCT statements are used. In view the text and image columns can't be modified. Syllabus Topic : Views and Joins 3.8.3 Views and Joins ‘We can create views by joining two or more tables. = Consider folowing two tables ‘Gate lable employee( ID number(3), : | ‘name varchar (10). a salary ntunber(6) ); a create table job ID muimber(5), title nvarchar (10), Wenesiarsauabeatal) Now we will create view on these tables CREATE VIEW myView Seer SELECT eID, Employee e , job j Where elD =D Syllabus Topic :_Views and Sub-queries 3.8.4 Views and Sub-queries = We will create view having records of employees working in SMITH’s department ‘Cieaie ore replace view vi as Select * from emp where depino = a \(celect deptno from emp where ename = ‘SMITH;v Adv, SOL: SOL Petr Outpt we [een ee “" [TJ | astich neta to populate the rinary EWPNO|ENAME| Joe - [waR|HineDATE| SAL | COWM| DEPINO incrementing and returning its value 7266 | zones | wanacen | 739 | oxcarast | 2075 2 sequences ae used in Database Decaise many py 7708 | scoTT| avaLvsr | 7286| 2081682 | 200] 2 pie ech row baving unis Yaluesinthe ty, 7902 20 jide an easy was ono [naar [70] ene | = tre sequences provide 29 60 8Y € teens 7369 | swma | cueri | 7902] rarzt990 | 800 20 values forthe records inthe table, Sequences ae 7e76 |aoams| LEAK |7760| 01/12/1983 1100] a integer numbers like 1, 2, 3,4. ee fy ———————— Syllabus Topic : Dropping Views. 3.8.5 Dropping Views > (wseTe -S-17) Syllabus Topic :_ Sequences 3.9 Sequences (UsBTE ~$-13, W19, $14, Wed, We15, $16, W-17) 3.9.1 What is sequence ? What are the. ‘operations with respeot to sequences 2. "(Refer sections 3.9 and 3.93.1) 2.9.2 What are sequences ? Why Its Used ? Create "sequence for student table. coe i |. (Refer sections 3.9 and 3.9.1) 39,3, Explain sequences with example, (Refer sections 3.9 and 3.9.1) @.3.9.4 Define sequences. Create sequence for student table. (Refer sections 8.9 and 3.9.1) = Primary key is used in a'sble to maintain unique value for the records in the table. Primary key is applied on one column co combination of columns in the table. Here sequences are ‘another concept which helps to maintain unique values for various records inthe table _ pecause of database sequences, there is ng isolation occured ‘Tat means 0 OF MOE tana not get the same value. So database will not affecting when 0 oF mo i accessing the same transaction at the same tne, Wig database sequences, it is not possible to generat thing incrementing numbers. = Sequences are just ike counter which generates see numbers". —_——— Syllabus Topic :_Creating Sequences 3.9.1 Creating Sequences 9.9.5 How to create a sequence explain wi example ? (Refer section 3.9.1) = © Information required for generating numbers . . = The starting number. ‘ = The maximum number generated by a sequence — For generating the next number need to increment ihe We 7 Create sequence ’ x ~ Te evento a sequence CREATE SEQUENCE suet | used, ~ _ CREATE SEQUENCE statement creates sequence inet 1 ~ Sequences automatically generate primary key value® : ~ Sequence number is generated by the sequence SH | ( Which just create unique values for records in anbsei!t | ‘increr i “re ments its value automatically which is indere™ ( the transaction committing or rolling back. 1 is One user can never get the sequence sumer Wt fsenerated by another user. | We can vib acess values in SQL statements wing CU AMS (MSBTE-Sem. 3-Com, (Glosssseresom econ 1 Intoractive SOL & Adv. SOL: SOL Performance Tuning ‘once a sequence is created, itis used to returns the current salu ofthe sequence. ‘To increment the sequence and retums the new value, NEXTVAL clause is used, or syntax GAEATE SEQUENCE MAXVALUE Pa MMINVALUE CYCLE CACHE] 7 Example CREATE SEQUENCE student MINVALUE 1 |“ MAXVALUE 100 START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1 “CACHE 20; © Increment by = Increment By clause specifies the time interval between the sequence numbers. Sequence number can be any positive or negative value but not zero. If this clause is omitted, by default value is 1. ~ MAXVALUE and MINVALUE ‘Tis claus values which are generated by sequences. used to specify the maximum or minimum ~ Start with This clause is used to specify the first sequence number generated by using START WITH clause. = Cycle :This clause is used to specify that the sequence Continues to generate repeated values. ~ Cache “This clause is used to specify how many values fo generat it advance and those values are kept in memory for faster access of data. ———— eo Syllabus Topic ; Altering Sequences 3.9.2 Altering Sequences Q.9.9.6 How to alter a sequence 7 (Refer section 3.9.2) (5 Marks) SEQUENCE Sequenced can be altered using ALTER statement. Start value of sequence cannot be altered. > syntax ‘RUTER SEQUENCE Sequence Name> {INCREMENT BY UMINVALUE example CREATE INDEX ind onstudesttud_aame), 3.10.2 Composite index Sometimes duplicate records may available in colnet * Such case the composite indexing is better option to index ‘This inde is created ona multiple columns ofa table © Syntax 3.10rr pas (MSBTE-Ser 3-Comp) 7 Example gee NDEX ind2 on student(hid_ name marke) 4103 unique Index A unigue index does not alow any duplicate values to be see it te able syntax §EATE UNIQUE INDEX index name (N ublename (column column2, Example (GENTE UNIQUE INDEX ina ‘onatadent(uid_name}s 310.4 Implicit Index Implicit indexes are indexes that are automatically created by the database server when an object is created. Such indexes are created for primary key and unique constraints Displaying Index : To display index information regarding table following query is used. © syntax (SevidSe fm abe name: © Example ‘Show index rom suidents 310.5 Dropping Index * Purpose of Dropping Index = To remove an index or domain index from the database you ‘can use the DROP INDEX statement. Database invalidates or cancel all objects that depend onthe lable ie. packages, package bodies. functions, and procedures, When you drop an inde. Including. views, ‘The global partitioned index is partitioned by a range oF hash, Patiioned index, if we drop this global partitioned index then al he index partitions als drorPed- All the inden partons and sub partitions are also dropped When you drop a composite-parttioned index: « Example DROPINDEX pr Gustomes }6_Interactive SOL & Adv, SQL : SL Performance Tun Syllabus Topic : Synonyms - Creating Synonyms, Dropping Synonyms 3.11 Synonyms : Creating Synonyms, Dropping Synonyms > (MSBTE - S-14, W-14, W-17) ATA Whal ae Synonyms 7 Write @ syntax for creating | asynonym. eee (Refer sections 3.11 and 3.11.1) BIN Q.3.11.2.What are synonyms ? How to create and drop “ “synonym? oe, Wa ee U atoroechone a /f;31 i and atte) =e name for = Asynonymis an alias or alternate table, view, sequence, or other schema object, = They are used mainly to make it easy for users to access database objects owned by other users. = ‘They hide the underlying object's identity and make it harder for a malicious program or user to target the underlying object. = Because a synonym is just an alternate name for an object, it requires no storage other than its definition. = When an application uses a synonym, the DBMS forwards the request to the synonyms underlying base object. = There ae two major uses of synonyms: Major uses of synonyms 1. Object invisibility 2, Location invisibility Fig. 3.11.1 : Uses of synonyms 1. Object invisibility synonyms can be created to keep the original objet hidden from the user 2, Location invisibility Synonyms can be created as aliases for tables and other ‘objects that are nat part ofthe local database.formance 7 DBMS (MSBTE-Sem. 3-Cor a-17 Interactive SQL & Adv. SOL : SOL Pe 162 Tunin, 3.11.1 Creating Synonyms 3.11.2 Dropping Synonyms ~ Tie following code shows how to create a synonym forthe | The fllowing code shows how drop 2 symonym: ‘employee table: = syntax aggto Vata PL/SQL Programming PUSAQL data Types, Variables, Constants. - Cursors Cursor for loops, Parameterized Cursors. eating Trigger, Deleting Trigger. Introduction of PLISQL, Advantages of PLISGL, The PUSQL Block Structure, PL/SQL execution environment, Control Structure : Conditional Control, iterative Control, Sequential Control Exception Handling : Predefined Exception, Usor defined Exception, + Implicit and Explicit Cursors, Declaring, Opening and closing a cursor, Fetching a Record from Cursor, Procedures : Advantages, Creating, Executing and Deleting Stored Procedure, Functions : Advantages, Creating, Executing and Deleting a Function, Database Triggers : Use of Database Triggers, how to apply database Triggers, Types of Triggers, Syntax for Syllabus Topic : Introduction of PUISQL 41 Introduction of PL/SQL — PLISQL stands for Procedure Language / Structure Query Language. It is the combination of SQL along with the procedural features of programming languages. = PLISQL includes procedural language elements such as conditions and loops. It allows declaration of constants and variables, procedures and functions, types and variables of those types, and triggers. It can handle exceptions (runtime errors). ~ Arrays are supported involving the use of PLISQL collections. It has included features associated with object orientation. One can ereste PL/SQL units such as procedures, functions, packages, types, and triggers, which are stored in the database for reuse by applications. Syllabus Tople : Advantages of PUSQL 4.1.1 Advantages of PLSQL > (MSBTE - W-14, 5-15, W-15, 5-16) Q.4.1.1 State two advantages of PUSOL and give its block structure. (Refer sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.2) Ca Q.4.1.2 Draw the block structure of PL/SQL. List’ advantages of PUSQL. (Refer sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.2) ‘ 4.1.3 What are advantages of PUSQL? (Refer section 4.1.1) TERRI 4 Give any four advantages of using PUSQL. “(Refer section 4.1.1)7. Block Structure Tight Integration with SQL 9, Procedural Language Capability 5. High Productivity 6. Portability 7, Scalabity 8, Manageability 9, Support for Object-Oriented Programming 70. Suppor for Developing Web Applications PUSQLP, ored subprograms of PLISQL ine application processing on gy scalability By ent database server anageablity: PLSOL sor SUPPERS hey Many itned on the SAADASE SEE Which oe Senge witout Raving 10 affect TE spicing oe nether, thereby increasing the msninabiy, support for Object-Oriented Programming; PUSOL supports object-oriented programing andj use of "Abstract Data Types"(ADTS). Support for Developing Web Applications : PLisg nitows creating applications hat generate Web pag, that directly access the database | Support for Developing Server Pages + PLS. Server Pages (PSPS) allows developing web pages wit dynamic content. Error Handling : PLISQL handles exception effectively during the execution of a PL/SQL program, 11. Suppo for Developing Server Pages ‘Syllabus Topic : PLISQL Block Structure 12, Eror Handling Fig. 4 : Advantages of PLISQL Block Structure : PL/ SQL consist of blocks of code, which can be nested within each other, Each block forms a unit of a logicel module and is stored in the database so that it can be reuse. ‘Tight Integration with SQL: PLISQL is tightly {integrated with SQL, which is popular and most widely used database manipulation language, Procedural Language Capability : PLISQL includes procedural language constructs such as conditional statements and looping constructs, High Performance : PL/SQL allows sending the entire block of statements to the database, thereby reducing trafic between the application and the database High Productivity : PLISQL allows writing compact ‘code for manipulating data, PLISQL can query, change, ‘nd automatically update data in a database, Portability : PLISQL applicaions can run on any operating system and platform where Oracle Database is running. 4.1.2 PL/SQL Block Structure > (MSBTE - W-13, S-14, W-15, S-16, W-16, $-17) @.4:1.5 Give the biock structure of PUSQL and expla, ‘main components, (Refer section 4.1.2) Q. 4.1.6 Explain block structure of PL-SQL. (Refer section 4.1.2) Ens Q. 4.1.7 Explain PL/SQL block structure. (Refer section 4.1.2) Esa Header Is Declaration Section BEGIN Execution Section ‘ EXCEPTION Fe : Exception Section ey Fig. 4.1.2 : PUSQL Block Structure43 PUSQL Programming ‘The basic unit of PLISQL is called a block, which allows grouping of related declarations and statements. Any PL/SQL program is made up of blocks, which can be nested within each other. PL/SQL blocks categorization PLISQL categorization 1, Subprogram 2, Anonymous block Fig. 4.1.3: PL/SQL categorization > 1. Subprogram A subprogram is « PL/SQL block stored in the database and called by name from any application. A subprogram could be 8 procedure ora function 2. Anonymous block ‘An anonymous block is a PL/SQL block that appears in the application but is not named or stored in the database. An anonymous block can appear wherever SQL statements can appear. Structure of PSL Block It consists of the following sections 1. HEADER - Header section (optional) <<< label >> (optional) 2. DECLARE - Decl Declarations of local types, variables, & subprograms section (optional) 3. BEGIN - Executable section (required) Statements (which can use items declared in declarative past) 4. [EXCEPTION - Exception-handling section (optional) Exception handlers for exceptions (errors) raised in executable part] Header Section = Header section is relevant only for subprograms. It includes the name, parameter list and RETURN clause for functions. It determines the way the subprogram must be called, 2. Declaration Section Declaration section of a PL/SQL Block stars with the Keyword DECLARE. Declare section is optional and is used to declare temporary placeholders like variables, constants, records and cursors, used to manipulate data in the execution section, 3. Execution Section [Execution section starts with the reserved keyword BEGIN and ends with END. This section is a mandatory and is the section where the program logic is written. — Looping conditional statement and SQL statements form a part of execution section. statements, 4. Exception Section — The Exception section starts with the reserved keyword EXCEPTION, Enrors in the program can be handled in this section, so that the PLISQL Blocks terminates gracefully and not abruptly with errors. Comments can be used to document code, Every statement in the above three sections must end with a semicoton () ——— Syllabus Topic : PLISQL Execution Environment 4.1.3 PL/SQL Execution Environment ~ PLISQL engine is a tool used to define, compile, and run PLISQL program units. ‘The engine can be installed in an application development tool, such as Oracle Forms, ~The PLISQL engine accepts any valid PLISQL block as input ‘The engine runs procedural statements and sends SQL. statements to the SQL engine.ip i PUSQL Program 4 value wit DEMS (MSBTE-Sem. 3-Comp) Tre asa Types SEE va hg ° a1 : PLSQL Engine < [Procedural + boolean, number, ete, scam | Eero | pxamples boolea : vy 2, Composite Dats Types «oes wales Ct he gg "component ‘Examples collections and records ca a Reteence Dota Types - olds vale, cle pi, sed to reference oer objects LOB Data Types ~ holds values, called Log ‘pectving location of Tage obJE, SUCH as gp images, motion pftures et Fig. 4.14: PLISQL Execution Environment a4 = As shown in the Fig. 4.1.4 the database processes PLISQL ons 4, Salar Data Type ~ When a aptiaon devetpment wl prseses PLSQL | aaigs a single vahe and Mas 0 ine 1 = Ifa PL/SQL unit contains no SQL statements, the local | poolean and datetime data : ‘engine processes the entire PLISQL unit. eres es ——— Syllabus Topic : PLISQL Data Types 5, Nemerlo,detstype,soces seal, nombers, floeig-yct numbers, zero, and infinity. 4.1.4 PLISQL Data Types © NUMBER js the most commonly used numeric dit > (usete-s-15) on © Other umes dita types in PLSQL ince BINARY_FLOAT, BINARY_INTEGER, DECIMAL = very PLSQL varie, const o a parameter hs data FLOAT, INTEGER, NUMBER, REAL PLS_INTECER type which determines its storage structure, the values that SMALLINT, NATURAL, ete ‘can be assigned to it and operations that can be performed on | (li) Character Data Type it © Character data type stores character and alphanumet = Following are the Data types of PL/SQL data in strings. VARCHAR2 is the most comod) Data types of PL/SQL 1, Scalar Data Types: Used character data type, Other character data types in PL/SQL include CHA® NCHAR, VARCHAR2, NVARCHAR2, LONG. RAY’ STRING, ROWID ete, 2, Composite Data Types: (iii) Bootean Data Type ‘3. Rotorence Data Types © BOOLEAN data type stores logical values, whi? 4, LOB Data Types ‘TRUE, FALSE or NULL, Fig, 4.1.5 : Data types of PLISQLtt, ISBTE-Som. 3-Comy Ioens Ms ' [NULL represents an unknown valve, since SQL has no dat type equivalent t0 BOOLEAN, itis not possible to sosign a BOOLEAN valle 10 database table column 4g Selest or fetch the vale ofa database table column ito a BOOLEAN variable, 4 UseaBOOLEAN valve ina SQL statement iy) DaeTine Data Type 4 DaeTime stores date and time values with fractional precision of seconds. fo The different DateTime data types used in PLISQL programs include DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, ‘TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND, INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH etc 2, Type Attribute ‘The variables of PLISQL often deal with tble columns and therefore should have the same datatype as the column of the sable A special attribute known as ‘TYPE allows us to declare a data item of the same data type as previously declared variable or column of the table without having to remember The item declared with %TYPE is called the referencing litem, and the previously declared item is called the referenced item. = Referencing item does not inherit the initial vaiue of the referenced item. sm changes, then the ~ Ifthe declaration of the referenced referencing item changes accordingly —— - Syllabus Topic : Variable 41.5 Variable ~ Variables are placeholders that hold the values which Keep changing throughout the execution of a PLISQL Block. Before using any variable, it needs 10 be declared in the PUSQL Programmi © syntax variable_name datotype {= value Js Example 1 you want to store the current salary of an employee, you can we avaible. DECLARE emp_sal mumber(®) = “psa is avaible of datatype number and of length 8 = We can assign values to variables in the two ways given below. Assigning values to variables directly variable_name:= value = Assigning values to variables from the database columns by using a SELECT... INTO statement SELECT column_name INTO variable_name FROM tbe sane WHERE condition}: = Example To display he salary of specific employee using variable var_sal SQL> DECLARE var_sal number(6);, 3 var_emp_no number(6) := "E001"; 4 BEGIN SELECT salaryINTO vi 6 FROM employee WHERE emp_no = var_emp_. 8 dbms_output.put_fine(var_salary); 9 END; 101 declaration section of the PL/SQL block.- — © Scope of Variables PLISQL allows the nesting of Blocks within Blocks and based on their declaration, the variables can be classified into two types. (Local variables ( com) 46 iB) sTE-Sem. 3-Comp) DBMS (MSE a PUSQL Pro SUSYGONSTANT NUMBER (6.2) = 3.14). 22 oi 2 ‘Syllabus Topic : Control Structure —_ Ow 4.2 Control Structure 42_ Contro! Sie > (MSBTE - sip (i) Global variables Fig. 4.1.6: Variable types > © Local variables = Variables declared in an inner block Which cannot be referenced by outside blocks. F i) Global variables - Variables declared in an outer block Which can be referenced by itself and by its inner locks, ‘7 Handling Variables in PL/SQL, ~ Variables must be declared they are used ~The PL/SQL variables ean be a scalar type such as DATE, NUMBER, VARCHAR2, BOOLEAN, LONG and CHAR, or ‘8 composite type, such as VARRAY. ~ Only TRUE, FALSE or NULL can be assigned to BOOLEAN type of variables ~ _ S8TYPE attribute can be used to define a variable which is of the same type as a database column's type. ‘Syllabus Topic : Constants 4.1.6 Constants A constant is a named memory location which holds a value to be used in a PLISQL block that remains unchanged throughout the execution of the program, Just like the variable a constant also needs to be declared in the declaration section. syaoseaeyamecarmmcerarmnameenentes t_name CONSTANT data_type:= VALU @.42.1 What are the various control stuctig "statements used in PUSQL? (Refer section 4.2) ‘The Control Structures decide the execution flow of the program depending on the conditions defined by the programmer, Following control structures can be used individually or i» ‘combination to deal with a given problem, (1) Seleetion control structure is used t0 test a condition, aod then executes one sequence of statements instead of anote, 4epending on which condition evaluates to true. Condition can be any variable or expression and always ‘fetus 2 BOOLEAN value (TRUE ot FALSE). The selection statements include IF and CASE Statements, @ ‘eration contro structure repeatedly executes a sequent of statements ss long as a condition evaluates to ie Counters ate used wt ‘ed which can be incremented or decremented for getting desired numberof iteration, @ the order in which they occur Syllabus Topie? Conditional Contror 4.2.4 Conditional Controt > MMSBTE- Wet, wis) 0/422 Bela conationalconiol staat ots SG | (Refer section 4.2.1) pa ae ayy We LEO ng GEL ffa a a Sea MSBTE-Sem.3-Cor paws ER PUSAQL Programming 42.(A) IF Statements 1.1F statement 2. IF-THEN statement 3. IF-THEN-ELSE Statement| ree 4. NESTEO IF-THEN- ELSE statement el] Fig. 42.1: IF statements > () Statement = An “IF statement executes a sequence of statements, ‘depending on the value of a condition, When the condition is satisfied, the necessary option will be executed. = There are three forms of IF statements: IF-THEN, IF- ‘THEN-ELSE, and IF-THEN-ELSIF. ‘Conditions ean be formed using relational operators given in following table, = These operators help us to define different kind of conditions or combination of conditions using following operator Symbols. '* Relational Operators Description! Greater than Operator (Greater than or equal t9 Operator Less than Operator Less than or equal to Operator Exqual to Operator ‘Not equal to Operator Returns tue if the character pattern ‘matches the given value "Retums toe if the value is im the given range Returns tue if th Retumns te ifthe value is NULL 7 value is i the list > @ IF-THEN Statement ‘The simplest form of IF statement associates a condition with 8 sequence of statements enclosed by the Keywords THEN and END IF (not ENDIF. = "IE Then’ executes the statement or a block of statements if the condition returns true. Example TsouS DECLARE ee 22 mom] NUMBER(O): : '§ num? NUMBER(6); 4 BEGIN ‘5 mum] := 16; fame i ci 1 1P mom) < nad THEN |B-DBMS_OUTPUT-PUT_LINE(numl | | "is less than’ | num2); : PLISQL procedure successfully completed © Example 2aii & PUSQL Prostar, xloens wsere 48 9 }| DBMS (MSBTE-Sem. 3-Comp) — = BpBMS_OUTPUTPUT_LINEFAIL): ; an VARCHAR(2): 4 BEGIN S str] := 'TECHMA 6 str2 = TECHMAN, TIF str] LIKE s2 THEN ‘8 DANS OUTPUTPUT_LINE(trt || same ike I] su) END IF; OEND; a ‘TECHMAX is same like TECHMAX PLISQL procedure successfully completed > (3) IF-THEN-ELSE Statement In this type of IF statement there isa keyword ELSE followed by an alternative sequence of statements which can execute when the condition with if evaluates to false. & syntax IF condition THEN te, statements; ELSE false_statements; END IF; = Example 1 1 SQL> DECLARE 2 percent NUMERIC; SBEGIN 4 percent := '60 SIF percent>30 THEN 6 DBMS_OUTPUT-PUT_LINE(PASS), 7 ELSE ‘ENDIF; 10 ENDs uy FAIL PLISQL procedure successfully completed © Example 2 SQL> DECLARE 2 strl VARCHAR(12); 3 str2 VARCHAR(12); 4 BEGIN 5 str] := "TECHMAX': sn? 7 IF ote] LIKE str2 THEN 8 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(etr1 | | 'is same as! || su, ELSE 10 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(stel | | ‘is not same as' || ste); END 12 END; 18/ TECHMAX is not Same as techmax PUSQL procedure successfully complete. > NESTED IF-THEN. ELSE statements IF state Statements can also be nested inside other IF state wl This allows us : us to check more than one condition in 2 $ ecute the 5 he appropriate block of statements depending ° conditions,|| a g aTE-Sem. 3-Comy loam (St Bh PUSQL Programming syntax {-Zeiaditon > ‘HEN ASIF ‘THEN ELSIF ‘THEN ENDIF, © Example 1 {8OK> DECLARE 2percent NUMERICS SBECIN Apecent = '83', SIF percent >= 75 THEN GDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINECDISINCTION): TELSIF percent >= 60 AND percent <75 THEN EDEMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINECFIRST CLA‘ ELSIF percent >= 50 AND peroent'<60 THEN 1ODBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SECOND CLASS" TWELSIF percent >= "40! AND percent <50 THEN 12DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(PASS CLASS); ISELSE, SEND IF, IGEND, Wy DistINCTION PUSQL procedure suscessfully complete. ‘F Example 2 : Greetings as per hour of the day 1 SQL> DECLARE 2 hour VARCHAR(10):= TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,HH24)); 3 BEG 4IF hour > 16 THEN 5 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LIN {E(Good Evening); GELSIF hour > 12 THEN 7 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE( Good Afternoon’): SELSE 9 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Good Morning JOEND IF: TLEND; 12/ Good Morning PLISQL procedure successfully completed 4.2.1(B) CASE Statement = The CASE statement can be used when a single condition may evaluate multiple results and therefore multiple actions, Generally CASE is used when there ate more than three altemativeastions to choose from. = CASE Statements in PL/SQL has following forms: CASE statement 1. Simple CASE 2, Searched CASE > Simple CASE Here, there is a ‘Selector’, which determines which block would get executed. It executes the block of statements where the match forthe selector is found. Default Mock is executed if no match is found forthe «We >FUSE statements ni END CASES = Example consider an example for student grades wsing the CASE” WHEN Statement SQL> DECLARE 2 grade CHAR()s 3 BEGIN 4 grade := 1A", ‘5 CASE grade 6 WHEN ‘0° THEN : DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Outstending’) 7 WHEN’A' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Excelent); 8 WHEN 'B'THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Good!); 9. WHEN'C THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Satisfactory)); 10 WHEN 'F THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT.LINE (Fai 11 ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT:PUT.LINE(Invalid grade), 12 END CASE; 13 END; UGhenas My. Excellent PLISQL case re search conditions sselecor’ but the search conditions mine whieh group of actions wiy 4. END GAS © example GWHEN day = 1 THEN ‘Monday’ TWHEN day = 2 THEN Tuesday’ ‘SWHEN day THEN 'Wednesday’ WHEN day = 4 THEN "Thursday' JOWHEN day = 5 THEN ‘Fria y TAWHEN day = 6 THEN ‘Saturday’ AR WHEN day = 6 THEN ‘Sunday! ASELSE No such grade! AWEND;pUSQL procedure successfully completed. ——— ee ‘Syllabus Topic : Iterative Control Iterative Control 42.2 > (MSBTE - We13, W-14, W-16, W-17) Joop ih examp () Loop Statement Loop is the simplest form of looping control structure which is used to repeatedly execute a set of statements until the exit ‘codition is reached. ‘Ad EXIT STATEMENT Et stement is used to exit out of a Loop. EXIT isthe oy ‘ay of terminating the LOOP so that it does not become an Infinite Loop, © Syntax STN co) EXrT statements can occur anywhere ise 81000 EXIT is used alone, it will terminate the curent 109P ‘whenever it is encountered. TEEXIT is used with WHEN clause, then the current loop is terminated only when the condition given after WHEN is satisfied. ‘© Example : Printing table of 11 PLISQL procedure successfully completed.(B) While Statement While statement executes series of statements repeatedly # ¢ condition Tong as the given condition remains true. When th evaluates to false, the loop terminates automatically. © syntax WHILE condition LOOP Statements; END LOOP; Example 1 SQL> DECLARE 2 num NUMBER: BS BEGIN + ‘4num := 13; 5 WHILE num<= 110 6 LOOP 7 DBMS_OUTPUT;PUT_LINE(aum): Bum := num + Vy 9 END LOOP; 10 END; ay Output a PLISOL procedure successfully completed. PUSOL Progan <= (c) For Statement M4 nero op eres erases ES TM (' a | vsed ed when the FOR loop sg, 1 ‘The range is evaluat executed. ae tered and the statements a7 executed until Upper bound i . hed. Here operator is used to specify range, read se @& syntax FOR counter IN [REVERSE] lower_bound.. ‘upper_bound LOOP Statements END LOOP; “The sequence in which FOR wil be executed i given below : Step 1: Counter is set to lower bound. Step2: If counter is less than or equal to upper bound then statements are executed otherwise loop is terminated. Step 3: Counter is incremented by one. It is not possible © increment counter by more than one. Step4: Repeat Step 2. © Example 1 SQL> DECLARE 2 ans NUMBER (4): 3 BEGIN ans 5 FOR num IN 1..10 LOOP. 6 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('S x° || num {|'="11 9" 8 END Loop; END; 10/de rina, stb PLISQL procedure successfully completed IFREVERSE option then, the FOR Statement is executed as follows: Outputs Reversed a oo 5 a z PLISQL procedure successfully completed, |. 4.26 Write a PL-SOL program to print numbers from: 1 to 18 using fo loop. (Refer section 42.2) EROS BEGIN Step: Counter is set to upper bound. = ee FOR num IN 1..10 Siep2: Ireounter ie greater than or equal to lower boend hen | statements are executed otherwise loop is terminated. DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(aum); Step3: Counter is decremented by one. END LOOP; Step4: Go to sep 2 END; 7 Example Output 1SQL> DECLARE i 2num NUMBER = 10; 2 SBEGIN 3 "5 4 ‘$DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Outpat is Reversed’; 5 SFOR n IN REVERSE 1..num LOOP F © DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(a): 7 TEND Loop; 8 BEND; é 10 9PL/SQL Prox Bhoswersasey $a DBMS (MSBTE-Sem. 3-Co FL CONTINUE Stateen PLISQL procedure successfully completed. (0) Continue Statement Continue statement is used to exit the current iteration of a oop. PLISQL provides following forms of Continue statement: 1. CONTINUE } 2. Continue-When(Condiion) Fig. 4.23 : Forms of continue statement tement is supported only i Onde 1, ments canbe used anywher inside a fop, yp” a is encountered in the PLSQL bie, o execute immediately and theca continve CONTINUE state ‘a CONTINUE stateme! current iteration ceases passes othe next iteration & example ‘To print od numbers from 1 t0 10 PLISQL procedure sucessfully completed. F % Continue-Wnen(Condition) ete the condition inthe When clause is evaluated ail? ‘ound tue, then the current iteration of the loop cease a! SSeS tothe nex iterationDBMS (MSBTE-Sem. 3-Comy Q. 4.3.2 Explain ‘exception handling’ in'PL-SQLs | (Rote secton 4.3). .44 Describe Exception handling. Explain with example. (Refersoction 4s) jon which may interrupt Exception is a warning or error conditi the program execution. Trean be defined as an error situation, arising during program execution, = An exception is raised when an error occurs, the normal execution is stopped and control transfers to exception handler code = Exceptions are predefined or can be user defined. B.g. ZERO_DIVIDE and STORAGE_ERROR are predefined exceptions User defined Exceptions can be written in the declare section ‘of any PLISQL block, subprogram, or package. Exception Handlers isa block of code written to handle the raised exception. After an exception handler is executed the control passes back to the next statement after the statement ‘where exception was raised. — Handling the exceptions ensures that PL/SQL blocks do not exit unexpectedly = Internal exceptions are raised automatically by the run-time system. = User defined exceptions must be raised explicitly using RAISE statements = Predefined exceptions may also be explicitly raised using RAISE statements. Exception’ improve readability and reliability of code as it thas a separate Error Handling block. PUSQL gray PLISQL Exception message consists of following thee pany co Type of Exception © An Error Code co Amessage & structure for Exception Handling “The coding of Exception handling section in PLSQL is que simple and easy. understand. ‘syntax DECLARE : Declaration section -. BEGIN : Begin section. EXCEPTION WHEN Exception_one THEN ‘Exception handler code to handle the errors WHEN Exception_two THEN Exception handler code to handle the errors WHEN Others THEN Exception handler code to handle the errors END; 5 ~ When an Exception is raised in a PL/SQL block, Onl searches for an appropriate exception handler in the exceptt section, E.g. in the above example, if the emor bed # "Exception_one', then the error is handled according (0 satements under it, WHEN Others’ exception is use © ‘manage the exceptions that are not explicitly handled. ~ When an exception is raised in inner PL/SQL block it sb! bbe handled in the exception block of the inner PLISQL b“* otherwise the control moves to the Exception block of next upper PLISQL block. If none of the blocks handle exception the program ends abruptly with an eroMS (MSBTE-Sem. 3-Comy DBMS ( ) 4t7 PUSQL Programming ‘7 pLISQL Exception Handling block = _ Following is a standard set of Oracle exception > EXCEPTION =a SQL: Oracle Exception Name Description ‘3 WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN Error i a: ORA-00001 | DUP_VAL_ON_IND | Duplicate value created "error found EX in a field restricted by SQLCODE; unique index ‘ ORA-00051 | TIMEOUT_ON_RES | Waiting for a resource ixdebr's OURCE ‘which is timed out INSERT INTO errlog VALUES (v_err, y_msg, v_prog ORA-00061 | TRANSACTION.BA | Portion of transaction SYSDATE, USER); Ce pales te ORA-o1001 | INVALID_CURSOR | Referencing cursor ‘7 WHEN OTHERS THEN which did not exist By ex:= SQLCODE; ORA-01012 | NOT_LOGGED_ON | Executing calls to Oracle before logging ‘9_msg = SQLERRM; in eee naan, oRA.01017 | LOGINDENIED | Logging in with invalid = - username or password ILINSERT INTO erlog VALUES (v_err, v_meg, ¥_prog, ‘0RA.01403 | NO_DATA_FOUND | No rows returned as result of query SYSDATE, USER); ‘ORA.01422 | TOO_MANY_ROWS | More than one row 12 RAISE; retuned || ona -00476 | 220 DIVIDE Executing Divide by Syllabus Topic : Predefined Exception zer0 (ORA.01722 | INVALID_NUMBER | Trying to convert 4.3.1 Predefined Exception string to number > (msste-s-16) || ORA-06s00 | STORAGE ERROR | Memory insufficient or comupted : defined 9.4235 What are predefined exception and user ‘ORA-06501 | PROGRAM_ERROR | Internal program error exceptions ? ona.o6s02 | VALUELERROR — | Invalid character or (Refer sections 4.3.1 and 4.3.2) numeric value (1) Named system exception ‘oRA-06511 | CURSOR_ALREAD | Opening a cursor that ¥_OPEN is already open ~ The Named system exceptions are exceptions that have Been already given names in the STANDARD package in PLISOL- carer ~ Named system exceptions need not be declared exis Catching Named System Exception called error | DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX they are raised implicily when a predefined Onecle eon J DUP cccurs, also they are caught by referencing the standard namé | SQ].>CREATE OR REPLACE, PROCEDURE new dent ‘Within an exception handling routine. (dnolN 2. CHAR, d_name IN VARCHAR2) eslBloons (MSBTE-Sem. 3-Comp) —————— 23 e (2) Unnamed System Exceptions 3 i / ‘4 BEGIN Bee 'S INSERT INTO department (dept_no, dept_name) ‘7 WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN 'B rise_application_error (25001,Department No, alread | existing); ‘9. WHEN OTHERS THEN ‘AO raice_applieation_error -25002,Eror epartnent.); gees Dividing by Zero Error PLISQL procedure successfully competed PUSOL Progen, system exceptions for which oracle do not provide known as unnamed system exception. These Exc or a code and an associated message, 8 “There are two ways to handle unnamed system exceptions Using the WHEN OTHERS exception handler, o¢ Associating the exception code to a name and using u named exception. = This possible to assign a name to unnamed system exons, using a Pragma called EXCEPTION py EXCEPTION_INIT will associate a predefined Orie, number to a user_defined exception name. & Example Declaring an unnamed system exception using EXCEPTION {7 A 2 en Here, ‘exception_name isthe name of & xcepton and the number isa negative valve o7F ORA- error number. The pragina must apes sm! *xcepton declaration inthe same declarative set the following example:yr 3MS (MSBTE-Sem. 3-Comy Ghoovse 2 ae + found EXCEPTION; }RAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(error_found, -45); nai “cif cove hat causes an ORA00045 error EXCEPTION (WHEN error_found THEN -exde to handle the error END; f 7 Example ‘When we try to delete a record from parent table while a bid recond still exist, an exception will be thrown with oracle cade number -1517. User can provide a name to this exception and ‘andl it in the exception as shown below: SQL>DECLARE: pie 2 aa soud_ exception EXCEPIION: 3 PRAGMA AEXCEPTION_INIT (Child_record_exception, -1517); ‘SBEGIN ‘Delete FROM department where deptne = "DOW'S | TEXCEPTION WHEN chitd_secord_exeeption OTHEN dbms_output.put_ine(Child records for this $epartnent exit in employee table" Wee : eae : ook PUSQL Programming Syllabus Topic : User defined Exception 4.3.2 User defined Exception Due tothe complex structure of relational databases i is not always possible to handle all the unwanted exceptions using Named and Un-named exceptions. Therefore there is a need to.name and catch exceptions that arent defined by PLISQL. ‘These are called Named Programmer defined exceptions or user defined exception ~ Named Programmer-defined exceptions should be explicitly declared in the declaration section. = They should be explicitly raised in the execution section, = They should be handled by referencing the user-defined exception name in the exception section © syntax function [Named programmer-dfined exception i alse excep names ExoET nN temvents] |END (funetion_oame]:Ee mp ‘Syllabus Tople : Cursor 4.4 Cursor D> (MSBTE - W-13, S-15, W-15, S-16, W-16, S17, w-17) ‘@AlaA Define cursor ? List the twa types of cursor. (Refer section 44) TEERTREATTS (0.4.4.2 What is cursor? (Rater section 44) . 4.43 Explain mle and expiict cursors. e (Refer sections 4.4.1 10 4.4.2) : Q.4.44 List types ‘of cursor and explain each with ‘example, (Feter sections 44 to 4.4.2) pas Cursor is @ pointer to the private area in SQL that stores information about procesing. a] specific DML statement. S = The drawback with select statement is that it returns only one row ata time in a PLISQL block. ‘Cursors are capable of holding more than one row. It sed for ‘grouping a set of rows and implementing a similar logic to all the records ofthat group. ‘Sot of rows retrieved in such an area is called the active set and its size depends on the number of rows retrieved by the search condition ofthe query Oracle reserves an area in memory called cursor, populates this azea with appropriate data and frees the memory area ‘when the task is completed. Cursors can be classified as 4 Implict Cursor 2. Explicit Cursor } Fig. 44.1 : Cursor types > > 1. Implicit Cursor called as internal COrOTS and ag, -rese cursors ae 80 managed by Oracle itself 2, Explicit Cursor _mhes are User-defined Cursor used for ‘external Processing syl "Tabus Topic : Implicit Cursor = 4 Implicit Cursor Implicit cursor i a session cursor which is opened every time you run « SELECT or DML statement in the PLISQL block, ‘An implicit cursor closes after its associated statement ron bt its attributes values remain available until another SELECT or DML statement is executed. Cursor attributes return information about the state of the cursor. ‘The attribute ‘SQLattribure(e.g. SQL%EFOUND). ‘cursor is syntax for an implicit SQLattribute will always refer to the recently run DML ot SELECT INTO statement. Implicit cursor attributes Impllett cursor attributes 4. SOL%ISOPEN 2. SQL%FOUND 8. SQL%NOTFOUND 4, SQL%ROWCOUNT Fig. 434.2 Impl 1. SQL%&ISOPEN Oracle autor matically opens and closes implicit exe associated to ar ed to any DML or Select statement, Therefore Yale for this atribute is always false es —pans (MSBTE-Sem.3-Comp) % 2 SOLSFOUND pany DML of Select into statement returned any row then ihe value ofthis atibute iS tre, if no rows were returned shen te value i flse otherwise when no recent statement i executed then this valve is null 9 3. SQLSNOTFOUND works like the SQL%FOUND but contrary results are cbtained with SQL&%SNOTFOUND that is false if rows are retumed, true if no rows are returned and null if no recent statement is executed. 4 4. SQL%YROWCOUNT It stores mull if no recent DML statements are executed and stores the count ofthe rows affected by the DML statement of Select into statement. Sr.No. Carsor Attributes, Retums true if the cursor is open otherwise false 1. | SQL%ISOPEN 2. | SQL%FOUND If any row is retumed by DML or select into then true otherwise false Returns true when no row is returned by DML or select Into statement 3. | SQL%NOTFOUND Retums the number of rows affected by DML statements 4. | SQLROWCOUNT PUSQL Programming SEND IF, Hove ee uindata 12 END IF; ASELSE 14 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (No records to be updated’); 15 END IF; 16 ENI lie i 3 rows are updated PLISQL procedure successfully completed = Drawbacks of Implicit Cursors ‘The implicit cursor has the following drawbacks : 1, Implicit cursors are less efficient than an explicit cursor. 2. Implicit cursors are more vulnerable to data errors. 3, Implicit cursors provide less flexibility to implement programming control. L © example Syllabus Topic : Explicit Cursor - Declaring, Opening and closing a cursor, Fetching a Record Using CURSOR attributes on cance en! Sassers SERVEROUTPUT ON Peay 4.4.2 Explicit Cursor po = 'D0OY'; AP SQuerounp THEN ps S_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (‘Salary Updated: 4s oreo PUT_LINE (Meson nt fon > (usere-we14) 4.4.5 Wiite step by step syntax to create close cursor in PLISOL block. _ (Refer section 4.4.2) ‘The Cursor which is declared by user is called as Explicit Cursor. Following are the steps of using an explicit Cursor : =‘Stepl : DECLARE Cursor in the declaration section © Example (CURSOR ¢_emp IS SELECT emp_no, emp_name, femp_odde FROM emp; 5 aa In above example we created a cursor with name ¢-2mP ‘which sasocated with mp table Step 2: OPEN the cursor in he Execution Section General Syntas to open a crsoris (OPEN cursor names ‘Step 3: FETCH the data from cursor into PLISQL variables oF records in the Execution Section '% General Syntax to fetch records from a cursor is FETCH cursor_name INTO record_nai oR FETCH cursor_name INTO vatiable list: Step 4: CLOSE the cursor in the Execution Section before we end the PL/SQL Block. ‘= General Syntax to close a cursor is CLOSE cursor_name; Following are the statements used and corresponding actions performed: Statements Action performed OPEN c_emp: Opens the cursor FETCH — cemp INTO | Rows fetched from table into vvar_emo_no, var_emp_name, | variables var_emp_sal,var_emp_addr, CIOSEc_emp; Closes the eursor ‘© Explicit cursor variables Cursor variable Description c%ISOPEN Retwms tue if the cunor is open otherwise false L a if any row is returned by Dyyy into then true otherwise fase "8 Returns true when 0 row a DML orselect into statement 5) Retums the number of ows DML statements ‘tec c%ROWCOUNT = example Using cursor variables {SQL> Declare 2 var_emp_no char(4)s 4 var_emp_namevarchar(10); 4 var_emp_sal number(8.2); 5 var_emp_addrvarcher(10}: 6 cursor ¢_emp is “Tselect emp_no, emp_name, emp_sal, emp_addr fom ea Begin ‘open c_emp; loop 11 fetch ¢_emp into Aexit when e_empeénotfounds 33 var_new. sal var_emp_sal +5000; 14 insert into emp 15. ddr); 16 end loop; A close ¢_emp; Bend; a9) PUSQL procedure successfully completed.