1

m%dfhda.sl fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj

fmrjok
l;=jok
mgqk
mßÉfþoh msgq
01’ ye¢kaùu
02’ fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj hkq l=ulao@
03’ nqÿka jykafia iy nqÿoyu
04’ uki
05’ fn!oaO fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj
06’ fn!oaO mdrsißl ufkdaúµdj
07’ fn!oaO idu ufkdaúµdj
08’ fn!oaO ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj iy WmfoaYkh
09’ fn!oaO Ndjkdj ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidjla f,i
10’ nqÿoyu ;=<ska wd;;s l<ukdrlKh
11’ ks.ukh
wdY%s; .%J:kdudj,sh -
- isxy,
- bx.%Sis
mdßNdIsl jpk ud,dj
- isxy,
- bx.%Sis

ye¢kaùu
Introduction
fuu lD;sh fn!oaO ufkdaúµd;aul ixl,amhka y÷kajd§u i|yd
rpkd lrk ,oaols’ j¾;udk f,dalhg m%dfhda.sl f,i Wmfhda.S
lr .; yels fn!oaO ixl,am rdYshla we;s w;r thskq;a b;du
m%fhdackj;a úfYAI wjOdkhg ,lajQ m%;sM, ,eìh yels ixl,am
.ek fuys ye¢kaùula lr we;’ wo f,dalh .;al, úµd;aulj
ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKQjg m;ajqjo udkisl fi!LHh wxYfhka
mSvdú¢kakkaf.a ixLHdj b;d úYd,h’ wd;;sh úidoh ±ä f,i
iEu flfklau w;a ú¢k w;r ufkdaúµd{hska‛ m¾fhaIlhska fï
ms<sn| iyk ie,iSug kj úêl%uhka fidhñka lghq;= lrKq ±lsh
yelsh’ ñksia ukig i;=g‛ m%S;sh‛ iuÕsh ,nd§ug úúO wd.ñl
u;jdohka W;aidy lrñka iy tu merKs ixl,amhkag kj
w¾:l:k foñka isá;s’ ufkdaúµd{hskaf.a wruqKo ldhsl udkisl
 2

frda.j,ska mSvdú¢ñka isák ñksiqka thska uqojd iykh ,nd§uh’

nqÿka jykafiaf.ao m%Odku wfmaCIdj jQfha iodld,slj ÿla ke;slr‛
iem we;s ksjk wjfndaO lrùuh’ kuq;a ;djld,sl mSvd
ú¢kakjqka fjkqfjka thska ñ§ m%S;sfhka hq;=j Ôú;h f.khdhq;=
wdldrh ukdj olajd we;’ m%dfhda.sl f,dalfha wmg b;d jeo.;a
jk ixl,amhka f;dardf.k tajd ngysr ufkdaúµdfõ iy nqÿoyfuys
fh§ we;s whqre ixikaokd;aulj ú.%yhla lr we;’ ngysr
ufkdaúµd{hska olajk woyia ie,ls,a,g .ksñka nqÿoyu ;=< ta
ixl,amhka úoyd ±lafjk whqre ms<sìUq fjk f,i fï
ixikaokd;aul wOHhkh isÿlr we;’ b;d fláfhka ufkdaúµd
ixl,am úia;r lr we;s w;r fn!oaO ufkdaúµd ixl,am fldhs
wdldrhlska m%dfhda.slj wm iudcfha m%Yak úi£ug fhdod.;
yels±hs wjOdkhg fhduqlr we;’ tfiau nqÿoyu;a ufkdaúµdj;a
ms<sn|j meyeÈ<s wjfndaOhlska f;drj fujeks m¾fhaIKhla l<
fkdyelsh’ tu ksid fï fCIA;%h iïnJOfhka ,shù we;s fmd;a
m%udKh fnfyúkau wvq ú we;s w;r iuyr fmd;a ,shù we;af;a
nqÿoyu ms<sn| meyeÈ<s wjfndaOhlska f;drj ksid tajdfha
wka;r.;h ms<sn| iEySulg m;aùug fkdyelsh’ tu ksid fï
ms<Sn|j hï wOHhkhla lsÍug fm<fUk wh úiska l< hq;af;a
nqÿoyu;a ufkdaúµdj;a ms<sn| meyeÈ<s wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSuh’ fï
úIhhka fol ms<sn|ju fyd| wjfndaOhlska hq;=j id¾:l
m%fhdacj;aa m¾fhaIKhla l< yelsh’
i;=g iduh iuÕsh ´kEu ñksfil=f.a isf;a we;s jkakdjq taldhk
n,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs’ j¾;udk ixlS¾K f,dalfha Ôj;ajk iEu
wfhl=u mdfya wd;;sh‛ úYdoh‛ ;ryj jeks krl is;=ú,s j,ska
is; ¥Is;ùug ,laj Ôj;ajk whqre ±l.; yelsh’ nqÿoyu
ufkdaúµdj iy úúOdldr wd.ï iy úúO m¾fhaIK wdh;k
iduh i;=g isf;a Ydka;sh we;s lsÍug úúO m¾fhaIK isÿlrK
hq.hla f,i j¾;udkh i|yka l< yelsh’ fuys§ nqÿoyu
m%dfhda.sl Ôú;fha m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,ndfok w;r tajd
yßhdldrj wod< lrf.k mjq,a Ôú;h iudc Ôú;h hym;a lr
.ekSu ;=<ska jdikdjka; fygla wfmaCId lr.; yelsh’ ;ks
mqoa., Ñ;a; ix;dk mdßY=oaêh mjqf,a‛ iudcfha‛ k.rfha uq¿
rfgys iy f,dalfhau i;=g Ydka;sh msKSi fya;=jkafkah’ th
werôh hq;af;a mqoa., ix;dk.; krl is;=ú,s uq,skqmqgd oud ;ud
msßisÿ njg m;aùu ;=<sks’
m%dfhda.sl fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj ^ye¢kaùula& hk .%J:h rpkd lrK
,oafoa j¾;udk iudcfha we;s fmdÿ m%Yak lSmhla iudf,dapkh
lrñka fn!oaO ufkdaúµdkql+,j úi÷ï fiùu i|ydh’ fn!oaO
ufkdaúµdj hkq ixlS¾K úIh fCIA;%hls’ tys oS ud f;dardf.k
we;af;a m%dfhda.sl fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj ms<sn| m¾fhaIKhla lsÍugh’
m%dfhda.sl fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj hkqfjka fuys§ woyia lrkafka
tÈfkod Ôú;fha wm uqyqKfok m%Odk m%Yak iy tajdg úi÷ï
 3

fn!oaO ufkdaúµdkql+,j fiùuh’ fndfyda wh nqÿoyu lshQ muKska

is;kafka l¾uh‛ mqk¾Njh‛ ;%s ,CIKh‛ p;=rd¾h i;Hh‛ wks;Hh
jeks od¾Yksl ixl,amhka njh’ kuq;a mjq,a ðú;h i;=áka
.;lrK whqre‛ wd¾Ól l<ukdlrKh‛ iudc Ôú;h‛ hq;=lï iy
whs;sjdislï‛ cSú;h uOHia:j mj;ajd .kafka flfiao hk
ud;Dldjka iïnJOfhka o nqÿka jykafia úiska foaYkd lrK ,o
iQ;% m%udKh fndfydah’ fuys§ udf.a W;aidyh jkafka m%dfhda.sl
Ôú;fha id¾:lFjhg fya;=jk ixl,am lSmhla f;dardf.k tAjd
ngysr ufkdaúµdfõ fh§ we;s wdldrh iy fn!oaO ufkdaúµdfõ
úYaf,aIKh lrK whqre meyeÈ<j ±laùuh’
j¾;udk iudcfha fndfyda ÿrg idlÉPdjg .efkk fmdÿ m%Yak
f,i uq,a nei.;a ixl,amhkag uq,a ;ekla§ug woyia lf<ñ’ ta
w;r ukfiys l%shdldßFjh‛ fi!LHh‛ mßirh‛ iduh‛ WmfoaYkh‛
wd;;sh iy Ndjkdj jeks lreKq b;d jeo.;ah’ fï fmd; yqfola
fï úIhka ms<sn| ye¢kaùula lsÍug rpkd lrK ,oaols’ bÈßfha§
fï iEu mßÉfþohla .eku §¾> m¾fhaIKhla lsÍug wfmaCIs;h’
fï fmd; rpkd lsÍfï§ úµdkql+, m¾fhaIK l%u úµdjka
wkq.ukh lr we;’ iïmÍCIK l%uh‛ ft;sydisl l%uh‛
ixikaokd;aul l%uh‛ ksÍCIK l%uh‛ od¾Yksl l%uh wd§
m¾fhaIKhl§ fhdod .kakd l%uo fhdod .;af;uq’ iuyr
wjia:djkays§ fï fmd; lshjkakdg myiqfj;ehs is;+ l%uo
wkq.ukh lf<ñ’ tla wjia:djl mdol igyka j,§ WOD;hka
olajd we;s w;r ;j;a ;ekl md,S‛ bx.%Sis fyda ixialD; mdG ta
ia:dkfha f;reu;a iu.Z fhdod we;af;ñ’ iEu mßÉfþohlau wod<
úIh fCIa;%h ms<sn| ngysr ufkdaúoHd;aul lreKq úia;r lr bka
miqj tysu fn!oaO ufkdaúoHdkql+, ixl,amo olajd we;’ tys§
;%smsglfha wod< iQ;%j, kïo ta iïnJOfhka j¾;udkfha ,shù we;s
m¾fhaIK .%J:j, kïo imhd úúO m¾fhaIK o;a;‛ m%;sM, iy
idOl weiqre lrñka ngysr ufkdaúµd ixl,amhka fn!oaO
ufkdaúµd ixl,am iuÕ ixikaokd;aul wOHhkh isÿlr we;’
tfiau fuu fmd; uqøKhg m%:u iudcfha úúO ;rd;srfï
mqoa.,hka 25 fofkl=g lshùug ,nd§fuka tys m%dfhda.slFjh
úuiQ w;r ta whf.ka ,o úúO fhdackd o fuys we;=,;a lf<ñ’
tuksid ir< l:d lrK NdIdfõ jpko ir< jdlH rgdjkao
fhdod we;’ iuyr úg wm bx.%Sis mßj¾;kh olajk úg b;d
ir< isxy, jpk Ndú;d lf<ñ’ tfiau jpkfhka jpkh
mßj¾;khg jvd w¾:h ir,j meyeÈ<s jk wdldrfha wkqjdohka
.ek Wkkaÿùñ’ WodyrKhla f,i mjikafka kï (alcoholism)
hkakg YíofldIfha § we;s jpkh jkafka uÈrdnOhhs’ th
fndfyda fokfl=g f;areï .; fkdyelsh’ tys ir< w¾:h u;g
weíneysùu hkak ±laúh yelsh’ (aversion) hkakg § we;s f;areï
jkafka cq.=iamdj iy jHj¾;khhs’ tho idudkH isxy, okak
wfhl=g f;areï .ekSug myiq ke;’ tys ir< w¾:h ms<sl=,hs’
 4

(differentiation)hkafkys f;areu úfNAokh iy wjl,kh lsÍuhs’

th o fndfyda fofkl=g f;areï .; fkdyelsh’ tys ir< w¾:h
fjkafldg ±laùuhs’ (incentive) hkakg È we;s jpkh jkafka
fm%da;aidykhhs’ tys ir< w¾:h ffO¾h§uhs’ (stress) hkakg È
we;af;a m%;Hd n,hhs’ tys w¾:h udkisl wiykhhs’ wd;;sho
fuhg ;j;a kuls’ (verification) hkakg È we;af;a if;HdaCIKhhs’
tkï ir< w¾:h kï yß jerÈ ne,Suhs’
tfiau tu 25 fokdf.a fhdackdjl m%;sM,hla f,i fmdf;ys wÕg
isxy, mdßNdIsl jpk ud,djg wu;rj bx.%Sis NdIdfjkao
mdßNdIsl jpk ud,djla tlalf<ñ’ th fndfyda ufkdaúµd;aul
jpk f;reï .ekSug myiqjla jkafkah’
fmdf;ys mßÉfþo ms<sn| fjka fjkaj ye¢kaùula fuys§ isÿ lrK
w;r tuÕska tys we;s wka;¾.;h .ek ±k.ekSug yelsh’ m<uq
mßÉfþofha§ fmd; iy tys we;s mßÉfþo ms<sn| meyeÈ<s flá
ye¢kaùula isÿlrK w;r tuÕska wm lshùug hkafka l=ula±hs
hkak wjfndaO lr .; yelsh’
fojk mßÉfþofha ud;Dldj‛ “fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj hkq l=ulao@”
hkakhs’ th fldgia lSmhla hgf;a úia;r imhk w;r ngysr
ufkdaúµdj y÷kd.ekSu tys ft;sydisl miqìu úIh fCIa;%h iy
tys j¾;udk ;;aFjh .ek idlÉPd fldg nqÿoyu ;=<
ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK we;snjg idOl iys;j Tmamq lr we;’
ú,shï fþïia‛ is.aukaâ fm%dhsâ‛ uiaf,da‛ cqka.a‛ tßla fmda¾ï jeks
ufkdaúµd{hkaf.a ixl,amo tfiau ta wh nqÿoyu ms<sn| l=uk
wdldrfha woyia ±refõo hkak .ek;a fuys§ úia;r flf¾’ fï
ld¾h i|yd ;%smsglh weiqre lrñka uq,a nqÿoyuo tfiau m%dfhda.sl
wxYh ksfhdackh lsÍu i|yd wo oji jkúg ,shù we;s fmd;am;a
ishhlg jeä m%udKhla o wdY%h lrf.k ngysr ufkdaúµdj;a
fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj;a ms<sn| ixikaokd;aul wOHhkhla lr ta
;=<ska nqÿoyu ;=< ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK ishhg ishhla we;s nj;a
m%dfhda.sl Ôú;fhaoS udkisl i;=g ,nd.ekSug tu ixl,am wod<
jk wdldrh ukdj ú.%y lr we;’
;=kajk mßÉfþofha ud;Dldj jkafka “nqÿka jykafia iy nqÿoyu”
hkakhs’ fuh ug isf;k wdldrgh fuu fmdf;ys we;s is;a.kakd
iq¿ mßÉfþohhs’ ulaksidoh;a nqÿka jykafia iy nqÿoyu ms<sn|j;a
úúO ;rd;srfï mqoa.,hska úiska lrK ú.%hkaf.a tl;=jla jk
neúks’ nqÿka jykafia ;uka jykafia .ek foaYkd lrK ,o
f;dr;=re úúO iQ;% ;=<skao‛ tfiau Wkajykafiaf.a YsIHhka úiska
nqÿka jykafia .ek m%ldY lrK ,o lreKQo tfiau iÉpl‛
ix.drj‛ fia,‛ n%yaudhq‛ iqN‛ Wmd,s hk nuqKkaf.a woyiao tl<
úiQ rcjreka nqÿka jykafia ÿgq wdldrh;a miqld,Skj úúO rgj,
W.;=ka‛ fn!oaO NsCIQka‛ NsCIqKSka‛ ffjµjreka‛ od¾Ykslhska‛
Wmdilhka‛ Wmdisldjka‛ ufkdaúµd{hska rdcH kdhlhska‛
 5

foaYmd,lhska‛ f,aLlhska‛ lúhka‛ wfn!oaO mQcljreka‛ fn!oaO úYAj

úµd, YsIHhska‛ wfn!oaO YsIHhska‛ lïlrejka‛ fiajlhska iy
hdplhska jeks iudcfha iEu ;rd;srlu wh úiska nqÿka jykafia
iy nqÿoyu .ek ±lajQ woyia 200 lg wêl m%udKhla ;=<ska
m%dfhda.sl iudcfha nqÿka jykafia iy nqÿoyu ms<sn| fln÷
ixl,amhka ;sfí±hs ±kqula ,nd .ekSug fuu f;dr;=rej,ska
yelsjkafkah’
y;rjk mßÉfþofha§ idlÉPd flfrkafka f,dalfha iEu
fofkl=f.au l:dnyg ,lajqk‛ ,lafjk‛ ieuod l:dl< yels
ud;Dldjls’ tkï “uki” hkakhs’ fï f,daflfha is; jeks n,.;=
fjk;a lsisu jia;=jla fkdue;’ ;s%msglfha we;s iQ;% uÕska is;‛ th
l%shdlrK wdldrh‛ tys m%fNao wd§ jYfhka meyeÈ<s úia;rhla lr
we;’ ldhsl jYfhka we;sjk fndfyda frda.dndOhkag uki
n,mdk nj wo fndfyda m¾fhaIlhska úiska fidhdf.k we;’
ufkdaúoHdj hkq is; iy ta wdYs%; wOHhkh flfrk úIh
fCIa;%hls’ tu ksid m%dfhda.sl fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj keu;s fuu
fmdf;ys is; ms<sn|j uq,a nqÿiufhys b.ekafjk lreKq .ek
úpdr;aul meyeÈ,s lsÍula lrkafkah’
miafjks mßÉfþofha§ wjOdkh fhduqlrkafka “fn!oaO fi!LHh
ufkdaúµdj” hk lreK iïnJOfhks’ fuys§ wefußldkq ufkdaúoHd
ix.ufha ks¾foaYs; wdldrhg fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj hkq l=ula±hs
ú.%yhla lr tys wdrïNh iy úldYkh .ek;a úIh fCIA;%h iy
fi!LHh tÈfkod Ôú;fha we;s jeo.;au wx.hla jk nj;a th
fldf;la ÿrg nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lrkakg fhÿk ixl,am iuÕ
.e,fmkafkao hkak;a .ek ixikaokd;aul ú.%hla flf¾’ nqÿka
jykafia foaYkd lrkafka ksfrda.slu W;=ïu ,dNh njh’ f,dal
fi!LHh ixúOdkfha fi!LHh ms<sn| ks¾jpkh;a tfiau p;=llx
ksmd;fha frda. iQ;%fha§ fi!LHh .ek i|yka ks¾jpkh;a tllg
tlla iudkh’ úfYAIfhkau ldhsl udkisl frda. .ek i|yka
fjk i,af,aL‛ frda.‛ fndþCOx.‛ .sßudkkao‛ i,, úÉýkaÈksl‛
crd‛ iíndij‛ ú;lalikaGdk‛ iy i;smÜGdk jeks iQ;% j,ska
fn!oaO fi!LHh ufkdaúoHdj .ek meyeÈ<s úia;rhla flfrk w;r
tys§ th ngysr fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj iuÕ ixikaokh flf¾’ fï
foflkau isÿ flfrkafka udkj j¾.hdg m%Odk jYfhka n,dmk
udkisl m%Yakj,g úi÷ï fiùuh’
yhfjks mßÉfþofha§ idlÉPd lrkafka “fn!oaO mdßißl
ufkdaúµdj” .ekh’ mßirh m%dfhda.sl Ôú;fha wxl tlg jeo.;a
jk idOlhls’ ñksidg muKla fkdj iEu iFjfhl=gu
mßirfhka f;drj Ôú;hla n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh fkdyelsh’ jd;h‛
c,h‛ .iafld<ka‛ fï ;=<ska ish¨u iFjhska fmdaIKh jk w;r
thska f;drj lsisÿ iFjfhl=g Ôjhla mj;ajd .ekSug is;Su mjd
wmyiqh’ wm mdrißl ufkdaúoHdfõ§ wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka
 6

iFjhd iy mßirfha we;s iïnJO;djh .ekhs’ ngysr mdßißl

ufkdaúµdfõ wdrïNh‛ úldYKh‛ ks¾jpk‛ iy úIh fCIA;%hka
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,ndf.k bka miqj fn!oaO mdßißl ufkdaúµdj
iuÕ ixikaokh flf¾’ nqÿka jykafiaf.a Ôú;fha jeäu ld,hla
.; lr we;af;a iajNdúl mdßißl jia;+ka iuÕ .efgñkah’
tfiau O¾ufoaYkdj,§ Wmud Wmfïh f,i fhdodf.k we;af;ao
mdßißl jia;+kauh’ c,h niskd .xÕd‛ l=Uqre‛ mdrej‛ f.dúhd‛
yrla‛ .ia je,a ;=re ,;d‛ fï w;r b;d jeo.;ah’ úfYAIfhka
f:ar.d:d‛ f:aß .d:dj,§o mßirh b;d ukrïj jd¾Kkd lrK
,o l:d mqj;ao‛ ta yd iuÕ iqÿiq mßirhl úiSu jeks O¾u
lreKQo‛ riakh‛ iS;,‛ ck ixLHdj wvq jeäùï ukfiys
l%shdldßFjhg fldhs wldrfhka n,mdkafkao hkak .ek;a
wjOdkh fhduq lrñka .ia je,a úkdY lsÍug lsisÿ ñksfil=g
whs;s ke;s nj;a tajd ixrCIKh lrK whqre;a thska isÿjk fyd|
m%;sM,;a olajd we;’ tfiau tajd wkq.ukh l< bkaÈhdfõ wfYdal
rc;=ud Ys,d,sms msysgqjñka rgjeishdf.a hym;g lghq;= l<
wdldrh;a tfiau ,xldfõ nqoaOodi jeks rcjrekaf.a l:dmqj;a
;=,skq;a ms<sìUQ jkafka fn!oaO ixl,am rdcH md,khg n,mE
wdldrhhs’
“fn!oaO idu ufkdaúµdj” hk ud;Dldj ^7 fjks mßÉfþoh& wo
f,dalhg m%dfhda.slj b;d jeo.;a jk w;r tys§ wm wOHhkh
lrKQ ,nkafka wo ojfia idu ufkdaúµdj fldhs wdldrfhka
iudcfha tÈfkod m%Yak úi|d f.k f,dalhg iduh WodlsÍfï
ld¾h lrK wldrh .ekh’ wefußldkq ufkdaúµd ix.ufha uE;§
ìysjQ w¨;au YdLdjka jk idu ufkdaúµdj W;aidy .kq ,nkafka
;%ia;jdoh iy ´keu wdldrhl we;s j¾.jd§‛ wd.ïjd§‛
wdidOdrK ;;aFjhka ke;slr iEu f,dal jdisfhl=gu i;=áka
Ôj;aùfï wjia:dj ,nd§uh’ idu ufkdaúµdfõ wdrïNhg w;S;fha
mej;s f,dal hqoaO folo fya;=ù we;’ tjeks f,dal hqoaOhka kej;
isÿfkdùu i|yd lghq;= lsÍu idu ufkdaúoHdõ m%Odk b,lalhla
jk w;r iduh i|yd m¾fhaIK lsÍu‛ wúysxidj ;=<ska w¾nqo‛
m%Yak úi£u iy hqoaOj,g n,mdk idOl ms<sn| fya;= fidhd n,d
tajd uq,skqmqgd ±óug l%shdlsÍu‛ iduh f.dvkeÕSu i|yd
ufkdaúµd;aul úêl%uhka Wmfhda.S lrf.k hym;a f,djla
ìyslsÍu fuys m%Odk wruqKqh’
fn!oaO idu ufkdaúµdjo fï lshk ,o wruqKq j,§ ngysr idu
ufkdaúµdj wNsnjd hñka isà’ fn!oaO idu ufkdaúµdfõ ch
mrdchka .ek l:d fkdlrK w;r tys§ ;ud ch.kakd mqoa.,hd
kshu ch.%dylhd f,i olajd we;’ wefußldkq ufkdaúµd ix.uh
wdh;ksl jYfhka idu ufkdaúµdj tys 48 fjks YdLdj f,i 1990
§ ms<s.;a w;r fn!oaO idu ufkdaúµdj wdrïN lrk ,oafoa fuhg
wjreÿ 2550 lg l,ska bkaÈhdfõ § nqÿka jykafia úiskah’
wúysxidj mokï lr.;a fn!oaO ixl,amhka mokï ù we;af;a
 7

wffjrfhkaa ffjrh ÈkSu i|ydh’ ;%smsglfha i|yka‛ cd;l l:d‛

iy nqoaO pß;fha hï hï wjia:djka iduh Wodlr .ekSug iydh
jQ nj Tmamq lsÍug we;s idOlh’ frdaysKS kÈfha c, m%Yakhlg
ueÈj fomsßila w;r we;sjQ hqoaOh iu;lhg m;a lrK ,oafoa nqÿka
jykafiah’ tfiau wfYdal rc;=ud ish¨u ysxidjka k;r lr O¾u
hqoaOh wdrïN lrK ,oafoa fn!oaO ixl,amhkaf.a we;s m%dfhda.sl
Ndjh;a tajd tÈfkod Ôú;fha iduh ,nd§ug Yla;su;aj we;s
neúks’ áfnÜ rfgys m%Odkshd f,i lghq;= lrK o<hs,dud ;=ud
wúysxidj mokï lrf.k iduh fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu fjkqfjka
f,dalfha by<u iïudkh jk fkdfn,a idu ;Hd.ho Èkd .;af;a
fn!oaO ixl,amhka u; ls%hd lsÍu ;=<sks’ ;ks mqoa.,hdf.a Ñ;a;
mdßY=oaOFjh we;slr iduh msysgqjd uq¿ f,djgu iduh we;s lsÍu
fn!oaO idu ufkdaúµdfõ we;s m%Odku n,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs’
wgjk mßÉfþofha§ idlÉPd flfrkafka “fn!oaO ufkdafrda.
Ñls;aidj iy WmfoaYkh” hk ud;Dldjh’ ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj
hk jpkfha ngysr rgj, ks¾jpkh jkafka wd;auh iqjlsÍuh’ fï
ud;Dldj hgf;a ngysr ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj hkq l=ulao@ ta i|yd
we;s ks¾jpk fudkjdo tfiau ta ta fCIa;%fha jD;a;suh jYfhka
fhfok idhksl ufkdaúµd{hska‛ WmfoaYk ufkdaúµd{hska‛
ufkdaÑls;ailhska‛ iudc fiajlhska‛ ufkdaÑls;ail fyÈhka‛
WmfoaYlhska‛ iu jhfia WmfoaYlhska‛ wfkHdakH iyfhda.S
lKavdhï wd§ wh fh§ isák ld¾hhka .ek flá ye¢kaùula
isÿlr we;s w;r úúO .=rel=< j, fhdod.kakd ufkdafrda.
úêl%uhkao idlÉPdjg Ndckh flf¾’ bkamiqj WmfoaYkh iy
tys b;sydih ieflúka úia;r flf¾’ 1879 § ú,afy,aï jqkaâ
úiska f,mais.a úYajúµd,fha wdrïN l< úµd.drh;a iuÕ wo
olajd WmfoaYk fCIa;%fha uxi,l=Kq fláfhka i|yka lrK w;r
tys§ imhd§ we;s ks¾jpk úuiSulao flf¾’ tfiau WmfoaYkfha
úêl%u iy WmfoaYlfhl= ;=< ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. .ek §¾>
úia;rhla olajd we;’ bkamiqj fn!oaO ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj iy
WmfoaYkh .ek wjOdkh fhduqlrñka nqÿka jykafia kï
WmfoaYlhdfKda .ek úia;r w¾: l:k imhd we;’ tfiau fï
ms<sn| wod< lr.; yels iQ;% mkylg wêl m%udKhla kï
jYfhka olakd we;af;a fï úIh ms<sn| jeä Wkkaÿjla
olajkakkaf.a myiqj i|ydh’ nqÿka jykafia ffjµjrfhl= jk
wdldrh úia;r flfrk ;%smsglfha iQ;% fukau fï úIh yd
iïnJOj lr we;s m¾fhaIK .ek úia;r fuys§ imhd we;af;a
idOl f,i olajñka lreKQ meyeÈ<s lr.ekSugh’ i,af,aL iQ;%fha§
i|yka flfrk udkisl frda. 44ys j¾.SlrKh wo ojfia
ufkdafrda. Ñls;ailhkaf.a j¾.SlrKhg fndfyda iudkh’ mxp
kSjrK‛ i;r wdij‛ oi ixfhdack O¾u‛ Ñ;af;dmlaf,aI O¾u 16
wÈho ukfiys ksfrda.SNdjhg ydkS muqKQjk O¾u f,i olajd
we;’ tajd iukhg ud¾.ho ukdj fmkajd § we;s w;r ;ksmqoa.,
 8

WmfoaYkh‛ lKavdhï WmfoAYkh‛ mjq,a WmfoaYkh‛ iy Ndjkdj

;=<ska ishÆu m%Yak úiod .ekSug yels nj idOl iys;j Tmamq
lr we;’ mjq,a WmfoaYkh .ek fjk fjku ta yd iïnJOj we;s
iQ;% .ek i|ykla lr we;af;a th .ek jeä wjOdkhla
fhduqlsÍug;a yd iEu mqoa.,fhl=f.au Ôú;fha we;s l=vdu iy
jeo.;au tallh mjq, jk neúks’ m%dfhda.sl Ôú;hl i;=g
yqfolau r|d mj;skafka id¾:l mjq,a Ôú;hla u; jk w;r th
iudcfha hym;g o fya;=jk uQ,sl idOlhls’

“fn!oaO Ndjkdj ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidjla f,i” hk kujk

mßÉfþofha§ fn!oaO Ndjkdj ms<sn| iQ;%dkq.; lreKq meyeÈ<s
lrk w;r‛ tys§ Ndjkdj hkq l=ulao@ Ndjkdfõ§ lugyka
jeo.;a jkafkao@ pß; ,CIK Ndjkdfõ§ fukau ufkdaúµdfõ§
flr;ï jeo.;a jkafkao@ iu: Ndjkdj‛ úmiaikd Ndjkdj‛ iy
Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka b;du jeo.;a iQ;%hla jk i;smÜGdk iQ;%h
iy tys wka;r.;h meyeÈ<s f,i úia;r flf¾’ tu iQ;%h
Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;a jk w;r tys i|yka Ndjkd
j¾.o úfYaIfhka m%fhda.sl Ôú;hg .e,fmk wdkdmdki;s
Ndjkdjo th lskï wdldrfhka m%.=K lrkafkao hkak;a fuys§
úia;r flf¾’
tfiau ffjrfhka fj,S isák fï f,dalhg ffu;%S Ndjkdfõ we;s
jeo.;alu tys m%.=K lsÍfuka ,efnk m%;sM, iy th lskï
wdldrfhka ir<j Ndú; l< yelaflao hk lreKQ;a meyeÈ<sj
olajd we;’ bka miqj ilauka Ndjkdj iy tys m%dfhda.sl
jeo.;alu iy th m%.K lsÍfuka ,efnk m%;sM, .eko lreKq
olajd we;’ Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;a jk lreKQ
±k.ekSug m%dfhda.slj Ndjkd lrñka w;a±lSï ,;a fmr wmr
foÈ. úoaj;=ka úiska ,shk ,o b;du jeo.;a .%J: rdYshla .ek
lreKQ meyeÈ<s lrkafka fï iïnJOfhka ;j ÿrg;a wOHhkhka
myiq lsÍug;a Èßu;a lsÍug;ah’ mßÉfþoh wjika lrkafka ngysr
iy fn!oaO ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidjka ixikaokh lrñka idOl
iys;j fn!oaO ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj f,dalhg b;d m%fhdackj;a nj
fmkajñka iy f,dalfha iEu ;ekl§u th m%dfhda.sl Ñls;aidjla
f,i fhdod .kakd oji b;d ,Õ nj olajñks’
oyfjks mßÉfþofha§ wm l:d lrkafka “nqÿoyu ;=<ska wd;;s
l<ukdlrKh” hk ud;Dldjhs’ wd;;sh hk jpkh ngysß
f,dalfha iEu fofkl=u mdfya ojilg tl j;djla fyda
fhdod.kakd b;d m%isoaO jpkhls’ thg fya;=j udkisl jYfhka
wjmSvkhkag ,lajk úg‛ jev wêl jk úg‛ ÿlaLodhl isoaêkag
uqyqK fok úg mjikafka th wd;;sh njhs’ wd;;sh hkq l=ulao
th yg .kakd wdldrh thg iy ta wdrïNh i|yd n,mdk ,nk
fya;= o fuys§ idlÉPd jg n÷ka flf¾’ bka miqj nqÿka jykafia
 9

foaYkd lrkag fhÿk wd;;s l<ukdlrK úê .ek ;%smsglfhys

iQ;% uÕska lreKq lreKQ olajd we;’ iíndij iQ;%h fuys§ l%u
y;la uÕska wd;;sh iukh lr .ekSug W.kajd we;s úêl%u .ek
wo ojfia ufkdaúµd{shkao mqÿuhg m;a jkafkdah’ thg we;s úfYAI
fya;=j kï wd;;sh hk jpkh Ndú;hg meñKsfhao y;,sy
oYlfha fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miqjh’ kuq;a nqÿka jykafia
wd;;sh‛ th yg.kakd fya;+ka‛ iukh lr.; yels kshu
úêl%uhka nqÿka úia;r lr we;af;a fuhg wjqreÿ 2550 lg l,sks’
tfiau ú;lal ikaGdk iQ;%fha§ úia;r flfrk wruqKq ms<sn|
l%uúµdfjkq;a i;smÜGdk wd§ iQ;% uÕska flfrk Ndjkdjka
jeãfukq;a wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud¾.h mqreÿ mqyqKQ lsÍu ;=<ska ukig
wjYH iduh Ydka;sh ,nd.; yels whqre b;d meyeÈ<sj olajk
w;r wd;;sh hehs lshkq ,nk jpkh ms<sn| we;s wksis ìho
fuuÕska ÿre lr iudcfha i;=áka isàug wjYh lrK meyeÈ<s
m%dfhda.sl ud¾.fhka fyd¢ka tys fmkajd § wels w;r th m%.+K
lsÍfuka ;u ;uka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk iduh i;=g is;g <Õd lr
.; yelsh’ tlf,dia fjks m¾Éfþofha§ ks.ukh olajd we;’
fmdf;ys wÕg fuh ,sùfï§ Ndú;d lrkakg fhÿk bx.%Sis‛ isxy,‛
hk NdIdjkaf.a m%d:ñl oaù;Sl uQ,dY%hka we;=,;a wdY%S; .%J:
kdudj,shla o isxy, iy bx.%Sis NdIdfjka hq;= mdßNdIsl Yío
ud,djla fhdod ;sfnkafkao lshjkakdf.a myiqj msKsi fukau ta ta
jpk ms<sn| meyeÈ<s wjfndaOhla ,nd§ugh’ úfYaIfhkau isxy,
NdIdfjka ,shk ,o fmd;lg bx.%Sis mdßNdIsl jpk ud,dj fhdod
we;af;a fï úIh iïnJOfhka m¾fhaIK lghq;= isÿlrK
úµd¾Òkaf.a wOHhkh myiqj i|ydh’
tÈfkod Ôú;fha we;s m%Yak ksrdlrKh lr.ekSug fuu fmdf;ys
we;s fn!oaO ufkdaúµdkql+, ixl,amhka b;d m%fhdackj;a nj
idOl iys;j Tmamq lr we;s w;r tajd ;uka úiskqÿ w;ayod ne,Sï
jYfhka fhdodf.k iduldñ f,djla ìyslsÍug uÕmdod.; yelsh’
ta i|yd Tng yelshdj we;s w;r th m%dfhda.slj wdfoaY lr
.ekSug is; ±äj mqreÿ mqyqKQ l< hq;=h’ tys§ wkq.ukh l< hq;=
ud¾.h id¾:l lr .ekSug Tng wjYH Yla;sh ffO¾h jdikdj
,efíjd‘
 10

fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj hkq l=ulao

(What is Buddhist Psychology)
ufkdaúµdj

fuys§ ufkdaúµdj ms<sn| uQ,sl ±kqula ,ndf.k fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj

hkq l=ula±hs úuid n,uq’ ufkdaúµdj ms<sn| ks¾jpkhka tys úIh
fCIa;%hka iy b;sydih fláfhka y÷kd .ekSu wmf.a bÈß
m¾fhaIK ld¾hhka i|yd jvd jeo.;a jkafkah’
uki ms<sn| úµdj ufkdaúµdjhs’ Psychology hkak .%Sl jpkfhka
ì£ wjls’ psyche + logos hk jpk fol tlg tlaù psychology
hkak ye§ we;’ psyche hkq soul or mind tkï wd;auh fyda uki
hkakhs’ logos hkq ±kqu úµdj fyda wOHhkh hkakhs’
Psychology Today hk fmdf;ys ufkdaúµdj i|yd fujeks
ks¾jpkhla imhhs’ Psychology ― The scientific study of mental
process and behavior‖ (1) ufkdaúµdj hkq udkisl ls%hdoduhla
iy yeisÍu ms<sn| úµd;aul wOHhkhls’ Essentials of
Psychology hk fmdf;ys ufkdaúµdj y÷kajd fokafka fufiah’
Psychology ―as the scientific study of humans and animal
behavior‖ (2) ufkdaúµdj hkq udkj iy iJj yeisÍï ms<sn|
úµd;aul wOHhkhls’ Introduction to Psychology hk fmdf;ys o
ufkdaúµdj i|yd úfYaIs; ks¾jpkhla fufia olajd we;’
Psychology is ― the science of human and animal behavior, if
includes the application of this science to human problems‖ (3)
ufkdaúµdj hkq ñksiqka iy iJjhkaf.a yeisÍu ms<sn| úµdjls’
tfiau udkj m%Yak úi£ug wdfoaYlr .;yels úµdjls’
ufkdaúµd{hka <Õdùug n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk wruqK l=ulao
ufkdaúµdj úµdjla f,i .;aúg tys§ Describe úia;r lsÍu‛
Understand f;areï .ekSu‛ Prediction ta wkqj ks¾jpk m%ldY
lsÍu‛ iy yeisßfï md,kh lsÍu Control behavior wdÈh ±laúh
yel’ ^4& fuhg wu;rj ufkdaúµd{hskaf.a wruqK jkafka udkj
ixy;sfha hym;g fya;=jk udkisl m%Yak úi|d .ekSug
l%uúµdjla fidhd .ekSuhs’ ufkdaúµdj muKlau uki iy yeisÍï
ms<sn| wOHhkhg iSudjka fkdfõ’ Anthropology udkj úµdj
Sociology iudc úµdj Economics wd¾Òl úµdj Political
Science foaYmd,k úoHdj Geography N+f.da, úµdj History
b;sydih hk úIhhka iïnJOj we;’ tfiau yeisÍu ms<sn|
wOHhkfhys§ iuyr Ôj úµd;aul úµdjkao wod<h’ iFj úµdj‛
T!IO úµdj‛ Ôj úµdj iakdhq Ôj úoHdj WodyrKhkah’
 11

ufkdaúµdfõ b;sydih -
ufkdaúµdfõ wdrïNh philosophy o¾Ykh iy Physiology
YÍrdjhj úµdj hk fol u; msysgd we;’

Philosophy (Lover of wisdom ) oekqug wdorh lrkakd hkqhs

od¾Ykslhska Tjqkaf.a udkj oekqu ,nd .ekSu .ek wjOdkh
fhduqlr we;’ tfiau (Physical Sciences) o fïyd iudku
Woafhdaa.hlska lghq;= lr we;’ fujeks ldh Ñ;a; .eg¿ .ek
uq,skau idlÉPd wdrïN lf<a 1596-1650 ld,fha isá (Rene
Descartes) frfka fvialdÜiah’ Tyqf.a tu oajhs;jdoh .ek
m¾fhaIK lrñka È.gu f.k .shy’ fïyd iudku ÈhqKqjla
Ôjúµdj (Physiology) yd uki ms<sn| ixl,am .eko fndfyda
fofkl= bÈßm;a ù isáhy’ (Johannes Muller, Hermann Von
Helmholtz, Gustab Fechner,) fï Ôjúµd{hska (Physiologists)
úµd;aul l%u ufkdaúµd;aul ixl,am j,g m%dfhda.slj fhdod
.;ay’ fï fomsßiu tlg tl;= ù ufkdaúµd;aul ixl,am j¾Okh
l<y’ 1832-1920 ld,fha isá c¾uka uydpd¾h (Wilhelm Wundt)
ú,afy,au jqkaâ ufkdaúµdj kï jQ iajdêk úµdjla ìysl<y’ 1879
§ c¾uksfha f,mais.a úYaj úµd,fha§ ufkdaúµd úµd.drhla werUQ
w;r tÈk ufkdaúµdfõ Wmka Èkh f,i ie,lsh yel’ t;eka mgka
wo olajd úúOdldr f,i ufkdaúµdj ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKqjg m;ajQy’
ufkdaúµdfõ jeo.;a ixJêia:dkhka fláfhka ±k .ekSu jeo.;ah’
 1879 § (Wilhelm Wundt) ú,afy,au jqkaâ úiska c¾uksfha
f,mais.a úYaj úµd,fha§ ufkdaúµd úµd.drhla werUQy’
 1880 § (Wilhelm Wundt) ú,afy,au jqkaâ ufkdaúµdj wod<
m¾fhaIK lsÍug iÕrdjla wdrïN l<y’
 1890 § (William James) ú,shï fþïia Tyqf.a foaYk
weiqfrka (Priciples of psychology) tkï ufkdaúµdfõ
isoaOdka; kï fmd; m<lrK ,È’
 1892 § (Stanley Hall) iageka,s fyda, úiska (American
Psychological Association) weußldkq ufkdaúµd ix.uh
wdrïN lrK ,È’
 1894 È (Ivan Pavlov) whsjka meõf,dõ úiska W;af;ac
m%;spdr ufkdaúµdj mgka .eKsks’
 1895 § (Alfred Binet) we,am%â ìfka úiska m%xYfha§ b;d
id¾:l jQ nqoaê mßCIK l%u wdrïN lrK ,È’
 1909 § (sigmund Freud) is.aukaâ fm%dhsâ b;d m%isoaêhla
,enQ w;r fyda,a úiska la,dla úYAj úµd,fha§ foaYkhla
meje;aùug wdrdOkd lrK ,È’
 12

 1913 § (John B. Wotson) fcdaka î’ fjdÜika ufkdaúµdj

yqfola p¾hdj muKla .ek bf.k .;hq;=hehs wjOdrKh
lf<ah’
 1920 § (Gestalt Psychology) f.iafgda,Ü ufkdaúµdj tys
by<u ia:dkfha úh’
 1914-1918 ld, iSudfõ§ m<uq f,dal hqoaO ld,fha§ nqoaê
mßCIK jeä oshqKqjg m;aúh’
 1933 § (Sigmund Freud) is.aukav fm%dhsâ
ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh yd iïnJO foaYk ud,dj m%ldYhg m;a
lrK ,È’
 1943 § (Clark Hull) la,dla yq,a p¾hdjdoh kj;u
ud¾.hlg fhduqlrK ,È’
 1941-1945 fojk f,dal hqoaOfha§ we;s jQ ;;aFjhg idhksl
(Clinical Psychology) ufkdaúµdj uÕska ms<shï fidhk ,È’
 1951 § (Carl Rogers) ld,a frdac¾ia Tyqf.a udkj jdoh
uq,alr.;a WmfoaYkh ,nkakd uq,a lr.;a m%;sldr l%uh
.ek fmd;la m%ldYhg m;a lr .;af;ah’
 1953 § (B.F.Skinner) î’ tma’ ialsk¾ p¾hdjdoh uq,alr.;a
úµdj iy udkj yeisÍï ms<sn| fmd;la m%ldYhg m;a lrK
,È’
 1954 § (Abraham Maslow) tn%yhsï uiaf,da udkj jdoh
È.gu f.khdug wNsfm%arK iy fm!¾Ih .ek fmd;la
m%ldYhg m;a lf<ah’
 1950-1960 ld,fha§ Ôj úµd;aul mokula u; m%cdkk iy
yeisÍï ms<sn|j w¨;a m¾fhaIK wdrïN lrK ,È’
 1971 § (B.F.Skinner) î’ tma’ ialsk¾ ,shQ újdohg ,lajQ
Beyond freedom and dignity hk fmd; m< lrK ,È
 1978 § (Herbert Simon) y¾nÜ ihsuka ,shQ m%cdkkh
ms<sn|j lrK ,o m¾fhaIKhg fkdfí,a ;Hd.h ,enQy’
 1980 § ufkdaúµdj jeä ÈhqKq jQ w;r úúO m¾fhaIK
lrñka úúO ixialD;Ska flfrys flfia yeisÍï n,mdkafka±hs
wOHhkh lrK ,È’
 1981 § (Roger Sperry) frdac¾ iafmß ðj úµdj iy
ffjµúµdj wod< lr f.k l< fud,fha úisÍu ms<sn|
m¾fhaIKhg fkdfn,a ;Hd.h ,enQy’
 wefußldkq ufkdaúoHd ix.uh úiska ― Ethical Principles of
Psychologists‖ hk fmdf;ys kej; ixialrKh m< lrK
,È’
 1987 DSM III m< lrK ,os’
 1994 § DSM IV m< lrK ,os’
 13

 2000 § md¾lskaika frda.hg iy wfkl=;a iakdhq .;

wms<sfj,j,a j,g m%;sldr fidhd.;a iaùvka cd;sl w¾úâ
ld,aika iy wefußldkq úµd{hka jk fmda,a .%Ska.dâ iy
tßla lkav,a fkdfn,a ;Hd. Èkd.;af;ah

wefußldkq ufkdaúoHd ix.uhg wkqj ufkdaúµdfõu ta ta

úIhkaf.a úfYAIJjh wkqj wkq fldgia .Kkdjlg fldgia lr
we;’ ta w;r ixj¾Ok ufkdaúµdj‛ iudc ufkdaúµdj‛ ixialD;sl
ufkdaúµdj‛ wOHdmk ufkdaúµdj‛ l¾udka; ufkdaúµdj‛ idhksl
ufkdaúµdj‛ m%cdkk ufkdaúµdj‛ WmfoaYk ufkdaúµdj‛ bxðfkare
ufkdaúµdj‛ mdßißl ufkdaúµdj‛ fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj‛ iudc
ufkdaúµdj‛ jHjydßl ufkdaúµdj‛ ufkdaÑls;aidj wd§ jYfhka
wkq fldgia .Kkdjla we;s w;r tuÕska isÿjkafka ta ta úIh
fCIA;%hg wod< wxY ms<sn| jeäÿr wOHhkhka yd tuÕska isÿl<
yels fiajdjkaa y÷kd f.k ta wkqj lghq;= lsÍuh’

fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj
(Buddhist Psychology)
fï wldrhg ufkdaúµdj ms<sn| ixCIsma; ±kqula ,ndf.k fn!oaO
ufkdaúµdj hkq l=ula±hs ±ka úuid n,uq’ fuhg wjqreÿ 2500 lg
muK fmr Ndr;fha my< jQ f.!;u kï nqÿka jykafia nqÿoyu
kï jQ o¾Ykh wdrïN l<y’ nqÿoyu ;=< fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha
ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK wvx.= ù we;’

ufkdaúµd{ ú,shï fþïia (William James) fn!oaO o¾Ykfhys we;s

ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK .ek l:dlr we;s w;r nqÿoyu ngysr
ufkdaúµdjg n,mEï lrK njg mjid we;’ 19 fjks Y;j¾Ifhys
uq,a Nd.fha§ ydjâ úYaj úµd,fhays foaYkhla mj;ajk úg
yÈisfhau ;u foaYkh Y%jKh lrkakka w;r Y%S ,xldfõ NsCIqjla
±l fï wdldrhg lshQ njg jd¾;d ù we;’ Tn uf.a fï mqgqj
wr.kak’ Tn ug jvd ufkdaúµdj ms<sn|j foaYkhla lsÍug
iqÿiqlï ,en we;af;ls’ fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj wo isg wjreÿ úismyla
we;=<; yefudau bf.k .kakd fohla jk nj ug úYajdi hehs
m%ldY l<y’ (5)
ú,shï fþïia uq¨kau fn!oaO ixl,am ;=< ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK
ÿgq ufkdaúµd{hdh’
tfiau Buddhsit and Freudian Psychology(6) keu;s lD;shg
fmrjokla ,shQ flaïì%þ úYaj úµd,fha ufkdaúµdj ms<sno uydpd¾h
jrfhla jk frdnÜ tia f;!,ia uy;d fn!oaO o¾Ykfhys we;s
ufkdaúµd;aul ixl,am wka;r.;hka ms<sn| m%Yxid uqLfhka
i|yka lr we;s w;r Tyqf.a woyi kï fm%dhsâgo nqÿoyfï we;s
 14

lreKq n,mdkakg we;s njh’ tfiau ldhsl frda.S ;;aFjhkag

n,mdk udkisl fya;=o nqÿoyu úfYAI wjOdkfhka hq;=j
l:dlrhs’ tfiau Tyq fufiao m%ldY lrhs’ uu úYajdi lrK
wdldrhg wo ojig jvd;au .e,fmk o¾Ykh jkafka nqÿoyuhs’
th wmg fndfydaúg yqremqreÿ jkafka iEu fohlau úµd;aulj
msysgd we;s neúks’ tu fmdf;ys moauisßo is,ajd uy;aud fm%dhsâf.a
ixl,amhka yd fn!oaO ixl,amhka ixikaokd;aulj ú.%y lr we;’
tfiau An Introduction to Buddhsit Psychology (7) hk moauisßo
is,ajdf.a lD;shg fmrjokla imhñka fcdaka ksla uy;d mjikafka
nqÿoyu ;=< ufkdaúµd;aul ixl,amhka fndfyduhlau .eíj we;s
njh’ wka ish¨ wd.ï yd ixikaokd;aulj n,k l, ksßudKjd§‛
foajjd§ woyia j,ska f;drj f,dalh foi h:d¾:jd§j n,kakg
yelslula nqÿoyu ;=< we;snj Tyq wjOdrKfhka hq;=j m%ldY
lrhs’ f,dalfha fYa%IaG wd.ï w;r ufkdaúµd;aul mCIh flfrys
olajk WkJÿj w;ska nqÿoyu m%Odkfõ’ wog ishjia úismylg
muK fmr f.!;u nqÿka jykafia ksjfkys mru úuqla;sh mila
lr.;af;a foúhka fj; fyda foújreka fj; wjOdkh fhduqlsÍfuka
fkdj ñksia ukfiys n,mj;akd w;sYh ixlS¾K fõ.
l%shdldßFjhka flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuks’
ßia fâúâf.a Buddhsit Psychology (8) hk fmd; uq,ald,fha
tkï 1914 § nqÿiuh iy ufkdaúµdj ms<sn| wOHhkhkag uq,msrE
w;r ta wdrïNh;a iuÕ fndfyda m¾fhaIlhka fï úIh Odrdj
.ek wjOdkh fhduqlr we;’ tu;=ÿ fkdj ;j;a fndfyda úIhhka
WodyrKhla f,i wo f,dalhg ;¾ckhla ù we;s udkisl wd;;sh
jeks udkisl frda. ke;s lr .ekSug wjYH lrK meyeos,s
ud¾.hka nqÿoyfuka ,nd§ we;s jqjo ta yd iïnFO jq
m¾fhaIKhka m%udKj;a fkdfõ’ fï fmd; uÕskao fn!oaO
ufkdaúoHdj ms<sn| meyeÈ,s y÷kajd §ula lr we;’
ßia fâúâ uy;añh úiska ,shd we;s The Birth of Indian
Psychology and its development in Buddhism ^9&hk fmdf;ys
fn!oaO ufkdaúµdjg moku jQ Ndr;Sh o¾Ykhka .eko
ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK fnfyúkau we;s wNsO¾uh .eko ,shd we;’
tfiau wNsO¾u msGlfha m<uq fmd; jk Oïuix.Ks msÀlh
bx.%Sishg mßj¾;kh lrñka l< A Buddhsit manual of
Psychology Ethics ^10& hk fmdf;ys yeÈkaùfï§ weh nqÿoyfï
we;s ufkdaúµd;aul wka;¾.;hka fmkajd foñka meyeÈ<
újrKhla lrwe;’
nqÿoyfuys we;s ufkdaúµ;aul ,CIK .ek m¾fhaIKhka lr we;s
fvúâ fþ’ l¨myk uy;df.a ^David J.Kalupahana ) The Principles of
Buddhsit Psychology (11) hk fmdf;ys fn!oaO ufkdaúµfõ isoaOdka;
§¾> f,i idlÉPd lrwe;’ úfYAIfhka kQ;k ufkdaúµdfõ
wdrïNlhd jYfhka ms<s.efkk ú,shï f–ïiaf.a yd nqÿka
 15

jykafiaf.a isoaOdka;hka ixikaokd;aulj idlÉPdjg Ndckh

lrwe;’ tu fmdf;ys {dK óuxidj yd ufkdaúµdj Epistomology
and Psychology hk m¾Éfþoh;a ufkdaúµdj iy wNsO¾uh
Psychology in the Abhidhamma hk m¾Éfþoh;a úfYaIfhkau
fn!oaO ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK wvx.=ù we;’ fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj yd
ixcdkkh ―Buddhist Psychology of Perception‖ hk fmdf;ys
B’wd¾’ ir;apJø uy;d nqÿoyfuys we;s ufkdaúµd;aul wka;¾.;hka
fufia olajd we;’ ―That the Psychology found in Pali literature is
a by product of an inquiry undertaken for mainly religious
purposes, and that one must not expect to find a complete
system of pure psychology there (12) md,s idys;Hfhys wmg
lshùug yuqjk ufkdaúµdj wu;r tlla jk w;r tys m%Odku
wruqK kï wd.ñl wfmaCIdjkah’ tkuqÿ mßmQ¾KjQ Y=oaO
ufkdaúµdjla thska wfmaCId l< fkdyelsh’
wdpd¾h ví’tma chiQßh uy;d úiska ,shd The Psychology &
Philosophy of Buddhsim (13)hk fmdf;ys fn!oaO ufkdaúµdfõ
m%Odk wka;¾.;hla jk wNsO¾uh iy wfkl=;a ufkdaúµd .=rel=,
.ek fufia i|yka lr we;’
The value of the Abhidhamma for modern thoughts lies in
bringing Ethics into the field of Science and in serving as the
meeting ground of many contending schools of Psychology
such as the Structuralists, the Functionalists, the Psycho-
analysis, the Behaviourists, and the Gestaltists; and of
Philosopies such as the Idealists, the Realists,the
Materialists,and the Speculative and Scientistific or ancient and
modern Philososphy.
ufkdaúµdfõ mriamr úfrdaë .erel=,j,a jk jHqyjdÈka‛ ld¾h
noaO ufkdaúµd{hska‛ ufkdaúYaf,aYkjd§ka‛ p¾hdjd§ka‛
f.oagd,ajd§ka‛ iy úúO od¾Yksl iïm%odhka jk ú{dKjd§ka‛
h:d¾:jd§ka‛ fN;sljd§ka‛ wkqudkjd§ka‛ úoHd{hska‛ merKs iy
kQ;k o¾Ykjd§ka o úµd fCIA;%fha tlg tl;= lrjk
wdpdrúµdjla jYfhka wNsO¾uhg úYd, jákdlula j¾;udk
Ñka;kh ;=< we;snj fmfka’
tÉ’tia’tia’ ksYaYxl úiska m¾fhaIKh lr ,shk ,o Buddhist
Psychotherapy(14) ^fn!oaO ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj& hk fmd;
fndfyda W.;=kaf.a wjOdkhg ,lajQ m¾fhaIK .%J:hla jk w;r
tuÕska ngysr ufkdaúµdhska mjd fn!oaO ixl,am iïnJOfhka w¨;a
Woafhda.hla we;s lrf.k we;’ tys§ l;=jrhd ngysr ufkdafrda.
Ñls;aidj iuÕ ixikaokd;aul wOHhkhl fhfok w;r tys§
fn!oaO Ndjkd l%u b;d ÈhqKq wdldrhg wdfoaY lrf.k
Nskafkdkaudoh‛ úidoh jeks nrm;, udkisl frda. j,go m%;sldr
 16

lr tys we;s jákd;u fmkajd § we;’ fn!oaO ufkdafrda.

Ñls;aidjg moku jk Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka we;s iQ;%.;
foaYkdjkao tfiau ngysr Ñls;ail l%u wkqj hñka mshjfrka
mshjr Ñls;aidj lrf.k hk wdldrh ms<sfj,g olajd we;’
i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj m%Odku Ñls;ail l%uh f,i fhdod.ksñka
tys we;s m%Odk fldgia y;r .eku oS¾> f,i l%uj;aj lreKq
olajd we;’ ldhdkqmiaikdj‛ fõokdkqmiaikdj‛ Ñ;a;dkqmiaikdj‛
Oïudkqmiaikdj hk fldgia y;r flfia mqyqKq l< hq;=o hkak
ukdj úia;r lrwe;’ Tyq tu fmdf;ys olajd we;s m%f;Hl
mßCIdjka uÕska fn!oaO ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidfõ w.h m%dfhda.slj
Tmamqlr fmkajd § we;’
tfiau f,dalfha fndfyda ufkdaúYaf,aIKjd§ka‛ ufkdaúµd{hska
nqÿoyu ixikaokd;aulj wOHhkh lsÍug uq,mqrd we;’ ta w;r
fika nqÿoyu iy ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh ― Zen Buddhsim and
Psychoanalysis‖ (15) kï fmd; ,shq D.T.Suzuki, Erich Fromm
and Robert De Martino ufkdaúYaf,aIKjd§ka úfYaIfhkau ±ä
WkJÿjlska fuu úIhhka .ek yeoEÍug wdrïN lrñka hqyqiq¿ ù
we;’ tfiau Thomas A.Kochumutton uki iy tys we;s
ixlS¾KJjhka .ek wjOdkh fhduq lrñka A Buddhsit Doctrine
of Experience (16) hk fmd; rpkd lrñka nqÿoyu .ek iy
ufkdaúµdfjys we;s ixl,amhka b;d wjOdkfhka hq;=j kj
f,dalhg w¨;a ixl,amhka f,i bÈrsm;a lsÍug WkJÿ ù we;’
Buddhism in Psychotherapy (17) hk fmdf;ys fojk mrsÉfþoh
jk Mindfulness as Psychotherapy i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj
ufkdam%;sldrhla jYfhka hkafkys Olaf G. Deatherage úiska
ufkdam%;sldrhla jYfhka Ndjkdj fl;rï jeo.;a jkafka±hs olajd
we;’ úfYAIfhkau ufkdam%;sldr .ek j¾;udkfhys b;d Wkkaÿjla
olajk w;r fn!oaO ufkdaúµd ixl,amhka tys§ jeo.;a fõ’ wo
ld,fha b;du nrm;,u m%Yakhla kï wd;;shhs’ tu wd;;sfhka
uqojd f.k f,dalfhys iajNdúl f,i cSj;a ùug wjldYh
ie,iSug nqÿoyfuys i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj b;d jeo.;a nj by;
,smsfhka wjOdrKh lrwe;’ tfiau Douglas M.Burns f.a
Buddhist Meditation and Depth Psychology (18) hk fmdf;ys o
i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj .ek úfYAIfhkau ufkdam%;sldrhla jYfhka
olajd we;’ tfiau Buddha the Healer(19) hk fmdf;ys fojk
mrsÉfþofhys Meditation The Peerless Physician hk ,smsfhka
nqÿka jykafia ffjµjrfhl= jYfhka lskï uÜgul isà±hs tys
l;=jrhd Dr.C.B.Dharmasena olajd we;’ tfiau tys Francis
Story úsiska ,shd we;s Buddhist Mental Therapy‖ hk ,smsfhyso
úúOdldr jQ udkisl wms<sfj,j,a .eko tajdg fn!oaO udkisl
m%;sldr o olajd we;’ úfYAIfhkau wd;audjfndaOh iy iajhx
 17

mqyqKqj Self Training uÕska ta iEu wdldrhlu udkisl mSvkhka

ÿre l<yels nj olajd we;’
uykqjr .%J: m%ldYk iud.u úiska ù,a m%ldYk wxl 179 hgf;a
m%ldYhg m;alrK mshoiais ysñhka úiska mj;ajk ,o i¾ ndfrdka
ch;s,l .=KdkqiaurK foaYkh ^13-02-1972 & o fuys,d b;d
jeo.;ah’ ―The psychological aspect of Buddhism‖(20) hk
ud;Dldj hgf;a nqÿoyfuys we;s ufkdaúµd;aul wka;¾.;hka
ukdj úia;r lrwe;’ ÿl‛ ÿl ke;ss lr.ekSfï taldhk ud¾.h
nqÿoyfuys újrKh lr we;s whqre;a tfiau wkH wd.ï iy
nqÿoyfuys we;s fjki;a‛ o¾Yksl‛ ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK fldmuK
nqÿoyfuys ;sfí±hs b;d meyeÈ,s f,i fuu foaYkfha§ Tmamq
lrwe;’ tfiau uki‛ mxp kSjrK O¾u iy mxpiaLJOh flfia
kï wmg n,mdkafkao hkak;a fuys§ wjOdrKh lrwe;’ nqÿoyu
iy ufkdaúµdj w;r we;s iïnJOh fï wdldrhg mshoiaiS ysñhka
olajd we;’
―Buddhism is the most psychological of religion. It is significant
that the intricate workings of the human mind are more fully
dealt with in Buddhism rather than in are any other religion and
therefore, psychology works hand in hand more with Buddhism
than with any other religion‖(21)
nqÿoyu b;du jeo.;a ufkdaúoHd;aul wd.uh’ wkH jQ iEu
wd.ulgu jvd uki nqÿoyu iuÕ .e,fmk w;r ufkdaúµdj
nqÿoyu iuÕ tlg tlaaj wkH wd.ïj,g jvd l%shd lrKQ we;’
―Stress reduction for the youth through mindfulness and loving
kindness, Meditation‖ (22) hk ud;Dldj hgf;a m¾fhaIKhla
lrñka ñßiafia Oïñl ysñhkao nqÿoyfuys we;s ufkdaúµd;aul
,CIK fukau ufkdafrda. Ñls;ail ,CIK fmkaùug b;d
m%YxikSh W;aidyhla ord we;’ j¾;udk f,dalfha jvd;au l:djg
,laù we;s jpkhla jk wd;;sh ke;s lr .ekSug fn!oaO
Ndjkdfjka ,o yels Wmldrh ukdj fmkakqï lrwe;’ Ndjkdj
ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidjla f,i lskï wdldrhg fhdod .; yelaflao
hkak m%dfhda.sl l%u uÕska fmkajd we;’
lekaof.d,af,a iqukrxis ysñhka úiska rÑ; ―ffjoH úµdj yd
nqÿoyu‖ (23) hk fmd;o fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj wOHhkfhaoS jeo.;afõ’
úfYAIfhkau wdhq¾fõofha we;s fndfyduhla lreKq iuÕ
ixikaokd;aulj nqÿiuh foio n,ñka ldhsl iy udkisl frda.
i|yd nqÿka jykafia lskï wdldrh m%;sldr ,ndÿkafka±hs
úpdrd;aulj olajd we;’ udkisl m%Yak foi nqÿka jykafia neÆ
whqre;a tfiau tajdg l%uj;a m%;sldr ,nd§u;a fuu fmdf;ys ú.%y
lr we;’ udkisl frda. j,ska ksoyiaj isàug fï f,dalfha
Ôj;ajk lsisu iFjfhl=g fkdyels nj nqÿka jykafia frda.
iQ;%fha§ olajd we;’ j¾;udkfha i|yka jk ufkdaldhsl frda.
 18

.eko Wkajykafia wjreÿ fooyia mkaishhlg l,ska b;d meyeÈ,s

f,i foaYkd lr we;s w;r ta iEu wdldrhlu frda. j,g n,mdk
is; oukh lr .ekSu iïnJOfhkao Wka jykfia l%uj;a
úêl%uhka rdYshla fmkajd § we;’
fP’ u¾úka’ iamhsf.a,uEka iy fudl=fika ñhls úiska rÑ;
Buddhism and Jungian Psychology (24) hk fmd;o nqÿoyu ;=<
ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK we;snj ±k.ekSug we;s jákd .%J:hls’
tys§ fika nqÿoyfuys we;s jeo.;a ixl,amhka fukau nqÿoyfuys
m%Odk wx.hla jk ÿCL ixl,amh Ndjkdjka wd§ ixl,amkdjka
cqkaf.a t<Uqï fn!oaO ixl,amkdjka iuÕ ixikaokd;aulj olajd
we;’ fuuÕskao wmg fmkShkafka kQ;k ufkdaúµd{hskaf.a
wjOdkhg fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj ,laù we;snjh’
ngysr rgj,o nqÿoyu iy ufkdaúµdj .ek ixikaokd;aul
wOHhkhka wdrïN lr we;s ld,jljdkqjla f,i fï ld,h
oelaúh yel’ wefußldfõ ueäikays úiafldkaiska úYajúµd,fha
ufkdaúoHd uydpd¾h ßpâ fvúâika fï .ek m¾fhaIK wdrïN
lrñka fufia mjid we;’ ―There is a lot we can learn from these
traditions. The time is right for collaboration‖(25) wmg fuu
iïm%odhkaf.ka fndfyda foa bf.k .ekSug we;s w;r ufkdaúµdj
iy nqÿoyu w;r we;s iïnJOh jvd;a jeä ÈhQKq lsÍug fuu
ld,h b;d WÑ; nj Tyq mjihs’ tfiau uki .ek wOHhkfha§
nqÿoyu iy p¾hd;aul yeisÍï ms<sn| úµdjka iuÕ
ixikaokd;aul wOHhkhka b;d jeo.;a nj Tyqf.a wdl,amh nj
olajd we;’
le,sfmdakshd úYaj úµd,fha fika m%ekaisiaflda ffjµ úµ,fha
ufkdaúoHd uydpd¾h fmda,a tlauEkao(26) nqÿoyfï Ñ;a;fõ.hka
md,kh lsÍu iïnJOfhka fn!oaO NsCIQka jykafia,dg m%Yxid
uqLfhka l:dlr we;’ wm%ikak Ñ;a;fõ.hka lskï wdldrhlska
uevmj;ajd .kafkao hkakg fyd|u WodyrKh fn!oaO NsCIQka nj
fuu uydpd¾hjrhd mjihs’
Tiaákays gelaiia úYAj úoHd,fha WmfoaYk ufkdaúoHd iydh
uydpd¾h jrsfhl= jk iafgmkS refâ(27) o uki ms<sn| fn!oaO
isoaOdka; .ek m¾fhaIK j,g uq,mqrd we;’ úidoh jeks udkisl
frda. i|yd fuu fn!oaO ixl,am wdfoaY lr.;yels nj wehf.a
úYAjdihhs’ udkisl fi!LHh /l.ekSug;a úidoh jeks udkisl
frda. ke;s lsrSug;a fn!oaO wdl,am fhdod .; yels nj wh ;rfha
m%ldY lrK w;r tys we;s idrh wvq fkdfldg Ndú;h i|yd
fhdod .ekSu m¾fhaIlhskag we;s wNsfhda.hla njo weh mjihs’
iafjäia cd;sl wdrCIK m¾fhaIKdh;fha ufkdaúµdj wdpd¾h ref¾
iS’ta’ fcdkaika o nqÿoyfuys we;s ufkdaúµd;aul wka;¾.;hka
fufia olajd we;’ (28)
 19

j¾;udk ngysr ufkdaúµdúµd{hska md,s ksldhka lshjk úg

Tjqkag th yefÕkafka ;ukag wod< úIh fCIa;%hl ud;Dldjka
lshjkjd fukau ufkdaúµd;aul m%Yak .ek wjOdrKh lr we;s
fohla lshjkakd f,ih’ ixcdkkh‛ is;Su wd§ ixl,am o
nqÿoyfuys ukdj úia;r lr we;’ tfiau yeisÍu‛ ú[a[dKh o tys
ls%hdoduhka‛ úúOdldr jQ fm!rIJjhkao úia;rd;aulj olajd we;’
tfiau udkisl frda. ke;slr.kakd l%uhkao b;d ms<sfj<g olajd
we;’ ta i|yd wjYH m%dfhda.sl l%shoduhka .eko úia;rd;aulj
olajd we;’
iaúia cd;sl wdpd¾h ld,a .=iagdþ cqx ^1875-1961& nqÿoyfï we;s
ufkdaúµd;aul wka;¾.;hka fï wdldrhg olajd we;’ (29)
ixikaokd;aul wd.ï ms<sn| YsIHfhl= jk ud nqÿoyu olskafka
b;d l%uj;aj f,dalh kshu wdldrhg f;areï .;yels oyula
f,ih’ mßKduh ms<sn| isoaOdka;ho l¾u ixl,amho wka iEu
o¾Ykhlau wNsnjd isà’ wd.ï j, b;sydihj;a o¾Ykh ms<sn|
wOHhkhj;a ud nqÿoyu bf.kSug fhduq fkdl< w;r uf.a
/lshdj jk ffjµjD;a;sh ud nqÿoyug fhduq lf<ah’ uf.a wruqK
udkisl mSvdj,ska mSä; jqjkag m%;sldr lsÍuh’ ta i|yd udkj
j¾.hdf.a fYa%IG;u .=rejrhd isoaOdka; olajd we;’ ÿl‛
jeäysándjh‛ frda.dndOj,g ,laùu‛ urKh hk wxY u; mokï
ù kshu f,i m%;sldr l< yel’ cqka.a mjikafka wksjd¾fhkau
ufkdaúµd;aul wka;¾.;hka nqÿoyu ;=< ks;H jYfhkau mj;sk
njh’
fl%aïì%þ úYaj úµd,fha iameksia cd;sl cqfka uialdfkda wOHdmk
úµd{hd nqÿoyfï we;s ufkdaúµd;aul wx.hka fuf,i olajd
we;’(30)
nqÿka jykafiaf.a msKsúvh i;=g f.k fok iq¿h’ Wkajykafia ta
ks¾u, Okh fidhd.;a w;r th wkq.ukh lr t;ekg ,Õdùug
wmgo Wmfoia ,ndfokq ,efí’ Wkajykafia ñksid w÷frys isák nj
olajk w;r wdf,dalh lrd <Õùug wjYH lrK ud¾.h o
fmkajd fokafkah’
isysk f,dalfhka ñ£ ñksiqka ms<sl=,a fkdlrK Ôú;fha by<
;,hg m;alrùug Wkajykafia Wkkaÿfõ’ Wkajykafiaf.a b,a,Su
iuia; f,dalhdgu lrwe;’ Tn W;aidy ±ßh hq;=h’ nqÿka jykafia
lrkafka yqfola uÕ fmkaùu muKs’ Wkajykafia kshu ±lSu ;=<ska
wdOHd;añl i;H w;a±lSu ;=<ska wjfndaO lrf.k we;’
w;a±lSïj,g j¾;udk udkj j¾.hdo ;Dma;su;a l<yel’
Wkajykafiag wjYH jQfha wmg i;H fmkajd§u;a tfia fmkaùfuka
wmj wjê lsÍu;a iy tfia wjêfhka hq;=j ta lrd f.dia th <Õd
lr .ekSu;ah’
fudyq mjik wdldrhg kshu f,i udkisl m%Yakj,ska f;dr
Ôú;hla .;lsÍug nqÿoyu wkq.ukh lrkakdg yels fjhs’ ;ud
 20

.ek ukd wjfndaOhla ,ndf.k b;d mÍCIdldÍ f,i f,dalh

foi n,ñka udkisl m%Yak y÷kdf.k tajdg ms<shï l,amkdldÍ
f,i ,ndÿka úg iduldó Ôú;hla .;l<yel’
c¾uka wefursldkq ufkdaúYaf,aIK jdosfhl= jk iudc
od¾Ykslfhl= jk Erich Form ^1900-1980& nqÿoyfï we;s
ufkdaúµd;aul wka;¾.;h .ek;a tys jeo.;alu;a fïfia fmkajd
fo;s’(31)
ñksid foaj úYajdi woyk wd.ï neyer l< w;r cSú;fha kshu
f,i h:d¾:jd§j mj;ajd f.k hdug wd.u ,xlr .;a w;r
wmrÈ. f,dalfha wd.ïj, tlla jq w;r fmrÈ. f,dalfha wd.ïj,
wruqK tllaúh’ ngysr f,dalfha wd.ïj,ska uejqï lrefjl=f.a
ixl,amh jeäÿrg;a f.k.sh w;r ;d´ wd.u ^ Taoism& iy
nqÿoyu wka w.ïj,g jvd by<ska isáhy’ tu w.ï j,ska ñksid
h:d iajrEmh olsk w;r h:d¾:jd§ f.da,hka lrd ñksid /f.k
hhs’ tfiau ´kEu wdldrfha uÕfmkaùula ,nd§ wmj wjê lrKq
,efí’ (Zen Buddhism) fika nqÿoyu wo ngysr f,dalh úiska
uy;a WkJÿfjka ms<s.kakd w;r udkqISh m%Yak j,go f,dalfha
meje;au ms<sn|jo m%Yak j,g yrj;a ms<s;=re ,nd§ we;’ fmrÈ.
f,dalfha wd.ïj, ixl,amhka fjfiiskau hqfrdamShkaf.a is;a .kakd
w;r kj;u wdOHd;añl iqjhla bka ,efnk njo ms<sf.k we;’
udkqISh m%Yak j,g fmrÈ. wd.ï j,ska ,efnk ms<s;=re m%dfhda.sl
f,i uy;a msgqjy,la ù ;sfí’
od¾YKSlfhl= jk R. Buckminster Fulles ^1895-1984& (32)
mjikafka l%s’mQ’ 6 jk Y; j¾IfhaoS .%Sisfha mhs;.ria iy Ndr;fha
nqÿka jykafia tlu ld,fha my< jQ w;r fofokdu n,j;a‛
ixcdkkuh l,amkdjkaf.ka udkj j¾.hdf.a m%Yak foi neÆ
W;=uka f,ih’ .Ks;uh ixl,amkd iy od¾Yksl ixl,amkd ;=<ska
udkj m%Yak foi neÆ whqre;a t;eka mgka ´kEu ñsksfil=g tajd
;u Ôú;hg m%dfhda.sl wod< lr.ekSug ;nd we;’
ì%;dkH cd;sl l;=jrfhl= iy lúfhl= jk wekavDD yd¾fõ
(Andrew Harvey) fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj .ek fufia m%ldY
lrhs’(33) 1970 .Kkaj, uu Tlaiam¾â úYaj úµd,fha isák úg
nqÿoyug leue;af;ka isáfhñ’ uf.a Ôú;h iEu whqrlu
ixlSrKJjhkaf.ka iy udkisl mSvkhkaf.ka msÍ;snqKs’ wdYdjka
kshu f,i ú.%y lrK fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj ;=<ska uf.a udkisl
mSvkhka ÿrelr,Sug ud¾.h fmkajd fok ,È’ tfiau Ôú;hg
h:d¾:jd§ f,i uqyqK§ug ug Yla;sh ,ndÿkafka fn!oaO
ud¾f.damfoaYlJjhhs’
ufkdaúµdj fukau nqÿoyuo uki u; mokï jQ o¾Ykhls’ kQ;k
ufkdaúµd ks¾jpkhka yd tlÕ jk nqÿoyu ta yd iudku
ksßjpkhka ±laúh yel’ úfYAIfhka yeisÍu yd uki nqÿoyfïo
m%Odku ixl,amhkah’ ―Ñ;af;k kSh;s f,dfld‖ is; úiska f,dalh
 21

fufyhjkq ,nk nj;a ―ufkd mqínx. ud Oïud‖ ñksia uki

ish,a,u fmrgqfldg isák nj;a ―fp;kdyx NsCLfj lïux jodñ‛
fp;hsJjd lïux lfrd;s ldfhk jdpdh ukidh‖ ish¨u ldhsl
jdpisl udkisl hk ish,a,gu uki n,mdk nj fuys woyihs’
is;Su udkisl l%shdj,shla jk w;r th ish¨u ldhsl l%shdj,go
n,mEula we;s lrhs’
nqÿoyfuys ;%smsglh lshjk úg tys we;s ufkdaúµd;aul
wka;¾.;hka úsfYAIfhkau iEu ;eklu mdfya fidhd .; yelsh’
úfYAIfhka f:ar.d:d f:aß.d:dj,§ udkisl mSvkhkaf.ka iy
wd;;sfhka fj,S isá NsCIq NsCIqKSka b;d Woaodufhka mS%;sfhka hq;=j
nqÿoyu ksid thska ñÿk wdldrho olajd we;’
tfiau cd;l l:dj,o ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK o ufkdaÑls;ail
,CIKo ufkdam%;sldro b;d meyeÈ,s f,i oelaúh yel’ fodia;r
D.V.J.Harischandra úiska ,sh we;s Psychiatric Aspects of
Jataka Stories hk fmdf;ys ta ish¨u lreKq ;d¾lslj o
ixikaokd;auljo úia;r lr we;’(34) tys§ ufkdaÑls;ail
wms<sfj,j,a (Psychiatric disorders) m%;sldr (Psychiatric
treatment) wfÉ;ksl ukig n,mEï lrK lreKq (Factors
influence the unconscious mind) cd;l l:d uq,alr.;a
m%;sldr l%u (Psychiatric treatment use of jataka stories)fmd;l
i|yka m%;sldr l%u (Bibliotherapy) psychodrama ufkdauh
kdgHh hkdÈh tu fmdf;ys b;d l%uj;aj ú.%y lr we;’
D.V.J.Harischandra fmd;g fmrjokla ,shk Dr.D.N.Atulorale o
nqÿÿyfuka fmkakqï lrK ufkdaúµd;aul‛ ufkdaÑls;ail l%u
meyeÈ,s f,i olajd we;’ (35) it is truly astounding to read of
the wide variety of psychiatric disorders mentioned in Jataka
stories. You will read of pathological jealously of the spouse in
Bandhanamokkha and samugga jatakas, depression in
ummagga, Kusa and Mattakundali jatakas, grief reactions so
well described in Somadatta and Ahinha jatakas, suicidal
thoughts resulting from lose of self esteem in Guttila jatakaya,
somataform disorders of pain in Manikundala jatakas, sexual
chjild abuse, a subject so topical today,is detailed in Chulla
Narada ans Parantapa jatakas. Problems of sexuality and
gender identity varying from hyposexual desire in Udayabhadda
and ummagga jatakas to excessive sexual drive in Kumala
jatakaya, incest in Pannika and Seggu jatakas and
transsexualism in itipiso jatakaya reveal the depth and
frankness with which these sensitive themes were dealt with by
our ancestors.
 22

cd;l l:dj, we;s ufkdafrda. wms<sfj,j,a .ek lshùug ,eîu

wm uú; lrjk iq¿h’ nJOkfudlaL‛ iuq.a. cd;lhkays tk ;u
iylre$iyldrsh ms<sn| B¾Idj Wïu.a.‛ l=i" uÜgl=Kav,S cd;l
l:dj, tk fYdal ckl m%;sl%shd‛ .=;a;s, cd;lfhys wd;au
wNsudkh .s,sySfuka ishÈú kid .ekSfï ye.ZSï my<ùï‛
uKsl=Kav, cd;lfha§ fõokdj ms<sn| frda. ,CIKo‛ lukS iy
flaij cd;lj,§ ufkdac w;Sidrho fmkakqï lr;s’ udkisl W!K
j¾Okh ms<sn| ,CIK wpÍ iy kka.=,Si cd;l j,skao
fmkakqïlr;s’ wo ld,fha jvd;a m%p,s; ,sx.sl <ud wmpdr
,CIKo úia;rd;aulj pq,a, kdro iy mrka;m cd;l j,skao
olajhs’ ,sx.slFjfha m%Yako‛ ,sx.sl wkkHh;djho‛ úúO ,sx.sl
wdYdjkao Who Noao iy Wïu.a. hk cd;l j,skao wêl ,sx.sl
wdYdjka l=kd, cd;lfhkao mkaksl iy fi.a.= cd;l j,ska
fmkajkafka kEhka iuÕ fujqkaofuys fh§u jk w;r b;smsfida
cd;lfhaoS ±lafjk wdldrhg ia;%S mqreIhskaf.a úúO ,sx.sl
wdYdjkao ±laúh yel’ fujeks .eUqrejQ;a ixfõokSh jQ;a ud;Dld
fuu cd;l l:dj, .eíj we;’
tfiau m%d¾:kdjka folla Tyqf.a fmdf;ys i|yka lr we;’
cd;l l:d mqk¾Njh ms<s.KS’ ufkdaÑsls;ailhska mqk¾Njh
ms<s.;a;o ke;o uf.a m<uqjk wfmaCIdj mqk¾Njh isoaOdka;hla
kï wkd.; iEu mqk¾Njhlu ud kej; bmÈh hq;af;a
ufkdaÑls;ailfhl= ùugh’ uf.a fojk wfmaCIdj Tno kej;
WmÈkafka kï Tn iEu flfkl=gu uf.ka Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug
yelsfkdfõjd hkakhs’
tfiau iuyr cd;l l:dj, tk ixlS¾K ,sx.sl m%Yak fm%dhsâ
i|yka l< (Oedipus complex) Tämia ixlS¾Khka ys iy
bf,lag%d ixlS¾Khka yd ^ electra complex & iudk jk nj
wjOdrKfhka hq;=j mejish yel’ fm%dhsâ úiska ,shk ,o ―The
Interpretation of Dreams‖(36) isysk w¾:l:k hk fmdf;ys we;s
lreKq;a cd;l fmdf;ys we;s isysk w¾:l:k;a fndfyda
iudk;djhla olajhs’ uyd iqmsk cd;lh Wïu.a. cd;lh b;d
yrj;a f,i isysk w¾: l:khka olajd we;’ tfiau oÍuqL
cd;lfha§ ufkdaÑls;ail wms<sfj,j,a wgla olajd we;’(37)
1’ ldu Wkaudoh (sexual dysfunction)
2’ fl%daO Wkaudoh (mania)
3’ o¾Yk Wkaudoh (hallucinations)
4’ fuday Wkaudoh (mental retardation)
5’ hCI Wkaudoh (possession disorders)
6’ ms; Wkaudoh (melancholia)
7’ iqr Wkaudoh (alcohol depemdemce)
8’ jHhik Wkaudoh (depression)
 23

NsCIq c.§ma lYHhma fm%dhsâf.a ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh .ek fn!oaO

ks¾jpkh hkafkka ,smshla ,shñka fm%dhsâ uki .ek lshk ,o
ixl,amhka fndfyduhlau fn!oaO ixl,amhka iuÕ ukdj
.e,fmk nj olajd we;’ The Buddhsit conception of mind is
wonderfully parallel to the psychoanalysis of Dr.Freud.(38)
uki ms<sn| fn!oaO ixl,amh ufkdaúµd{ fm%dhsâf.a
ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh yd ukdj .e,fma’
According to the Maha Satipattana sutta, that a practice of
Kayanupassana leads to through psychophysical relaxation
resulting in a perfectly wakeful awareness, a ‗conscious‘ that is
capable of exercising an adult like superintendence over the
wayward childish unconscious: and a practice of
Cittanupassana, according to it, teaches how to conduct one‘s
analysis by oneself-without going to any one else. With sincere
tenacious efforts to analyse one, with a strong awarness as this
one is sure to dive in the deepst regions of the mind and see it
through and through.
I have no doubt the practitioners of modern Freudian
psychoanalysis would be highly profited if they care to
understand and bring into use of the techniques provided by the
Buddha in the Satipattana sutta in Digha Nikaya. (39)
oS> ksldfha uyd i;smÜGdk iQ;%hg wkqj lh .ek m%fhda.slj
fufkys lsÍu ;=<ska ufkdafN!;sluh iekiSu;a tfiau ia:djr
wjêhl=;a we;s lrhs’ ifÉ;kslFjh jeäysá mßCIlfhl= kï
wfÉ;kslFjh wlSlre <ufhl= jk w;r tu <uhd uev ls%hd
l<hq;=h’ Ñ;a;dkqmiaikdj u.Zska fjk wfhl= fj; fkdf.dia
tu.Zska yeisÍu ;ud úiskau úYaf,IKh lr.kakd whqre olajhs’
tu.Zska ;ud úYaf,IKh lr .ekSug Wkkaÿfõ’ Yla;su;a ±lSula
;=<ska .eUqre ±laula we;s lrf.k ta ;=<ska is; ;=<g hdyel’
oS>ksldfha i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha nqÿka jykafia úiska foaYkd lrK
,o ;dCIKsl l%u u.Zska wo ld,fha fm%dhsähdkq
ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh yodrK m¾fhaIlhskag úYd, jYfhka jdis
,nd.; yels njg ielhla fkdue;’
nqÿoyfuys ufkdaúµd;aulj ne,sh yels m%Odku me;a; kï
wNsO¾uhhs’ wNsO¾ufha§ isf;ys ish¨u m%fNaohka ukdj ú.%y
lrK w;r tys ixlSrKJjho meyeÈ<s f,i fmkajd § we;’ tys§
Ñ;a; ffp;isl rEm ksíndk f,i m¾ud¾: O¾u lreKq 4la ;=<
úia;r lsÍul fhfohs’
tfiau nqÿyfuys m%Odk O¾u ixl,am w;r p;=rd¾h i;H
wksjd¾fhkau ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIKhkaf.ka hq;=jqjls’ ÿl‛ ÿl
we;sùfï fya;=j‛ ÿl ke;s lsÍu‛ ÿl ke;s lr .ekSfï ud¾.h tys§
 24

úia;r lr we;’ ÿl hkq udkisl l%shdoduhla jk w;r ÿl

úia;r lrKqfhao ñksia w;a±lSï wdY%fhks’
“cd;sms ÿCLd crdms ÿCLd jHdë msÿfCLd urKïms ÿCLd wmamsfhys
iïmfhdf.da ÿCLd msfhys úmamfhdf.d ÿCLd hï mÉPx k ,n;s
;ïms ÿCLdx”(40)
bm§u ksid ish¨u udkisl frda. f,i ÿla wdÈh iEu lrorhlau
we;sfõ’ tuksid nqÿoyfï mru wfmaCIdj kï kej; bm§ug
fya;=jk ;DIAKdj ke;slr ksjk ,nd .ekSuhs’ bm§u ksid crdjg
frda.dndOj,g f.dÿrefõ’ ta ish,a,lau ÿlah’ tfiau wms wlue;s
wh iuÕ wdY%hg ,eîuo leu;s wh wmf.ka fjkaùuo
n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk oE fkd,eîuo hk ish¨ foa ÿlah’ fláfhka
.;al, uq¿ m[apiaLJOhu ÿllah’ “ixÅ;af;ak m[pqmdodkCLJOd
ÿCLd‖ m[apiaLJOhkï rEm‛ fõokd‛ i[a[d‛ ixLdr‛ ú[a[dK
hkqhs’ tfiau wo ld,fha fndafyda ishÈú kid .ekSïj,go fya;= ù
we;af;a bÉPdNx.Jjhhs’ ^frustration) bÉPdNx.Jjh pKavNdjhg
fm<fUk w;r tuÕska úisÿï fkd,eîu ;=<ska ishÈú kid .ekSu
olajd th Èfjhs’ tfiau ÿl ke;slr .ekSugo nqÿka jykafia wd¾h
ud¾.hla fmkajd § we;’ tkï wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.hhs’ hym;a
oelSu‛ hym;a ixl,amkdjka‛ fyd| jpk‛ fyd| l¾udka;‛ hym;a
Èú meje;au‛ hym;a W;aidyh‛ fyd| isysh iy iudêh‛ hkq fï
jeo.;a wx. wghs’ tfiau hym;a f,i isysh mj;ajd .ekSug
fkdyelsùu ;=<ska iudcdkqfhdackfha§ m%Yak we;sjk w;r iudêh
ke;sùu ;=<ska iudc ufkdaúµdjg wkqj iudc úfrdaê fm!rIJj
,CIKo we;s ùugo mq¿jk’ fï iEu ldrKhla Èydu ;d¾lslj
n,k l, wmg yefÕkafka nqÿoyu ;=< ufkdaúµd;aul
wka;¾.;hka úfYAIfhkau ms<sìUq jk njh’
wNsfm%arK isoaOdka;hkao (motivation) ufkdaúµdfõ§ idlÉPdjg
.efkk w;r nqÿoyu ;=<o wNsfm%arK isoaOdka; ±lsh yelsh’
(Maslow‘s hierarchy of needs) olajd we;af;a mqoa.,hdg wjYH;d
fndfyduh;a we;s njh’ úfYAIfhka ufkdaúµd{ uiaf,dag wkqj
Tyqf.a wjYH;djkaf.a ms<sfj< fufiah’(41)

Need for self-actualizations

wd;audjfndaOh ms<sn| wjYH;djh
Esteem needs
wd;audNsudkkSh wjYH;djh
 25

Belongingness needs
Love needs
wdorh iy yeÕSï iïnJO wjYH;djh
Safety needs
wdrCIdj ms<sn| wjYH;djh
Physiological needs
Ôjúµd;aul wjYH;djh

nqÿoyfuys fudyq iuÕ tlÕ jk wdldrfha wjYH;d olajd we;’

uq,skau ðjúµd;aul wjYH;djh olajd we;’ “iífí i;a;d
wdydrÜÀ;sld” ih¨u iFjhkag l=i.skak we;s fõ’ th uQ,slu
ðjúµd;aul wjYH;djhls’ l=i.skafka nqÿka jykafia fj; meñKs
ñksfil=g m<uqj l=i.sks ksùug wdydr imhd § fojkqj O¾uh
foaYkd l<njo fn!oaO b;sydifhys olajd we;’ fojk wjYH;djh
kï wdrCIdj iy ia:djr Ndjhhs’ fuys§o nqÿka jykafia kshu
f,i wd¾Òlh yev.iajd .;hq;= wdldrh;a tuÕska kshu isf;a
Ydka;shla ìhla ke;sj isáh yels ud¾.hla foaYkd lrwe;’ isf;a
i;=g Ydka;sh /lf.k isàug wjYH lrK ud¾.h nqÿka jykafia
foaYkd l<y’
B,Õ wjYH;djh kï iudc ms<s.ekSuhs’ ñksid hkq iudc
iFjfhls’ Tyqg iudchla ;sìh hq;= w;r Tyqj ta iudch úiska
ms<s.; hq;=h ;ks mqoa.,fhl=g ;ksj Ôj;aùu myiq lreKla
fkdjk w;r iudÔh fldgia w;r hq;=lï whs;sjdislï ;u
iudch bÈßhg f.khk nj nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lrwe;’ tfiau
NsCIq iudcfha jrola l< NsCIqjg fok nrm;,u ovqju kï
n%yauoKavkhhs’ tkï Tyqj iudcfha yqol,d lsÍuhs’ th wka ljr
ovqjulg;a jvd Tyqg n,mdkafka iudcfha kshu idudðlFjhla
iEu flfkl=gu wjYH ksidh’
B<Õ wjYH;djh kï iudcfha wka whf.a f.!rjh iy ;udf.a
Yla;sh hkdÈhhs’ yelshdj wd;au úYajdih hkdÈho jeo.;ah’
Wmßu wjYH;djh kï wd;audjfndaOhhs’ fuys§ by; i|yka lrK
,o wjYH;djhka y;ru iïmQ¾K lrf.k kshu f,i Wmßu
wjYH;djhg m;aùu ±laúh yel’
by; uiaf,da úiska m%ldY lrK ,o iEu ldrKhlau ms<sn|j
nqÿka jykafiao foaYkd lrwe;’ wx.=;a;r ksldfha m;a;lïu iQ;%hg
wkqj (42) iEu mqoa.,fhl=u Ôú;fha wfmaCId lrK ldrKd y;rla
we;’
 urKska u;= hym;a Ôú;hla ,nd .ekSu
 §¾> ld,hla ksfrda.Sj isàu
 hii‛ iudcfha fyd|ku‛ lS¾;sh ,nd.ekSu
 26

 fN!;sl iïm;a ish,a, ,nd.ekSu

fï wdldrhg n,k úg uiaf,da wNsfm%arK isoaOdka; yd m;a;lïu
iq;%fha we;s lreKqo tlg .e,fmk nj i|yka l<yelsh’
nqÿoyfï§ ÿlska fmf<k ck;djg ;ud wfmaCId lrK isf;a
Ydka;sh we;s lrf.k Ôú;fha Wmrsu wd;audjfndaOhg <Õd úh
yels úúO úêl%u olajd we;’ thskqÿ nqÿka jykafiaf.a wjjdoh
kï ish¨ ÿla ke;slr ,nd.kakd ks¾jdkh ^ksíndkx mrux iqLx&
fj; .uka lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu b;d Wiia jk njh’
j¾;udk f,dalh úµd;aulj Wmßu ÈhqKqjlg m;ajqk hq.hla fiau
wd;;sfhka (Stress& msÍ mj;sk jljdkqjlao fõ’ cmdkfha jeämqr
jevlÍu ksid wd;;shg m;aj thska urKhg m;ajk frda.hlao
lfrdis (karosi) kñka kïlr we;’ (43) tuksid (Stress&
ke;s lr.ekSfï b;d jeo.;a m%dfhda.sl l%uo nqÿka jykafia olajd
we;’
uþCêu ksldfha iíndij iQ;%h udkisl wd;;sh ke;s lr.kakd
l%u y;la olajd we;’(44)
1’ oiaikd ^o¾Ykfhka&
2’ ixjrd ^ixjrfhka &
3’ máfiajkd ^ m%;sfiajkfhka &
4’ wêjikd ^bjiSfuka&
5’ mßjþckd ^ mßj¾ckfhka &
6’ úfkdaokd ^uqod yeÍfuka &
7’ Ndjkd ^Ndjkdfjka&

wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h l%uj;aj ls%hd;aul lsÍfukq;a Ndjkdjka

mqyqKq lsÍfukq;a udkisl mSvkh ÿr,sh yels nj fn!oaO
ufkdaúµdfõ úYajdihhs’
―udkisl iqjh ms<sn| fn!oaO yd ngysr ufkdaúµd;aul
wdl,amh‖(45) hk ud;Dldj hgf;a jdßhfmd, iquKfcda;s ysñhka
m¾fhaIKhla lrñka fn!oaO ufkdaúµdfõ we;s jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s
lrwe;’ tys§ kQ;k ufkdaúµdj yd fn!oaO ufkda ú.%yh w;r we;s
iu úiu;do‛ udkisl frda. yd m%;sldr l%u ms<sn| fn!oaO
b.ekaùïo ufkdaÑls;aidjla jYfhka fn!oaO Ndjkdfõ we;s
jeo.;alu iy fn!oaO ufkdaúµdfõ wdpdrúµ;aul moku hkqfjkao
mßÉfþo fjkalr fn!oaO ufkdaúµdfõ we;s jeo.;alu .ek ±ä
wjOdkhlska hq;=j idlÉPd lrwe;’ kQ;k ufkdaúµfõ .=rel=,
iuÕ nqÿoyfuys we;s ufkdaúµd;ul ,CIKhka fy<s fmfy<s
lrñka ixikaokd;aul f,i fuu wOHhkh isÿlrñka ta ysñhka
fn!oAO ufkdaúµdfõ we;s ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK ukdj fmkakqï
lrwe;’
uydpd¾h kkaofiak r;akmd, úiska rÑ; ―nqÿoyu iudcúµdj iy
ck Ôú;h‖ hk .%J:fhys nqÿoyfuys we;s iudc ufkdaúµd;aul
 27

,CIK .ek lreKQ /ila wkdjrKh lrwe;’ tu fmdf;ys ta

.ek fufia i|yka lr we;’ ― wm ;ju;a w; .id ke;s m¾fhaIK
fCIa;%hls‛ fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj’ fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj yd wNsO¾uh
ñksia is; .ek lrK ú.%y m¾fhaIKhg ,lal< hq;=h’ nqÿka
jykafia ta ta ñksiqkaf.a m%Yak úiª yeá fn!oAO ufkdaúµdjg
,laúh hq;=h’ l=vd orejdf.a mgka uy,a,d olajd Wkajykafiaf.a
Wkkaÿj fhduq úhhq;=h’ ta wh ldf.a;a m%Yak Wkajykafia úiska
úi|k ,oafoa ta ta mqoa.,hdf.a iajNdjh ±k ye¢kf.kh’ Ndjkd
lsÍfï§ mjd ta ta whf.a pß; ±k yeÈk Ndjkd l%u f;dard
.;hq;= nj lshd we;’ ta f,iskau mqoa.,hdf.a iajNdjhg‛ m%Yakhg‛
Tjqka uqyqKfok mßirhg wkqj udkisl m%Yak úi|d,Su iudc
ufkdaúµdjg b;d jeo.;a jkafkah’ wNsO¾uh uq,a lrf.k isf;ys
iajNdjh f;areï .ekSug mq¿jka úh yelsh’ fï ish,a, fn!oaO
iudc úµdj wdY%h lr.;a iudc ufkda úµdfjka yeoEßh yelsh’‖
(46)
lrf.dv Whkaf.dv ffu;%S uq¾;s ysñhka úiska m¾fhaIKd;aulj
lrK ,o ―uki ms<sn| fn!oaO ú.%yh‖(47) hk .%J:ho nqÿoyfuys
we;s ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK fiùfï§ b;d jeo.;afõ’ tys§ Ndjkdj
ms<sn| b;d jákd lreKQ /ila fy<slrK w;r fn!oaO Ndjkdfõ
mefkk ufkdaúYaf,aIKh yd kQ;k ufkdaúµdj .ek úia;rhla
fukau nqÿoyu yd fm%dhsâ hk mßÉfþofha§ nqÿka jykafiaf.a
woyia fm%dhsâ‛ fIdmkayj¾: kSÜfiaf.a woyiao f.k nqÿoyu ;=<
we;s ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK ukdj fmkakqï lrwe;’ ljqre;a okakd
ufkdaúoHd{hd jk fm%dhsâf.a ixl,amhka fndfyduhlau nqÿoyu
yd tlÕ jk whqre fï fmdf;ys b;d meyeÈ,sj ixikaokd;aulj
olajd we;’
uydpd¾h fyaupJø úfþfialr mjik mßÈ ―ish¨ wd.ï w;r
úuqla;s l%shdud¾.fhys ,d ukig jeäu jeo.;alula mjrkafka
nqÿoyu nj mejiSu w;sYfhdala;shla fkdfõ’ th jQ l,S ish¨ wd.ï
w;r w;sYh ufkdaúµd;aul wd.ufõ‖’(48)
wdpd¾h tia’ whs’ .uf.a úiska rÑ; ― is; iir .uk iy
mqkre;am;a;sh‖ (49) hk fmdf;yso ñksia is; .ek fukau
nqÿoyfuys we;s ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK .eko ukdj fmkakqï lr
lreKq olajd we;’ nqÿka jykafia meyeÈ,s lr ÿka Ñ;a; n,hg
ióm úh fkdyels ngysr Ñ;a; úµdj ^ufkdaúµdj& hk
mßÉfþofha§ fï lrEKQ wjOdrKh lrwe;’ is.aukaâ fm%dhsâf.a
ixl,am f.k fn!oaO ixl,am iuÕ ixikaokd;aul ú.%hla
lrwe;’ tys tla ;ekl fufiao i|ykaj we;’ wmg meyeÈ,s lr
.ekSug yelsjkafka fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj;a ngysr ufkdaúµdj;a w;r
mj;skafka wyig fmdf<dj fuka iul< fkdyels ÿria: njls’
tfiau fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj tfia ke;fyd;a nqÿiufha W.kajd we;s
wêudkisl yelshdjka ,nd.; yels wdldrh wOHhkh lrKQ
 28

,nk hfulafõo Tyq lsis úfgl;a wiïmQ¾KjQo ;¾lhg k;=

fkdjQo ngysr ufkdaúµdj lsis úfgl;a .re fkdlrKq we;’ flfia
jqjo ngysr úµd{hkaf.a we;eï wêudkisl m¾fhaIK j,ska fn!oaO
ufkdaúµdj fy<sl< wêudkisl yelshd uekúka ;yjqre lr we;’
th nqÿka jykafia foaYkd l< b.ekaùï j, yrh ;yjqre lrK
idOlh njgo m;aù we;’ thska fn!oaO b.ekaùïj, W;a;Í;r
Ndjh iy fYa%IaGFjho i;Hjd§ njo biau;= lrwe;’
nqÿoyfï uQ,slu b,lalh jkafka udkisl wiykfhka ñ§uhs’
nqÿoyu iEu ufkdaúµd;aul ixl,amhlau foig n,kafka ;u
tAldhk m¾ud¾:h uq,alrf.kh’ tkï ÿlska ñ§fï b,lallr
.ksñks’ nqÿoyu wruqKq lr we;af;a úuqla;sh ,nd .ekSu i|yd
jk w;r thg wjYH ufkdaúµd;aul miqìul ilia lr we;’
ñksia ukfia ixlSrKJjh;a ta yd iuÕu Ñ;a;fõ.hka yd ne÷kq
p¾hdjkao tfiau ñksia is; yßhdldr f,i oshqKq lr .ekSfuka
,nd.; yels m%;sM, .eko nqÿoyu wjOdkh fhduqlrhs’
fn!oaO ufkdaúµdfj§ ñksia is; iy ñksia p¾hdjka y÷kd.ekSug
úúOdldr jQ .fõIK úêl%u Ndú;d lrwe;’
ngysr ufkdaúµd{hska úµdjla f,i ufkdaúµdj yeoEÍug 1879 §
úµd.drhla f,mais.a úYAj úµd,fha§ werUQy’ ta i|yd uq,aù lghq;=
lf<a ú,afy,au jqkaâh’ Tyqf.a tla úêl%uhla jkafka
wka;djf,dalkhhs’ Introspection means To look within, to
examine one‘s own thoughts feelings or sensations (50)
wka;rdjf,dalkh hkq ;udf.a we;=,dka;h ne,Su fyda ;udf.a
l,amkd‛ yeÕSï ±kSï ms<sn| mßCIKhhs’ tfiau wka;rdjf,dalkh
ms<sn| ;j;a ks¾jpkhla úuid n,uq’
Introspection. ―The process of self examination or looking within
one‘s own experience in order to gain insight into psychological
phenomena. Although notoriously unreliable in many respects,
introspection can at times provide valuable insights which could
at other tiems be missed‖ (51)
wka;rdjf,dalkh hkq wd;au mßCIKh ms<sn| l%shdoduhla fyda
;udf.a w;a±lSï uq,alrf.k ;u we;=,dka;h .ek oek.ekSug
lrK ufkdaúµd;aul l%shoduhls’ iuyr wjia:dj,§ jeo.;a f,i
we;=,dka;h .ek f;dr;=re ±k .ekSug fuh Ndú;d l< yels
w;r iuyr úg Ndú;d l, yels fkdfõ’ fï .eK fndfyda
wjia:dj,§ úYajdifhka lghq;= l< yels fkdfõ’
nqÿoyfï § is; ms<sn| wOHhkhkays wka;rdjf,dalkh ms<sn|
wjOdkh fhduqlr we;’ úfYAIfhka úúO fn!oaO l:d jia;= ;=<
wka;rdjf,dalk úêl%uh Ndú;d lr we;s whqre wmg meyeÈ,s fõ’
pq,a,mF:l kï NsCIqka jykafia lsisu whqrl u;l Yla;sfhka
f;dr ysñkuls’ Tyqf.a ifydaorhd jQ uyd mJ:l ysñhka Tyqj
fkrmQ w;r nqÿka jykafia Tyqg msysg jQy’ nqÿka jykafia msßisÿ
 29

iqÿ frÈ lvla Tyqg msßue§ug § th msßuÈñka isák úg th

wmsßisÿ njg m;ajq whqre ±l wmf.a is;o tfiahehs
wka;rdjf,dalkh lr n,d ry;a njg m;ajQ nj fn!oaO
b;sydifhys i|ykaj we;’
tfiau ieje;a kqjr fþ;jkdrdufhys nqÿka jykafia jevisák úg
rdyq wiqf¾Jøhd kï ñksfil= ;udf.a Wi .ek wyxldrfhka ysi
Wÿïjd f.k isá w;r nqÿka jykafia yuqjg meñKsúg nqÿka
jykafia foaYkd lf<a wka whf.a Wiañálï ne,Sug jvd ;udf.a
Wiañálu ±kf.k cSj;aùu ;u hym;g fya;=jk njh’ tys§ Tyq
wka;rdjf,dalk úêl%uh uÕska is; y÷kdf.k ry;a Ndjhg
m;ajQ nj i|ykah’ tfiau wxÕ=,sud, kï mqoa.,hd ñksiqkaf.a we.s,s
lmd.ksñka ;u oyiafjks we.s,a, lmd .ekSug nqÿka fj; Èj
toa§ nqÿkag kj;skakg wK l<úg nqÿka jykafia mejiQfõ uu
kej;s isáñ Tno kj;skak lshdh’ tu wjia:dfõ Tyq tu lshuk
.ek wka;rdjf,dalkh lr ry;a f;r kula jQ nj b;sydifhys
i|ykaj we;’
tfiau Noaoj.aa.sh l=udrjre msßila ldka;djla fidhñka nqÿka
wi,ska .uka lr nqÿka jykafiaf.kao úuiQ úg Wka jykafia
m%ldY lf<a ;uka .ek fiùu wka wh .ek fiùug jvd
W;=ïnjh’
wka;rdjf,dalkh l%uh .ek ±ä meye§ula fkdue;s wfkl=;a
ufkdaúµd{hska uki f;areï .eksug úúO úOl%u fijQy’ John B.
Wotson ufkdaúµd{hd uki .ek yeoErSug p¾hdjdoh (
behaviorism) kï jQ .=rel=,h wdrïN l< w;r nqÿoyfïo tu
úêl%uhka ±lsh yel’ Ndjkdjka i|yd lugyka §fï§ tlatla
mQoa.,hdg .e,fmk pß; wkqj Ndjkdjka olajd we;’ úiqoaê
ud¾.h kïfmdf;ys ta pß; yhla .ek olajd we;’(52) tajdkï
rd.‛ fodai‛ fuday‛ ioaOd‛ nqoaë‛ ú;lal hkd§ jYfhks’
mqoa.,hkaf.a is; f;reï .ekSug p¾hdjkau muKla fya;= idOl
fkdjk nj ms<s.;a ufkdaúµdhska m%cdkk ufkdaúµdj wdrïN l<y’
tys§ ñksia yelshdjka by< ;,hlg oud we;s w;r Ñka;k Y;a;sh
ÈhqKq lsÍu ;=<ska nqÿoyfï wjidk wruqK jk ksjk o ,nd.;
yelafla ñksfil=g muKla njo l=i,a wl=i,a hk l%shdjka lsÍug
yelshdj we;af;ao ñksfil=gu muKla njo olajd we;’ ixcdkuh
yelshdjka ks¾udKd;aul yelshdjka ;d¾lsl yelshdjka nqoaêh wdÈ
yeu wxYhla .eku nqÿoyfïo wjOdkh fhduqlr we;’ tfiau
f,dalh kshu f,i ixcdkkh lsÍfuka wmg is; iudêh u;
msysgqjdf.k hym;a Ôú;hla .;lsÍug yelshdj we;sjkafkah’
iudc ufkdaúµdfõ§ lshfjk wdldrhg kshu f,i iudch
y÷kd.ekSuo jeo.;a jkafkah’ 20 jk Y; j¾Ifha uq, ld,fha§
m%;sfCIam l< wka;rdjf,dalk úêl%uh 20 jk Y; j¾Ifha ueo
 30

Nd.fha§ kej;;a ufkdaúµd{hska úiska l%uj;a úêl%uhla f,i

mss<s.;ay’
tfiau Gestalt Psychology ufkdaúµdfõ§ l:dlrkafka iuia;h
.ekh’ nqÿoyfï§ i;r uyd N+;hka jk mGú‛ wdfmda‛ f;fcda‛
jdfhda ie÷ï ,;a iuia;h .ek idlÉPd lrK w;r tu.Zska
nqÿoyu yd tlÕ fõ’ Ndjkdjo ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidjla f,iska
.;yelsh’ Ndjkdj hkq is; j¾Okh lr.ekSuhs’ is; jeäÈhqKq
lr.ekSuhs’ “Ñ;a;x Ndfõ;s Ndjkd”. ufkdaúµd{ frdnÜ tia
f;!,ia uy;d mjik woyio fuys§ b;d jeo.;ah’ uq,a nqÿiuh
ufkdafrda. Ñls;s;ail l%uhla f,i wjfndaO lr .; hq;=hehs uu
is;ñ’ ls;= oyu ms<s.ekSuo Ñ;a; fõ.Sh mSvkhkaf.ka ñoSug
iuyr úg Wmldr úhyels jqj;a th tys wkqIx.sl (Incidental)
fohla muKs’ tfy;a frda. Ñls;aidj nqÿoyug uQ,sl fohls’ (53)
“uq,anqÿiuh ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidjla ” jYfhka ,smshla ,shñka fï
.ek oS¾> úia;rhla wdpd¾h mdf;a.u {dKdrdu ysñfhda imhd
we;’^54&
i;smÜGdk Ndjkdjo iïnJOfhka wka;rdjf,dalk l%uh Ndú;d
l<yels w;r ldh‛ fõokd‛ Ñ;a;‛ Oïu wdÈ O¾u;djhka ms<sn|j
lghq;= lsÍu ;=<skao th ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidjla f,i .;yelsh’
tfiau (Stress) wd;;sh ke;s lr .ekSugo wdkdmdk i;s Ndjkdj
jeäh hq;= nj o ixhqla; ksldfha olajd we;’(55)
i;smÜGdk Ndjkdfõ wkqiia mÍCIdlsÍfuka th ufkdafrda.
Ñls;aidjla jk nj meyeÈ,sfõ’(56)

1’ flf,ia u,ska iJjhka msßisÿùu -i;a;dkx úiqoaêhd

2’ fYdalh blaujùu
3’ mßfoajh blauùu -fidl mßoaojdkx iu;slaludh
4’ ldhsl ÿla ke;s lsÍu
5’ udkisl ÿla ke;s lsÍu ÿCL fodaukiaidkx wJ:x.udh
6’ wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu- [dhuiai wê.udh
7’ ksßjdKh idCId;a lr .ekSu -ksíndKiai iÉýlsßhdh
fï lreKq j,ska lreKq yhlau udkisl ldhsl fi!LH iïnFOh’
y;a jekafkka úuqla;sh l=¿.ekafõ(57) ffu;%S Ndjkdj jeãfukao
wkqiia 11 ,efnk nj olajd we;s w;r ta fndfyduhlau lreKq
wmf.a tosfkod Ôú;hg jvd;au jeo.;ah’(58)
tfiau j¾;udkfhys ckm%shJjhg m;aj we;af;a úmiaikd
Ndjkdjhs’ f,dalfha iEu ;eklu mfya YdLdjka msysgqjd we;s fuu
úmiaikd Ndjkd uOHia:dkj,ska úYd, fiajhla isÿlrKq ,nhs’
tys m%Odk .=rejrhd jk tia’tka’ f.dfhkald;=ud úmiaikd
Ndjkdj iy udkisl fi!LHh .ek fufia mjid we;’
―Vipassana should not be used merely for curing physical
 31

disease, otherwise it will lose its value. Everybody is sick at the

mental level. The impurities from the mind should be removed
and Vipassana is for that purpose‖ (59)
úmiaikd Ndjkdj yqfola ldhsl frda. iqj lsÍug muKla Ndú;d
fkdl< hq;=hs’ tfia jqjfyd;a tys w.h wvqjk w;r tys uqLH
wruqK iEu flfkl=u mSvd ú¢k udkisl f,v j,ska uqod f.k
is;a i;ka laf,aIhkaf.ka msßisÿ lr hy uÕg .ekSuhs’
nqÿka jykafia ;u foaYkhka ukd f,i foaYkd lsÍug úµd;aul
l%u o Wmfhda.s lr.;ay’ ;%smsglfha we;s ld,du‛ pxlS‛ uyd
mßksíndk‛ w,.oa¥mu‛ ùuxil‛ uyd;KaydixLh‛ nyqOd;=l iQ;%
tajdg WodyrKhkah’ rka lrefjl= r;a;rka ienE tajd±hs mßCId
lsÍu lrkakd fiau nqÿoyuo mÍCId lr n,d th ms<s.ekSug ;u
Y%djlhkag Wka jykafia Wmfoia § we;’ fmd; m;l ;snQ ksidj;a
mrïmrdfjka tk ksidj;a .=rejrfhl= lshQ ksidj;a ms<sfkdf.k
mÍCId lrn,d úµd;aulj ms,s.ekSug Wka jykafia wkqo;ay’(60)
tfiau ´kEu wfhl=g tu O¾uh weú;a mÍCId lr ne,sh yel’^tys
miaisl& ^61& úµd;aulj mÍCId l, yels w;r wJO Nla;sfhka
f;drj m%;HCIfhka wjfndaO lr.; yelsh ^ mÉp;a;x fõÈ;ífnda
ú[a[QyS;s& ^62& nqÿka jykafia úµd;aul l%u wkq.ukh lsÍug
wkq±k jodf<a hï ;rul mßCIKhkag th ,la jkafkao ta
;rugu tys nen,Suo we;s jk fyhsks’ ^újfgd úfrdp;s& ^63&

nqÿoyu iy kùk ufkdaúµdj w;r ;j;a iïnFO jk úIhla

jkafka mrdufkdaúµdjhs ^64& fï i|yd uvj, Wmd,s ysñhka fok
jpkh jkafka wêudkisl úµdjhs’ ^65& (parapsychology)
mrdufkdaúµdj hkq ―The study of phenomena which resemble
psychological events but which are not explainable by any
accepted principles. Parapsychology claims such as telepathy,
psychokinesis, clairvoyance, and extra sensory perception. All
of these have the characteristic that they cannot be reliably
reproduced under controlled comdition and are therefore very
difficult to study scientifically. The term parapsychology is
accurate that means ‗beyond psychology‘ but whether that will
turn out to mean that it goes further, or just that it is outside the
scope of psychology is a matter of opinion at present‖(66)
wêudkisl úµdj hkq ufkdaúµd;ul wjia:djka ms<sn| wOHhkhla
jk w;r th ms<s.; yels ixl,am ;=<ska úia;r l< fkdyelsh’
wêudkisl úµdfõ§ Èjei‛ mris;a okakd kqjK‛ Ñ;a; n,h fyj;a
ihsfldaishdj‛ w;sJøsh {dKh hk tajdf.a l%shdoduhla jk w;r
md,kh lrK ,o lsisu ;;aJjhla u; kej; bmoúh fkdyels
w;r úµd;auljo wOHhkh l< fkdyel’ wêudkisl úµdj
 32

mdßNdIsl jpkfhka .;a l< tys ;sfnkafka ufkdaúµdfjka Tíng

.sh fohls’ úúO woyia fï .ek m%ldY lrK w;r th ufkdaúµd
úIh fCIa;%fhka ndysrj we;s fohls’
wêudkisl úµdj ke;fyd;a mrdufkdaúµdj .ek udkisl
m¾fhaIK iudcfha ks¾jpkh jkafka fujekakls’ ±kg fN!;sl
úµd úIhg fyda ufkdaúµdjg fl<skau yiq fkdjk tfy;a hï
wjia:dj,§ úµudk jk .=ma; f;dr;=re ñ:Hd ud¾. j,g yiq
fkdù fy<sorõ lr.ekSug flfrk úµd;aul .fõIKh wêudkisl
úµdj jYfhka ye¢kaúh yel’ fï ms<sn|j ;j;a ks¾jpkhla úuid
n,uq’
The study of mental powers that apparently exist but that cannot be
explained by current scientific knowledge:” (67)
wêudkisl úµdj hkq udkisl n,hka ms<sn| wOHhkhla jk w;r
th j¾;udk úµd;aul ±kqfuka meyeÈ<s l< fkdyelsh’
Dr. J.B.Rhine fuu mrdufkdaúµdj ms<sn|j m¾fhaIK lrK w;r
telepathy ÿr{dKh iy clairvoyance osjei .eko wjOdkh fhduq
lrñka lghq;= lrhs’
fn!oaO mrdufkdaúµdjg wkqj Ndjkdfõ is; iudê .; lsÍu ;=<ska
OHdk j,g <Õdùfuka Ñ;a; Yla;sh ,eìh yels nj úYajdi lrhs’
fn!oaO idys;Hfha ufkdaúµdj ―Psychology in Buddhist Literature‖kï
fmd; ,shk iq.;uqKs {dKisß uy;d fn!oaO mrdufkdaúµdj .ek
fufia lshhs’
Buddhsit parapsychology speaks of five kinds of special mental
powers, which are known as “ Ahigna or abhinna” higher knowledge
The root na to know with prefix “abhi” means higher knowledge, but
it really means a higher psychic-power in modern, parapsychological
terms.(68)
fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj úfYAI Ñ;a; n,hka myla .ek l:d lrhs’ {d
uQ< Od;=fjka ì£ oekqu;a wNS hk Wmi¾.fhka Wiia hkak;a
tl;=ù j¾;udk ufkdaúµd mdßNdIsl jpk ud,dfõ th Ñ;a;
n,h f,i olajd we;’ mxp wNs[a[d f,i olajd we;s tu Ñ;a;
n,hka kï
 Èín pCLq - Èjei = Divine-eye
 Èín fida;- osjHuh weiSu = Divine-ear
 mrÑ;a; úcdkk- wka whf.a yeÕSï ±k.ekSu = Telepathy
power of mind-reading
 mqífí ksjdidkqiai;s- fmr njh .eke lSu = The ability
to know and see the past -births
 p;=mamdo {dKh - Wm; iy úml .ek ±kSu = The
power of knowing the birth and death condition of beings
 33

fïjdg wu;rj boaë úO {dKh (power of working wonders) .eko

fn!oaO ufkdaúµdfõ i|yka fõ’ fuys§ idudkH ;;aJjh blaujd
f.dia widudkH yelshdjka fï .Khg jefÜ’ WodyrK f,i
wyfia .uka lsÍu oelaúh yel’ nqÿka jykafia my<ùug fmro
wNs{a[d ,enQ ;dmijreka isánjg wis; ;dmi;=ud WodyrK
imhhs’ fujeks Ñ;a; n,hka mdúÉÑ lsÍu ;ykï lrñka nqÿka
jykafia úkh kS;shla mekjQy’ hï hï wjia:d j,§ nqÿka
jykafia fujeks n,hka mdúÉÑ l< nj b;sydifhys i|ykaj we;’
w;sYhskau jeo.;a {dKh jkafka wdijlaLh {dKhhs’ (destroying
of defilements in the mind) fuys§ ish¨ flf,ia kid p;=rd¾h i;H
iy máÉp iuq;amdoh ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,efnkafka fuys§h’ kshu
m%{d ;;aJjh jkafka fuhhs’
fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;a f;dr;=re imhk
.%J:hla f,i khkfmdksl(Nyanaponika) ysñhkaf.a ―The Heart
of Buddhist Meditation‖(69) i|yka l< yelsh’ th NdId
oyhlg jeä .Kklg mßj¾;kh lrwe;s w;r tysoS úfYaIfhkau
l:d lrkafka udkisl iunr;djh we;s lr.kafka flfiao
hkqfjks’ nqÿka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï uÕska udkisl j¾Okh we;s
lr.kakd l%u rdYshla foaYkd lr we;s w;r tajd ta ta mqoa.,hdf.a
wjYH;djh‛ m%lD;s iajNdjh’ iy yelshdj wkqj úúO f,i
fjkia njo olajd we;’ (The teaching of the Buddha offers a
great variety of methods of mental training and subjects of
meditation, suited to the various individual needs,
temperaments and capacities‖(70)
fï fmd; .ek úfYAI úia;rhla lrñka Erich Fromm fufia
i|yka lr we;’ ― A wok of unique importance ……. written with
great depth, extraordinary knowledge, deep humanity…. I do
not know of any book which could be compared to this work as
a guide to meditation‖ Erich Fromm(71)
nemaáia b.¾gka (Bapist Egerton)úiska lrK ,o (The supreme
science of the Buddha) (72) hk .%J:fhys nqÿka jykafiaf.a
be.ekaùï iy tys we;s úµd;aul Ndjh;a ;¾ldkql+,j fmkajk
w;r nqÿoyu ;=< ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK wka;¾.; njo ukdj
Tmamq lrwe;’
vúâ f.dâvdâf.a (Dwight Goddard ) A Buddhist Bible(73) hk
fmdf;ys tÈfkod ðú;fha we;s m%Yak j,g nqÿoyfï ,ndfok ir<
iy wÕkd úiÿï .ek idlÉPd flfrk w;ru m%Odk ixl,am
ms<sn|o wjjOdkh fhduq lrñka tajd fldf;la ÿrg úoHdkql+,
jkafka±hs tu f;dr;=re wdY%fhka wmg ks.ukhlg meñKsh yelsh’
fla’tka’ ch;s,lf.a Buddhism and Science (74) hk fmdf;ys
nqÿoyfuys i|yka lreKq iy kùk úµdjgo .e,fmk nj
 34

fmkajd§ we; nqÿoyu úµdj yd .e,fma hkq nqÿoyu ;=<

ufkdaúµd;aul lreKq we;s njg bfíu Tmamq jkakls’
à’wd¾’ú’uQ¾;sf.a (T.R.V.Murti) The Central Philosophy of
Buddhism(75) hk fmd; ;=<o nqÿoyfuys m%Odku ixxl,amhka b;d
l%uj;aj olajd we;s w;r tajdfha i;Hnj yd ;¾ldkql+, nj u;ska
úµd;aul we.hqula ,nd§ we;’ fn!oaO ixl,am b;d .eUqßka
wOHhkh lrkúg tys we;s ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK f.kyer ±laúh
yelsh’ thg fyd|u WodyrKh kï wNsO¾uhhs’
tajf.au kdro ysñhkaf.a A Manual of Abhidhamma (76)hk
m¾fhaIK .%J:fhkao fn!oaO ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK ±lsh yelsh’’
ufkdaúoHdfõ idlÉPdjg .efkk wNsfma%rK‛ Ñ;a;fõ.‛ ixcdkkh‛
u;lh‛ wd§ iEu ud;Dldjlau fuu lD;sfha§ lshúh yelsh’
y¾nÜ ú’ .=fk;a (Herbert V. Guenther) úiska mßj¾;kh lrK ,o
Philosophy and Psychology in the Abhidhamma(77) hk fmd;
nqÿoyu ;=< ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK fmkakqï lsÍug we;s fyd|u
m¾fhaIK .%J:hls’ tu.ska nqÿoyfuys we;s .eUqre fldgila jk
Ñ;a;‛ ffp;isl‛ rEm‛ iy ksíndk lshk ixl,am i;r úia;r lr
olajñka th od¾Yksl iy ufkdaúµd;aul jYfhka wmg jeo.;ajk
lreKqo fmkajd oS we;’
fcdkaika (Johansson) úiska lrK ,o The Psychology of
Nirvana(78) hk fmdf;yso nqÿoyfuys meK kÕsk iy ;sfnk
ufkdaúoHd;aul ,CIK fmkakqï lr we;’ úfYAIfhkau nqÿoyfuys
m%Odk ixl,amhka jk uOHu m%;smodj‛ p;=rd¾h i;Hh‛ wd¾h
wIagdx.sl ud¾.h‛ flfia kï ksjk iu.Z iïnJOfõo hkak;a
ukdj fmkajd § we;’
mdf;a.u {dKdrdu ysñhkaf.a An Approach to Buddhist Social
Philosophy (79)hk lD;sfhyso fï úIhg iïnJO ,sms lSmhla we;’
úfYAIfhkau iudcdkqfhdackh‛ wmrdO we;sjk yeá iy tys
ksjdrK úêl%uhka‛ hqoaOh‛ iduh‛ iy iyfhda.sFjh‛ wd¾Ól iy
ÿmam;alu ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amhka iy mßirh hk lreKq
ufkdaúµdj iy nqÿoyu ;=< we;s whqre uq,a nqÿiufha wdY%fhka
meyeÈ<sj olajd we;’
nqÿoyfuys we;s Ñka;k l%uhla jk Ndjkdj iy fhda. l%u w;r
we;s iïnJOh fmkajñka tu l%u u.Zska ldhsl iy udkisl frda.
ksjdrKh lr.kakd whqre m%dfhda.slj fmkajd fok ,smshla
fhda.djpr rdyq, ysñhka úiska The Physiology of Meditation : can
yoga and Buddhist Meditation Mix? (80)hk kñka ,shd m<lr we;’
fpdïhka.a ;=¾ka.md (Chogyam Trungpa) úiska m%Yak iy tajdg
fok ms<s;=re f,i rpkd lrK ,o Glimpses of Abhidharma (from
a seminar on Buddhist Psychology)(81) hk fmd;o fn!oaO
ufkdaúoHdj iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;ah’ tys§ Ñ;a;fõ.‛
 35

ixcdkkh‛ Ndjkdj‛ iú{dKh‛ nqoaêh‛ iy iqN iïm;kh

(auspious coincidence) hk ud;Dldjka ;=<ska wNsO¾uhg wod<
lreKq ú.%y lr we;’ l;=jrhd y÷kajdoSfï§ fujeks m%ldYhla
lrwe;’
“Many modern psychologists have found that the discoveries and
explanation of the Abhidhamma coincide with their own recent
disv\coveries and new ideas, as though the Abhidhamma, which was
taught 2500 years ago, had been redeveloped in the modern
idiom”(82)
wdkkao mS’ .=ref.a úiska rÑ; An Agenda for the International
Buddhist Community(83) hk fmdf;ys wo ojfia nqÿoyfuys
;;aFjh‛ iy wkd.;h fjkqfjka nqÿoyfuys iajrEmh lskï
whqrlska ilia úhhq;=o hkak;a tfiau ,xldfõ nqÿoyu fjkqfjka
lemù lghq;= l< lSm fofkl=f.a f;dr;=reo olajd ;sfnk tu
.%J:h cd;Hka;rj lghq;= lsÍfu§ fukau úµd;aulj iy wog
.e,fmk f,i fn!oaO ixl,am lskï whqrlska m%fhda.sl úhhq;=±hs
meyeos<s lr we;’
fkd,ka ms,skS cefldíikaf.a (Nolan Pliny Jacobson) The Heart of
Buddhist Philosophy(84) hk fmd; kj wdldrhlg rpkd lr
we;’ tys§ nqÿoyu ms<sn| udkqISh mokul isg wo iudcfha
m%Yakj,g flfia wod< lr.; yelso hkakg ms<s;=re ,nd§ we;’
kùk úoHdj iy nqÿoyu wfkl=;a wd.ïj, we;s ixl,amhka
iuÕska ixikaokd;aul wOHhkhla lrñka nqÿoyfuys we;s
úµd;aul nj iy od¾Yksl nj;a tys we;s ufkdaúµd;aul w.hkao
fmkajd§ we;’
fidaKldka;s nrejd úiska rÑ; Buddhist thought & Meditation in
the Nuclear Age(85) hk .%J:fhys nqÿoyfuys we;s ixl,amhka kj
wdldrhlska t<solajd we;’ wo ojig .e,fmk nqÿoyu‛ nqÿoyu
iy úoHdj‛ nqÿoyu iy udkj whs;sjdislï‛ Ndjkdj hkq
ud;Dldjka f,i ú.%y lrwe;’ nqÿoyu iy úµdj hk ud;Dldj
hgf;a ,shk ,o ,smsfhka nqÿoyu ;=< we;s úµd;aul ,CIK
fmkajd fok w;r thska wmg yef.kafka wksjd¾fhkau nqÿoyu ;=<
ufkdaúµd;aul wx.hka we;s njh’
tfiau fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj fukau nqÿoyu iy úµdj w;r iïnJOh
ukdj fy<slrK fmd;la f,i nqoaOodi mS’ lS¾;sisxy úiska
ixialrKh lrK ,o Buddhism & Science (86)hkak i|yka l<
yelsh’ tys§ tla tla wxYhka f.k nqÿoyu iuÕ ixikaokd;aulj
ú.%y lr we;’ l;=jreka oyfofkl=g jvd iïudoïù we;s fuu
fmd; nqÿoyu úµdjla nj ikd: lsÍug we;s lÈu idOlhls’ fla’
tka’ ch;s,lf.a nqÿoyu iy úµd;aul úma,jh‛ frdnÜ tma’
iafmkai¾f.a kùk úµdjg nqÿoyfuys we;s iïnJOh‛ Ydka;s
 36

;sh,af.a nqÿka jykafiaf.a uOHu m%;smodj iy ngysr

ufkdaÑls;aidj‛ ,q hqka.a áika.f.a nqÿoyu iy kHIaál fN!;sl
úµdj‛ hq Tka.a f;hskaf.a nqÿoyu iy Ôj úµdjo tma’ udlaia
fâúiaf.a nqÿoyu iy f,dal iïnJOh wd§ jeo.;a ,sms rdYshla
we;’ fcr,aâ vq m%S úiska m¾fhaIK ,sms wglg jvd bÈrÈm;a
lrwe;’ tajd kï nqÿoyu iy úµdj‛ nqÿoyu iy ufkdaÑls;aidj‛
fn!oaO od¾Yksl úµdj‛ nqÿoyu iy ufkdaúoHdj‛ úµdj iy
ialkaO‛ úoHdj iy ixidr pl%h‛ úµdj iy ksjka uÕ‛ iy
úµd;aul nqÿoyu hkqhs’ fï ,sms j,ska ukdj nqÿoyu ;=< úµd;aul
,CIK we;s nj Umamqlr ;sfí’ tfiau nqÿoyu ;=< ufkdaúµd;aul
,CIK fukau meyeÈ,s ufkdaúµdj;a we;snjo fmkajd§ we;’
Ydka;s ;dh,af.a (Santi Tayal) nqÿka jykafiaf.a uOHu m%;smodj iy
ngysr ufkdaÑls;aidj Buddha‟s middle way and western
psychotherapy(87) hk ,smsho nqÿoyu ;=< ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK
we;nj fmkaùug we;s fyd|u WodyrK ,smshls’ jhsõl¾‛ fuf,dka‛
jq,an¾.a‛ ßpâ fpiswla f.a ufkdafrda. Ñls;ail ks¾jpkhka iy
nqÿõ jykafiaf.a uOHu m%;smodfõ we;s ÿl‛ ÿl we;sùfï fya;=j‛
ÿl ke;s lsÍu‛ ÿl ke;slr .ekSfï ud¾.h lshk p;=rd¾h
i;Hh;a‛ iS, iudê m%{d lshk ;%súO YsCIdjka u; mokï jq
wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h ixikokh lrñka fï fol w;r we;s iu
úiu;djhka úuid n,k ,o ,smshla f,i fuh ye¢kaúh yelsh’
fcr,aâ vq m%Sf.a (Gerald Du pre) nqÿoyu iy ufkdaÑls;aidj
Buddhism and Psychotherapy(88) hk m¾fhaIK ,smsh uÕska
nqÿoyfuys iy ngysr ufkdaÑls;aidfõ fhfok udkisl frda.‛ iy
udkisl fi!LHh ms<sn| ks¾jpkhka .ek y÷kajd we;’ ÿl
ixis|jd .ekSfï fl<jr ks¾jdkh fj; <.Zdùfuka ,efnk nj;a
ÿl udkisl frda. nj;a ks¾jdkh udkisl fi!LHh nj;a
fmkajd§ we;’ p¾hd;aul m%;sldr‛ ufkdaúYaf,aIK m%;sldr‛
fn!oaO Ndjkdjka iuÕ ixikaokh lr tys we;s jeo.;alu olajd
we;’
Tyq th i|yka lrkafka fufiah’ ngysr ufkdafrda. Ñls;ailhskag
fn!oaO Ñls;ail l%u meyeÈ<s wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug wjYHj
we;’ tfiau fn!oaO m%;sldr l%uhkago úµd;aul ms<s.ekSula
wjYHh’ th tfia jqjfyd;a fmdÿ udkisl m%;sldr i|yd f,dal
jHdma; m%;sldr l%uhla f,i th m;< jkafkah’
“There is a pressing need for western psychotherapy to gain an
accurate understanding of Buddhist therepy, and for Buddhist therapy
to acquire scientific recognition. If it did so, it could rapidly become
the major world-wide treatment for common mental disorder.”(89)
fcr,aâ vq m%Sf.a(Gerald Du Pre) nqÿoyu iy ufkdaúoHdj Buddhism
and Psychology(90) hk ,smsho fï úIh iïnJOfhka wmg b;d
jeo.;ah’
 37

Tyq tu ,smsh wdrïN lrkafka fufiah’ ufkdaúµdj bf.kSug we;s

fmd;aj, i|yka jkafka ufkdaúµdj oykj fjks Y;¾Ifha
c¾uksfha§ ú,afy,aï jqkaâ úiska fidhd .;anjh’ flfia kuq;a
th jerÈ iy.;h’ th fidh .kakd ,oafoa óg wjqreÿ fooyia
mkaishhlg fmr bkaÈhdfõ§ isÿy;a l=ure fkdfydka nqÿka
jykafia úiskah’
“Text book tell us that scientific psychology was founded by Wilhelm
Wundt in the latter half of the nineteenth century in Germany.
However they are wrong! It was founded two thousand five hundered
years earlier, in India by Prince Siddhartha, the Buddha”(91)
ngysr o¾Ykfha§ wd;auh .ek l:d lrK ,o w;r yskaÿ wd.fï§
o th n%dyauka fyda wd;auh f,i i|ykafõ’ isÿy;a l=ure fukau
jqkaâ wd;auh iy kdu rEm .ek l:dlr we;’ tfiau úµd;aul
ufkdaúµfõ§ flfia wm ksÍCIKh lrkafkao hkak .ek úuik
úg nqÿoyfuys th Ndjkdj jk w;r jqkaâf.a l%uh jkafka
wka;rjf,dlkhhs’ tfiau fm%dhsâ‛ weâ,¾ iy wfkl=;a ngysr
ufkdaúµdhskaf.a isoaOdka;;a nqÿoyfuys m%Odk ixl,amhkq;a fuys§
ixikaokhg ,la we;’ tfiau uydhdk nqÿoyfuys b.ekafjk
lreKqo úfYaIfhkau kd.¾cqk jeks whf.a woyiao fuu wOHhkh
i|yd fhdodf.k we;’ Tyq tu ,smsh wjidk lrkafka fufiah’
nqÿoyu iy ngysr ufkdaúµdj w;r we;s iïnJOh ms<sn| ixCIsma;
ú.%h wjika lrñ’ uu is;k úêhg kùk ufkdasúµdfõ od¾Yksl
j¾Okh hkq wjqreoq fooyilg l,ska we;s jq fn!oaO ufkdaúµfõ
wNsO¾uh hkafkys kej; bm§ula f,ih’ wNsO¾u ufkdaúµdjg
jvd tla wxYhlska ngysr ufkdaúµdj by<ska isà’ tkï
iïmÍCIK l%uh ksidh’ fud<fha l%shdldßFjjh flfia isÿjkafkao
hkak;a tys wkqN+;suh l%shdoduh .ek;a l:d lrk úg ngysr
ufkdaúµdj bÈßfhka isà’ iïmßCIK l%uh wNsO¾u ufkdaúµdjg
wkq.; lr.ekSu ;=<ska th kej;;a .;sl úµdj;a njg m;alr
.; yelsh’
“Here, this very brief account of the relationship between the
Buddhist and Western Psychology must come to an end. I hope I have
been able to show how the philosophical development of modern
psychology only repeats that which took place more than two
thousand years ago in the Buddhist psychology of the Abhidhammas.
Only in one respect has western psychology advanced beyond the
Abhidhamma psychology, and that is in its adoption of the
experimental method. This method has enabled Western psychology
to move from description of the process of experience to an account of
how this process, and the brain actually work; the adoption of the
experimental method would enable the abhidhamma psychology to do
the same and so become dynamic science once again.”(92)
 38

NsCIQ fidaK ldka;s nrejd úiska rÑ; Religion & Science(93) hk

.%J:fha wmf.a m%YA;=; ldrKh meyeÈ<s lsÍug idOl rdYshla
fmkajd§ we;’ wd.u iy úµdj‛ nqÿka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï iy
úµdj‛ ukfiys úµdj‛ kHIaál hq.fha iudÔh úµdjka iy nqÿka
jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï‛ j¾;udk idudchg nqÿoyfuys w.h hk
m%Odk ud;Dldjka Tiafia lreKq olajk fidaK ldka;s ysñhka
t;=<ska nqÿoyfuys we;s ufkdaúµd;aul iy úµd;aul kHdhhka
;¾ldKql+,j bÈßm;a lr we;’
úoHdfõ wd.u hk mßÉfþofha§ f,dalh ms<s.;a úµd{hska
lSmfofkl=f.a woyia my; olajkafkuq’ we,an¾Ü whskaiaghska f.a
woyi kï nqÿoyu;a úµdj;a tlsfklg fjkia fkdjk njh’
wkd.;fhys wd.u jkafka f,dalhgu n,mdk wd.ula jk w;r
foaj úYajdihka tys fkdue;s w;r foaj O¾uhka tys§ m%;sfCIam
hkq we;’ iajNdúl iy wdOHd;añl jYfhka tlsfklg ne|S mj;sk
iy w;ayod ne,Sï jYfhka tlu f,i iajNdúlFjh;a wdOHd;auh;a
.;yels w¾:j;a ixhq;sh wd.u jkafkah’ fuu ldrKh nqÿoyu
;=< we;af;ah’(94)
ta lshuk ikd: lrjk ;j;a ldrKhla i¾ tâúka wd¾fkda,aâ
(Sir Edwin Arnold)(95) mjid we;’ tkï uu ksrka;rfhkau m%ldY
lrkafka iy kej; kej; m%ldY lrkafka nqÿoyu;a kùk úµdj;a
w;r we;s nqoaêuh iïnJOh .ekh’ tfiau wm u;l ;nd .;hq;=
;j; jeo.;a fohla jkafka nqÿka jykafia wfkl=;a wd.ñl
kdhkhskaf.ka iy wd.ñl foaYlhskaf.ka fjkia jkafka yqfola
Wkajykafia ukqIHfhl=u jk ksid;a foúhka iuÕ lsisÿ ne£ul=ÿ
fkdue;s ksid;ah’ nqÿka jykfia W;a;u .Kfha ñksfil= muKla
jkafkauh’ ^mqßiq;a;fuda& ^66&
n%¾g%ka ri,a (Bertrand Russell)(96) úúO wd.ñl u;jdohka b;d
ks¾oh f,i úsfõpkh l< w;r uq,a ld,Sk nqÿiuh b;d by<ska
j¾Kkd lr l:dlr we;’ Tyq i|yka lrK wdldrhg b;sydifha
tk ish¨ fY%aIAG wd.ï w;=frka ud b;du leue;af;a nqÿiuhghs’
ud fjfiiskau leue;af;a nqÿiufhys wdÈ iajrEmhghs’ ulaksidoh;a
ysxidldÍ nj ms<sn|j wxY= ud;%hla fyda fkdue;af;a tys neúks’
ls;= iufha m%Yak lsÍulska f;drj ms<s.;hq;= uqLH Ñrka;k
ØIaáhla jQ foúhka jykafia iy iodld,sl;ajh ms<sn| u;h
úoHdj úiska ikd: fkdflfrhs’ fï lreKq foflka tllaj;a
nqoaOd.fï ke;s ksid wd.ulg tajd wjYHhehs lsj fkdyelhs ri,a
m%ldY lrK u;h nqÿoyu ms<sn|j Tyq ±rE wdl,amh .ek jeo.;a
fjhs’ Tyq nqÿoyu olskqfha wdpdr úµdj u; mokï jQ wd.ula
f,ih’ fldkamsHqishia iy nqÿka jykafia úsiska we;s lrK ,oafoa
uq¿uKskau jdf.a wdpdrúµd;aulj b.ekaùu wvx.= wd.uls’
nqÿiuh o¾Ykhla yd Ôjk ud¾.hla f,i jYfhka ie,lsh
yelafla tksidh’ ta iuÕu Tyq nqÿoyu .ek lshk ;j;a lreKla
 39

fjhs’ tkï foaj O¾uh yd ne÷Kq u;jdohkao miqj nqÿiuh ;=<

j¾Okh jQ nj ri,a lshhs’ th ysJÿ wd.fï n,mEu ksid j¾Okh
jQjls’ ysJÿ wd.fï;a nqoaOd.fï;a kscìu jQfha bJÈhdjh’ jvd
merKs wd.ujqfha ysJÿ wd.uh’ tksid tys n,mEu miq ld,fha§
nqoaOd.ug tlaùu je,elaúh fkdyels úh’ tfy;a tfia tlajQ foaj
weoys,s yd j;a ms<fj;a msßisÿ nqÿiuhg wh;a fkdjqjo ri,a
nqÿiuhg tlajQ foaj weoys,s fkdriaiq nj fmfka’ we;eï fn!oaO
isoaOia:dkhkays nqÿf.hg jvd foajd,h jeo.;aj we;snjla wo wmg
olakg ,efnhs’ foaj ixl,amh tlajQ ;eku wksjd¾fhkau
wurKshFjh ms<sn| ixl,amh o tlafjhs’ ;ukag olakg we;s iEu
wd.ula ;=<gu ;ud úYajdi fkdlrK foaj ixl,amh msúi we;s
nj ÿgq ri,a wd.ï úfrdaêfhl= ùu mqÿuhla fkdfõ’ ;ud wd.ula
woykafka kï th nqoaOd.u úhhq;= nj n¾g%kaâ ri,a njid we;’
od¾Yklhska‛ úµd{hska‛ b;sydi{hska‛ ufkdaúµd{hska jk we,an¾Ü
whskaiaghska‛ tÉ’Ô’ fj,aia‛ n¾g%ka ri;a‛ we,äia y¾laf,a‛ ld,a
cqka.a iy Tjqkaf.a wOHhkhka iuÕ ixikaokfhaoS nqÿoyu b;d
by<ska w.h fldg we;’ tfiau iuyr úg Tjqkaf.a úIh
fCIa;%hkago jvd by<ska jeo.;afldg nqÿoyu .ek w.h lrñka
tys we;s úµd;aul iy Ôj;hg we;s m%dfhda.slJjh fmkajd§ we;’
fidaK ldka;s NsCIqj tu ,smsh wjik ks.ukh fï f,i olajd
we;’ úµdj iodpdrfhka f;drjQ úg úkdYh lrd fhduq lrjhs’
úµdj iy wd.u tkï nqÿoyu f,dalh rlsk w;r ñksiqkag i;=áka
Ôj;aùug ;ekla we;s lrk w;r nqÿoyu úµdfõ isudjkao
blaujhs’
―Science without morality spells destruction. Science plus
religion like can save the world and make it a happy place for
people to livein. But Buddhsim moves beyond the limitation of
science‖(97)
―nqÿrÿkaf.a b.ekaùfï l%u Ys,am‖(98) keu;s fmd; ,shk
yEfmd,.u isßiquk ysñhka nqÿrÿkaf.a úµd;aul l%u .ek fufia
i|yka lrhs’ úµd;aul l%ufha§ lsishï .eg¿jla ms<sn|
ks.ukhlg neiSug WmkHdi wdOdr lr.KS’ f.dvk.d.;a
WmkHdih fyj;a Wml,ams;h yßo jerÈo i;Ho wi;Hoehs
ks.ukh lrKqfha mÍCIK fyda ksÍCIK u.sks’ ksßCIK uÕska
tla WmkHdihla neyer l,fyd;a fjk;a WmkHdihla mÍCIKh
msKSi .Kq ,efí’ th;a neyer jqjfyd;a fjk;a WmkHdihla .Kq
,efí’ fufia ksjerÈ WmkHdih olajd mÍCIK lsÍfukau
ks.ukhlg nei .ekSug úµd;aul l%uh WmldÍ fõ’
nqÿka jykafiao úµd;aul l%u Ndú;d l, whqre úúO iQ;%hka
wOHhkh lsÍfuka wmg ±l .; yelsh’ nqÿoyu iy ufkdaúµdj
.ek m¾fhaIKhl fhfok úµd¾:Skaf.a wjfndaOh msKsi ta yd
iïnFOj ,shù we;s my; i|yka .%F:o jeo.;ah’ wdpd¾h moauisrs
 40

o is,ajd uy;df.a Emotions and Therapy: Three Paradigmatic

Zones, hk ,smsho Tangles and Webs, Emotional Ambivalence
and Suicide: An early Buddhist perspective, Twin Peaks:
Compassion & Insight hk fmd;ao fïyd iïnFOj b;d jeo.;ah’
tfiau Nathan Katz f.a Buddhist Images of Human Perfetion hk
fmd;o Gananath Obesekara f.a Depression, Buddhism and
the work of Culture in Sri Lanka hk fmd;o Encyclopedia of
Buddhism ys we;s uydpd¾h vâ’tia’ lreKdr;akf.a Citta,
Cetasika, Cetana hk ,sms ;=ko‛ The Message of the Buddha
hk fmd;o uydpd¾h fâjsâ fþ’l¨mykf.a Consciousness hk
,smsho‛ uydpd¾h P.D.Premasiri f.a Encyclopedia of Buddhism ys
we;s Emotion hk ,smsho‛ Mark Epstain f.a Thought without
Thinker-Psychotherapy from Buddhist Perspective hk fmd;o
R.J.Davidson iy A.Harrington f.a Vision of
Comparison:Western Scientists and Tibetan Buddhsits examine
Human Nature o‛ Z.Housemand, R.B.Livingston iy
A.B.Wallace f.a Consciousness at the
crossroads:Conversation with Dalai Lama on Brain science and
Buddhsim hk fmd;o nqÿoyu iy ufkdaúsoHdj .ek yeoErSfï§
jeo.;a fõ’ tfiau nqÿoyu .ek wjfndaOh i|yd ;s%msglh ms<sn|
meyeÈ,s ±kqula ,nd.; hq;=h’ tfiau j,afmd, rdyq, ysñhkaf.a
nqÿka jod< O¾uh(What the Buddha Taught)(99) kï fmdf;ka
nqÿoyfuys we;s uQ,sl ixl,amhka meyeÈ,s f,i f;areï .ekSug
uÕmdod we;’
;sf,daliqkaoÍ ldßhjiï úiska nqÿoyu iy ufkdaúµdj (Buddhism
and Psychology)(100) hk ud;Dldfjka m¾fhaIKhla lr .%J:hla
bx.%Sisfhka rpkd lr we;’ th nqÿoyfuys ufkdaúµd;aul ixl,am
we;s nj fmkaùgu we;s fyd|u idOlhls’ ufkdaúµdj iy nqÿoyu
iïnJO ud;Dld 16la hgf;a tu fmdf;ys b;d jákd lreKQ
rdYshla olajd we;’ tu fmdf;ys fojk mßÉfþofha§ ufkdaúµdj
nqÿoyu iy úµdj hk ud;Dldjka hgf;a olajk lreKQ b;d
jeo.;ah’ ufkdaúµdfõ b,lalh Ôú;fha Wiia ;;aJjhg m;aùuh’
uq¿ ufkdaúoHd moaO;sfhau moku tu b,lalhhs’ nqÿoyufys
b,lalh ufkdaúµdfjys we;s wruqK Tíng hkakls’ tys mrud¾:h
iod ld,sl ÿla ke;s ksjkg ,Õdùuh’ ksjkg ,Õdùu Ôú;fha
WmÍuhg m;aùuh’
(The goal in Psychology is improving the quality of life. it‟s the
foundation of the whole psychological enterprise. in Buddhism, the
goal is far advanced and goes beyond, achieving quality of life and
 41

attaining Nibbana. The quality of life forms the basis for attaining
Nibbana.)(101)
tfiau tu fmdf;ys nqÿka jykafia b;du Wiia w.%.KH
ufkdaúµd{hd nj;a wNsO¾uh ufkdaúoHdj iïnJOfhka b;d
jeo.;a nj;a fm%dhsâ‛ cqka.a‛ lerka fydaks‛ tßla f*daï‛ iy iq,sjdka
jeks ufkdaúYaf,aIKjd§ka .eko f.iafgda,aÜ wd§ .=rel=, .ek;a
jeo.;a úia;r rdYshla fuu fmdf;ys we;’ tys 15 jeks mßÉfþofha
úia;r flfrk udkisl frda. ms<sn| fn!oaO isoaOdka;h .ek we;s
úia;rho ufkdaúµdj iu nqÿoyu iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;ah’
yd¾fõ î’ wefrdkaika úiska rÑ; (buddhist practice on western
ground: RECONCILING EASTERN IDEALS AND WESTERN
PSYCHOLOGY)(102) hk fmd;o ngysr ufkdaúµdj iy fn!oaO
ufkdaúµdj ms<sn| ixikaokd;aul wOHhkhl fh§ula f,i fï
fmd;a ±laúh yelsh’ 15 fjks mßÉfþofhaÈ fn!oaO mqyqKQfõ
ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidl iïnJOh .ek flfrk úia;r b;d jeo.;a
jk w;r tßla f*daï‛ ã’à’ iqiqls iy we,ka fjdÜia fn!oaO Ndjkd
Ñls;ail l%u f,i Ndú;d lr< yels nj ÿgq ufkdaúµd{fhdah’
tfiau udla tmsiaáhka iy ufkdaúµd{ fcmaß reìkaf.a woyiao
fn!oaO i;smÜGdk Ndjkdjka iuÕ .e,fmk whqreo úia;r iys;j
olajd we;’
fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj .ek yeoEÍfï§ úúO .=rel=,j,g wh;a
ufkdaúµd{hskaf.a woyiq;a tfiau nqÿoyu ms<sn| m¾fhaIlhskaf.a
woyiq;a f.k fuu úIh fCIa;%hka fol ms<sn|j ,shd we;s
ixikaokd;aul m¾fhaIK lD;Skao fuys§ fuu wOHhkh i|yd
fhdod .;af;uq’ isÿy;a ;jqidfKda úúO .=rel=,j,g hñka úúO
.=jreka hgf;a fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha úêl%u bf.k.;a w;r tu
ish,qu w;a±lSuq;a iuÕ nqÿoyu kïjQ Ôjk o¾Ykh f.dvkeÕ+y’
fuys§ nqÿka jykafiaf.a m%Odku mrud¾:h jQfha f,dalfha wfkal
ÿla ú¢k ish¨u iJjhska thska uqojd .ekSuh’ ta i|yd .uka
l<hq;= ud¾.h Wkajykafia b;d meyeÈ,sj olajd we;’ ngysr
ufkdaúµd{hskaf.a o m%Odku mrud¾:h jkafka úúOdldr jQ
mSvkhkaf.ka fmf<k iFjhska thska ñ§u i|yd we; ud¾. fidhd
wjYH miqìu ilia lr§uh’ nqÿoyug l=uK kula fhÿjo
lïke;’ tys uQ,slu wfmaCIdj kï ldhsl iy udkisl ksoyiska
hq;= mqoa.hska f,i iudcfha cSj;aùug wjYH miqnu ilia lr,Suh’
nqÿoyu ms<sn| fndfyda ufkdaúoHdhska wjOdkh fhduqlr we;s w;r
tu ixl,am j,ska Tjqkao j¾Okhla ,enqjdg iel ke;’ m%isoaO
ufkdaúoH{hska f,i ie,flk ú,shï fþïia‛ is.aukaâ fm%dhsâ‛
trsla fm%daï‛ ld,a .=iagdõ cqka.a‛ fIdmkayj¾ nqÿoyfï we;s
fndfyduhlau ixl,amhka iu.Z tlÕ fõ’ nqÿoyu iy ufkdaúµdj
ms<sn| j¾;udk W.;=ka f,i ie,flk fâúâ fþ’l,qmyk‛
B’wd¾’ir;apJø‛ moauisß o is,ajd‛ví’tia’ lreKdr;ak‛ rsia fâúâ‛
 42

frdnÜ tia’ f;!,ia‛ fcdaka ksla‛ mS’ã’ fmauisß‛ jeks W.;=ka

nqÿoyfï we;s ufkdaúoHd;aul ,CIK fmkakqï lsrSug úúO
m¾fhaIK lrwe;’ fujeks m¾fhaIKhla lsÍfï§ t<fUk m%Odku
.eg¿j kï uq,a nqÿiuh ms<sn| meyeÈ,s ±kqula ,nd.ekSu;a iy
ufkdaúµdfõ uQ,sl ixl,amhka ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu;ah’
fï wxY folu ms<sn|j meyeÈ<s wjfndaOhlska f;drj fï .ek
m¾fhaIK lghq;= lsÍu myiq ke;’ tksid hï úµd¾Ófhl= fï
wxYhka ms<sn|j WkJÿjla olajkafka kï nqÿoyu .ek fukau
ufkdaúµdj ms<sn|j o meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhlska lghq;= l<hq;=h’ fuu
wOHhkfha§ m%dfhda.sl me;a; ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduqlrñka Wmßu
f,i úIhka foflysu m%Odk ixl,am .ek fufkys lrñka
ufkdaúµdj ;=< fl;rï fn!oaO ixl,am .eíj ;sfí±hs
m¾fhaIKhg Ndckh lrwe;’ fuys§ yqfola y÷kajd§ula jYfhka
fndfyda ixl,amhka bÈßm;a lr we;’ fï ms<sn| §¾>j wm úiska
m¾fhaIKh lr ;j;a kj;djhkaf.ka hq;= w¨;a woyia wdl,amhka
±k .; hq;=j we;af;uq’ wkd.; úµd¾Òkag fuu úIh ms<sn| mq¿,a
f,i m¾fhaIK lsÍug we;s wjldYh újD; ù we;’ tfiau
j¾;udk f,dalfha we;s ne?reï m%Yak j,g úi÷ï fidhk fndfyda
m¾fhaIlhskago nqÿoyu meyeos,s úsiÿï ,ndfok ud¾.hla nj
f;areï .ekSug;a fuu m¾fhaIK ld¾hh m%fhdackj;a fõ’
 43

Notes-:
1. Bootzin.R.R., Bower.G.H., Crocker.J., Hall.E., Psychology
Today An introduction . page 5 .7th edition Mcgraw Hill
1991
2. Coon.D., Essentials of Psychology Exploration and
application. Page 2. 8th edition Wadsworth 1994
3. Mongan.T.C., King.R.A.,Weisz.J.R., Schopler.J.
Introduction to Psychology page 4. Tata Mcgrow-Hill 7th
edition 1993
4. Coon.D., Essentials of Psychology Exploration and
application. Page 6. 8th edition Wadsworth 1994
5. Mark Epstain. Thought without Thinker. Page 1
6. M.W.Padmasiri De Silva Buddhsit and Freudian
Psychology – Lake
House Investment 1978
7. M.W.Padmasirir de Silava, An Introduction to Buddhsit
Psychology, Macmillans, London 1992 2nd Edition
8. Rhys Davids., Buddhist Psychology. G.Bell and Sons.
London 1914
9. Mrs. Rhys Davids ―The Birth of Indian Psychology and its
development in Buddhism‖ Munshiram Manoharlal
Publishers Pvt.Ltd.First Indian edition 1978.
10. Caroline A.F.Rhys Davids ― A Buddhist Manual of
Psychological Ethics‖ Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
Pvt.Ltd.First 1996 edition.
11. Kalupahana.D.J., The Principles of Buddhist
Psychology Sri Satguru Publications.New Delhi 1992
12. Sarachchandra.E.R., Buddhist Psychology of
Perception. Buddhist Cultural Center 1994 2nd Edition
13. Jayasuriya.W.F.,The Psychology & Philosophy of
Buddhsim An Introduction to The Abhidhamma Buddhist
Missionaty Society Malayasia. 1988 3rd print
14. Nissanka.H.S.S., Buddhist Psychotherapy. Buddhist
Cultural Center Colombo, Revised edition 2002
15. Suzuki.D.T., Fromm.E., Martino D.R., Zen
Buddhism and Psychoanalysis. Grover Press New York
1960.
 44

16. Kochumuttom.T.A., A Buddhist doctrine of

Experience. Motilal Banarasidas Delhi 1982.
17. Boorstein.S.,Deatherege.G.O., Buddhism in
Psychotherapy Buddhist Publication Society. Kandy 1982
18. Burns.D.M., Buddhist Meditation and Depth
Psychology. Buddhist Publication Society. Kandy 1994.
19. Nimalasuria.A., Buddha the Healer Buddhist
Publication Society Kandy 1980
20. Piyadassi .Thero ―The Psychological aspect of
Buddhism‖ Buddhist Publication Soceity. The Wheel
publication No; 179 . 1984
21. Ibid page.5
22. Dhammika.M., Stress Reduction for Youth through
mindfulness and loving kindness Meditation.
23. iqukrxis’ le’‛ ―ffjµ úµdj yd nqÿoyu‖ iriaj;S
m%ldYk osjq,msáh’ 1999
24. Spieggelman.J.M. and Miyuki.M., Buddhism and
Jungian Psychology. New Age Books. New Delhi- Indian
Edition 2004.
25. Spirituality and Mental Health Article Monitor on
Psychology published by APA, December 2003 Vol 34
No11 page – 47
26. Ibid page 47
27. Ibid page 48
28. R.Gotama., Psychological and Philosophical
aspects in Buddhism Laxmi Publication New Delhi –1986
1st Edition page 7
29. Ibid Page 9
30. Ibid page 17
31. Ibid page 22
32. Ibid page 23
33. Ibid page 24
34.Harischandra.D.V.J., Psychiatric Aspects of Jataka
Stories. Upali
Printers. 1998
35.Forwarded by Dr.D.N.Atukorale page IV
Harischandra.D.V.J., Psychiatric Aspects of Jataka Stories.
Upali printers. 1998
36.Freud. Sigmund. The interpretation of dreams Ed.Angela
Richards 1st ed Vol.4 London Penguin 1991 page 247
 45

37.Harischandra.D.V.J., Psychiatric Aspects of Jataka

Stories.page.65 Upali printers . 1998
38.Bhikhu.Kashyapa.J., A Buddhist View: On the Freudin
Psychoanalysis. Page 126. Sambhasa . Ministry of
Education and Higher Education in Sri lanka. Vol 1 No 2
1991
39.Bhikhu.Kashyapa.J., A Buddhist View: On the Freudin
Psychoanalysis. Page 128. Sambhasa . Ministry of
Education and Higher Education in Sri lanka. Vol 1 No 2
1991
40. Chandima.B.,edition Maha piruvana pot vahanse
Dhammachakka Sutta page 57 The Co-operative body of the
Buddha‘s foundation 1998
41.Hall.S.C., Lindzey.G.,Campbell.B.J., Theories of
th
Personality 4 edition page 444. John wlley& Sons Inc 1997
42. w’ks’ II msgqj 66 (PTS)
43.Hindle.T., Reducing Stress page 9 Dorline
kindersley1998
44. uþCêu ksldh I 55 msgqj nq’c’uq’
45. iquKfcda;s’ jdßhfmd,’ udkisl iqjh ms<sn| fn!oaO yd
ngysr ufkdaúµd;aul wdl,amh’ i§md m%ldYk ukaÈrh 2003
46.r;akmd,’ kkaofiak ― nqÿoyu iudc úoHdj yd ck Ôú;h‖
msgqj 31’ wdßh m%ldYlfhda’ jrlfmd,’ 1999
47. ffu;%S uQ¾;s’ lrf.dv Whkaf.dv’ uki ms<n| fn!oaO
ú.%yh iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay, fld<U’ fojk uqøKh’ 2002
48. Wijesekara.O.S.De.A. ― The Buddhist Concept of Mind‖
Bodhi leaves. Buddhist Publication Society. Kandy. 1962
page 1.
49..uf.a tia’whs’ ―ñksia is; iir .uk iy mqkre;am;a;sh‖
wdßh m%ldYlfhda’ jrlfmd,’ 1999
50.Coon.D., Essentials of Psychology Exploration and
application. Page 12. 8th edition Wadsworth 1994
41. Stratton.P., Hayes.N., A student‘s Dictionaty of
Psychology page 94 Universal book stall New Delhi 1991
52. úsiqoaê ud¾.h nqoaOf>daI ysñ ixialrKh ud;r Y%s
{dKdNsjxY udysñ isudiys; ud;r fjf,kafoda 1959
53. Buddhism and Cristinity – World Buddism Vol-7 N0 1
1990/91
54. {dKdrdu’ mS’ uq,anqÿiuh yd újrK .eg,q isx.mamQre
fn!oaO Ndjkd uOHia:dkh
 46

55’ ixhq;a; ksldh V msgqj 236

56’ {dKdrdu’ mS’ uq,a nqoqiuh yd újrK .eg,q isx.mamQre
fn!oaO Ndjkd uOHia:dkh msgqj 132
57’ tu
58’ w’ks’ fu;a;dksixi iQ;%h v 342
59.S.N.Goenka Vipassana‟s impact on Physical and mental Health
(Vipassana its relevance to the Present world An Introduction
Seminar Vipassana Reseach institute 1994
60. w’ks’ 1 ld,du iQ;%h 336msgqj nq’c’uq’ 1964
61’ u’ks’ 1’ uyd;KaylaLh iQ;%h 622 msgqj nq’c’uq’ 1964
62’ w’ks’ 1’ ;sl ksmd; NrKavq j.a. 510 msgqj nq’c’uq’ 1960
63’ ufkdaúsoHdj mdrsNdIsl jpk ud,dj wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fuka;=j parapsychology hk jpkhg mrdufkdaúoHdj
f,i olajd we;’
64’Wmd,s’ uvj,’ wêudkisl úoHdj’ r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda
2002 fojk uqøKh msgqj 6
65 Stratton.P., Hayes.N., A student‘s Dictionaty of
Psychology page 133 Universal book stall New Delhi 1991
66.Soceity of Psychical Research Broucher
67. Oxford Advanced Learners dictionary Oxford University
press 1998 page 840
68. Ghanasiri.S.,Psychology in Buddhsit literature.page 67
Buddhist cultural center 2000
69. Nyanaponika Thera, The Heart of Buddhist Meidtation,
Buddhist publication Society, kandy Sri lanka. reprint 1996
70. Ibid p.7
71.Ibid. back cover
72. Baptist.Egerton.C., The supreme science of the Buddha,
2nd edition, 1959 Colombo, Sri lanka.
73. Goddard, Dwight., A Buddhist Bible Edited by Dwight
Goddard, 1952, New York, E.P. Dutton & Co, Inc.
74. Jayatilakae, K.N., Buddhism and Science B.P.S. Ceylon
1960
75. T.R.V.Murti., The central Philosophy of Buddhism.
George Allen and Unwin, London 1960
76. Narada Maha Thera. A Manual of Abhidhamma
B.P.S.Ceylon 1958
77. Translated by Herbert V.Guenther in Philosophy and
Psychology in the Abhidhamma. Sambhala, Berkeley 1974.
 47

78. Rune, Hohansson. The Psychology of Nirvana. George

Allen and Unwin. 1969
79. Gnanarama.P., An Approach to Buddhist Social
Philosophy.Tisarana Buddhist Association., Singapore 1996
80. Bhante Yogavacara Rahula, The Physiology of
Meditation : can yoga and Buddhist meditation Mix? The
Bhavana Magazine. page 10 Vol 6 No 1 Winter 2005.
81.Trungpa, Chogyam. Glimpses of Abhidharma. Sambhala
Boston and London 1987.
82. Ibid p- 2
83. Guruge, Ananda, W.P., An Agenda for the Interantional
Buddhist Community.Karunaratna & sons Colombo 1993
84. Jacobson, Nolan Pliny. The Heart of Buddhist
Philosophy. Southern Illinois University Press. 1991
85. Barua, Sona Kanti. Buddhist thought & MEDITATION in
the Nuclear Age. Wat Chulaprathan Ranggstit, Thailand
1994 second Edition.
86.Edited Kirthisinghe, Buddhadasa.P. Buddhism & Science.
Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. Delhi 1984
87.Ibid p-40
88. Ibid p-97
89. Ibid p-102
90. Ibid p—111
91. Ibid p-111
92. Ibid p-118
93. Barua, Sona Kanati. Religion & Science. Buddhist
Meditation Service, Thailand 1986
94.Ibid p-1
95.Ibid p- 2
96. Ibid p-5
97. Barua, Sona Kanati. Religion & Science. Buddhist
Meditation Service, Thailand 1986 p-15
98. isßiquk ysñ’ yE’ nqÿrÿkaf.a b.ekaùfï l%u Ys,am msgqj 81’
mshisrs m%skag¾ia 2001
99.Rahula,walpola. What the Buddha taught. Gordon Freser,
Bedford 1967
100. Kariyawasam, Tilokasundari., (2003) Buddhism and
Psychology. Godage international Publishers (Pvt) Ltd.,
Wellampitiya.. Sri Lanka
I01. Ibid, page 19.
 48

102. Aronson, Harvey.B., (2004) buddhist practice on western

ground: RECONCILING EASTERN IDEALS AND WESTERN
PSYCHOLOGY.Shambhala. Boston & London.

O¾uh myqrlg Wmud lr we;’

“uyfKks‛ myqrlg Wmud l<yels O¾uhla foaYkd lrñ’ th wid
±k.kak‛ th uekúka OdrKh lr.kak‛
.uka uÕg ms,smkakdjq‛ hï mqreIfhla lsishï c, ;,djla
olskafkah’ tys fuf;r iel ìh iys; nj;a tf;r ielìh rys;
nj;a oek.kshs’ tfy;a Tyqg tf;rg hEug Trejla fyda mdrejla
 49

fyda fkdue;’ túg Tyq fufia is;hs’ fuf;r ielìh iys;

c,;,hls’ tf;rg hdug Trejla fyda mdrejla fkdue;’ uu ;K‛
,S‛ w;=‛ iy ßls,s lvd myqrla ne| w;ska mhska jEhï lr iqjfia
tf;rg hkafka kï fhfyls’
blaì;s uyfKks‛ ta mqreIhd ;K‛ ,S‛ w;=‛ iy ßls,s lvd myqrla
ne| w;ska mshka jEhï lrñka iqjfia tf;r fjhs’ t;r jq miq
Tyqg fufia isf;hs’ fï myqr ug fndfyda Wmldr úh’ myqr ksid
ks¾Nh jQ fuf;rg wfjñ’ tneúka uu myqr ysfiys fyda lfrys
fydaa ;ndf.k ud leu;s ;eklg hdu uekú’
lsfulao@ tfia l< l,ays Tyq myqr flfrys ksisf,i ms,smeoafoa
fõhso@
ke; iajdóks‛
flfia ms,smeoafod;a t myqr flfrys ksisf,i ms<smeoaod fjhso@ fï
myqr ug fndfyda Wmldr úh’ fï myqr ksid uu ks¾Nh fuf;rg
iqjfia meñKsfhñ’ hï fhylska fuu myqr f.dvg weo oud fyda
c,fhys mdlr fyda uu leu;s ;ekl hkafkñ kï fhfyl hhs
is;kafka kï tu myqr flfrys ksis f,ii tyq ms<smeoaod fõ’
tfaiu uyfKks‛ myqrlg Wmud l< yels O¾uhla udúiska foik
,È’ th iißka t;rÍu msKSi ñi .%yKfhka .ekSug fkdfõ’
fufia myqrlg Wmud l< yels O¾uhla ud úiska foaYkd lrK
,o nj okakjqka úiska O¾uho w;ay< hq;=h’ wO¾uh .ek lshkqu
ljf¾o@
uþCêu ksldh’ w,.oa¥mu iQ;%h

nqÿka jykafia iy nqÿoyu

Buddha And Buddhism

ukqIHh msfhl=g iy ujlg odj Wmka fndai;=ka nqÿùug fmr

,enQ ku isÿy;ah’ tkï f,djg jevla lrkakd hk w¾:fhks’
 50

isÿy;a l=uref.a uj uyudhd foaúhhs’ mshd lms,jia;= mqrfhys

md,lhd jQ Y=oafOdaok rc;=udh’ tl, iïm%odhg wkqj wvq jhiska
újdyùu idukH isrs; jQ neúka isoqy;a l=ureo jhi oyifhys§
hfidaord l=ußh yd újdy úh’ rdyq, l=ure Wmka Èkfhau iißka
t;rùug‛ i;H fiùug‛ iekiSu <Õdlr .ekSug jhi úiskjfha§
.Dy cSú;fhka bj;aj jk .;úh’ wjqreÿ yhla muK ld,hla
úúO .=rejre hgf;a fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha O¾uh yeoErejo ;ud
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ kshu i;H ±lSug fkdyels jq ;ek YrSrhg ±ä
ÿla§u w;ayer ue÷ï ms<sfj; wkq.ukh lr Ndr;fha j¾;udk
ìyd¾ m%dka;fha fkarxckd .Õ winv .hdys§ iïud iïnqoaOJjhg
m;ajQy’ wjreÿ y;,sia myla ÿmam;a fmdai;a l=,fhka Wiia my;a
wd§ iEu wdldrfha ck fldgilgu ÿla ksùug iodld,sl iem
<Õdlr§ug O¾uh foaYkd lr j¾;udk W;a;r m%foaYfha l=iskdrd
kï k.rfhys msßksjka mE jod<fial’
nqÿka jykafia lsisu wdldrhl foúfhl= fkdjk w;r osjHuh
mKsúv f.khkakl=o fkdfõ’ idudkHfhka ukqIHfhl=j bmso is;
ÈhqKq lr.ekSfuka O¾uh wjfndaO lr.;a W;=fula jk w;r tu
O¾uh f,dajeis ckhdg jevodhla f,i Wmfhda.s lr.ekSug
Wkajykafia foaYkd l<fial’ lsisu wdldrhl ÈjHuh n,hla .ek
Wkajykafia wjOdkh fhduq fkdl< fial’
ld,du iQ;%fha§^1& Wkajykafia foaYkd lf<a lsisu fohla mßCId
lr fkdn,d t,an fkd.;hq;= njls’ tfiau taysmiaisl hkafkkao
olajd we;af;a o weú;a mrSCId lr n,d ;ukag úYAjdi kï
muKla O¾uh ms<s.kakd f,ih’ rka lrefjl= kshu r;a;rka
fidhd .ekSug mÍCIdlr n,d ksYAÑ; lr.kakd fiau O¾uh o
tfia kqjKska ±l n,d oek.;hq;= nj olajd we;’ ;ukag ;ukaf.a
j.lSu ,nd§ we;s w;r ;uka fjkqfjka wka whg l<yels fohla
fkdue;s njo ;ukaf.a msßisÿ nj fyda wmsßisÿnj o r|dmj;skafka
;uka w;u nj okajd we;’^2& ;:d.;hka jykafia yqfola uÕ
fmkajkjd muKla úkd iißka mqoa.,hska t;r lrùug
Wkajykafiag fkdyels nj olajd we;’ ^3& ;ukag ms<sirKla ù
;uka Ôj;a úh hq;= njo wka wh ;ukaf.a msysgg fkdue;s njo
olajd we;’ ^4& tfaiu tla wjia:djl jlal,S kï NsCIqjla nqÿka
jykfiaf.a YrSrh foi n,d isákjd ±l foaYkd lf<a O¾uh olsk
f,ih’ O¾uh olskakd nqÿka olsk njo nqÿka kqjKska olskakd
O¾uh olsk nj;ah’ ^5& tfiau nqÿka jykfia Ôj;aj isá lf,fha§
foajo;a; jeks NsCIQka Wka jykafiaf.ka miqj kdhlFjhg lsisfjl=
m;al< hq;=hehs b,a,d isá wjia:dfõ§ m%ldY lf<a uf.ka miqj
O¾uh iy úkh .=refldg f.k iißka tf;r ùug lghq;= lrK
f,ih’^6& tfiau O¾uh yqfola ;ukag iißka tf;r ùug muKla
Wmfhda.S lr.kakd f,io th .%yKhg fkd.;hq;= njo olajd
we;’ ^7& ;ukaf.a msysgg isákafka ;udh’ wka whl= msysgg
ke;snjo Oïumofha§ olajd we;’ ^8&
 51

tfiau nqÿka jykafia lsisu wdldrhl mx;s fNaohla fyda l=,

fNaohla fyda fjk lsisu wdldrhl fn§ula fkdl< fial’ Wm;ska
lsisjl= ji,fhl= fyda n%dyauKfhl= fkdjk njo Tyq lrK iy
lshk fohska ji,fhl= fyda n%dyauKfhl= jk nj Wkajykafia
ji, iQ;%fha§ foaYkd l, fial’^9& nuqKka‛ f.dúhka‛ rdc
l=udrjreka‛ li, fYdaOlhska‛ nqÿiiqkg we;=,;a jq w;r th olajd
we;f;a ish¨ .xÕdjkaf.a j;=r uyd id.rhg <Õd jq úg ¨Kqri
.kakd fiau ish¿u fokd nqÿiiqfka§ tlu iudðlhska msßila
f,i ms<s.eKsks’ Wmd,s flia lmkafkl= jk w;r‛ iqkS; li,
fYdaOlfhls’ tfiau wïnmd,S .Ksldjk jk w;r‛ iqNd
rkalrefjl=f.a ÿjls’ mqKaKd odishl jk w;r mgdpdrd isgq
ÈhKshls’ ldka;djkag nuqKq iudcfha§ ,nd§ ;snqK ;ek
uq¿uKskau fjkia lr NsCIqKshla f,i" ujla f,i" Nd¾hdjla
f,i" .DyKshla f,i" iudcfhaÈ ;ekla ,ndoqkay’ NsCIqKSka f,i
rdcl=udrshka‛ nuqKq ¥jreka‛ odishka‛ lkjekaÿï ldka;djka‛
.Ksldjka‛ orejdf.a urKh ksid udkisl jHl+,;djhg m;ajQ
lsidf.da;ñ wdÈ fkdfhla iudc ;rd;srï j, wh w;=,;a ù
Ndjkdlr iißka tf;r jq w;r f:aÍ .d:dj,§^10& Tjqkaf.a
Wodk .S j,ska i;=g m%ldY lr we;’
b;sydifhys fkdfhla wdldrhg nqÿka jykafia iy nqÿoyu .ek
m¾fhaIK isoqlrñka úúO jQ kj w¾:l:k imhd we;’
fndfyduhla úYaj úµ,j, nqÿoyu .ek m¾fhaIK lsrSug ta .ek
jeäÿr yeoErSug fjkuu fomd¾;fïka;= o msysgqjd we;’ wjqreÿ
fooyia mkaishhl b;sydifhys idïm%odhsl f,io nqÿoyu
bf.k.;a who tfiau fn!oaO fkdjk who nqÿoyu iy nqÿka
jykafia .ek ,shd we;s foaj,a .ek wjOdkh fhduqlsÍu fuu
mßÉfþofha uQ,slu wNsm%dhhs’ fjk ljrodg;a jvd nqÿoyfï w.h
.ek fndfyda W.;=ka idlÉPd isÿlrK fï ld,fha nqÿoyu
m%dfhda.sl f,dalhg flfia jeo.;a fjhso‛ j¾;udk iudÔh
m%Yakj,g nqÿoyfï úiÿï ;sfío‛ iudÔh‛ wd¾Ól‛ ckjd¾.sl‛
fi!LHhuh m%Yak j,g úiÿï nqÿoyu ;=<ska ,nd.; yelso wd§
m%Yak /ila fn!oaO W.;=ka yuqfõ ms<s;=re n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka we;’
úúO iudcj, úúO rgj, fn!oaO‛ wfn!oaO‛ wdÈ fndfyduhla
iudc fldgiaj, whf.a woyia fuys§ úu¾Ykhg Ndckh lsrSu
wmf.a wruqKhs’ ta i|yd fn!oaO NsCIQka‛ fn!oaO NsCIQKSka‛ fn!oaO
Wmdil Wmisldjka‛ uydpd¾hjreka‛ úoHd{hska‛ ffjµjreka‛
od¾Ykslhska‛ ufkdaúµd{hska‛ m¾fhaIlhska‛ rdcH kdhlhska‛
foaYmd,lhska‛ f,aLlhska‛ lúhka‛ wfn!oaO mQcljreka‛ fn!oaO
úYajúµd, YsIHhska‛ wfn!oaO úYajúµd, YsIHhska‛ lïlrejka‛
fiajlhska‛ mdie,a fkd.sh wh wd§ iEu ;rd;srulu iudðlhkaf.a
woyia wmf.a wjOdkhg fhduqlrñka m%dfhda.slj nqÿoyu .ek
wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug W;aidy lrwe;’
 52

nqÿka jykafia Ôjudk ld,fha§ o Wkajykafia .ek úúO w¾:

l:k úúOdldr f,i olajd we;’ ;%smsglh weiqr lrk úg tjeks
w¾: l:k fidhd .ekSu b;du myiqh’ nqÿka jykafiau Wka
jykafia .ek oelajq wjia:d f.k yer ne,Sfuka wmg wÕkd
wOHhkhla l< yelsh’ nqÿka jykafia ;uka jykafia wjfndaO
lr.;a O¾uh .ek fïfia m%S;sfhka m%ldY lr we;’

wfkal cd;s ixidrx - ikaOd úiaix wksíìix

.yldrlx .fõikaf;d- ÿlaLd cd;s mqkmamqkx
.yldrl ÈüfGdais - mqkf.yx kld yis
iínd f; mdiqld N.a.d-.yl+gx úixls;x
jixldr .;x Ñ;a;x-;Kaydkx lh uþCO.d;s

wd;au Ndjh keue;s fï .Dyh yok jvqjd fidhñka Njfhys

fkdfhla úg iir weúoafÈñ’ kej; bm§u ÿla f.k fok iq¿h’
fï .Dyh yok jvqj uu ;d ÿáñ’ kej; Tn fï .Dyh
fkdidokafkysh’ flf,ia keue;s lEKs uv,o iqKqúiqKq lrK ,È’
uf.a is; ksjk wruqKq lrK ,È’ ;DIAKdj laIhù iodld,sl
ÿlska f;dr ks¾jdkhg meñKsfhñ’ tla wjia:djl nqÿka
jykafiaf.a md i,l=Kq olsk føAK n%dyauKhd Wka jykafia fj;
meñK Tn foúfhlao‛ nuqfKlao‛ hflla ±hs úuihs’ túg Wka
jykafiaf.a ms<s;=r jkafka ;uka ta lsisu .Khlg fkdjefgk
njh’ f,dalfha ñksiqka w;r bmo ye§ jeã uki ÈhqKq lsÍu
;=<ska by<g .sh ;ud c,fha ufvys yg.;a fk¿u tys fkd.Eù
;sfnkakdla fuka ;uka jykafiao idudkH ckhd lrK ,dul
l%shd j,ska bj;a ù W;a;Í;r ukqIHfhl= f,i l,a.; lrK nj;a
olajd we;’ ^11&iudkH ckhd blau jQ nqÿka jykafia h:djd§
;:dldrd ^ l:djg wkqj l%shd lrK & h:dldß ;:djd§ ^
l%shdjg wkqj l:dlrK& W;a;u .Kfha ukqIHfhls’ nqÿka jykafia
;uka .ek Wml wdcsjlhdg lrK m%ldYfhkao nqÿka jykafia
.ek meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ,eìh yelsh’
kfu wdpßfhd wFÓ - iÈfid fu k úþc;s
ifojliañx f,dliañx - kF:s fu mámq.a.f,d
;udg lsisu wdpd¾h jrfhl= fkdue;s nj;a foõ ñksiqka iys;
f,dalfha ;udg iu jqfjls fyda Wiia jQfjls fkdue;s nj;a fuhska
lshfõ'
fia, n%dyauKhdg tla wjia:djl fufiao m%ldY lr we;’
wNsf[[hHx wNs[a[d;x - Ndfj;ínxp Ndú;x
myd;ínx mySKx fu - ;iaud nqoafOda;s n%dyauK
fuys woyi kï oek.; hq;= ish,a, oekf.k jeäh hq;= ish,a,
jvd oqrel< hq;= ish,a, oqrel< ksid ;uka nqÿka jykafia jk
njh’
 53

hful= wkaflfkl=kaf.ka fkdwid iajYla;sfhkau ialJOd§

O¾uhka ms<sn| p;= i;H ±k.kSo lsisjla b;sß fkdjk mßÈ
ish,a, ms<sn|j i;H oek .eksï jYfhka ij_{Fjhg meñfKao
n,hkays jYS Ndjh ,ndo ta mqoa.,h iuHla iïnqoaO kïfõ’
tfiau nqÿka jykafia ;uka jykafiaf.a we;s .=K fufia olajd we;’
kj wryd§ nqÿ.=K
iDoaêúO {dKh
osín fid;

mrÑ;a; úcdkk {dKh

oin, {dKh
p;=¾ffjidroH {dKh
wIaGm¾Ioays wlïm {dKh
p;=¾fhdkS mßÉfþol {dKh
mxp .;s mßÉfþol {dKh
nqÿka jykafia iudcfha hym; msKsi l<yels iEu wdldrhlu
ud¾.hka fmkajd § we;’ iEu nqÿjrfhl=f.au wkqYdikdj jkafka
ish¨ mõ fkdl< hq;= nj;a‛ l=i,a /ia l<hq;= nj;ah’ tfiau ish¨
laf,aYhkaf.ka is; msßisÿ lrf.k ;udf.a úuqla;sh ;ud úiskau
mila lr .;hq;=h’
iínmdmiai wlrKx - l=i,iai Wmiïnod
iÑ;a; mßfhd omkx- t;x nqoaOdk idikx
wmdodk md,sfhys nqÿka jykafia úúOdldr kï j,ska wu;d we;’
tajd fufia ±laúh ye;’ oSmÈkafod‛ krdifNda‛ f,dalfcÜfGda‛
f,dalkdhflda’ w.a.mq.a.f,da‛ f,dalnJOQ‛ N+ßm[af[a‛
wkka;{dfKda‛ uydiufKda‛ uydùfrda‛ uyduqks‛ ÇKdifjda"
ldreKsflda‛ bis‛ ;dÈfkda‛ nqoaO fiÜGx‛ ;ukdiflda‛ plaLqud‛
i;a:d f,dfla‛ hkdÈ kïh’ tfiau uþCêu ksldfha w¾h m¾fhaIK
iQ;%fha nqÿka jykafia ;uka jykafia .ek l< m%ldYh jeo.;au
úia;rhla f,i oelaúh yel’
;%smsglh ms<sn|j wOHhkhla lrK úg wmg yef.Zkafka nqÿka
jykafiaf.a uyd mqßi ,CIKo Wka jykafiaf.a rEmh j¾Kkd
lsÍug fhdod.;af;a kuqÿ uyd mqßifhla ùug wdOHd;añl .=K
oyïo n,mdk nj olajd we;’ iq;a; ksmd;fha ;siai fu;af;Hh
iQ;%fha§ wka;r.%yKh fkdfldg tys fkdwe,S rd.dÈfhka ksù
;DIaKdj blsu.sh ;ek;a;d uyd mqßifhla jYfhka olajd we;’
ixhq;a; ksldfha uyd mqßi iQ;%fha§ nqÿka jykafia uy mqßifhl=
jYfhka olajd we;af;a ñoqKq is;la we;s ;ek;a;dh’ ^ úsuq;a;
úuq;a;;a;d fLd wyx uyd mqßfid;s jodñ’&
nqÿka jykafia ;uka jykafia .ek fufia Oc.a. iQ;%fha§ foaYkd
lr we;’ uyfKks‛ ;:d.;hka jykafia ish¿ neñ ì|Æ fial’
mßmQ¾K wvq fkdue;s wjfndaOfhka hqla;h’ Wka jykafia wdYdj
 54

ÿrel< fial’ fial’wúµdj ÿrel< fial’ tfyhska ìh fkdue;sh’

fjõ,Su fkdue;sh’ ìfhka m,d fkdhk iq¿h’
{dK iuqÉph kï .%F:fhys fï wdldrhg nqÿka jykafia ;uka
jykafia .ek y÷kajd § we;’ uyfKks‛ mKaä;hka rka ;jd
fmdjd lmd Wr.d n,kakdla fuka Tno uf.a jpkh msßlaid ñi
f.!rjfhka Ndr fkd.; hq;=h’
tla wjia:djl ießhq;a f;reka jykafia nqÿka jykafia fj; meñK
fufia m%ldY lr we;’ “iajdóKs ;:d.;hka jykai‛
Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia iudk wka uyK nuqfKl= w;S;fhao fkdùh’
u;=o fkdjkafkah’ ±kqo ke;ehs b;d meye§fuka hq;=j isxy
.¾ckdjla l<nj uyd mßks¾jdK iQ;%h i|yka lr we;’” ^12&
nqÿka jykafia yd ks;ru úúOdldr jQ wd.ñl kdhlhska jdo
újdo meje;ajQ w;r iÉplo tjekakls’ nqÿka jykafia yd uyd
jdohla l< iÉpl nqÿka jykafia kshu iïnqÿjrfhl=g ysñ
,CIK j,ska fyì wd.ñl kdhlfhl= nj m%ldY l<y’ ^13&
tu;=o fkdj nqÿka jykafia yd §¾> idlÉPdjla l< ix.drj
nqÿka jykfia .ek iy Wka jykafiaf.a Ydia;D;ajfhys meyeo
nqÿ.=K .ek we.hSula o l<y’ ^14& tfiau tl, úúO
Ydia;Djreka iy i;H fidhkakka wd.ñl kdhlhska yd jdo lr
wjik tu O¾u ms<s.eksfï ms<sfj;la o mej;s nj fndafyda l:d
j,ska meyeÈ,s fõ’ tfiau fia, n%dyauKhd nqÿka jykafia .ek
meye§ Wka jykafiaf.a fo;sia uyd mqreI ,CIK .eko j¾Kkd
lrñka tjka ,CIK mj;skafka yqfola ilaú;s rcflfkl=g nj;a
mjiñka meúÈ úh’ yqfola nqÿka jykafiaf.a rEmh muKla fkdj
nqoaO hk jpkh weiSu mjd f,dalfha b;du ÿ¾j, jQjla f,i ;u
msßig olajd we;’^f>dfidms fLd tfid ÿ,a,fNd f,dliañx hÈox
nqoafOd;s&^15& tfiau ljqre;a lshQ f,i ms<s.ekSuo tl< isß;
fkdjq w;r nqÿka jykafia .eko úúO m¾fhaIK lr tu O¾uh
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla kshu f,i ,nd.;a wh o jQy’ W;a;r kï
udkjlhd tjekfkls’ n%yaudhq mäjrhd nqÿka jykafia .ek
j¾Kkd l< w;r Tyqf.a YsIHhd jQ W;a;r kï udkjlhd nqÿka
jykafia miq mi udi y;la fijke,a,la fia hñka m¾fhaIKhla
lf<ah’ wjik Tyq ish wdpd¾hjrhdg jd¾;djla imhñka m%ldY
lf<a fï kï fYA%IAG jq kshu f,dõ;=re .=Kfhka fyì
Ydia;Djrfhl= nj úia;r lr we;’ ^16& ta yd iudku woyila
orK iqN udkjlhd cdkqiafidaKs n%dyauKhdg nqÿka jykafia
y÷kajd fokafka fï wdldrhgh’ ―Wka jykafia m%Yia; .=Kfhka
hqla;h’ foú ñksiqkg fY%aIaGh’ ffu;%S Ñ;a;hdf.a w.h j¾Kkd
lrK w;r iißka tf;r úug uÕ lshd fokafkah‖ hkqfjks’ ^17&
Wmd,s .Dym;shdo §¾> újdohlska miqj wjik nqÿka jykafia
.ek meye§ fuf,i j¾Kkd lr we;’ “ër jQ fyj;a mdKaä;fhka
iukajd .; ú.; jq fuday .; we;s ìÿkd ,o m[ap fpf;dÇ,
 55

we;s‛ Èkk ,o udr úch we;s laf,aY ÿlaLfhka yd úmdl

ÿlaLfhka ksÿla jq foõ ñksiqka flfrys fudkjg iu fu;a we;s‛
jevQ wdpdrYS, we;s‛ iqkaor m%{d we;s‛ ú.;jQ rd.d§ u, we;s‛ ta
Nd.Hhj;=ka jykafiag uu Y%djl fjñhs‛ ñysß .eUqre wre;a we;s‛
.d:d oihlska j¾Kkd lf<ah’” (18) fldfid,a rc;=ud nqÿka
jykfiaf.a .=K uþCêu ksldfha OïufÉ;sh iQ;%fha§ fï wdldrhg
j¾Kkd lr we;’ ―m%ikak mej;=ï we;s‛ iuÕs iïmkakj
ls%hdlrk NsCIq msßila f.dvke.Zsu‛ jdohg tkakkag lreKq jgyd
§ ;ukaf.a Y%djlhka njg m;alr .ekSu‛ ovqjñka f;drj
YsCIdldó Y%djl msßila ìyslr ;eîu‛ ;ukaf.a jegqma ,nk
fiajlhka ;ukag jvd nqÿka jykafiag f.!rj lsÍu‛ wd§ lreKq
olajñka nqoaO .=Kh w.h lf<ah’” ^19& fidaKpKav n%dyauKhd
nqÿka jykafia .ek m%ldYlf<a fï wdldrhgh’ “nqÿka jykafia
jkdys yeu f,iskau o; hq;a; f;fïu o;af;ah’ Wkajykafia wIAG
úoHd‛ mif,dia prK O¾uhkaf.ka hqla;h’ f,dj ish,a,
m%;HCIfhka o;ay’ YS,d§ .=Kfhka fcHIaGh’ mqreIhka oukh
lsÍfuys w;s oCIh’ foõ ñksiqkaf.a wkqYdilhka fj;s’ p;=rd¾h
i;H wjfndaO l< fyhska iïud iïnqoaOhy’ il, laf,aI O¾uhka
neyer l, fyhska N.j;a kïjQy’ foúhka‛ ureka‛ nUqka iys; jQ
fï f,dalh o uyK nuqKka yd foú ñksiqka iys; m%cdjo
Wkajykafia úYsIAG {dKfhka ±l idCId;a fldg olajk fial’
uq,‛ ueo‛ w. hk ;=ka ;ekaysu hym;ajQ w¾: jHckhkaf.ka hq;a
i¾j iïmQ¾K oyula foi;s’ msßisÿ nUir mji;s” hkqfjks’ ^20&
iq;a; ksmd;fha iNsh iQ;%fha§ nqÿka jykafia .ek iNsh mßj%dclhd
fufia m%ldY l< nj olajd we; Tn jykafia nqoaOhy’ Ydia;DD
jk fial’ ureka uev,Q fyhska kï jk fial’ ima; wkqih is|mshd
´> lrKh l<fial’ Wmdodk rys; jk fial’ Nh fNrj rys; jQ
fial’ ^21& fmdÜGmdo msßjeðhd ;u msßig nqoqka jykafiaj
y|qkajd fokafka ksYaYío;djh leu;s flfkl= jYfhks’^22& nqÿka
jykafia nqoaOFjhg m;aj uq,skau ;u rcHhg jevuùu .ek
ìïìidr rc;=ud m%Yxid uq:fhka l:dlr we;’ ixhq;a; ksldfha
jx.Si iQ;%hg wkqj fldKav{a[‚ jx.Si nqÿka jykafia .ek .=K
j¾Kkd lr we;’ tkuqÿ iqklaL;a;‛ iÉpl iy yqyqxl cd;sl
n%dyauKfhla nqÿka jykafia .ek wY=Njd§ f,i neÆ w;r miaj.
uyKqkao uq,skau nqÿka jykafia .ek is;=fõ ta wdldrhgh’ nqÿka
jykafiaf.a ld,fha fï wdldrhg Wka jykafia .ek úúOdldr jQ
ks¾jpkhka iy .=K .dhkd mj;ajd we;’ tfiau mqrdKfha fukau
wµ;k ld,fha W.;=ka nqoaêu;=ka iy iudcfha úúO ;rd;srï j,
wh nqÿka jykafia .ek m%ldY l< woyia o úuid nemSu jà’
uq,skau fodf,dia fjks Y;j¾Ifhys .=re¿f.dañ mä;=uka úiska rÑ;
wudj;=r kï .%ka:h wjik nqÿka jykafia .ek fufia i|yka
lrhs’ ―fufia ;=ka f,õys ießierE Wmd,s .Dym;s wE isákqoa
 56

l=goka; wE nuqKq;a wci;a wE rcqkqoa w;=u,a wE fidrekqoa iìh wE

mrn%dclhyqoa iÉpl wE kqjg orejkq;a mdÀl mq;% wE kqjgkqoa
iÉplnoaO wE cá,hkqoa mdjdßl wE ;jqikqoa YdlHh NsCIq wE
uyKkqoa kkafodmkkao wE kd.rdchkqoa wd,jl wE hl=kqoa rdyq wE
wiqrhkqoa ilafoõ rc rcq wE foúhkqoa nlwE nUkkqoa oud wuduy
ksjka muqKqjñka ;re msßjrK mqka i|la fihska msrv mõ msßjrK
,o rejka furla fihska m;af,< msßjrK ,o ishqï flñhla fihska
wrS.K msjrd foõrï uy fjfyrjev úiQ nqÿyq’’’’‖ wdÈ f,i olajd
we;’ nqoaO ldh iïm;a;sh .ek úia;rhla lrK ,nq.u ,xldkkao
uykdysñfhda fufia th j¾Kkd lr;s’ wfkal l,am fldaá
iyi%hkays WmÑ; mqKH keue;s Ys,amSyq úiska ks¾ñ;j foõ kqjr
kÕk ,o rejka f;drKla fihska fo;sia uyd mqreI ,CIKhkaf.ka
fYdaNdfhka uKs .K m%Nd iuqþ,s; r;akdldhlayqf.a Y%S úN+;s
wNsnjñka wiq wkqjHxckhkaf.ka nn,k úÑ;% ,CIKfhka yd
fla;=ñ,d,xldrfhka È,sfik iïnqÿrÿkaf.a foõ ñksiqka weig
fmfkkakdjQo rEm ú,dih wÑka;Hh fkdis;sh fkdfyk neúka
Ñka;d úIh blaujd isáfhah’ lsisjlayq úiskqÿ lshd ksujd,sh
fkdfyk neúka jd.a úIh blaujd isáfhah’ ;jo nqÿrÿkaf.a IVa
widOdrK {dK oin, p;=¾ ffjYrµd§ka wdvHjq O¾uldh iïm;a
wÑka;Hh jk nj lshkq ljr l:dh’ nqoaOf>daI ysñhkaf.a
ufkdar:mQrKS wÜGl:djys ;:d.; hk mohg w¾: wgla olajd
we;’ fuys§ th fláfhka olajuq’ 1’ fmrld,fha nqÿka jykafia,d
wkqju lghq;= l< fyhska nqÿka jykafia ;:d.; jkfial’ 2’
we;a; we;s ieáfhka ukdj wjfndaO lr.;a fyhska nqÿka jykafia
;:d.; jkfial’ 3’ f,dalfha h:d¾:h wjfndaO lr.;a fyhska
nqÿka jykafia ;:d.; jk fial’ 4’ isõi;a O¾uh we;s ieáfhka
wjfndaO lr.;a fyhska nqÿka jykafia ;:d.; jk fial’ 5’ ish¨u
O¾uhka we;s ieáfhka wjfndaO lr.;a fyhska ;:d.; jkfial’
6’ i;Hh fkdblaujQ ks;ru ta yd iïnJO jpku Ndú;d l<
fyhska nqÿka jykafia ;:d.; jkfial’
7’ i;H fkdblaujQ i;Hhgu wkql+,j meje;aula ;snqKq fyhska
nqÿka jykafia ;:d.; jkfial’
8’ ishÆu laf,aIhkaf.ka .yKjQ .;ska blaujQ fyhska Wkajykafia
;:d.; jk fial’
.=;a;s, ldjHfha jE;a;Efõ ysñhka nqÿka jykafia .ek j¾Kkd
lrkafka fufiah
ishmska isßka ire
fo;sia ,k=Kska úis;=re
flf,iqka flfrka ÿre
jÈñ uqKs W;=uka ;sf,da.=re
ishla .=K fldg l< mskska ksmka fYdaNdj we;s ;sia folla
,l+Kska úÑ;%jQ flf,ia j,ska ÿrejQ ;=ka f,djgu .=rejQ W;=ï
nqÿrcdKka jykafia j¢ñ’
 57

IâNdId mrfïYajr Y%S rdyq, ysñhka ldjH fYalrfha§ fufia nqÿka

jykafia .ek j¾Kkd lr we;’ msßmqka jQ jd.a rdYsfhkao Y=N%j¾K
^iqÿmdg& rYañfhkao rkajkajQ ksjdikfhkao hqla; jQ nqoaO rdchd
i;=áka j¢uq’
isß iriúh ri
iqn ;rÕk;ñka /i
rka jkUr ksfji
j¢ñ uqks rc ihqr iy f;di

nqÿka jykafia .ek nqoaO .µh kï fmdf;ys fufia olajd we;’

ch ch O¾u rdc
cklD; Y¾u mQc
wioDi nqoaO ,S,
w;smß Y=oaO Ys,

tfiau j¾;udkfha l,dlrefjl= nqÿka jykafiaf.a wmßñ; .=K

l| olskafka fï wdldrhgh’
wefia u;=jk lÿ¿ l÷¨ ì÷f.k
Tfí isßmd fojkakï
yfoa me,fjk le,E u,a f.k
Tfí isßmd mqokakï
flf,ia u, msß kqjr w;yer
njqka jvkg jfka jeä Tn
fidhd wdfhñ fmdf,da ;,fha
wfkla msygla fkdue;s jq úg
by< ks,ajka wyi úksúo
kef.k Tnf.a fhdaO nqÿn|
uf.a fk; is; fudaykh lr
uf.a l=÷nj mila lr we;’

;,amdú, ika;sJøsh ysñhka nqÿka jykafia ms<sn|j fï wdldrhg

;ukaf.a woyi ;:d.; m%Kdu kñka ksi±ia lúhla f,i olajd
we;’
iajdóKs‛ nqÿjrhdKks’
Tn jykafiaf.a Ôú;h wm%udK
wdf,dalho
wm%udK jákdluo

ukdj ixfhda. jQjls

iajdóKs‛ wd.ïo‛ wd.ñl kdhlhskao
yeroud uu Tn jykafia fj; meñKsfhñ’
iajdóKs‛ ug wd.ulao fkdue;
 58

uu wd.ñl kdhlfhl=f.a
wkq.dñlfhlao fkdfjñ
uf.a tlu wdf,dalh
Tn jykafia muKs
Tn jykafiaf.a
msh igyka fidhñka
md mels¨K;a ta fj;
msh kÕñ
iajdóK ud ysiska
Tn ;=ukaf.a
isßmd ¥,s msiouñ’

nqÿ.=K w,xldrh kï fmdf;ys fuf,i nqÿka jykafia .ek

j¾Kkd lr we;’
kujq uqks irK
l=¿Kq fu;a i; fj;
ml, kek mõ mere;
fy<s l< f,djg fi;
ks;r kïosñ uqKsÿ irK;
ish¨ iFjhska flfrys m;=rejkq ,enk lreKdj fuka o;hq;= ish,q
o;a mod¾:hka fyd¢ka ±k .kakd jQo f,dalhg Ydka;sh m%ldY
l<djqo nqÿka jykafiaf.a isßm;=,a uu ks;ru j¢ñ’

tfiau iqNdIs;h hk fmdf;ys nqÿoyu .ek fufia olajd we;’ iqj|

úysfok fk¨ï jkfhys ks,ueis iuQyhd fkdyeisfrkakd fia
ñ;HdØIaál ñksiaiq W;=ï kssjka iem <Õdlrfok nqÿka jykafia
foaYkd l< O¾uh wkq.ukh fkdlr;a’ tfiau tys nqÿka jykafia
.eko fufiao olajd we;’

i; fj; fu; iÕ yi fiú mis÷

wj k; iqr u; ñKs ;r ir mqnqÿ
os.= r; Õs,s o< fm< fudla iqj| ?ª
ish m; ish m; ish m; kuª

iFjhska flfrys me;=reKdjQ ffu;%Sfhka hqla; jQ m%isoaO jQ ix>hd

kue;s yxihka úiska wdY%h lrK ,o je£u msKsi keuqKq
foúhkaf.a uq÷fkys we;s ueKslaj, rYAñh keu;s úf,ys msmqKdjq
os.= r;= weÕs,s keu;s fmï fm<kahq;a ksjka iqj| /¢ we;s nqÿka
jykafiaf.a mdo moauh j¢uq’
f,dafldamldrh kï .%J:fha fuf,i nqÿka jykafia .ek
j¾Kkdjla olajd we;’
 59

uqks÷g iß flfkla
;=ka f,dju ke;s uqks;=ul= uq;a
wmuK ;re /iska
i|g iß ;rejla fkdue;s fuks

wm%udK ;drld rdYsh w;r pJo%hdg iudk jk ;drldjla ke;a;d

fuka nqÿka jykafiag nqÿka jykafia flfkl= yer wka iu flfkla
fuu f,dalfha u ke;a;dy’ tfiau tu fmdf;ys nqÿoyu .ek b;d
rij;a WodyrKhla iuÕ fufia olajd we;’ nqÿka jykafiaf.a
O¾uh bf.k .;a kuq;a mdm is;a we;s mqoa.,hd oyfuys fkdwef,a’
uqyqfoys jik uiqka lrÈh îS tysu jdih l<;a‛ isrefrys ¨Kq
rih fkd;jr .kakdla fuks’
f,dajev iÕrdj kï WmfoaYd;aul .%J:h rpkd l, ùod.u
ffu;%sh ysñhka tu fmd; wdrïN lrkafka fuf,i nqÿka jykafia
.ek isysm;a lrñkah’

fi;a isß fok uy .=K uqyqodKka

i;ayg jk nj oqlg fjodKka
;s;a .K ÿre ÿr,k ÈksodKka
is;a if;diska kuÈï uqksodKka

ksjka isß iem; fokakdjq‛ uy;ajQ’ .=Khkg uyd id.rh jeks jQ‛
f,dal iFjhdg we;s jkakdjQ cd;s crd urKdoS ixidr ÿlaLhkg
fY%AiaG ffjµjrfhl= jeksjQ ^ñiÈgq& kue;s w÷r ÿr,Sug iQhH_d
jeks jQ‛ nqÿka jykafiag uu if;diska j¢ñ’
osjHdjodkh kï fmdf;ys nqÿka jykafia .ek olajd we;af;a isysk
fkdolsk flfkla f,ih’ l%s’j’250 g muK wh;a .%J:hla jk
ioaO¾umqKavÍl iQ;%hg wkqj nqÿka jykafia hkq b;d §¾>
ld,hla Ôj;ajqo tfiau ieuod Ôj;ajkakdjQo w;s W;a;u foúhkago
foú jQ flfkls’
wdpd¾h wd¾hfoaj mdofhda p;=Ya; Y;lh kï fmdf;ys fï
wdldrhg nqÿka jykafia .ek m%ldY lrwe;’ ish¨ ixialdrfhda
ld¾h msKsi yg.;ay’ tfyhska ixialdrhkaf.a ks;H iajNdjhla
ke;’ Njhkaf.a fï iajNdjh hï n÷fõo th tfia wjfndaO l<
;:d.;hka jykafia flfkl= yer fï f,dlfha fkdue;’
ñ,skao m%Yakh kï fmdf;ys ñ<sÿ rc;=ud kd.fiak ysñhkaf.ka
nqÿka jykafia kï flfkl= fuf,dj isáfha±hs weiQ m%Yakhg
kd.fiak ysñhka Tõ hkqfjka ms<s;=re § fufia úia;r lrhs’ nqÿka
jykafia mßks¾jdKhg m;ajQ w;r fjk;a flfkl= ueùug hula
b;sß fkdl<y’ tfiau hïlsis ;ekl jevisàhehso m%ldY l<
fkdyel’ .sks±,a,la ksù.sh miq th fld;ekg .sfha±hs lsj
fkdyel’ kuq;a ft;sydisl idOl ksid;a Wkajykafia foiQ O¾uh
 60

^O¾uldh& ksid;a nqÿka jykafia kï flfkl= jevisáh nj

;rfhau m%ldY l<yel’

fn!oaO YsIagdpdrh uQ, O¾u iy jxY l:dj hk fmd; rpkd l<

uydpd¾h pkaÈu úfþnKavdr iy tÉ’tï’fudrgqj.u hk uy;=ka
ish fmd; wdrïN lrkafka fï wdldrhgh’ lreKdfjys iy
m%{dfjys Ôjudk uQ¾;sh jYfhka udkj b;sydifhys úµudkj
iyi% ixLHd; wkq.dñl ixLHdjlg f,!lsl yd f,dfld;a;r
jYfhka byf,dal yd mrf,dal jYfhka fukau iajd¾: yd mrd¾:
jYfhka WNhd¾: id¾:l jQ ioaO¾uhla foaYkd l< f.!;u nqÿka
jykafia YdlHhkaf.a ¨ïìkS kï ckmofhys Wm; ,eîu w¨;a
hq.hl wdrïNhls’‛
fï u;hu ikd: lrñka woyia olajk NsCIq c.§m ldYHm iy
ví,sõ’ fuda.ka ;u nqÿkaf.a ud¾.h kï fmdf;ys fufia olajd
we;’ wjreÿ fooyia mkaishhlg fmr f.!;u nqÿka jykafia
f,dj my<ùu bkaÈhdkq YsIagdpdrfhys ixialD;sfha kj hq.hla
Wodjq nj mji;s’‛
Ndr;Sh mäjrfhl=jk ufydamdOHh f.damskd: lúrdc uydpd¾h
n,foaj WmdOHdhf.a fn!oaO o¾Ykh kï fmd;g m%ia;djkdjla
,shñka nqÿ oyu .ek olajd isákafka fï wdldrhgh’ ―nqÿoyu th
Wmka rfÜ ñ,skj .sfhah’ tfy;a uOHld,Sk jQ úÑ;%jQo úúOjQo
Ñka;k Odrdjka ms<sn| odhdoh thska rgg Wreuúh’ tfiau nqoaO
O¾ufha jQ iqnodhl jQ yd m%fndaO ckl n,mEï wkqj tys iodpdr
iïmkak WfoaHda.h;a‛ nqoaê f.dapr Ndjh;a wdOHd;añl Yla;sh;a
Wmfhda.s lrf.k wi,ajeis foaYhka YsIag iïmkak jQ whqre wmg
±l.; yel’”
uydpd¾h n,foaj WmdOHdhf.a fn!oaO o¾Ykh kï fmd;g wkqj
nqÿka jykafia .ek m%ldY jkafka fï wdldrhgh’ “ Nd.Hhj;a
nqÿka jykafia fuu úYd, jQ úYajfha widudkH jq iïm;a;shls’
Wkajykafiaf.a wd.ñl WmfoaYhka úiska m%udKd;slal%dka; jq
ck;djf.a hym; WodlrK ,o w;r wo;a th isÿlrñka mj;S’”
fudyq iuÕu tlÕ jk ngysr fn!oaO fkdjk f,aLlfhl= i|yka
lrkafka nqÿka jykafia iuia; udkj ixy;shgu odhdohla
njh’"nqÿysñhka yqfola fn!oaOhkag muKla wh;a jQ jia;=jla
fkdfõ’ t;=udKka jykafia ish¿ f,djeishkg wh;ah’ t;=udKka
jykafiaf.a W.ekaùï ldg;a fmdÿh’ f,dj my<jQ yeu wd.ula
úiskau nqÿysñhkaf.ka fyd| woyia fndfyduhlau ,ndf.k
we;af;ah’” fï lshuk jvd;a meyeÈ<s lsÍug fyd|u WodyrKh
imhkafka j,afmd, rdyq, ysñhkaf.a nqÿka jod< O¾uh kï
fmdf;ys my; i|yka fldgih’ “ nqÿoyu wd.ulao o¾Ykhlao
hk m%Yakh ks;ru kÕkq ,efí’ Tn thg l=ula lSjo m%Yakhla
ke;’ nqÿoyu l=uk ku fhÿjo‛ l=uk f,an,h fhÿjo th tlu
 61

oyu muKla jkafkah’ ku t;rï jeo.;a lula ke;’ kfuys

we;af;a ksu‛ wm frdaih lshk u, wka kula fhÿjo tlu iqj|
fokafkah’” tuksid nqÿoyu ;ks mqoa.,fhl=f.a fohla fkdjk w;r
tys msysg Wmldrh m;k ´kEu flfkl=g tys iydh ,nd.;
yel’
fuu woyigu .e,fmk wdldrfha woyila úmiaikd Ndjkd
mqyqKqfõ j¾;udkfha b;d ckm%sh .=rejrfhl= jk tia’tka
f.dfhkald;=ud fufia m%ldY lr isà’ O¾uh Ôjk ud¾.hla jk
w;r th Ôj;aùSfï l,djls’ wm ;=< Ydka;sh iduh we;s lr.kakd
l%uh;a tfiau wka whg Ydka;sh iduh oelaùu;a wmg W.kajkq
,efí’ tu O¾uh tl rglg fyda ixúOdkd;aul wd.ulg iSud
fkdjk w;r th iEu flfklau i|ydh’ulaksidoh;a iEu
flfkl=u ÿlska fmf,k neúks’
uydpd¾h kkaofiak r;akmd, nqÿoyu iudc úµdj yd ck Ôú;h
hk fmdf;ys nqÿoyu .ek fufia i|yka lrwe;’ ngysr iudc
úµd{hska iudch .ek lreKQ lshkakg mgka .;af;a uE;l§h’
nqÿyduqÿrejkaf.a W.ekAùï ;=< l%udkql+, iudc úµdjla
;sfí’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’fn!oaO W.ekaùï j,ska u;= lr.kakd iudc úoHdj
fn!oaOd.ug muKla fkdj we;a; fidhd hk ldgjqjo m%fhdackj;a
jkq we;’ th fn!oaOhkagu Wreu úhhq;a;la fkdfõ’
ixialD; fõo .%J: yd nqÿoyu .ek ixikaokd;aul wOHdhkhl
fh§ isák úiqoaê ysñhka nqÿka jykafia iy nqÿoyu .ek fufia
mjihs’ N.jd‛ wryx‛ iïud iïnqoaO‛ úþcdprK iïmkak‛ iq.;‛
f,dalú¥‛ wkq;a;r‛ mqßi Oïu idrÒ‛ iF:d foajukqiaidkx‛ wd§
.=Khkaf.ka iïmQ¾K jQfha hfulao‛ Wkajykafiag nqoaO hehs lshkq
,efí’ nqÿysñhka úiska hï oyula foaYkd lrKq ,enQjdyqo th
nqÿoyu fõ’ ÿl‛ ÿl we;sùfï fya;=j‛ ÿl ke;s lsÍu‛ ÿl ke;s
lsÍfï ud¾.h nqÿoyfï uQ,sl b.ekaùï fõ’

wekfgda,a m%dkaia nqÿoyu .ek mjikafka th nqoaêh yd lreKdj

ls%hdjg keÕSula f,ih’ “ mú;%;djh ms<sn|j m;auh u; m<la
ne| jevisák iodld,sl ;=reKq nj iys; ldreKsl uk jvk
reje;s nqÿysñhka ish ol=Kq w; Tijd fufia foikakd jeksh’
ÿlska yd ìfhka ñfokakg leu;s kï nqoaêh;a ffu;%sh;a jvkak’”
wekfgda,a m%dkaia yd tlÕ jk ;j;a tjeksu woyila w;s.re Y%S
,xld wurmqr ix> iNdfjys W;a;Í;r uydkdhl uäfya m[a[diSy
uykdysñhka fn!oaOlu .ek woyia olajkafka fï wdldrhgh’
“iEu fn!oaOhl=f.au mrudOHdYh iir ÿlska ñ§ ksjka iqj
,nd.ekSuhs’ ta ksid iEu fn!oaOfhlau ;ukaf.a mrudOHdYhg
ndOd fkdjk mßÈ iEu l:djl§u yd iEu l%shdjl§u‛ iEu
bßhõjl§u‛ iEu fudfyd;l§u‛ isysfhka yd kqjKska
 62

ls%hdl<hq;=h’ ud ksid wkHhkag lrorhla fkdfõjd hk fndai;a

.=Kh iEu fn!oaOhl=f.au is; ;=< lreKdj ffu;%sh ;sìh hq;=h’”
by; i|yka woyiu ;j ÿrg;a wjOdrKd;aulj ksõfhdala fn!oaO
úydrdëm;s rdclSh mKAä; l=reKEf.dv msh;siai kdysñhka
mjikafka fï wdldrhgh’ “ nqoaO O¾ufhka W.kajk ffu;%Sh‛
lreKdj‛ uqÈ;dj‛ WfmaCIdj hk i;r n%yau úyrKh wkq.ukh
;rñka ñksia Ôú;h jdikdjla lr.ekSug;a i;=g iy iduh we;s
lr .ekSug;a fya;=jk fjk;a lsisu m%dfhda.sl O¾uhla f,dalfhys
lsisu wd.ulskaj;a foaYmd,k jdohlskaj;a W.kajd ke;snj ks;r
wm isys;nd .;hq;= fohls’” wo f,dalhg fnfyúkau wjYH
jkafkao ffu;%sh iy nqoaêhhs’ úfYaIfhka tfll= mrhd ;fjfll=
keÕS isàug h;ak orK f,dalfha wka wh .ek fu;ais;ska is;kakg
wjYH ld,h t<U we;’ nqÿka jykafia fï f,dlfha ixlS¾K nj
ÿgqjy’ tfiau uki wjq,a lrK úúOdldr jQ flf,ia uq,a we;s
njo foaYkd l<y’ taldldÍ fï f,dalh w;Dma;slr núka msÍ
we;snj ÿgqjy’
uydpd¾h t,shÜ nqÿiuh iy ysFÿiuh kï fmdf;ys fï nj b;d
w,xldr f,i olajd we;’ “nqÿysñfhda f,dalh iuÕ fldam
fkdjQy’ f,dalh w;Dma;slr ia:dkhla jYfhka Wkajykafia
ÿgqfial’ nqÿysñhka f,dj ÿgqfõ wks;H ia:dkhla jYfhka ñi
kmqre ia:dkhla jYfhka fkdfõ’ fudayfhka msß ia:dkhla jYfhka
ñi úma,jldß ia:dkhla jYfhka fkdfõ’ ish joka fkdwik wh
.ek nqÿysñfhda l,n,hg m;afkdjQy’ ta .ek fldamhgo
m;afkdjQy’‖ nqÿka jykafia f,dalfhys jik ñksiqka fudayfhka msÍ
Ôj;ajk nj ÿgqjy’ tfiau Wkajykafiag wjYH jQfha f,dalfha
wkka;j ÿlaú|sk iJjhka thska uqojd .ekSugh’ nqÿka oji
fndafyda od¾Ykslhska‛ nqoaêu;=ka f,dfjys meje;au tys wka;¾.;h
.ek úuiQ úg ksyvj bjid isg GmkSh m%Yak f,i tajd me;a;l
;nd ÿlska ñ§ug uÕlshd ÿkay’
fldrshdkq cd;sl fy.ka NsCIqKsh nqÿka jykafia .ek ks¾jpkhla
m%ldY lrkafka fufiah’ ¨ïìksfhys bmÿk isÿy;a l=ure nqÿnj
,nd th iuia; udkj j¾.hdgu foaYkd l< w;r wúµdj ÿrelr
ish¨ iFjhdg iqN idOkh we;s l< W;a;ufhls’ ix.S;h ms<sn|
Wmdêhla yodrK ckl m%idoa nqÿka jykafia .ek ;udf.a woyi
fuf,i m%ldY lr isà’ ;dreKH jk f;la lïiem ú| thska
fl<jrla fkd±l wka uÕlska Ôú;h ch.ekSug fjfyiú| thska
chf.k yqoS ckhdf.a ys; iqj msKsi ta wjfndaO lr.;a lreKq
;=<ska úuqla;sh ,nd§ug ldreKsl jQ Ydia;Ddka jykafia nqÿka
jykafiahs’
uydpd¾h ,CIó kriq nqÿiufhys yrh kï .%J:fhys fïfia ta
.ek úia;r lr we;’ “ nqÿysñshka ish orejka f,!lslJjh ms<sn|
.sKS cd,dfjys fl<s fi,a,ï lrK yeá okakd uyd mqreIfhls’
 63

Tjqka fï .skafkka ±fjk f.h ;=<ska t<shg f.k ks¾jdKh kï

fCIau N+ñhg Tjqka le|jdf.k hkakg Wkajykafia úúO
l%shdud¾. Wmfhda.s fldg .Ks;s’‖ ta fCIAu N+ñh lrd hk .ufka§
Wkajykafia úúOdldr jQ l%u úµdjla wkq.ukh lrKq ,enQy’
úfYAIfhka lsidf.da;óf.a l:dfjys§ m%dfhda.slj wehg urKh
.ek wjfndaOh ,ndÿka wdldrh b;du ir, iy ksh; f,i i;H
jegfyk iq¿úh’ tfiau h:djd§ ;:dldÍ .=Kfhka fyì
Wkajykafia lshQ foa ta f,igu bgql< W;a;ufhls’ .s,kqkag
Wmia:dk lsÍug wjjdo lf<ao tfia .s,kaj isá mQ;s.;a;;siai
f;rekaj kyjd fidaod msßisÿ lsÍfuka wK;=rejh’ “nqÿysñfhda
Wkajykafia úiska foaikd lrk ,o ish¨u idOqp¾hdjkays uQ¾;shhs’
b;d úÑ;%jQ;a‛ w;sYh id¾:ljQ;a 45 jirl O¾u fiajfha§ nqÿka
jykafia ;uka úiska foaYkd l< ish¨ foa ls%hdjg kÕÆy’ lsisu
úfgl § Wkajykafia udkqIsl ÿ¾j,;djhlg bv fkdÿkay’ nqÿka
jykafia úiska jodrK ,o idOq p¾hd moaO;sh f,dalhg fuf;la
,enqKq i¾j iïmQ¾K idOq p¾hd moaO;shhs’‖ fïfia m%ldY lrkafka
c¾uka úoajf;l=jk uydpd¾h ueliauq,¾h’
tfiau fgdaks ne.S úiska rÑ; wfma nqÿka kï .%J:fhyso fïyd
iudku woyila olajd we;’ “udkj ys;jdÈfhl= yeáhg nqÿysñfhda
mqfrda.dñfhls’ tfiau nqÿysñfhda o¾Ykjd§ uyd m%d{fhls’ fï .;s
ish,a, t;=ukaf.a pß;fhys tlg ixl,kh ù mj;S’ t;=ud mjid
jod< foaj,a wjqreÿ fooyia mkaishhla ;siafia ±kqu ms<sn| W,am;
jgd tla/iaj jdoújdo mj;ajd l:dny ixjdohkays fh§ ld,h
f.ùfuka miqj;a wo hq.fha lsisu ia;%shl fyda mqreIfhl= úiska
wu;l l<yels fkdfõ’ nqÿysñhkaf.a uyd m%{djg;a jvd fY%aIG
hehs ie,lsh yels jkafka t;=ukaf.a wdo¾Yhhs’”
bJÈhdkq od¾Ykslfhl= jk fþ l%sIaK uQ¾;s nqÿka jykafia .ek
fufia mjid we;’ nqÿka jykafia fyg O¾uh foaYkd lrkafka kï
th Y%jKh lsÍug hdu je<elajSug lsisu fohlg fyda lsisu
flfkl=g fkdyelsh’ wjidkh olajdu Wkajykafia wkq.ukh
lrK njo ±äsj m%ldY lr we;’ 1982 isg tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixúOdkfha f,alï f,i lghq;= l< fmreúhka ;dkdm;s fiajfha
kshq;= cúh¾ fmria ä lshq,¾ nqÿoyu .ek fujeks ks¾jpkhla
m%ldY lr we;’ nqÿka jykafiaf.a lreKdj iy ohdj ms<sn|
mKsúvh wka ljrodg;a jvd wo iudchg fjfiiskau
n,mdkafkah’ iduh iy wfkHdakH wjfndaOhg uÕ fmkajk fuu
O¾uh fkdfhla wdldrfha hqoaO mj;sk j¾;udkhg b;d jeo.;a
ud¾f.damfoYlFjhla ,ndoSug yels jkafkah’ uy;aud .dJê;=ud
nqÿka jykafia .ek fufia mjid we;’ nqÿka jykafiaf.ka uf.a
Ôú;hg ,enqKq wdo¾Yh .ek m%ldY lsÍug ud ue,s fkdjk w;r
wdishdfjka Wkajykafiaf.a mKsúvh uq¿ f,dalhgu ,nd§ we;’
wdishdfjka th kej; bf.k kej; kej;;a f,dalhg fnod§fï
 64

ld,h t<U we;’ Wkajykafiaf.a lreKdj ohdj uq¿ uy;a

f,dalhgu odhdo l< w;r is; msßisÿ lr.ekSug wjYH ud¾.h o
myod § we;’ wefußlka lúfhl= iy l;=jrfhl= jk ¨ishka
iag%hsla nqÿoyu .ek orkafka fujeks woyils’ nqÿoyu wfkl=;a
wd.uq;a iuÕ n,k l, wo ojig jvd;au .e,fmk wd.uh’
wd;audjfndaOh msKsi jk lsisu wd.ula uu fkdolsñ’ tfiau
ksjk uÕ kqjK yd wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj kï fmd; ,shQ mS’Ô’
.=Kisxy ffjµ iduúksiqre;=ud nqÿka jykafia .ek m%ldY lrkafka
fufiah’ ;sf,d.=re nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd lr jod< Y%S
ioaO¾uh .Kkska wiQydr oyila nj ioZyka fõ’ úkh iQ;% yd
wNsO¾u msgl;%hg we;=,;aj we;af;a tu O¾u iaLJOhhs’ uyd
ldreKsl nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska fu;rï O¾u lreKq
ixLHdjla ±ä fjfyila orñka mkaid,sia jila uq¿,af,ys foaYkd
lrK ,oafoa ksula ke;s ixidr ihqfrys .sf,ñka wm%udK ÿla ú¢k
iFj iuQyhd bka .,jd.ekSfï mru mú;% fÉ;kdfjks’ tys
m%;sM,hla jYfhka fuu iïnqoaO Ydikfhys o fndfyda foõ ñksiqka
iir ÿla ksjd ksjka ÿgqnj m%lgh’ nqÿka jykafia wdo¾Yhg
.ekSug yelskï th kshu nqÿka irKhdu nj mjikafka
ójkm,df;a r;kidr ysñmdKkah’ ;jÿrg;a m%ldY lrK ta
ysñhka mjikafka nqÿirK hkj lshkafka uu nqÿka jykafia
is;+f,i is;ñ’ uuo nqÿka jykafia fuka l:dlrñ’ uuo nqÿka
jykafia fuka lghq;= lrñ’ tfiau nqÿka jykafiaf.a fm!¾Iho
fkdfhl=;a wjia:dj,§ Wkajykafiaf.a O¾u m%pdrl lghq;= j,g
fndfyda f,i n,md we;’
wdpd¾h k,sklaid o;a mjik wdldrhg “ f.!;u nqÿka Wiia
jkafka kshu idOqjrfhla ksiduj;a‛ wd.ñl úma,jhla l<
ksiduj;a fkdj Wkajykafia i;=j ;snQ fm!rIh;a thg ±ä f,i
n,md we;s nj mjihs’ uq¿ wdishdj tu ixialD;shg kïjd
.ekSug Wkajykafiag yelsjq nj;a Tyq mjihs’”
fm!¾Ih fukau nqÿka jykafiaf.a lreKd .=Kh ffu;%sh uq¾;su;a
lrK nj wdpd¾h tia’ rdOdl%sIaKka mjikafka fï wdldrhgh’
“nqÿysñhka fldamfhka neK jeÿK lsisu wjia:djla fkdue;’
lsisúfgl;a nqÿysñhkaf.a uqúka wldreKsl jpkhla
fkd.s,syqfkah’” nqÿka jykafiaf.a .=K uysuhka ksidu Wkajykafiag
fndfyda fokd f.!rjdorh olajk w;r uq¿ uy;a udkj j¾.hdgu
w;S;‛ j¾;udk‛ wkd.; hk ;=ka ld,hgu .e,fmk udkj
O¾uhla Wkajykafia foaYkd l<y’ YS% ,xldfõ ysgmq w.ue;s tia’
ví’wd¾’ã’nKavdrkdhl uy;d th mjikafka fï wdldrhgh’
“bry| mj;sk f;la nqÿiuh mj;S’ ñys;,fhys udkj ixy;sh
mj;akd f;la nqÿiuh mj;S’ ulaksidoh;a th udkj ixy;sfha
wd.u f,i ms<s.; yels neúks’‖ fïyd iudku woyila m%ldY
lrkafka bkaÈhdfõ w.kqjr jk È,a,sfhys uy weu;s f,i lghq;=
 65

lrK YS,d älais;a ue;sKshhs’ “ nqÿka jykafiaf.a o¾Ykhg wm

ldf.a;a wjOdkh fhduqjk w;r bkaÈhdfjka ìysjQ od¾Ykslhska
w;r m%:u ia:dkh Wka jykafiag ysñjk w;r fn!oaO m%;sm;a;s
wfma Ôú;hg wod< lrf.k Ôú;h id¾:l lr.ekSug yelshdjla
we;s w;r f,dal wd.ï w;r nqÿoyu ieuod nenf,k nj uf.a
yeÕSuhs’” udkj j¾.hdf.a tÈfkod m%Yakj,g ms<shïo nqÿoyu
,ndfohs’ thska ,nd.; hq;= m%fhdack ;du;a ,nd fkd.kakd nj
fndafyda fn!oaO W.;=kaf.a u;hhs’ ngysr fn!oaO W.f;la jk
uydpd¾h tâjâ’ fldkafia ta .ek mjikafka fï wdldrhgh’
“nqÿoyfï we;s wdOHd;añl yqol,d nj ksid nqÿiuh uQ,sl
jYfhka wmf.a is;a weo.kafka kuq;a hful=g nqÿoyfï kshu yrh
jgyd .ekSug yelsjkafka tÈfkod Ôú;fha§ tuÕska we;s lrKq
,nk buy;a m%fhdack ksidh’” tâjâ fldkafia yd tlÕjk
wdldrfha woyila wdpd¾h fla’ tka’ ch;s,lf.a nqÿiuh iy
iduh kï fmdf;ys fuf,i olajd we;’ “nqÿiufhys úfYaI
,CIKhla fjhs’ tkï hïlsis iduhsl wdpd¾hjrfhl=f.a l%uj;a
o¾Ykhlska Woa.; jQ tlu wd.u th ùuhs’ nqÿiuh úiska wmg
Ôú;h;a h:d;;ajh;a ms<sn|j m%d:ñl i;Hh W.kajkq ,efí’
nqÿiuh jkdys h:d;;ajh mokï fldg.;a cSjk oDIaáhla ksid
Woa.; jQ Ôjk ud¾.hls’ nqÿysñhkaf.a o¾Ykjdofhys nqoaêfha yd
m%{dfõ iajNdjh ms<sn|j újrKhla ke;af;a fkdfõ’‛ fla’ tka’
ch;s,l yd tlÕ jk wdldrfha woyila olajñka fn!oaOhd hkq
ljfrla±hs fmda,a vd,afla mä;=ud fufia olajd we;’ lreKq
jYfhka n,k úg fn!oaOhd jkdys f,dj wd.ï ldrhka w;=frka
tlu ;,;=kd mqreIhdhs’ foaj Nla;sh fya;= fldgf.k wkH
ØIaálfhda <orejka n÷fj;s’ ta wkH ×Iaálfhda <orejka fuka
hd{d flfr;a’ foaj msysgla ´kE fkdlrK‛ i;H fidhk tlu
;ek;a;d fn!oaOhdhs’ ñsksiqka ks;ru wfmaCId lrkafka hym;a
Ôú;hla .;lsÍugh’ tksid ta i|ydo wjYHh O¾u moaO;shla
nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lr we;’
uydpd¾h Oïudkkao fldiïì N.jdka nqoaO kï lD;sfhys nqÿoyu
fuf,dj Èúh id¾:lFjhg u. fmkajk fYA%IaG b.ekaùï j,ska
mrsfmdaIs; O¾uhla nj ukd f,i fmkajd§ ;sfí’
wdpd¾h f.dv.u ux., ysñhkaf.a kQ;k iudch i|yd fn!oaO
cSjk o¾Ykh kï fmd;g fmrjokla imhk uydpd¾h
mS’ã’fm%auisrs uy;d nqÿoyu .ek fufia m%ldY lr we;’ ñksia
j¾.hd fiiq iFj j¾.hdf.ka fjka flfrk m%Odku .=K jYfhka
ñksia j¾.hd i;=jQ iajdëk nqoaê Yla;sh;a wdpdr O¾u ú{dkh;a
ie,lsh yelsh’ nqÿiufhys nqoaOFjh kïjQ ixl,amh uÕska ñksia
j¾.hd i;=jQ fï .=Kj, Wmßu j¾Okh woyia lrhs’ iuHla
iïfndaêhg meñKS W;a;ufhl= f,djg my< jkafka uydm%{dj iy
uyd lreKdj hk .=K tlfia mdrm%dma;shg muqKqjd .ekSfuks’
 66

fn!oaO Ñka;kh hkq tjka W;a;ufhl=f.a b.ekajSï uq,a fldg

f,djg ìysjQ Ôjk o¾Ykhls’’’’ nqoqiuh wdOHd;au úµdjla fukau
cSjk o¾Ykhls’ È,a,s úYaj úµd,fha fldïmshqg¾ úµfõ§ uQ,sl
Wmdëhla yodrK tÉ’ã’m%.S;a tï .=K;s,l nqÿka jykafia .ek
fufia mjihs’ ixidrfha iFjhskayg we;s ÿl Bg fya;=j‛ tu ÿlska
ñ£ ta i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= ud¾.h ;uka jykafia úiskau
wjfndaO fldg th wkqkayg b.ekaúh yels yelshdj ,nd.;a
ukqIHhd iïnqoaOhdKka jykafiah’ tfiau ÿlska ñÈh hq;af;a wehso
hkak ms<sn|j ;d¾lslj fya;+kao olajd we;’ fn!oaO YsIHfhl= jk
fvdkS ,dud nqÿoyu .ek mjikafka th kS;sÍ;s moaO;shla
fkdjknjh’’ th wkq.ukh lr fyd| ;;aFjhlg meñKsug
ldg;a yelsh’ ish¨u udkisl m%Yak ke;s l< yels O¾uhla jk
tys we;s ks¾jdkh weoySug we;s fohla fkdjk w;r th we;af;a
wjfndaO lrf.k th lr <Õdùugh’
uydpd¾h kkaofiak r;akmd, nqÿoyu .ek fufia mjihs’ fn!oaO
Ñka;kh ,ndfok úYd, jdis folla we;’ tlla kï iudch Èyd
n,kakg yels ;rï ud¾. újD; lsÍuhs’ iuyr úg ;uka
ksÍCIKh whf.ka flfkla njg m;aù lghq;= lsÍug fn!oaO
Ñka;fhka ,efnk wdNdIh ksid mq¿jka fjhs’ úúO me;s j,ska
ksÍCIKh lf<d;a bka ,efnk wjfndaOh jeo.;ah’ wm ks;r mqreÿ
úhhq;af;a hï hï m%Yak foi úúO ×IAá fldaKj,ska ne,Sugh’ wm
tlsfkld iuÕ .yneK .kafka wkqkaf.a oDIaáfhka m%Yakhla Èyd
ne,Sug we;s wlue;a; ksiduh’ fn!oaO Ñka;kh wmg úúO
oDIAáj,ska m%Yak Èyd n,kakg mqreÿ lrhs’
ngysr m%isoaO od¾Ykslfhl= jk we,an¾Ü iafjÜi¾ nqÿka jykafia
.ek fufia m%ldY lr we;’ bkaÈhdjg muKla fkdj uq¿
f,dalhgu wod, jk f,i iodld,sl jk i;H O¾uh foaYkd lr
we;’ nqÿka jykafia fï f,dlfha ìysjQ W.;au iodpdrd;aul
udkjhdh’
Ndjkd .=rejrfhl= jk tia’tka’ f.dfhkald;=udf.a .=rejrhdjk
ihd.ahS hQ nd Åx ;=ud nqÿoyu .ek mjikafka fï wdldrhgh’
nqÿoyu hkq wd.ula fkdfõ’ th ldhsl yd udkisl jYfhka
iïnJO jq iodpdr O¾u moaO;shhs’ tys wjidk wruqK urKfhka
iy ÿlska ñ§uh’ udkj j¾.hdf.a iajNdjh f;areï .ekSug
nqÿoyu iEu flfkl= úiskau bf.k .;hq;=j we;’ udkj
j¾.hdf.a iEu wdldrhlu udkisl frda. i|yd nqÿoyfuys
m%;sldr we;’ uki wmsßisÿ lrK laf,aIhka ksid uq¿ f,dalhu
m%Yak j,g ueÈù isà’ tfiau nqÿoyfuys idrh fï wdldrhg t;=ud
olajd we;’ nqÿka jykafia i;H ud¾.h fmkajQ .=rejrhdh’nqÿka
jykafiaf.a O¾uh bf.k uuo ta wkqj hñka ÿlska ñÈfï ud¾.h
fmkajkafkñ’nqÿka jykafia yqfola ks¾jdkhg uÕfmkajkjd úkd
ks¾jdkh ,nd§ug fkdyel’ tfiau ud <.g meñK Tn uf.ka
m%;sM, fkdb,ajkak’ ugo th l< fkdyel’ nqÿka jykafiag neßjQ
 67

foh hQ nd Åka lrkafka flfiao @ Tn Tn úiskau m%fhda.slj

mqyqKq l< hq;=h’ fï yd iudku woyila olajk bkaÈhdfõ È,a,s
úYaj úµd,fha wd¾Ól úµdj ms<sn| Ydia;%fõ§ Wmdêhla yodrk Y%S
,xldfõ fn!oaO YsIHfhl= jk iïm;a ohdr;ak m%ldY lrkafka
nqÿka jykafia hkq fï f,dalfha fuf;la my< jQ nqoaêu;au
od¾Ykslhd jk w;r nqÿoyu hkq wd.ula fkdfõ’ kuq;a th
o¾Ykhls’ nqÿoyu ;=<g f.dia m%dfhda.slj mqyqKq lsÍug;a
w;a±lSug;a‛ f;areï .ekSug;a we;s o¾Ykhls’ fïyd iudku
woyila m%ldY lrkafka È,a,s úYaj úµd,fha udkj iïm;a
iïnJOfhka Wmdê mdGud,djla yodrK ,xldfõ fn!oaO YsIHfhl=
jk Okxch f;kakfldakah’ nqÿka jykafiaa hkq uu iy uf.a hk
ixl,amhkaf.ka jeiS we;s f,dalfha ÿl‛ ÿlg fya;=j‛ ÿl ke;s
lsÍu‛ ÿl ke;s lsÍfï ud¾.h hk f,dal i;H wjfndaO lr.;a
±kg f,dalfha my<jQ fYa%IaG;u mqoa.,hd njh’ tfiau nqÿoyu hkq
mqoa.,fhl= úiska f;areï .;hq;= i;H;djhls’ th lsisfia;au
weoySu;a fkdfõ’ fm!oa.,sl l¾udka; Yd,djl mdßfNda.sl lghq;=
ms<sn| úOdhljrfhl= f,i lghql= lrK iqð;a ckl iQßhdrÉÑ
nqÿka jykafia .ek fufia m%ldY lr we;’ ;u iajW;aidyfhka
uki b;d ;shqKq f,i oshqKq lr.;a t;=<ska hula isÿùu iy ta
i|yd n,mj;akdjQ fya;= idOl fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr.;a yd ta
wjfndaO lr.;a O¾uh wfkl=ka Wfoid foaYkd l< Ydia;Djrfhls’
tfiau nqÿoyu hkq ;udf.a ys;iqj msKsi;a uq¿ uy;a yq§ ckhdf.a
ys;iqj msKsi;a wkq.ukh l<yels O¾uhls’ È,a,s úYaj úµd,fha
ix.S;h ms<sn| uq,sl Wmdêhla yodrK Y%S ,dxlsl YsIfhl= jk
tia’ tï’ tia’ fiakdkdhl mjikafka nqÿka jykafia hkq Ñ;a;
{dKh b;d by< uÜgug ÈhqKq l< úYaj úIfhys úYaj
idys;Hfhys h:d¾:h ÿgq th idudkH mqoa.,hdg y÷kd .ekSug
myiq wdldrhg foaYkd l< w;s W;=ï mqoa.,fhls’ tfiau úYajfha
.eUqre oyulao fõ’ Ök f,Llfhl=‛ od¾Ykslfhl=‛ udOHfõÈfhl=
iy kdgHlrefjl= jk ,ska hqÜka. nqÿoyfï w.h fufia olshs’
nqÿoyu Ökfha o¾Ykhla f,io wd.ula f,io msysgq úh’
nqoaëu;=kg o¾Ykhla jQ w;r idudkH fmdÿ ckhdg th wd.u;a
úh’ nqoqoyfuys ;d¾lsl l%uhka wdOHd;au úµdjka ±kqu ms<sn|
isoaOdka; .ek l;d lrhs’ fï fya;= ksid nqÿoyu ksrka;rfhkau
W.;=kaf.a wjOdkhg fhduqúh’uydpd¾h ßia fâúâ uy;d
mjikafka nqÿiuh wioDYhs njls’ fn!oaO yd wfn!oaOlï ms<sn|j
fkd;ld fuu f,dalfha yeu iduhsl l%uhlau úuid ne¨fjñ’
nqÿysñhka úiska foaYkd lrK ,o wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud¾.h;a‛
p;=rd¾h i;Hh;a i;= úN=;sh iy mD:q, nj blaujd hk lsisu
oyula ug ta wks;a wd.ï tllj;a ±lsh yels fkdfõ’ nqÿysñhkaf.a
ud¾.hg wkqj uf.a Èú fmfj; ilia fldg .ekSfuka uu
;Dma;su;a jkafkañ’ È,a,s úYaj úµd,fha ixialD; NdIdj ms<sn|
wdpd¾h Wmdêhlg m¾fhaIK lghq;= lrK reishdkq cd;sl
 68

wef,laiekav¾ fmfrfjf¾Yaj nqÿka jykafia .ek fun÷ woyila

m%ldY lrhs’ nqÿka jykafia Ndr;fha my<ù iuHla iïnqoaOFjhg
m;ajQ ft;sydisl mqoa.,fhls’ ;DIAKdj‛ wdYdj hk laf,aIhkaf.ka
ÿreù kej; bm§u kïjQ ÿlska ñ§ we;’ nqÿoyu hkq f.!;uhka
úiska isf;ys we;=,dka;h msßisÿ lr .ekSug ilial< ud¾.hls’
tys§ wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h‛ Ndjkd iy m%{dj .ek wjfndaOh
jeo.;a jk w;r miqlf,l wd.ñl mQcdúëkaf.ka .%yKh jq
ixúOdk.; wd.ula f,io fmkS isáhs’ uydpd¾h ßia fâúâ uy;d
iuÕ tlÕ jk wïfnâldr uy;d mjikafka nqÿoyu hkq
wdf,dalh fidhk ukqIHfhl=g nqÿiuh wdf,dalh olajhs’ úuqla;sh
fidhkafkl=g nqÿiuh th fmkajd fohs’ ÿla lïlfgd¿j,ska Nß;j
isgskafkl=g iekiSu;a mS%;sh;a nqÿiuh <Õdlrfohs’ WodiSkj‛
Wlg,Sj‛ ÿ¾j,j isákafkl=g Yla;s ckl mdkhla nqÿiufhka
,efnk njls’
mshoiaiS ysñhka nqÿoyu .ek fufia mjihs’ nqoaO O¾uh fyj;a
nqoaOd.u yqÿ nqoaêjdohla j;a Nla;s ud¾.hla j;a fkdj ta
foflkau hqla; Ôú; ud¾.fhls’ oskm;d u mqreÿ lsÍfuka kshu
m%;sM, ,nd .; yels b.ekaùfuls’ nqÿrcdKka jykafia wmg uÕ
fmkakd§ we;’ ta oyï uÕ hdu fyda fkdhdu wmg wh;a jevls’ ta
uÕ ±l hkafkda ksù iekfikafkdah’
isx.mamQre cd;sl úYaj úµd,fha uydpd¾h ú.d¾ i¾uka nqÿoyu
.ek fï wdldrhg Tyqf.a woyi olajd we;’ nqÿoyu wfkl=;a
wd.ï iuÕ ;rÕ fkdlrK w;r tajdg úreoaOo fkdfõ’ uqia,sï‛
ls%ia;shdks‛ hqfoõ‛ iy ysJÿ wd§ ´kEu wfhl=g ;ukaf.a wd.u
woyk w;ru nqÿoyuo m%dfhda.slj mqyqKq l< yel’ uu
fn!oaOfhl= nj is;k w;r mdrïmrsl fn!oaOhka fuka nqÿka
jykafia fkdjÈñ’ È,a,s úYaj úµd,fha foaYmd,k úµdj ms<sn|j
uq,sl Wmdêhla yodrK ls%ia;shkq wd.ï Nla;slfhl= jk Wkavka
m%¾Od nqÿka jykafiaj olskafka udkj j¾.hdg fï f,dalfha
fyd¢ka Ôj;aùug uÕlshd §ug foõf,dj isg meñKs foúhka
jykafiaf.a mq;%hd njh’ fcdaka fjda,ag¾ ikaiqka is; keu;s
fmdf;ys nqÿoyu .ek fufia olajd we;’ nqÿoyu wNsryia wd.ula
fkdfõ’ jir oyia .Kkl ld,hla ;=< wixLHh ixLHd;
ck;djla tys ±lafjk lreKq j,ska ðú;h Wmf;a isg úm; olajd
yev .idf.k we;’ j¾;udkfhao ks¾u, f:arjd§ nqÿoyu ,xldj
nqreuh ;dhs,ka;h iy ldïfndach hk rgj, m%S;s m%fudaofhka
l,af.jk ,CI ixLHd; ck;djlf.a wd.u ù we;’ uydpd¾h ld,a
msh¾ika uy;d mjikafka m%{dj ish,a,u wNsnjd isák njls’
lduiqL,a,sldkq fhda.fhka f;drj Èúfmfj; ú|ord.; yelso@
wurKShFjh .ek weoySulska f;drj ñksidg iqprs;jd§ úh
yelso@ foúhka weoySfuka f;drj ñksidg O¾ñIaG nj fj;
hdyelso@ nqÿysñhkaf.a ms<s;=r Tõ hkakhs’ fï wruqK m%{dj uÕska
Èkd.; yelshs’ W;a;Í;r ud¾.hg tlu h;=r kï m%{djhs’ ñksia
 69

Èúfmfj;g Ydka;sh iy iduh imhkq ,nkafka m%{dj úisks’

m%;HCI f,dalfhys w¾nqo .ek ñksidg WfmaCId iy.; úhyelafla
ta u.sks’ úµd{ we,anÜ whskaiaghska nqÿoyu .ek mjikafka
j¾;udk l%uúµdjka yd .e,fmk wd.ula ;sfíkï th nqÿoyu
muKlau jk njh’ fuu woyi iaÓr lrñka bJÈhdfõ j¾;udk
ckdêm;s wdpd¾h ta’mS’fþ’ wíÿ,a l,ï ljqre;a okakd msßÈ missile
man 2003 uehs 31 fjksod nqoaO.hdfõ§ nqÿka jykafia iy
nqÿoyu .ek Ⱦ> úia;rhla lr we;’ f,dalfha ish¨u ¥m;a
md,ulska tlg tl;= l<úg tu f,dalfha Ôú;h iemodhl jkq
we;’ tu md,u ne£ug we;s fyd|u ia:dkh kï nqoaO.hdj jkq
we;’ nqoaO.hdfõ m%Odk úydrfha we;s nqoaO m%;sudj ;=<ska ,iaik
YÍrh;a‛ ,iaik uki;a‛ ,iaik wd;auh;a Ôjudk fõ’ tfiau
nqoaO.hdj, wdOHd;aufha iqj| úysfok njo t;=ud mjid we;’
nqÿka jykafia iy úµd{hd w;r we;s iudkFjh fuys§
ckdêm;s;=uka úiska meyeÈ,s lrK ,È’ nqÿka jykafia b;d oCI
úµd{fhl= jk w;r §¾> ld,hl .fõIKhlska miq i;H
fidhd.;a w;r th udkj j¾.hdf.a hym; i|yd foaYkd lrK
,o w;r úµd{hdo i;H fidhk w;r iudc iqNidOkh iy
iduh tys wjidk wruqK nj m%ldY lr we;’ tÉ’Ô’ fj,aia
nqÿoyu .ek mjikafka th h:d;;ajjd§ .=Kfhka hqla; njh’
ulaksidoh;a th Èúfmfj; yd f,dalh foi n,kafka
h:d;;ajjd§j fyhsks’ nqÿiuh úiska wm jHdc udhd f,dalhla
fj; weof.k hkfka fkdfõ’ tfiau ufkda f.dapr NS;Ska uÕska
fyda wm jrola lf<ah hk ye.Zsu uÕska fyda nqÿiuh wm ìhg
m;alrkafkj;a wmg udkisl mSvd muqKqjkfkaj;a ke;’ nqÿiuh
úiska wm kshu jYfhka ljq±hs lshd ksjerÈ f,i;a WfmaCId
iy.;j;a wmg lshdfokq ,efí’ mqkre;a:dkhg m;afldg ksisfia
mú;% fldg .;al,ays f.!;u nqÿysñhkaf.a idOdrK oyu úiska
udkj brKu ljr wruqKlg fhduqúh hq;=±hs f,dalhg lshd
fokakg ;du;a bv we;af;ah’ fld<U úYAj úµd,fha iudc úµdj
ms<sn| fþHIaG lÓldpdßKs pdkaokS ,shkf.a uy;añh nqÿka
jykafia iy nqÿoyu .ek mjikafka fufiah’ nqÿka jykafia hkq
lreKdj ffu;%sh yd iudkd;au;djh jeks fYaIaG .=Kdx. j,ska
msßmqka W;aidyh yd ffO¾h ;=<ska ;u wruqK idOkh lr.;a
h:d¾:jd§ ØIaá fldaKhlska iudch ú.%y l< idudkH
mqoa.,fhls’ nqÿoyu hkq fN!;sl ÈhqKqfõ wka;hgu f.dia
w;Dma;slr wdYdjkaf.ka j,au;aù isák iudchg ueÿï ms<sfj;
yryd wdOHd;añl ÈhqKqj idOkh lr .ekSu ;=<ska ;Dma;su;a
ðú;hla .; lsÍug ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajhla imhk o¾Ykhls’ È,a,s
úYAj úµd,fha ixialD; NdIdj ms<sn| Ydia;%m;s Wmdêhla yodrK
f,k., isßksjdi ysñhka nqÿka jykafia olskafka Ndr;Sh WmksIoa
o¾Ykfha ^ {dK o¾Ykfha w.%M,h f,ih’ tfiau nqÿoyu hkq
 70

wkq.ukh l<hq;= oyula iy th wkq.ukh lrkakdg tÈfkod

m%;sM, ±lsh yels oyula nj o mjihs’ tfiau Ök foaYdgl
NSCIQjla jk yshqx ishx nqÿoyu .ek mjik fuu woyio b;d
jeo.;ah’ f,dalfha my<jq ish¨u uqksjrhkaf.a;a‛
.e,jqïldrhkaf.a;a‛ Ydia;Djrhkaf.a;a‛ O¾u ish,a, uekúka
mÍCIdlr n,k úg {dKjka;hskag f.dapr jk uyd ;d¾lslhkag
fkdì¢h yels tlu O¾uh nqoaO O¾uhhs’ foaYmd,kfha kshq;=
kdhlhskao nqÿoyfï w.h jgyd f.k isáhy’ c.;a Ydka;sh
iduh Wfoid bka .eìh yels w¾:ho jgyd f.k isáhy’
bkaoshdfõ ysgmq w.ue;sjrfhl= jk Y%S fkare;=uka nqÿoyu ms<sn|
;ukaf.a woyia m,lrkafka fï f,igh’ bfíu meK k.sk
wksjd¾h m%Yakhla kï nqÿysñhkaf.a fYA%IaG ixfoaYh wo f,djg
fldmuK .e,fmao hkakhs’ th wo f,djg .e,fmkafkao úh
yelshs’ fkd.e,fmkafkao úh yelshs’ tfia jqjo wms nqÿysñhka úiska
wkqokakd ,o m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lrkafkuq kï wmg wka;sfï§
f,dal iduh;a‛ c.;a Ydka;sh;a Èkd.; yelsfõ’ nqÿysñfhda wkuH
wd.ñl l%u,jg;a úúO idudðl u;j,g;a jvd fYA%IaGh’ nqÿka
jykafiaf.a ikd;ksl ixfoaYh ld,dka;rhla uq¿,af,a udkj jxYh
m%fudaohg m;alf<ah’ nqÿka jykafiaf.a idu mKsúvh ÿlska fmf<k
fodaukiaihg keUqrejQ udkj jxYhg wo hq.fha§ muK wjYH jQ
fjk wka iuhla w;S; b;sydifha fkd;snqfKa úh yelshs’ w¾nqo
wr., ffjrlï yd oreKqlï .yK fï f,dalfhys nqÿysñhkaf.a
ixfoaYh m%NdYajr iQ¾hfhla fia nenef<a’ c,lr fndaïn‛ mrudKq
fndaïn‛ ms<sn| hq.fha§ muK nqÿysñhkaf.a ixfoaYh f,djg
wjYHjk fjk wka hq.hla fkdue;s ;rïh’ nqÿysñhkaf.a
ixfoaYfhys Yla;sh ys i;Hdj wjqreÿ fooyia mkaishh f.ùhdu
ksid ;j ;j;a wêl jQjd muKs’ wms ta wurKsh ixfoaYh
isysm;afldg .Ksuq’ ta W.ekaù wkqj wmf.a woyia yd l%shdmámdáh
yev.iajd .ksuq’ tuksid wmg mrudKq hq.fha NSIKhg
WfmaCIdfjka uqyqKmE yels jkq we;’ tfukau iïud ÈÜÀh iy
iïud jdhduh ;rulg fyda ÈhqKq lrkakg;a wmg ta nqoaO
ixfoaYh bjy,ajkq we;’ È,a,s úYajúµd,fha bx.%Sis idys;Hh ms<sn|
Ydia;%fõ§ Wmdêhla yodrK Y%S ,dxlsl fn!oaO YsIHfhl= nqÿka
jykafia iy nqÿoyu .ek fufia i|yka lrhs’ nqÿka jykafia hkq
i¾j ld,Sk iEu iFjfhl=gu ys;iqj msKsi l%shdl< w.ñl
kdhlfhls’ Wkajykafia f,!lsl wjYH;d fkdi,ld iEu
;rd;srulu whg Woõ lf<a fj,dj fi!LHh ;;aFjh wdÈh
fkdi,ldh’ kuq;a Wkajykafia ,enQ m%Yxidj,g jvd ,enqKq kskaod
fkdi,ld yer ;u lghq;a; bgq lf<ah’ Wkajykafia bjiSu b;d
by<ska m%.=Kl< w;r tu bjiSfuka wka wh oukh l< wfhl=
f,io ye¢kaúh yelsh’ nqÿoyu hkq iudcfha iEu ;drd;srlu
mqoa.,fhl=g ;u isf;a meKkÕsk .eg¿jla ksrdlrKh lr
udkisl iqjhla ,nd.; yels o¾Ykhls’ fn!oaOhka hehs Wmamekak
 71

iy;slh muKla iSudjk fn!oaOhka fkdil,d yßk kuq;a

úu¾YkYS,S nqoaêhla we;s mqoa.,hka úiska ks;r ks;r mßYS,kh
lrK fY%aIG o¾Ykhls’ yqfola udkisl iqjh muKla fkdj ±kg
f,dalfha mekkÕsk .eg¿j,g iaÓridr úi÷ula fidhd.;yels
i¾j ld,Sk oyu nqÿoyuhs’ hqqfkiafld ixúOdkfha ysgmq wOHCI
fckrd,a wdpd¾h wufvdõ uy;d¾ tï’ nõ nqÿoyu .ek fufia
mjihs’ nqÿka jykfiaf.a i;H‛ wdorh‛ lreKdj‛ iy bjiSu ms<sn|
mKsúvh Y; j¾I .Kkdjlg fmr fukau wogo w.fkah’ th
oSma;sfhka §ma;shg m;ajk w;r ´kEu iudchlg ifydaorFjh
ms<sn| mKsúvh ,ndfokafkah’ wo ld,hg nqÿka jykafiaf.a
mKsúvh uÕska ffjrh wdorfhkao wdrjq,a iudodkfhkao‛
úreoaOFjhka iyfhda.fhkao uevmeje;aùug uÕmdodfokafkah’
bJÈhdfõ fn!oaO fkdjk ;reK YsIHfhl=f.a woyi kï nqÿka
jykafia hkq i;Hhs‛ wdorhhs’ wdYs¾jdohhs’ úYAjdihhs’ cSú;hhs’
tfiau Wka jykafia .ek wmg is;sho fkdye;s w;r Wka jykafia
foúfhl=o fkdfõ’‛ tu woyigu .e,fmk woyila bÈßm;a
lrkafka ol=Kq fldßhdkq fn!oaO NsCIqKShla jk fudacqh’ weh
ioZyka lrkafka “ uu‛ wms‛ .ia‛ je,a‛ ish,a,u nqÿka jykafia
njh’ wm is;k m;k ish,a,u Wka jykafia wruqKq lr we;af;ah’”
uydidx>sljd§ka nqÿka jykafia foajFjhg wdfrdamKh lr ±lajQy’
Tjqka nqÿka jykafia .ek orKQ ,enQfha fujeks woyils’ nqÿka
jykafiag idmsmdid fkdue;’ Wkajykafiaf.a YÍrfha l=Kq
fkdnef|A’ tfiau f,dalh flfrys wkqlïmdfjka ñksfil= jYfhka
fmkS isák fial’ tfy;a Wkajykafia ÈjHuh’ mßks¾jdkhg miq
ishjia ;=kla hk lD;sfhys wdpd¾h mdf;a.u {Kdrdu ysñhka
nqÿka jykafia .ek fufia i|yka lrwe;’ idudkH mqoa.,fhl=
fuka nqÿka jykafiao urKhg m;ajQ nj ±laùug mßks¾jdKfhka
miq Y%djlfhda leu;s fkdjQy’ foaj úYajdihkaf.ka nyq,j .sh
Ndr;fhys fn!oaOhkaf.a udkisl wjYH;djh imqrd .ekSug
Wml%uhla wjYH úh’ fï ksid miqld,Sk nqÿoyfuys nqÿka jykafia
ukQIHfhl= fkdj ieuod tlfia Ôj;ajk foúfhl=f.a ;;aFjhg
m;alrKq ,enQy’ ;%sldh ixl,amfha uq,a iajrEmh ms<sn|j l,amkd
ud;%hla fuu l,am woyi ;=< ±lsh yelsh’ foúfhl=g fkdj
;udg ;udj md,kh lr.; yels nj olajk nqÿoyu .ek
meiaflda,a mjikafka fï wdldrhgh’ ―ñksid fidNd oyfï w÷re
n,fõ.j,g jvd fYA%IaGhs’ ulaksidoh;a ñksid ta n,fõ. úiska
uäkq ,enQj;a Tyq ta n,fõ. f;areï .ekSu fya;= fldgf.k tajdg
jvd by<ska keÕS isák fyhsks’ tmuKla fkdfõ‛ nqÿiuh úiska
i;Hh Bg;a jvd wE;g f.khkq ,efí’ i;HdjfndaOh uÕska
ñksidg ish brKu md,kh fldg .;yels neõ nqÿiuh úiska
olajkq ,nk fyhsks’ ñksidg ta n,fõ. úiska ;uka uev,Su
kj;ajd,sh yelshs’ tajd i;= {dKhka ;ukaf.a W;a;Í;r nj
 72

,nd.ekSu i|yd Ndú;d l<yelsh’ nqÿoyu iy l¾u ixl,amh

ms<sn| fujeks woyila m%ldY lrkafka kqjr ud,s.dj wi, isák
hdplfhl= jk ueojÉÑfha isg meñKs tÉ’ ta’ mshodi uy;dh’
wms Èyd nqÿyduqÿrefjda n,kafka keye lsh,d ug ysf;kafka
tfyu;a keye wms lrmq l¾uj,g wmsu jkaÈ f.jkak ´k’ wms
fyd| jev lf,d;a fyd| wmg‛ krl jev lf,d;a tfla m%;sM,;a
wmg’ tfiau nqÿoyfï mru wNs,dIh f,dalhdf.a ÿlksùu nj
kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhka mjikafka fïf,ih’ nqÿoyu n,h fyda
,dNh m;df.k foiQ oyula fkdfõ’ n,h‛ ,dNh‛ hii‛ wd§
udrhka mdch fldg f,dalhdf.a ÿla.sks ksùu msKsi foiQ oyuls’
fjila isrsir iÕrdj 1986 wkqmqín mámod ,smsh nqÿoyu .ek
fïfia mjihs’ nqÿoyu hkq flfkl=f.a n,hlska ;j flfkl=f.a
ysi ;=< .s,aúh yels oyula fkdj hym;a ls%hd ud¾.hla ms<sn|
lÈu wkqYdikd mka;shl fy<s lsÍuls’ n%¾g%ka ri,a úúO wd.ñl
u;jdohka b;d ks¾oh f,i úsfõpkh l< w;r uq,a ld,Sk
nqÿiuh b;d by<ska j¾Kkd lr l;dlr we;’ Tyq i|yka lrK
wdldrhg b;sydifha tk ish¨ fY%aIAG wd.ï w;=frka ud b;du
leue;af;a nqÿiuhghs’ ud fjfiiskau leue;af;a nqÿiufhys wdÈ
iajrEmhghs’ ulaksidoh;a ysxidldÍ nj ms<sn|j wxY= ud;%hla fyda
fkdue;af;a tys neúks’ ls;= iufha m%Yak lsÍulska f;drj
ms<s.;hq;= uqLH Ñrka;k ØIaáhla jQ foúhka jykafia iy
iodld,sl;ajh m<sn| u;h úoHdj úiska ikd: fkdflfrhs’ fï
lreKq foflka tllaj;a nqoaOd.fï ke;s ksid wd.ulg tajd
wjYHhehs lsj fkdyelhs ri,a m%ldY lrK u;h nqÿiuh ms<sn|j
Tyq ±rE wdl,amh .ek jeo.;a fjhs’ ―Dogma‖ hk bx.%Sis jpkh
fuys§ jeo.;ah’ Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary fhys th
w¾: ksrEmkh lrkqfha fufiah’ ―Belief or set of belief put
forward by some authority, especially a church to be accepted
as a matter of faith. I.e. Ideas that are not expected to
question‖fï wkqj dogma jla úYajdifhka ms<s.; hq;=h’ weoysh
hq;=h’ ta .ek m%Yak lsÍu wlemh’ ta m,a,sfha kshuhh’
wúYAjdifhka f;drj ms<s.;hq;= m%Yak fkdl<hq;= dogmatic foa
wd.ug wkjYH nj oelaùug ri,a WodyrKhla jYfhka bÈßm;a
lrKqfha nqÿoyuh’ Bg fya;=j tjeks ;yxÑ nqÿoyfï fkdue;sùuh’
foúhka jykafiaf.a;a iodld,s;ajh;a m%;sfCIam lrK nqÿiuh
;yxÑ uÕska ne;su;=ka ne| ;nk dogmatic wd.ula fkdfõ’
nqÿiuh ;yxÑfhka f;drh’ o¾Ykhla yd Ôjk ud¾.hla jQ th
dogma fkdfõ’ ri,a úiska fldñhqksiaÜ jdoh ls;=iuhg iudk
lrKq ,en we;af;a fldñhqksiagjdoho dogma fyhsks’ tho m%Yak
lsÍug tfrysj ;yxÑ mekjQ O¾uhls’ nqÿiuh tjekakla fkdjk
nj ri,a m%;HCIj oek isáfhah’ Tyq nqÿoyu olskqfha wdpdr úµdj
u; mokï jQ wd.ula f,ih’ fldkamsHqishia iy nqÿka jykafia
 73

úiska we;s lrK ,oafoa uq¿uKskau jdf.a wdpdrúµd;aulj

b.ekaùu wvx.= wd.uls’ nqÿiuh o¾Ykhla yd Ôjk ud¾.hla
f,i jYfhka ie,lsh yelafla tksidh’ ta iuÕu Tyq nqÿoyu .ek
lshk ;j;a lreKla fjhs’ tkï foaj O¾uh yd ne÷Kq u;jdohkao
miqj nqÿiuh ;=< j¾Okh jQ nj ri,a lshhs’ th ysJÿ wd.fï
n,mEu ksid j¾Okh jQjls’ ysJÿ wd.fï;a nqoaOd.fï;a kscìu jQfha
bJÈhdjh’ jvd merKs wd.ujqfha ysJÿ wd.uh’ tksid tys n,mEu
miq ld,fha§ nqoaOd.ug tlaùu je,elaúh fkdyels úh’ tfy;a
tfia tlajQ foaj weoys,s yd j;a ms<fj;a msßisÿ nqÿiuhg wh;a
fkdjqjo ri,a nqÿiuhg tlajQ foaj weoys,s fkdßiaiq nj fmfka’
we;eï fn!oaO isoaOia:dkhkays nqÿf.hg jvd foajd,h jeo.;aj
we;snjla wo wmg olakg ,efnhs’ foaj ixl,amh tlajQ ;eku
wksjd¾fhkau wurKshFjh ms<sn| ixl,amh o tlafjhs’ ;ukag
olakg we;s iEu wd.ula ;=<gu ;ud úYajdi fkdlrK foaj
ixl,amh msúi we;s nj ÿgq ri,a wd.ï úfrdaêfhl= ùu mqÿuhla
fkdfõ’ ;ud wd.ula woykafka kï th nqoaOd.u úhhq;= nj
n¾g%kaâ ir,a njid we;’ ( Why I am not a Christian , By
Bertrand Russell) ^ud ls;=kqjl= fkdjQfha wehs@ fm%auisß udksxf.dv
mßj¾;kh& tfiau nqÿoyfï ld,du iQ;%h isys.kajñka fcdaka
fjda,g¾iao fufia ioZyka lrkafka nqÿoyfï oS we;s wd.ñl ksoyi
b;d by<ska w.h lrñks’ widOdrK f,i wka wd.ï .ryk
mqoa.,hdf.a l%shdj,sh nqÿka jykafia iudk lr we;af;a Wv
n,df.k wyig fl< .ik mqoa.,fhl=f.a ls%hdj,shgh’ fl<
.eiSfuka wyi ls<sá fkdfõ’ th wdmiq meñK ;u uqyqKu ls<sá
lrhs’ fndfyduhla W.;=ka ixikaokd;aulj wd.ï foi n,d w¾:
ú.%y lr we;’ È,a,s úYaj úµd,fha bx.%sis idys;H ms<sn| Ydia;%m;s
Wmdêh yodrK fn!oaO wOHhkh iïnJOfhka o Ydia;%m;s
Wmdêhla ,nd isák ksús;s., iqñ;a; ysñhka nqÿka jykafia iy
nqÿoyu .ek fufia m%ldY lrhs’ nqÿka jykafia .ek is;k úgu
iykh ms<sn| yeÕSula wm is; ;=< Wm§’ nqÿka jykafia wdorfha‛
lreKdfõ‛ {dKfha WmÍuhhs’ ÿla ú¢k iFjhdf.a ÿla ke;s
lsÍug Wkajykafia b;d msßisÿjQ O¾uhla foaYkd lrK ,È’
ñksfil= jQ Wkajykafia ft;sydisl mqoa.,fhl= jk w;r {dKfhka
w.;ekam;ah’ Wkajykafia úiska foaYs; O¾uh ñ, l< fkdyels
w;r iEu ld,hlgu jákafkah’ Wkajykafia iEu j¾.hlu fn§ï
j,g úreoaOj O¾uh foaYkd lr we;’ nqÿoyu hkq wd.ulg jvd
o¾Ykhls’ idudldó iyÔjkhlg uÕfy<s lrK nqÿoyu meyeÈ,s
f,i olajkafka ;ukaf.a msysgg ;ud muKla isák njh’ hï
wfhl= wd¾h ud¾.h wkq.ukh lrkafka kï tuÕska nqÿoyfuys
i|yka wjidk wruqK lrd hdyelsh’ th yqfola urKska miqj
we;s lr.kakd fohlao fkdjk w;r wka n,fõ. uÕskao ,eìh
 74

fkdyelsh’ m%dfhda.sl mqyqKqjg m%Odk ia:dkhla nqÿoyfuys ysñjk

w;r tfiau wJO úYajdihkg tys bvla fkdue;’
nqÿysñhka yd l%Sia;=ia jykafia kï .%F:h ,shQ ìfIdma f.da¾
nqÿoyu wka wd.ï j,g wNsfhda.hla nj mjihs’ fiiq ish¨
wd.ïj,g ;du;a wNsfhda.hla jkafka uklal,ams; wd§ ld,Sk
o¾Ykjdoh fkdj i;HjYfhkau jd¾;d.;ù ;sfnk nqÿiuhhs’
pd,aia à f.darïo foaj úYajdihka wjYH ke;s njo wm úiska wm
;=< isák fojshd nqÿoyu ;=<ska yªkd.; hq;=nj mjihs’ iuhjdo
ms<sn|j ireidr ud;dj jk .=ma; fmrÈ. f,dalh úiska nqÿiuh
Tiafia wmg i;Hh wkdjrKhla ,nd§ we;af;ah’ ulaksidoh;a
ñksiqkaf.a h:d;;ajh ms<sn| m;af,ys ;ekam;aj ;sfnk iqpß;jd§
fidaNdjka‛ mú;%;djhka nqÿiuh úiska meyeÈ<s lrKq ,nk fyhsks’
fïjd úN+;su;a n,fõ.njg WodlrjKq msKsi ñksidg ish yo
m;af,ys ;ekam;a foajFjh ñi wka foajFjhla wjYH ke;’ ñksidg
iaj Yla;sfhka keÕS isáh yelshs’ nqÿiuh ñksidg fomhska keÕS
isákakg WmldrS fõ’ tfukau nqÿiuh úiska ñksid ;=< wd;au
úYajdih;a‛ ffO¾h;a‛ cks; lrjkq ,efí’
kdro uyd ia:úrhka jykafiaf.a nqÿiuh ¨yqäka kï fmdf;ks’
kdro uyd ia:úrhka jykafiaf.a nqÿiuh hkq l=ulao fmdf;ys
i|yka lrkafka fn!oaOhd lsisfjl=f.a jyf,l= fkdjk njh’
fn!oaOfhla fmd;lg jy,a fkdfõ’ Tyq fiiq wfhl=go jy,a
fkdfõ’ fn!oaOfhl= ùfuka Tyq is;Sfï ksoyi lem lrkafka ke;’
Tyqg ish ksoyia Ñka;kh Ndú;d l<yel’ nqoaOFjh ,eîu i|yd
jqjo Tyqg ish m%{dj ÈhqKqfldg .; yelsh’ ulaksidoh;a yefudau
nqÿflfkl=ùfï jdikdj iys; fyhsks’ uydpd¾h tia’ rdOl%siaKka
f.!;u nqoaO kï fmdf;a i|yka lrkafka nqÿka jykafiaf.a
kHdhdKql+, nj wm is;a .KS’ wms nqÿysñhkaf.a foaYk lshjk úg
tajdfha ;¾ldKql+, nj .ek wms úYauhg m;ajkafkuq’
nqÿysñhkaf.a wd¾h ud¾.fhys m<uqjk mshjr kï iïud ÈÜÀhhs’
nqoaêu;a o¾Ykhlehs udkj ixy;shg ish brKu iy ish ffojh
±lSug yriaj mj;akd ul=¿±,a ish,a, bj;afldg §ug nqÿysñfhda
m%h;ak or;s’ fudyq yd iudk woyila m%ldY lrK uydpd¾h rdu
rkacka uql¾ð nqÿka jykafia fï wdldrfhka úia;r lrwe;’ nqÿka
jykafia Ôú;h yßhdldrj f.khdhq;= ud¾.h fmkajd§ we;s w;r
lreKdj wkqlïmdj udkj j¾.hdg ±laúh hq;= whqre wmg
W.kajd we;’ wkd.; mrïmrdj úiska nqÿoyu b;d wdorfhka
w.h lrK nj uf.a úYajdihhs’

fcdaka fjda,g¾ia isÿy;a fndai;dKkaf.a nqoaOFjh .ek fïfia

i|yka lrhs’ w;s Ⱦ> ld,hla ;siafia l< ù¾hho Tyqf.a wd;au
mr;Hd.h o Ndjkdjo ch .;af;ah’ t;=ud i;HdjfndaOh ,en
 75

iïud iïnqoaOJjhg m;ajQy’ wdf,dalh i|yd jQ Wkajykafiaf.a

wr.,h ksudúh’ wdpd¾h Èlafj, mshkkao ysñfhda nqÿka jykafia
.ek fufia lreKq olajd we;’ ― fn!oaOfhl=g nqÿrcdKka jykafia
yd iudk fyda Bg jvd is; .ek wjfndaOhla we;s flfkl= .ek
is;d .; fkdyelsh’ nqoaOJjh kï is; flf<ik O¾u f;areï
f.k Ndjkdj uÕska is; oshqKqfldg is; flf,iqkaf.ka ksoyia
fldg mru m%NdiajrFjh isf;ys iaÓr f,i we;slr .ekSuhs’
ms’cS’ .=Kisxy uy;df.a ksjk uÕ kqjK yd wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj
hk fmd;g m%ia;djkdjla mihk inr.uq m<df;a m%Odk
ix>kdhl ysñhka nqÿoyu .ek m%ldY lrkafka fï wdldrhgh’
;:d.;hka jykafia úiska foaYs; ffkhHdksl Y%S ioaO¾uh ;=<
mj;akd w;s úYsIG;ajh kï tys mj;akd idxØIaál;ajh yd
wld,slFjhhs’ wE; w;S;fha oUÈj mej;s iudc ;;a;ajho
ie,ls,a,g f.k O¾uh foaYkd lf<a ù kuq;a j¾;udk úµd;aul
fidhd .ekSï j,g mjd uÕ fmkajk kjH Ndjhla nqoaO O¾ufha
wvx.=j we;’ wdpd¾h j,afmd, rdyq, ysñhka m%ldY lrkafka
nqÿiuh w÷re wd.ula fkdjk njh’ nqÿiuh fodaukiaiodhs‛
ÿlauqiq miq;eú,a,g ;=vqfok w÷re .;s iys; ukig yd;amiskau
fjkiah ta .;s h:d;;ajdfndaOhg ndOdjls’ m%S;sh ima; iïfndaê
wx.hkaf.ka tlla nj fuys§ isysm;a lreKq jà’ ta y; ks¾jdKh
idCId;a lreKq msKsi jeäh hq;= .=Kdx.hkah’ fï woyi iuÕ
.e,fmk woyila olajk wdpd¾h óf.dv m[a[df,dal ysñhka
nqÿoyu iy mßirh wdOHd;au iqkaorFjh kï fmdf;ys fufia
ioZyka lr we;’ nqÿoyu ms<sn| meyeÈ,s yeoEÍula fkdl< we;eï
úpdrlhka l,amkd lrkafka nqÿoyu ñksidf.a fuf,dj Ôú;h
ika;=Iaáu;a fkdlrK yqfola mrf,dj .ek muKla l;d lrK
oyula jYfhka nqÿoyfuys .eíjk f,dalfhys h:d¾:h ms<sn|
o¾Ykh ienúkau m%{djg wruqKq jk .eUqre úµdjls’ thg m%úIag
úsh yelafla mshjfrka mshjrg is; ÈhqKq lsÍfuks’ fuu woyigu
.e,fmk wdldrfha ixl,amhla wkqrdOmqr NsCIq úYaj úoHd,fha
ufydamdOHh wdpd¾h f.dv.u ux., ysñfhdao m%ldY lr we;’
tkï nqÿiuh fmd;am;a mßYS,kfhka wjfndaO lr .ekSu;a
m%fhda.slFjfhka wjfndaO lr .ekSu;a w;r úYd, mr;rhla we;’
uydpd¾h ,CIó kriq nqÿiufha yrh kï .%J:fha § m%ldY
lrkafka nqÿiufha wúpdÍ u; ke;s njh’ nqÿiuh i;= úN+;sh kï
úuqla;sh i|yd iïfndaê {dKh wjYH nj olajd ,Suhs’ nqÿiufhys
m%{d YS, fol tlsfklska fjka l< fkdfya’ Wiia Ôú;fha moku
YS,hhs’ m%{dj yd wjfndaOh ksid ta Wiia Ôú;h i¾j iïmQ¾K
fõ’ mÜÉp iuqmamdoh ms<sn|j iïmQ¾K wjfndaOhlska f;drj
lsisfjl=g i;H jYfhka YS, iïmkak úhyels fkdfõ’ ta i|yd
m%{dj iy úo¾Ykdjo wjYHhs’ fuys,d nqÿiuh wka wd.ïj,g
jvd fjkiah’ talfoajjd§ wd.ï ish,a,u wdrïN jkafka hïlsis
wkuH úiajdi iuQyhla mokïfldgf.kh’ m%{dj ksid ta moku
 76

foord .sh úg ÿl wêl fõ’ tfy;a nqÿiuh wdrïN jkafka tjeks

wkuH úYajdi mokï fldg f.k fkdfõ’ nqÿiuh msysgd isákafka
h:d;;ajh keu;s m¾j;h u;h’ ta ksid th yeuúgu nqoaêh
ms<n| §ma;su;a wdf,dalhg uqyqK mdkafkah’ ì%;dkH cd;sl
od¾Ykslfhl= jk iS’ã’fn%daâ nqÿoyu .ek mjikafka fufiah’ ug
wka ish¨u wd.ï w;=frka is; weo.kafka nqÿoyug muKs’ th
nqoaêu;=kag o¾Ykhla jk w;r tfiau idudkH ck;djg cSjk
o¾Ykhla fõ’ tfiau fmdÿ yeÕSfuka .;al< ir, wd.uls’
bka§h o¾Ykh kï fmdf;ys wdpd¾h rdOdlDIAKka nqÿka jykafia
.ek fï wdldrhg j¾Kkdjla lr we;’ kshu jYfhka
lshkjdkï nqÿka jykafia wdpd¾h jrfhla fyj;a i;Hhg
uÕfmkajkafkl= muKs’ Wkajykafia ÈjHuh flfkl= fyda woaN+;
flfkl= fkdfj;s’ fndaêh wjfndaO lr.;a wfkla uqKsjrhkag
jvd Wkajykafia úfYAI fj;s’ Wkajykafia úuqla;sfha i;H
fidh.;a;d muKla fkdj tajd f,dalhg foaYkd l<o fyhsks’

wdpd¾h fjda¾v¾ nqÿka jykafia .ek fufia i|yka lr we;’ woyia

wdkqNúl f,i if;HCIKh lrK fuka nqÿka jykafia úiskau
wjOdrKh lr ;snqKs’ Wka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï l%uh jQ l,S úIh
f.dapr ixisoaë iajNdúl kshuhka yd tlaj mej;Sfï m%;sM,hls’

vekaud¾lays fldmkafy.ka k.rfha úiQ wdpd¾h úkaikaÜ fmdnia

fnda,a uy;d m%ldY lrkafka hï muKla ÿrg nqÿka jykafia .ek
kqjKska i,lïo t;rï ÿrg Wkajykafia flf¾ f.!rjdorh ud ;=<
my< fõ’ bhka fl%daIag mjikafka nqoqoyu iduldó ksoyia
cSú;hlg uÕ fmkajk ksid nqÿoyug ;ud m%sh lrK njh’
c¾uka cd;sl fmda,a vdfla mä;=ud mjikafka nqoaOd.u jkdys
we;a; W.kajk O¾u ialJOlhla njh’ fnx.d,fha ysgmq
wdKavqldr frdk,aâfia idñ mjikafka nqoaOd.fï W.kajd we;s
m%;sm;a;s O¾uh w.h ke;s mqyq ñ;Hdjla fkdjk njh’ nqoaOd.fï
i|yka rkan÷ uy;a w.h we;s wysxid O¾uh‛ lreKd .=Kh wo
wmg Wjukdh’ wefvd,aguia foaj.e;s;=ud ioZyka lrK wdldrhg
iajNdj O¾uhg wkql+,j ,eìh yels .=K O¾u l%uh ms<sn| wka
wd.ï j,g jvd msßisÿ f,i nqoaOd.fï YsCId kS;s ix.%yfha lreKq
i|yka fõ’ lemagka iS’ tï’ tkarslaia uy;df.a nqÿoyu ms<sn|
woyi kï f,dj iEu wd.ï w;=frkau fï Nhxldr wjia:dfõ§
wfma is;a i;ka ikid,sh yelsjQo u;= we;sjk ish¨ fmr<sïj,g
ikaiqkaj uqyqK mEug Wmldr ùfuys b;d iu¾:jQo wd.u kï
nqoaOd.uhs’ vâ,s rhsÜ uy;d mjikafka Ñ;a; n,h jvjd .ekaug
we;s fyd|u O¾uh nqÿoyu njhs’ wm wo ld,fha Ñ;a; n,h .ek
fkdfhl=;a l:d wikafkuq’ is; kshu f,i mqyqKq lrK iïmQ¾K
jq ieleiaula nqoaO O¾uh i;=j mj;S’ ngysr f,aLlfhl= mjikafka
nqÿoyu Ôjk ieleiaula u; msysg jQ oyula njh’ nqÿiuh hkq
 77

Èúfmfj;ska Wiiau m%;sM, ,o yels wdldrfhka cSj;aùu ms<sn|

ie,eiauls’ th nqoaêh yd m%{dj ms<sn|j wd.uls’ th wjfndaOhg
yd ±kqug uq,a;ek fok m%{dj ms<sn| wd.uls’ nqÿysñhka O¾uh
foaYkd lf<a mqoa.,hska ish wd.ug yrjd.Kq msKsi fkdj
O¾uhg ijka fokakkag h:d;;ajh wjfndaO lrùugh’ uydpd¾h
Ô’ mS’ u,,fialr uy;d mjikafka n,fhka wd.ug n|jd .ekSu
nqÿiufhys iajNdjh fkdjk njh’ wlue;s msßila u; woyia
Woyia yd úYajdi n,fhka megùula fkdue;’ ljr wdldrhl
n,lsÍula fyda wdhdpkd weúá,s wdÈh Ndú;d lsÍfuka fyda wkqka
;ukaf.a u;hg yrjd .ekSu nqÿiufhys iajNdjh fkdfõ’ n,fhka
ñksiqka ish wd.ug n|jd .kakd msKsi fn!oaO O¾u ¥;fhda lsis
lf,l fiiq wd.ï yd ;rÕ fkdl<y’ uydpd¾h ,CIó kriq
nqÿiufha yrh kï .%J:fhys§ m%ldY lrkafka wd.ï Wu;=fjka
f;dr tlu wd.u jYfhka ie,lsh yelafla nqÿiuh muKS’
nqÿiufha yrh kï wd;au úcfhka wdOHd;añl úma,jhl fhfok
mqoa.,hska ìyslsÍuhs’ ta ksid ish wd.ug ñksiqka yrjd .ekSu
msKsi nqÿiuh ñ, uqo,a yd fmd<Ujd,Sï fyda n,h fyda Ndú;d
lrkafka fkdfõ’ nqÿysñfhda úuqla;s ud¾.h fmkajQ fial’ ta uÕ
.uka .eksug ;SrKh lsÍu tla tla mqoa.,hdg wh;a ld¾hls’
uydpd¾h ßia fâúâf.a woyi kï nqÿiuh ms<sn| Y;j¾I
.Kkl È.= b;sydih uq¿,af,a fn!oaO Nla;slhska úiska fiiq
wd.ula woyk whg ;dvk mSvk muqKqjd¨ wjia:djla .ek lsisÿ
jd¾;djla we;s njla uu fkdoksñ’ fjila isßir iÕrdj 1986
udhdfjka i;Hhg hk ,smsfhys nqÿka jykafia .ek fufia i|ykaj
we;’ ck;dj iuÕ yeisfrñka Tjqkaf.a wej;=ï mej;=ï yd
Ñ;a;dpdrhka ±k wjjdo wkqYdikd lrñka wjreÿ y;,sia myla
uq¿,af,a mrdKqlïmdfjka lghq;= l< tlo Ydia;Djrfhla ñysmsg
isáfha ke;’
nqÿka jykafia iy nqÿoyu .ek tan%yï lma,kaf.a The new world
of Philosophy hk fmdf;ys fufia lreKQ rdYshla olajd we;’
nqÿka jykafiaf.a O¾ufhys foaj úYajdi fkdue;s w;r tu o¾Ykh
iajNdj O¾uhgo wkql+,h’ foaj ks¾udKjdoh m%;sfCIAm lrK
w;r iod wurKSh wd;auhla .eko tys i|yka fkdfõ’ Wkajykafia
ukqIHfhl= jQ w;r .e,jqïldrfhl=j;a‛ wjidk foaj úksYaphla
,ndfok O¾uhl=;a W.kajd fkdue;’ he§ï wdÈh nqÿoyug tlÕ
fkdjk w;r nqÿka jykafia ms<sn| ish¨ f;dr;=reo iajNdúl tajd
jk w;r ÈjHuh jQ lsisjla tys fkdue;’ tfiau ukqIHhdg fï
f,dlfha iEu fohla lsÍfï yelshdj n,h we;s w;r ta i|yd foaj
n,hla wjYH ke;’ ñksidf.a fuf,dj úuqla;sh Tyq úiskau w;a
lr .;hq;=h’ fï wdldrhg b;d iajdëk O¾uhla nqÿka jykafia
foaYkd l<fial’
 78

uydpd¾h t,shÜ -nqÿiuh iy ysJÿ iuh hk .%J:fhys i|yka

lrkafka foúfhl=f.ka f;drj úuqla;sh ,eìh yels njls’ f,dal
b;sydifha m%:u jrg nqÿysñhka úiska foaYkd lrK ,oafoa ;udf.a
úuqla;sh ;udgu ,nd.; yels njhs’ tfukau fuu Ôú; ld,fha§
tu úuqla;sh ,nd .;yels njo nqÿysñhka foiQy’ ta i|yd
foúfhl=f.a fyda foúhkaf.a msysg wkjYH njo nqÿysñhka foiQy’
wd;au úYajih‛ mßY=oaêh‛ iS,h‛ m%{dj‛ iduh‛ yd ffu;%sh ms<sn|
oyu Wkajykafia m%n, f,i W.ekajQy’ nqoaêh yd m%{dj w;HdjYH
nj Wkjykafia ±ä f,i lshd isáhy’ ulaksidoh;a m%{dfjka
f;drj fï Ôú; ld,h ;=<§ úo¾Ykh ,nd .; fkdyels fyhsks’
uydpd¾h nmÜ o ;udf.a wjqreÿ 2500 nqÿoyu kï fmdf;ys
i|yka lrkafka fn!oaO b;sydifha tlu msgqjlaj;a nqÿoyu m%pdrh
i|yd f,hska keyejQ tfiau .skafkka úkdi jQ whqrla olakg ke;’
nqÿoyfï i|yka jkafka tlu lvqjla .ekh’ tkï m%{dj keu;s
lvqjhs’ tfiau tlu i;=frlao isà’ tkï wúµdj keu;s i;=rdh’
tÉ ð fj,aia mjikafka f,dalfha fï;dla ðj;a jq fY%aIaGu mqoa.,hd
w;r nqÿka jykafiag m%uqL ia:dkhla ysñjk nj mjihs’
fld<U úYaj úµd,fha fN!;sl úµdj ms<sn| fþHIaG lÒldpd¾h
wdpd¾h pkaok chr;ak uy;d nqÿoyu .ek fufia njihs’ nqÿoyu
jkdys mqoa.,hd ìh iys; jQ fuf;r isg ìh rys; jQ fCIAu N+ñh
lrd tf;r lrjk myqrla n÷ oyulehs nqÿyq jod<y’ nqÿoyfuys
b.ekafjk wd¾h ud¾.h jkdys ñksia is; ls<sá ldrlhkaf.ka
uqojd mú;Fjh lrd fhduq fldg thska tfia msú;=re jQ ksoyia
uki wdOHd;au iqkaorFjh lrd fhduq lrjk úYsIaG o¾Ykhls’
mdkÿf¾ w.ue;s nd,sld mdief,a 8 jifrys bf.kqu ,nk u,aldo
jdia .=Kj¾Ok YsIHdj nqÿoyu .ek fufia ,shd we;’ fuf,dj
Wm; ,enQ iEu flfkl=f.au Ôú;h urKfhka wjidk fõ’ Wiia
ukila we;s ñksidf.a Ôú;h id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd wd.ula
wjYHh’ fn!oaO jQ wm nqÿ mshdKka jykafia wkq.ukh lruq’ tu
oyu ms<smÈuq’ f;rejka úIfhys wp, Y%oaOdjla we;sj m[ap YS,h
wdrCId lr .ekSfuka wfma Ôú;h yev .iajd .ksuq’ l=vd ld,fha
isgu tjeks Èúhlg yev .efiuq’ tjeks flfkl=f.ka lsis ojil
iudchg lsisÿ ysßyerhla fkdfõ’ ;ukago fuf,dj mrf,dj
foflysu iq.;shla jk w;r iudchgo m%fhdackj;a mqrjeisfhl=
jkq we;’
bkaÈhdfõ ìyd¾ m%dka;fha nqoaO.hdj wi< ysÕuka hÈk
hdplfhl= l=,a§ma iska.a nqÿka jykafia .ek fufia m%ldY lrwe;’
nqÿka jykafia hkq ljqre±hs ug f;areï .; fkdyelsh’ t;=ud fï
f,dalfha W;=ïu foúhdh’ ulaksidoh;a wjqreÿ oyia .Kklg fmr
ìyd¾j, bmso Ôj;a jqjo ;du;a Wkajykafiaf.a kug .re lrñka
.hdjg úúO rgj, isg meñfKk fkdfhla ne;su;=ka ksidh’
 79

bkaÈhdfõ nqÿka jykafia Ôj;ajQ m%foaYj, ixpdrl jHdmdrh lrK

u;+¾ m%ldY lrkafka nqÿka jykafiaf.a wdYAp¾hu;a ku mokï
lrf.k f,dalfha fndfyduhlau wdodhï ud¾.o újD;ù we;s njh’
uykqjr iqux., úµd,fha 7 jir bf.kqu ,nk .hdka chfialr
nqÿka jykafia .ek fufia m%ldY lrhs’ nqÿyduqÿrefjda ±lSu ug
mqÿu i;=gla‛ udihlg ojila fmdfydaÈk mxi,g f.dia nqÿka
jykafiag je| mqod meñKSu ug fukau uf.a mjqf,a ish¨u fokdg
i;=g fukau iuÕsho we;s lrjhs’
uykqjr uyudhd úµd,fha 12 jir bf.kqu ,nk luKs ufyaIsld
fufia nqÿoyu .ek j¾Kkd lrwe;’ nqÿoyu wd.ula jYfhka
±lsh fkdyelsh’ th wmf.a Ôú;h id¾:l lr .ekSug fhdod .;
yels Ôjk ud¾.hls’ tÈfkod Ôú;fha m%Yak kshu f,i úi|d
.ekSug nqÿoyu ;du;a Wmfhda.S lr fkd.ekSu wm ldf.a;a
wjdikdjls’
wkqrdOmqrfha isg oUÈj jkaokdfõ meñKs lsßueKsfla Wmdisld
ud;dj nqÿka jykafia .ek fufia lSjdh’ nqÿka jykafia fï
f,dalfha W;=ïu wd.ñl kdhlhdh’ tfiau Wkajykafia ,xldjg
fyda bkaÈhdjg iSud fkdjqk flfkls’ ,xldfõ ks¾u, nqÿoyu
wdrCIdù ;sîu ,dxlsl wmg wdvïnrhg ldrKhls’
ud;f,a .=Kj¾Ok nxvd Wmdil uy;d mjikafka nqÿoyu Wmka
rfÜ úkdYù .sho th ljodj;a fkdkefik njh’ f,dalfha
fld;ekl fyda tys we;s n,h ksid wdrCId ù mj;sk njh’

;,amdú, ika;sJøsh ysñhka nqÿka jykafia wd.ñl kdhlfhlao@‛

hk ud;Dldj hgf;a m¾fhaIKhla lrñka b;d jeo.;a woyia
rdYshla bÈßm;a lr we;’ ta .ek wmf.a wjOdkh fhduqlrñka
nqÿka jykafia hkq ljqo iy nqÿoyu hkq l=ula±hs ukdj
y÷kd.ekSug wjYH jgmsgdjla ,ndfohs’ ta ta hq.j,§ ;;ald,Sk
wd.dñl n,mEu wdY%fhka iy iudc wd¾Ól fjkiaùu;a iuÕ
úúO mqomQcd ms<sfj;a .d:d iaf;da;% ks¾udKh fjñka nqÿka
jykafia jgd wd.ñl ixia:djla yd wd.ñl kdhlFjhla
f.dvkeÕS we;s whqre ft;sydisl wOHhkh j,ska ikd:fõ’ ±ka
fuys WÉp wjia:dj f,i ie,lsh yelsh’ ;:d.;hka jykafia
wd.ñl kdhlfhla njg m;afldg wjidkh’ ±ka isÿj we;af;a
Wkajykafia fl!;=l jia;=jla ùuh’ fï yriqka wd.ñl
ixia:djlg yiqù Wkajykafia wfma Ôú; j,g wdf,dalhla lr.;
fkdyels wdldrfhka .=ma; wmg ,xùug wmyiq wd.ñl njkï
ÿrlg f.kf.dia we;’ tfyhska ñksiqka is;kafka ;u
Ydia;Djrhdg iómùug fkdj Wkajykafiag mqomQcd mj;ajd ;u
wf|dakd m%ldYfldg heÈh hq;= f,isks’ ±ka isÿj ;sfnkafka fï
he§uhs’ fï i|yd úúO jHdmdr iudc .;ù we;’ fï jHdmdr
j,ska Wkajykafiag muKla fkdj Wkajykafiaf.a uEKShkag;a
jkaokdudk he§ï wdÈh lsÍug mgkaf.k we;’ fuh wúµdj
 80

jemsÍuls’ wúµdj jmqrk ;ek nqÿoyu l%shd;aul fkdfõ’

isysnqoaêfhka m%{dj;a iS,h;a l%shd;aul jk ;=re nqÿiiqk
wdrCIdjk w;r mqomQcd jHdmdr wdÈfhka nqÿka jykafia wfmka
wE;aù nqÿiiqk wl%sh jkq we;’ wo isÿj we;af;a fmrlS wdldrfha
ld,amksl u;jdo yd mqomQcd jHdmdr fya;=fjka nqÿka jykafia
ñksiqkaf.ka wE;ajQ wd.ñl kdhlfhlaùu yd Wkajykafia iïud
iïnqoaO miqìfuka wE;aj Wkajykafia ksrEmKhùuhs’ tfiau tu
fmdf;ys ;j;a ;ekl fufia i|ykaj we;’ ;:d.; O¾u úkh yqÿ
ØIAÀuh f.dvkeÕSula fyda wmf.a ukig ;j;a w¨;a ixl,amhla
we;=,a lrùula fkdfõ’ wmf.a wúµdj m%;Hfhka yd wmsßisÿ yeÕSï
fya;=fjka jerÈ ØIAÀ fya;=fjka jegfkdfyk ikd;k i;Hh fj;
wjOdkh fhduqlsÍu yd ta ms<sn| uki wjÈ lsÍu mqnqÿ lsÍu
;:d.;hka jykafia úiska isÿlrK ,È’ tu fmdf;ys wjik
iudf,dapkfha§ fï woyila olajñka nqÿka jykafiaf.a pß;h foi
n,k f,i W.kajhs’ Wkajykafia wmg mru ñ;=frla fia msysg jk
fial’ ish¨úg Wkajykafiaf.a Ôú;h foi n,kak’ túg Tfí kshu
Ôú;h;a th hdhq;= Èidj;a Tng ±k.; yelsjkq we;’
Wkajykafiaf.a wÕkd mKsúvhg wjÈjQ ukfika isysfhka ijka
fokak’ lE.yk Tfí mqxÑ uki ksyv lrkak’ Tn foi n,kak’
W;=ï ;:d.; jpkh thg mqreÿ lrkak’ Tng úYajdijka;
msysgla ;j;a fkdue;’

nqÿka jykafia .ek nqÿoyu .ek nqÿka jykafiau úiska m%ldY

lrK ,o ks¾jpkhkq;a tfiau tu ld,fha isá ry;ka jykafia,d
úiska lrK ,o m%ldY;a tfiau tl, .sys ck;dj l< m%ldY;a
;%smsglh lshjk úg fidhd .; yels w;r thska úfYAIs; jQ
m%ldYk iuQyhla fuys§ f.k yer olajd we;’ wo m%dfhda.sl
f,dalfha nqÿoyug ysñ ;ek l=ulao iy úúOdldr mqoa.hka úiska
nqÿoyu iy nqÿka jykafia .ek ±lajQ ;u ;ukaf.a wjxl woyia
.eko wfma wjOdkh fhduq lr we;af;uq’ uE; ld,fha lrK ,o
m¾fhaIKhka fndfyduhl nqoqoyu ms<sn| W.;=kaf.a ks¾jpkhka
wmg lshùug bv m%ia:dj ,eî we;’ kuq;a fuys§ iudcfha my<
kQ.;a idudðlhskaf.a woyia lsisfjl=f.a ie,ls,a,g yiqfkdù we;’
iuyr úg iïu; ñKqï ovqj,g wkqj kQ.;a hehs mjik
mqoa.,hkaf.a woyiao fuys§ i|yka lr ;nkafka fuu fmd;
lshjk Tng wjidk ks.ukhlg meóKSugh’ ðú;fha lsisu
ojil fmd;la fkdlshjQ‛ mdie,a fkd.sh‛ foudmshka mjd ke;s‛
ia:sr ksjykla ke;s hdplhka o fuysoS woyia olajd we;’ ta iEu
woyilau ;u ;uka nqÿka jykafia ixcdkkh lr.kakd whqre
úoyd olajd we;’ mqxÑ orejkao ;ukag yefÕk wdldrhg nqÿka
jykafia .ek úia;r lr we;’ úfYAIfhkau ,xldfõ mxi,aj,
m%Odk fmdah oskj, oiis,a‛ wgis,a iudokajk Wmdil‛
Wmdisldjka Y%oaOdj Nla;sh ysi uqÿfkys ;ndf.k nqÿka jykafia
 81

.ek lreKQ olajd we;’ fuu m¾fhaIKfhys is;a.kakdu fldgi

f,i ug yefÕkafka fuu mßÉfþohh’ fï ish¨u lreKQ lshjd
wjidk ks.ukhlg meñKSg wjYH kï th fuu fmd; lshjk
Tnf.a ld¾hhls’
jdßhfmd, iquKfcda;s ysñhka nqÿka jykafia iy nqÿoyu .ek
fufia mjid we;’ uQ,sl jYfhka .;al, nqÿiuh hkq fjoluls’
mrud¾:h jQ úiÿula jYfhka i,lk T!IOhla ks¾foaY lrK
yeáhg y÷kajd we;s tlu wd.u th jkafkah’ úYajuh fn!oaO
iïm%odh ;=< nqÿka jykafia y÷kajd we;af;a ldhsl yd udkisl
frda. ms<sn| fYa%aIaG;u ffjµjrhd f,ih’ ulaksido h;a ish¨
frda.j, Wm; jk iir ÿlg Wkajykafia T!IO kshu lrK
ksidh’

wjidk jYfhka tâjâ’ fldkafia ;udf.a nqÿiuh kï .%J:fhys

fufia ,shd we;’ nqÿka jykafia njÿlg fjodkka flfkl= jeksh’
ffjµjrfhla úúO jHdêj, ksOdkh ±k isáh hq;=h’ tfukau tAjd
Ndú;d l< hq;= wdldrh o ±k isáh hq;= fjhs’ ta khskau
nqÿysñfhda p;=rd¾h i;Hh foaYkd l<y’ ÿl‛ ÿl bm§fï fya;=j‛
ÿlaL ksfrdaOh‛ iy ÿlaL ksfrdaOh i|yd hdhq;= uÕ;a nqÿka
jykafia fmkajd ÿka fial’

mdol igyka-
 82

01’ w’ks’ I ld,du iQ;%h msg 188-197

02’ Lq’ks’ Oïumoh 165
03’ Lq’ks’ Oïumoh ud¾. j¾.h
04’ w;a;§md úyr:‛ w;a; irKd wk[a[ irKd
05’ b;sjq;a;l ksmd;h
06’ oS’ks’ II uydmßksíndk iQ;%h’ msg 125
07’ u’ks’ w,.oa¥m iQ;%h
08’ Lq’ks’ Oïumoh 160
09’ ji, iQ;%h
10’ Lq’ks’ f:rs .d:d
11’ w’ks’ føaK iQ;%h
12 §’ks’ II uydmßksíndk iQ;%h msg 128
13’ u’ks’ I pQ, iÉpl iQ;%h ‘ nq’ c’ uq’ msg 559
14. u’ks’ II ix.drj iQ;%h ‘ nq’ c’ uq’ msg 758
15’ u’ks’ II fia, iQ;%h ‘ nq’ c’ uq’ msg 606
16’ u’ks’ II n%yaudhq iQ;%h ‘ nq’ c’ uq’ msg 586
17’ u’ks’ II iqN iQ;%h ‘ nq’ c’ uq’ msg 586
18’ u’ks’ II Wmd,s iQ;%h ‘ nq’ c’ uq’ msg 80
19’ u’ks’ II Oïu fÉ;sh iQ;%h ‘ nq’ c’ uq’ msg 554-556
20’ §’ks’ I fidaKoKav iQ;%h msg 222
21’ iq’ks’ iNsh iQ;%h msg 164’
22’ §’ks’ I fmdÜGmdo iQ;%h nq’c’uq’ msg 388
 83

“p,kh jk rEmhlg isys kqjK fol fhduq lrf.k bkakd

fhda.sjprhd yg ta fi<fjk foh wfklla nj;a‛ rEm fi<fjk
jdrhla mdid tajd fukfys lrk is;a fjk fjku we;s jk nj;a‛
p,khka ksid tajd fufkys lrk is;a we;s jk nj;a‛ iEu p,khlau
tlfKysu ke;s jk nj;a‛ p,kh fufkys l< is;;a ke;s jk nj;a
p,kh jk rEm;a tajd ksid Wmokd is;=;a yer‛ uuh ii;aFjhdh‛
mqoa.,hdhd‛ wd;auhh lshd ta kdu rEm w;r lsisjla ke;s nj;a‛ bmso
bmso ì¢ ì£ hk ta kdu rEm-wd;au fkdjk nj;a wuq;=fjka fkdis;du
fmfkkakg jkafkah’’’’’
-i;smÜGdk Ndjkd l%uh-f¾reldfka pkaoúu, ysñ’

iq<Õg yiqù fldähla ief<kq ÿgq ñksiqka fofofkl= jdohl

meg,S isáfhah’ “ iq<Õ ;uhs we;a;gu fi<fjkafka” tla wfhl= lshd
isáfhah’
“ kE iq<Õ fkdfõ‛ fi<fjkafka fldähhs” wfkld lshd isáfhah’
fï wi,ska .ukla hñka isá fika we÷re;=fula fofokdf.a jdoh
kj;d “ iq<Õj;a‛ fldähj;a fi<fjkafka kE’ fi<fjkafka Tn,df.a
ukihs’ lshd t;ekska msgj .sfhah’
-fika l:djla-

is;
Mind
Wiiz jQ ukila we;s ksid ñksid hkak ukqIHh j¾.hdg ,eî
we;s kduhls’ “ukiai Wiaikak;a;d;s ukqiaid” hkqfjka th olajd
we;’ is; ms<sno ldg;a ms<s.; yels‛ fmkaúh yels ks¾jpkhla
 84

§ug kùk úµd{hka’ ufkdaúµdhska iu;a ù ke;’ nqÿka jykafia

is; ms<sno jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlrñka ta .ek §¾> f,i lreKq
olajd we;’ ufkdaúµd;aul jákdlulska hq;= wNsO¾ufha§ olajd
we;af;ao isf;ys úúOdldr jQ m%fNaohkah’ Ñ;a; hkafkka woyia
lrkafka is;hs’ ú[a[dK, ufkda hkqÿ is;g kïh’^hxp fLd
NsCLfj jqÉp;s Ñ;a;x b;sms ufkd, b;sms ú[a[dKx& tfiau
;s%msglfha is; hkakg § we;s jpk .ek fuys§ úuid ne,sh
yelsh’ Ñ;a;‛ uk‛ ú[a[dK‛ uki‛ iy yoh hkd§ jpkhkah’
is; hkq is;Sfuka ì§ wd jpkhls’ uk iy uki ñksid hkafkka
ìÈ wdjls’ ú[a[dK hkak oekSu hkafkka ì§ wdjls’ yoh hkq
yDoh jia;=jhs’ yDoh jia;=j is; mj;sk wdikhhs’^1& Oïumofha
Ñ;a; j¾.ho‛ ;s%msglfha úúO ;eka j,o is; .ek úia;rd;aul
f;dr;=re olajd we;’
ls%ia;= mQ¾j 6 fjks Y;j¾Ih hkq f,dalfha iEu rglu mdfya
od¾Yksl jYfhka wjêjq hq.hla f,i ±laúh yel’ idu[a[M,
iQ;%h olajk wdldrhg^2& Ndr;fha 62la jQ o¾Ykhka tl, ;snqK
w;r IÜ Ydia;DDka kïjQ ms<s.;a od¾Ykslhska yh fofkla o isá
nj ioykah’ Bg wu;rj is; ÈhqKq lr.;a OHdk j,g meñKs
.=rejre isánjg wd,dr ld,du‛ Woaolrdumq;a; wd§ wh idCIS
orKq we;’
is; b;du ixlS¾K w;r th hym;a f,i oshqKq lr.ekSu ;=<ska
,nd.; yels m%;sM, úYd,h’ ñksid fu;rï ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKqjg
m;aj we;af;ao is; ÈhqKq lr.ekSu ;=<h’ is; úiska fï f,dalh
fufyhjkq ,nk w;r yd;amiskau woskq ,nk nj;a is; hk tlu
O¾uhg ish,a,u ji.Zj mj;akd nj;a nqÿka jykafia foaYkd
l<fial’ ^3& tfiau is; ish,a,gu fmrgq fldg isà’ fYa%IG fldg
isà’ wmsßisÿ is;ska hula lrhs kï fyda lshhs kï th lr;a;h
msgqmi tk frdaoh f,i ;ud msgqmi tknj olajd we;’ ^4& tfiau
hfula msßisÿ is;ska hula lrhs kï fyda lshhs kï tys m%;sM, o
;ud w;afkdyer hk fijke,a, fia ;ud msgqmi ths’ ^5& is;
ksrka;rfhka fjkialï j,g Ndckh jkakls’ ^6& tfiau is;
i|yd Èhyels .e,fmk Wmudjla fkdue;s ;rïh’^7&
is; hkq b;du ixlS¾K jia;=jls’ th fydo w;g j¾Okh lr
.ekSfuka fyd| m%;sM,;a krl w;g fhduq lsÍfuka krl m%;sM,;a
,nd.; yels nj Oïumofha olajd we;s w;r tjeksu woyila
wx.=;a;r ksldfha tall ksmd;fha § fufia olajd we;’
“uyfKks‛ Ndjkd jYfhka fkdjvkd,o‛ oukh fkdlrK,o‛
ÈhqKq fkdlrK,o‛ wk¾:h úkdih i,ik is; jeks fjk;a
lsisjla uu fkdolsñ’ tfiau Ndjkd jYfhka jeãfuka‛ oukh
lsÍfuka oshqKq lsÍfuka uy;ajQ jev i,ik oshqKqj Wmok is; jeks
fjk;a lsisjla o uu fkdlshñ’ fláfhkau lshf;d;a jeä ÈhqKq
fkdlsÍfuka úYd,;u ydks isÿjk tlu oyu fukau jeä ÈhqKq
lsÍfuka uy;au jev isÿjk Wiiau m%;sM, ,efnk oyu o is;hs’
 85

ÈhqKqjg fukau msßySug o ÿlg fukau iemgo is; m%Odku fjhs’

^8& mqoa.,fhl=g ;ud leu;s b,lalhla lrd hdyelsh’ tfiau
<.dúh yelsnjo nqÿka jykafia olajd we;’ ^9& tfiau iEu
ñksfil=gu ffiajÍj lghq;= lsÍug ksoyila ;sfnk w;r tfia
lsisÿ nJOkhlg yiq fkdùu ;=<ska ;ud wfmaCId lrK b,lalh
lrd hdug wjYH ish¨ Yla;sh ´kEu ñsksfil=g ;sfnk njo
Wkajykafia jeäÿrg;a olajd we;’ tfiau ´kEu flfkl=f.a is;
m%Ndiajrh’ ndysßka meñfKkakdjq flf,ia j,ska th wmú;%jk nj
olajd we;’^10& wm tÈfkod Ôú;fha § is;g fndfyda úg jiÕ ù
lghq;= lrK w;r nqÿka jykafia mjikafka is; ;udg jiÕ
lr.; hq;= njls’ ^11& .oaÿ, noaO iQ;%fha§ nqÿka jykafia is;
ls¿gqjk wdldrh fufia olajd we;’ “uyfKks‛ fuu is; b;du;a
§¾> ld,hla uq¿,af,au ls¿gq njg m;ajQfha fjhs’ ta rd.‛ fodai‛
fuday hk wl=i,hkaf.ks‛’^12& rd.‛ fodai‛ fuday hk ;=ka
wl=i,hka ksid is; b;du ls¿gq njg m;afõ’
rd.h hkq we,Su‛ r;sh‛ f,daNh‛ ;Kaydj‛ fm%auh‛ wd,h wdÈhhs’
rd.h nqrnqrd kefÕk .skakla n÷h’ fuu rd.h ksid ñksiqka
;sßika .;s we;a;jqka l< yelsh’ tu ksid hym;a ñksfil= ùug
kï fï rd.fhka f;drúh hq;=h’
oafõIho tfiau jk w;r “kJÓ fodi ifudl,s” hkqfjka olajd
we;af;a oafõIh yd ;j;a wmrdOhla fkdue;s njh’ fkdfhla
wmrdO lrñka ysrf.j,aj, ,.skafka;a udkisl f,i wd;;shg
m;aù ÿlaùug isÿjkafkao uQ,slju oafõIh ksidh’
fudayh ksid flfkl=g fyd| krl hkq l=ula ±hs yÿkd.;
fkdyels jk w;r tu.ska fkdfhla ls%hd isÿlrñka ÿlaú¢k w;r
wÿfrka t<shg meñKSug fkdyelsj ÿlaúÈñka isà’ nqÿka jykafia
foaYkd l< wdldrhg fkdoshqKq is; fyd¢ka fiú,s fkdl< f.hla
yd iudkh’^13& fyd¢ka fiú,s fkdl< f.h jeisÈfhka f;ó
f.ìu uv f.dfydrejla jk w;r we;=,; we;s ish,a,o f;ó
úkdijk w;r tys jdih lrkakka f,v ÿla wdÈhg f.dÿrejk
w;r fydÈka oshqKq fkdlrK ,o is;o tayd iudkh’ fkdfhla
wmrdO j,g ÿisß;aj,g uQ,sl jkafka flf,ia Nß; múgq is;hs’
fï ksid nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lf<a is; /l.ekSu ;=<ska fndfyda
iem wmg ,nd.;yels njh’^14& kuq;a isf;a iajNdjh ixlS¾K
w;r tys ksYaÑ; meje;aula ke;’ iq<.ska fi<fjk mrvZ,d m;la
fuka is;o úúO wruqKq lrd fudfyd;ska fudfyd;g .uka lrhs’
^15& tfiau ixlSrK jQ is; b;d ÿr .uka lrK w;r fudfyd;ska
fudfyd; ndysr f,dlfha úúO wdrïuKhka ldrd .uka lrhs’
tfiau is;g YÍrhla fkdue;sh’^16& isf;ys pxp, Ndjh .ek fok
,o ksoiqkao b;d yrj;ah’ tkï Èfhka f.dv.;a ud¨jd ief,kafka
hïfiao tfiau is;o úúO ud;Dldjka Tiafia úúO me;s lrd .uka
lrhs’^17& jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka l=uk wdldrhlska fyda is; oukh
lr .ekSuhs’ tuÕska wms m%dfhda.sl f,dalfha§ n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk
 86

b,lal lrdo .uka lsÍug myiq jkafkah’ is; oukh Ndjkdj

uÕskao isÿjk w;r th uy;a jQ iem úmdl ,ndfok nj nqÿka
jykafia olajd we;’ Ñ;a;x .=;a;x iqLdjyx‛ Ñ;a;iai ouf:d idOq‛
Ñ;a;x oka;x iqLdjyx‛ ukid ixjfrd idOq‛ wd§ m%ldY j,ska
olajkafkao isf;ys md,kh b;d jeo.;a njh’ is; oshqKjg m;alr
fkdf.k wjqreÿ iShla Ôj;a jqjo tuÕska M,hla ke;s w;r is;
tlÕ lr .;a ;ek;a;df.a tl ojil Ôj;a ùuo W;=ï nj nqÿka
jykafia m%ldY lr we;’^18& tfiau W.;a isyskqjKska fyì
mqoa.,hd ukdj ;u is; md,kh lrf.k ;u wruqK lrd .uka
lrK wdldrh fufia olajd we;’ Èhf.k hkakd ;uka leu;s
;eklg Èhf.k hkakdla fukao‛ B;, ;kkakd ;uka leu;s f,i
BovZq kukkdla fukao‛ jvqjd ;uka leu;s f,i ,S ovZq kukakdla
fukao mKaä;hd is; oukh lr .kshs’^19& úfYaIfhka isf;ys
wdl+, jHdl+, nj ksid udkisl f,vj,g o f.dÿrejk nj
ufkdaúµdhskaf.a ms<s.ekSu fõ’ is; md,kh lr.ekSu myiq
ldrKhla fkdjk nj m%dfhda.slj ´kEu flfkl=g w;a±lsh yels
fohls’ Ndjkdj ;=<skao isÿlrkafkao isf;ys j¾Okhhs’ tys jeãuhs’
“Ñ;a;x Ndfj;s Ndjkd” hkafkka wmg meyeÈ,s lrkafka o thhs’
i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha§ isysh jvk l%u 4la olajd we;’^20&
ldhdkqmiaikdj‛ fjokdkqmiaikdj‛ Ñ;a;dkqmiaikdj‛
Oïudkqmiaikdj hkqhs’ i;sh hkq isyshhs’ mÜGdk hkq msysgqjd
.ekSuhs’ is; iqÿiq wruqKl msysgqjd .ekSu i;smÜGdkh f,i
olajd we;’ is; j¾Okh yd Ndjkd wdYs%; O¾u lreKq rdYshla
we;’ i;a;sia fndaê mdCIsl O¾u‛ ima; fndþCOx.‛ wd¾h wIaGdx.sl
ud¾.h hkdÈh bka m%Odkh’ iudê iïfndþCOx.h hkq isf;ys
we;s Ñ;a; tald.%;djhhs’ isf;ys tald.%;djh f,dj jik iEu
flfkl=gu wjYHh’
nqÿka jykafiaf.a O¾uh kqjKe;a;ka i|ydh’ nqoaêu;a fkdjk úg
wJOfj;s’ {dKjka; iaj,am fofkla wks;Hh ols;a’ Tjqyq ±f,ka
ñ§ hk jgqfjl= mßÈ iq.;shg msúfi;s’^21& hym;a iodpdr
iïmkak iudchlg ldhsl yd udkisl fi!LHh iïmkak nj
w;HdjYHh’ tfiau ldhsl ksfrda.su;a njg udkisl ;;aFjho
n,mdkq we;’ ufkdaúµ{dhska lrk ,o m¾fhaIK j,ska fy,s
jkafka udkisl wd;;sh ksid tÈfkË lghq;= j,o miqnEula we;s
njh’ tfiau l¾udka; Yd,dj,g fkdmeñKSu ksid isÿjk mdvqjo
ldhslj meñK isáho udkislj t;k fkdisàu ksid isÿjk
wK;=reo ojiska oji jeä jkafkah’ taksid hym;a ksfrda.su;a
iudchlg kï lhska‛ jpkfhka‛ ukiska isys kqjKska lghq;=
lsÍu b;d jeo.;ah’ tla wjia:djl nqÿka jykafia rdyq, ysñhkag
fufia foaYkd lrwe;’ “rdyq,fhks‛ msßlai msßlaid lhska lghq;=
l< hq;=h‛ msßlai msßlaid jpkfhka lghq;= l< hq;=h‛ msßlai
msßlaid ukiska lghq;= l< hq;=h”^22& is; hkqfjka yeÈkafjkafka
 87

wruqKq ±kSfï Yla;shgh’ rEm ±lSu‛ Yío weiSu‛ .| ±kSu‛ ri

±kSu‛ iam¾Y ±kSu‛ jeks fkdfhla foa is;Su ±kSu ish,a, we;sjkafka
Ñ;a; Yla;sfhks’ tys ,CIKh ±kSuhs’ ^23& is; kï jQ ú[a[dK
Od;=fjka f;dr jQ YÍrh lsisjla fkdokakdjq hdï- Bï lEï-îï‛
lsis l%shdjla fkdlrkakdjQ u< lols’ YÍrh mia f.dvla yeáhg
fkdfmkS ukqIHfhl= yeáhg fmfkkafka is; Bg iïnJOj ls%hd
lrK neúks’ ^24&
iS,h nqÿoyfï uQ,slu wx.hla f,i olajd we;’ tys§ lh‛ jpkh‛
uki ixjr lr .ekSu b;d jeo.;a iy uQ,slu wx.hla fõ’
iudÔh Ôú;fha§o th b;d jeo.;a jk w;r ;udf.a wruqKq lrd
.uka lsÍug o th uQ,l wä;d,ula jkq we;’ fï bJo%shka ;=k
ixjr lr .;a ;ek;a;dg nqÿka jykafia foaYkd l< ksjka iqj
,nd .ekSug Yla;sh ,efnkafkah’ ^25& bJøshka ixjr lr
.ekSfuka is; ch .ekSu Wiiau ch.%yKh jkafkah’ hqoaOhl§ oi
oyia .Kka urd rcHhka k;=lr .;a;o th kshu ch.%yKh
fkdfõ’ bJÈhdfõ rcl< wfYdal rc;=ud l%s’mQ’268 § ld,sx. rdcHh
igfka§ ,CI ;=kla ckhd ureuqjg m;aùfuka ,;a fYdalh m%ldY
lrk fi,a ,sms fcvd‛ fvd,s hk ;ekaj, msysgqúh’ Ñ;a; oukfhka
f;dr mqoa.,hd kshu ch.%dylfhl= fkdfõ’ hqoaOhl§ ñksiqka
oyiska oyila Èkqjo ;u wd;auh ÈkSu thg jvd Wiiah’ Tyq fiiq
Èkqï lrejkag jvd Wiiau jkafkah’ ^26& tfiau uþCêu ksldfha
oka;N+ñ iQ;%h úia;r lrK wdldrhg is; oukh myiq ld¾hla
fkdfõ’ l%u l%ufhka w¨;a wfhl=g w¨;a hula mqreÿ lrkakdla
l%uj;aj nqoaêu;a f,i is; oukh lsÍuo mqreÿ mqyqKq l<hq;=h’
^27& fï i|yd ir< WËyrK folla f:ar.d:d iy f:aß.d:d j,ska
,ndÈh yelsh’ f:ar.d:dj, tk úð;fiak ysñhkaf.a l:dfjka
meyeÈ,sjkafka oCI we;af.dõfjl= jkfhka wef;l= w,a,df.k l%u
l%ufhka ys,E lrkafkao‛ oukh lrkafkao‛ tfiau ;u is;o oukh
lr.;anj m%S;sfhka m%ldYlr we;’^28& f:aß.d:d j, tk mgdpdrd
f;rKshf.a l:dfjkao meyeÈ,s jkafka wNsfhda.d;aul f,i is;
oukh lr.;a njh’ mgdpdrdj Ôú;fha ú¢hhq;= ish¨ ÿla
lrorj,g uqyqK§ udkisl miqnEulg ,laj isá ldka;djls’ weho
f:ß.d:dj, § b;d m%S;sfhka m%ldY lrkakfka oCI wYajhka mqyqKq
lrkafkl=g ys,EfkdjQ wYajfhl= ys,E lrkakg yelskï ñksidg
;u is; oukh lr.; fkdyelafla uka±hs is;ñka myk w;ska
f.k wdikfhys jdäù myk ksjoa§u ish¨u flf,ia oukh ù
CIh jQ nj b;d mS%;sfhka úia;r lr we;’^29& fkd±uqKq is; l=¨
yrfll=g yd iudkh’ l=¨ yrld le,fhka w,a,d f.k tkúg
b;d ierh’ kmqreh’ fkdikaiqkah’ W! ys,E lr .ekSug kï iúh
we;s È. lUhlska oïje,lska neÈh hq;=h’ ±.,Sug we;s ksoyi
áflka ál wvq lrñka Èfkka Èk lUh fldg l<hq;=h’ lEu
wvql< hq;=h’ túg ÿ¾j, jk W! ±.,Su wvqfldg ks;r je;sr isà’
túg áflka ál ,kaj we. w;.d iudchg ìh wvqfldg ;udg
 88

jqjukd f,i ys,E lr.;yelsh’ ^30& fï f,dalfhys ukqIH f;u

oukh lghq;= jiafil= fuka gefUys n¢kafkao tmßoafokau iajlSh
Ñ;a;h iAuD;s ^i;s& keu;s wruqfKys ±äfldg n¢kafkah’ ^31&
oukh fkdl< is; fkdfhl=;a wruqKq Tiafia ÿjhs’ th /l .ekSu
ÿIalrh’ Èùu je,elaùug kï f;dard.;a wruqKl È.gu is; ne|
;eìh hq;=hs’ ^ 32& is; oukh lsÍfuka fndafyda m%fhdack ,nd .;
yels nj my; ioyka Oïumofhys Ñ;a; j¾.fhys fuf,i olajd
we;’ ‚ ks.%yhg ÿIalr jQ jyd we;sj ke;s jkakdjQ leu;s ;ekl
^wruqKl& jefgkakdjQ is; oukh lsÍu hym;ah’ ±uQ is; iqj
f.k foa’ ^33& is; ksrka;rfhkau /l .;hq;=h’ nqoaêu;d ±laug
wudre jQ b;d ishqï jQ leu;s ;ekl wruqKl jefgkakdjq is;
rlafkah’ rlakd ,o is; iqj f.kfoa’ ^34& tfiau fidfrla ;j;a
fidfrl=g hula lrkafkao‛ ffjr ldrfhla ;j;a ffjrldrfhl=g
hula lrkafkao fkdukdj fh¥ is; ñksid thg;a jeä mdmsfhl=
lrkafkah’ ^35& foudmshka wmg isák wdrCIlhskah’ kuq;a uj
fyda mshd ta hym; fkdlr;s’ wfkl=;a kEoEfhdao fkdlr;s’ ukdj
fh¥ is; ñksidg thg;a jeä hym;la lrkafkah ^36& is;
¥IKhùu ksid ñksidg úúOdldr jQ m%Yak j,g uqyqK§ug isÿfõ’
isf;ys we;sjk msßisÿnj ksjk jYfhka ie,lsh yelsh’ ixhq;a;
ksldfha ksíndk iQ;%hg wkqj ñ§u hkq udkisl ksoyils’
weje;aks‛ hï rd. ÿr,Sula fodaI ÿr,Sula‛ fudayh ÿr,Sula fõkï
ksjk hehs lshkq ,fí’ ^37& ia;%S rEmh fuka mqreIhdf.a is;
yd;amiska uevf.k isák wkH jQ O¾uhla uu fkdolsñ’ ^38& .sys
l, ùKd jdolfhl=j isg miq l, meúÈ jQ fidaK f;reka iuÕ
nqÿka jykafia isÿl, idlÉPdjla fidaK iQ;%fhys we;’ ùKdfõ
;;a yiqrejk wdldrhg is; oukh l,hq;= nj tys§ nqÿka jykfia
fidaK f;rekag meyeÈ,s lr § ;sfí’ ^39& tfiau hïfia m¾j;
uqÿkl isá whl=g yd;ami meyeÈ,sj fmfkao tfiau fmdl=Kl
bjqf¾ isá whl=g msßisÿ Èh ;=< isákakdjQ uiqka ila fn,a,ka
ismams fn,a,ka ukdj fmfkkafkah’ thg fya;=j Èh ú, msßisÿ jQ
úg fkdle<ö m%ikak ùuh’ fufia is;o m%ikak jQ l,ayS flf,ia
wx.k rys; jQ l,ayS wdY%jhka CIh lsÍu ms<sn| {dKh msKsi
is; kuhs’ ^40& fjila yv iÕrdjg wF:ls,u:dkqfhda.fha we;s
;fmdajdo ,l=Kq iy fn!oaO úuqla;s ud¾.fha we;s ufkdaúµd ,CIK
keue;s ,smsh ,shk wdpd¾h uyskao ix>rCÅ; ysñfhda isf;ys we;s
ixlS¾K nj;a th jeãu l<hq;af;a flfia±hs fufia ú.%y lrhs’
wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud¾.h keu;s wx. wg is;;=< j¾Okh l<hq;=h’
fuu wx. wg l¾ukHh njg ml;al< hq;af;a is; ;=<h’ is;
l¾ukH njg m;ajkafka fuu wx. wg Ndú; lsÍfuks’ “Ñ;a;x
NsCLfõ Ndú;x lïukShx fyd;s” “ uyfKks‛ jvk ,o is;
l¾uKH njg m;afõ’ tf,iska Nú;d jQ is; uy;ajQ w¾:h msKsi
^ksjk msKsi& mj;sk nj olajhs’ “Ñ;a;x NsCLfj Ndú;x uyf;d
 89

wF:dh ixj;a;;s” wNsO¾u ú.%yhg wkqj fidaNk ffp;isl O¾u

hgf;a ud¾.dka. ú.%yù we;’ ud¾.dx. wg úr;s wmamudo i[a[d
hk ffp;isl O¾u Tiafia is; ;=< j¾Okh l<hq;= wx. f,ig
úia;r l<yelsh’ fuu wx. wgu isf;a m%;súreoaO O¾u;d f,iu
j¾Okh jk rd.‛ fodI‛ fuday keu;s wl=I, ffp;islhka hgm;a
lsÍug;a ke;slsÍug;a wdOdrfõ’ is; f,!lslFjfhka ksoyia fldg
ud¾.dx. wg is; ;=< md;=¾N+; l<hq;=h’ iïud ÈÜÀ wxYfha
mgkau iïud iudê wxYh f;la jQ ishÆu wx. is; ;=< l¾uKH
njg m;al<hq;= wx. iuQyhla nj f;areï .;hq;=j we;’^41&
mKAä; jeysfyafka m[a[df,dal ysñhka is; ms<sn| wOHhkh lr
my; i|yka ks.ukhkag meñK we;’
 m%lD;sh uq,aùfuka yg.;a mod¾:hla nj ixLHd o¾Ykfha
úia;r fjhs’
 ks;H jQ iQCIu jQ mod¾:hla nj kHdh o¾Ykfhys i|yka
fjhs’ kHdhslfhda ú[a[dKh wd;auh fia .ks;s’
 wNHka;ßl bkaøsh mod¾:hla nj fõodka; u;fhys i|yka
fjhs’
 N+;hkaf.ka we;sjk ;;ajhla nj fN!;sljd§yq mji;s’
 ud;D ms;D fofokdf.a Ôj Od;= ixfhda.fhka Ñ;a;h we;sjk
nj we;eï od¾Ykslhkaf.a u;hhs’
 Ñ;a;h fya;= m%;Hfhka my< jk wks;H‛ ÿlaL‛ wkd;au
,CIKhkf.ka hq;a O¾uhla nj fn!oaO o¾Ykfhys meyeÈ,s
lr we;’ ^42&
ñksia uki wl¾ukHNdjhg m;a lrK wiykhg m;a lrK
úúOdldr jQ O¾u lreKq rdYshla ;s%msglghys olajd we;’ thska
wdij O¾u‛ oi ixfhdack O¾u‛ Ñ;af;damlaf,aY O¾u‛ mxp kSjrK
O¾u b;d jeo.;ah’
is; ksr;=reju wiykhg yd fkdikaiqka njg m;a lrK ksid
wdij^43& f,i olajk lreKQ y;rla we;’ tkï ldudij‛ Njdij‛
ÈÜGdij‛ wúþcdij hkqfjks’
wdidj ±ä f,i we;slu ksid isf;ys we;sjkakdjQ wiykldÍ
iajrEmh fmkakqï lrK lreKq oyhla oi ixfhdack O¾u^44&
f,i oelaúh yel’ tkï‛
 ilaldhÈÜÀ - wd;auhla we; hk yeÕSu
 úÑlsÉPd - ielh
 iS,ín; mrdudi - wd.ñl woyiaj,g .e;sjS isàu
 lduÉPkao - mxpldu iïm;a;sh ms<sn| ±ä we,Su
 jHdmdo - ;ryj fyda fldamh
 rEmrd. - rEmdjpdr f,dalj, bm§fï we;s n,j;a leue;a;
 wrEmrd. - wrEmdjpdr f,dalj, bm§fï we;s n,j;a
leue;a;
 90

 udk - udkh
 WoaOÉP - Wv.=nj
 wú–cd - wúµdj
ñksia is; wiykhg m;alrK‛ yeisÍfï rgdjka úlD;snjg
m;alrK oyihla jQ O¾uo^45& is; ms<sn| wOHhkfhys§ b;d
jeo.;ah’
tajd kï -
 wNs–COd - ±ä leue;a;
 jHdmdo - ;ry
 Wmkdy - ffjrh
 ulaL - .=Kul= lu
 m,i - ;ud .=Kj;a hehs is;Su
 biaid - B¾Idj
 uÉPßh - f,daNlu
 udhd - /jàu
 idfGhH - lmálu
 :ïfNd - ;o.;sh
 udk - udkh
 w;sudk - w;sudkh
 ufod - fNaohkaf.ka u;aùu
 mudfoda - wdidjka ksid m%udoùu
 fldfOd - fl%daO iys;nj
 idrïfNd - wkqkag fmkSug ta whg jvd jev lsÍu
mxp kSjrK O¾uo^46& is;g h:diajrEmh ±lSug bv fkd;nhs’
tu ksid tajd kSjrK O¾u f,i kïlr we;’ tjd .Kkska myls’
tkï lduÉPkao‛ jHdmdo‛ ÒkñoaO‛ WoaOÉp‛ úÑlsÉPd hkqhs’
yEfmd,.u isßiquk ysñhka úiska rÑ; nqÿrÿkaf.a b.ekaùfï l%u
Ys,am hk fmdf;ys is; .ek fufia olajd we;’
f,dalfha úµudk b;du;a wisßu;a jQ ks¾udKh;s ñksia is;’kQ;k
ufkdaúµd{hska‛ od¾Ykslhska‛úoaj;=ka fukau fmr wmr foÈ.
fndafyda wd.ï fï u;h tAlu;slj ms<s.Ks’ úfYaIfhka f,dalfha
my< jQ fndafyda w.ï w;r nqÿoyu ñksia isf;a mj;sk
h:diAjrEmh h:d¾:fhkau m%lg l< tlu wd.u f,i ie,fla’
^47&
wNsO¾u msGlfhys is; m%Odk fldgia y;rlg fnË olajd we;’
tkï ldudjpr‛ rEmdjpr‛ wrEmdjpr‛ f,dfld;a;r hkqhs’ tfiau
tys is;a ixLHd f,aLK jYfhka 89 we;s nj olajd we;’ ;j;a
l%uhlska is;a ixLHdj 121ls’ tfiau is; yd fjka l< fkdyels
jk fia taldnoaOj mj;akd Ñ;a; .;s ffp;isl kñka yÿkajkq
 91

,efí’ tajd .Kkska 52ls’ ^fuh fjkuu idlÉPd l< hq;=

ixlS¾K ud;Dldjls’& uþCëu ksldfha jF:Qmu iQ;%h‛
pQ,a,yJÓmfodamu iQ;%h‛ i;smÜGdk iQ;%h‛ iíndij iQ;%h‛ oka;N+ñ
iQ;%h‛ ixhq;a; ksldfha w;a;rCÅ; iQ;%h‛ .oaÿ, noaO iQ;%h‛
wx.=;a;r ksldfha ksífíê; iQ;%h‛ hkd§ iQ;%o fï iïnFOfhka ;j
ÿrg;a úia;r lrKq ,efí’
ñksia isf;ys iajNdjh ms<sn|j óf.dv m[a[df,da; ysñhka fufia
mjihs’
ñksia isf;ys yg.kakd lduh jkdys ñksia is; my;a njg weo
fy<k mdmS O¾uhls’ is; ksYaldó njg mßj¾;kh jQ úg ls<sá
flf,ia oyï neyerù msú;=re Èh;a;la fuka ks¾u, njg m;afõ’
tn÷ is; jyd iqkaorFjfhka mßmQ¾Knjg m;afõ’ nqÿoyfuys
b.ekafjk is; jeãfuys ms<sfj; fï i|yd mqoa.,hdg uÕ i,id
fohs’ jevQ is; msú;=reh’ fid÷reh’ th lsisfjl fkdwef,a’
fkdnef|a’ ^48& nqÿka jykafia fï wdldrhg o foaykd lf<a ;ud
.ek fiú,af,ka isák f,i;a ;udf.a is; fyd¢ka /ln,d .;hq;=
nj;a olajñkah’ ^w;a;dkx .fjfihHd:- iÑ;a; ukqrCL:&
tuksid ;udf.a is; ne,Sug f;areï .ekSug wksjd¾fhkau iq¿
ld,hla j;a fjkalr .;hq;=h’ th ;udf.a hym;g fya;=jk
lghq;a;ls’ ^w;a;kdp w;a;dkx mÉpfjlaÅ;ínx& Ndjkd hkqo
wkqkaf.a is; ne,Sug fjfyiùu fkdj ;ukaf.a is; ne,Sug
fjfyiùuhs’ ;udf.a is; we;s ieáfhka ±lSuhs’ is;la iudê.;jQ
;rug hd:d¾:h f;areï .ekSu myiqh’ iudêh jvõ’ iudê .;jQ
is; we;s foa we;s ieáfhka olshs hkq nqoaO foaYkdjhs’^iudêx
Ndfõ:‛ iudys;;a;d h:dN+;x mcdkd;s& tfiau ;u is; uekúka
y÷kd.;a tys iqkaorFjh jgyd.;a mqoa.,fhda jik jkh mjd
ruKSh njg m;ajkafka hehs nqÿka jykafia úiska foaYkd fldg
we;’^49&
is; b;du jeo.;a jk w;r idudkH f,dal jHjydrfha§ mjikafka
“is; .sh ;ek ud<s.dj” f,ih’ tkï is; tl wruqKl ;nd
.kafka kï wksjd¾fhkau ;ud wfmaCId lrK b,lalhka lrd
,Õdúh yel’ tuksid nqÿoyu mjik wdldrhg fï f,dalfha wm
wfmaCId lrK foa ,eîug;a mrf,dj iq.;s.dó úug;a is; msßisÿ
lrf.k lghq;= lsÍu b;d jeo.;ah’

mdol igyka -
1’Gnanarama.P., Essentials of Buddhism Published. by Author,
Singapore p-114
2’ oS> ksldh idu[a[M, iQ;%h
 92

3’ “Ñ;a;f;k kSh;s f,dfld-Ñ;af;d mßliai;s

Ñ;a;iai tl Oïuiai iífíj jijkaj.=‛
ix’ks’ I msgqj 39
4 “ufkd mqínx. ud Oïud
ufkd fiÜGd ufkduhd
ukid fp mÿÜfGk
Ndi;s jd lfrd;s jd
;f;dkx ÿCLuxfj;s
plalxj jyf;d mox”
Oïumoh hul j¾.h 1 jk .d:dj nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl
.%J:ud,d ,xldKavqj uÕska m%ldYs;hs’ 1960
5’ ufkd mqínx. ud Oïud
ufkd fiÜGd ufkduhd
ukidf p mikafkk
Ndi;s jd lfrd;s jd
;f;dkx iqL uxfj;s
Pdhdj wKmdhsks ‛
Oïumoh hul j¾.h 2 jk .d:dj -fm-
6’ ,yqmßj;a;x Ñ;a;x;s‛ wx.=;a;r ksldh I 18 msgqj
7’ Wmudms niqlrd tu
8’ wx.=;a;r ksldfha tall ksmd;h nq’c’;%s’.%’ud’
9’ u’ks’ ixlsremam;a;s iQ;%h 256-262 msgqj nq’c’;%s’.%’ud’
10. “mNiairñox NslaLfj ;xp fld wd.ka;=flys Wmls,siai;s” w’ks’
I 18 nq’c’;%s’.%’ud’ 1960
11’ ‚Ñ;a;x jdix j;a;;s k Ñ;a;iai jfik j;a;;s‛ u’ks’ 214
msgqj nq’c’;%s’.%’ud’ 1960
12’‚ oS>r;af;dj NslaLfj‛ bux Ñ;a;x ixls,sÜGd rdf.k‛ fodfik‛
fudfyk‛ i’ks’ LJO j.a.h nq’c’;%s’.%’ud’ 1960 msgqj 15
13 ―h:d w.drx ÿÉPkakx-jqÜÀ iu;s úþc;s
tjx wNdú;x Ñ;a;x rdf.d iu;s úþc;s‛
Oïumoh hul j¾.h 13 jk .d:dj
14’ “Ñ;a;x rlafL: fuOdú
Ñ;a;x .=;a;x iqLdjyx”
Oïumoh Ñ;a; j¾.h 4 jk .d:dj
15’ “MJokx pm,x Ñ;a;x - ÿrlaLx ÿkaksjdrhx‛
Oïumoh Ñ;a; j¾.h 1 jk .d:dj
16 “¥rx.ux tlprx-wiÍrx .=ydihx” Oïumoh Ñ;a; j¾.h 5
jk .d:dj
17’ “jdßfcdaj ;f,a Å;af;d-Tlfudl; Wínf;da”
Oïumoh Ñ;a; j¾.h 2 jk .d:dj
18’“fhd fj jiaii;x Ôfj
 93

ÿmam[af[da iqiudysf;d
tldyx Ôú;x fihafhda
m[a[djka;iai Codhsfkd‛
Oïumoh iyiai j¾.h 12 jk .d:dj
19’ “Wolx ys khka;s fk;a;sl
Wiqldrd kuhka;s f;ckd
Odreka kuhka;s ;Épld
w;a;kx ouhka;s mKaä;d”
Oïumoh mKaä; j¾.h 5 jk .d:dj
20’ u’ks’ i;smÜGdk iQ;%h 88 msgqj
21’ “wJO N+f;d whx f,dfl
;kqflF: úcdk;s
il=kaf;d cd, uqkaf;dj
wmafmd i.a.dh .ÉP;s’”
Oïumoh f,dal j¾.h 8 jk .d:dj
22’ “tj fuj fLd rdyq, mÉpfjlaÅJjd‛ ldfhk lïux ld;ínx‛
mÉpfjlaÅJjd jdpdh lïux ld;ínx mÉpfjlaÅJjd ukidh
lïux ld;ínx‛ wïn,ÜÀl rdyqf,djdo iQ;%h u’ks’
23’ nqoaO pß;h ‘ wdpd¾h tâjâ’ fc’f;dauia msgqj 260
24’ úo¾Ykd Ndjkd l%uh f¾reldfka pJoúu, udysñ’ msgqj 98

25 “jdpdkqrCÇ ukid iqixjqf;d

ldfhkp wl=i,x k lhsrd
tf; ;fhd lïumf; úfidOfh
wrdOfh u.a.x bismamfjÈ;x”
Oïumoh ud¾. j¾.h 9 jk .d:dj
26’ fhd iyiaix iyiafiak
ix.dfu udkqfi ðfk
tlxp fcHh w;a;dkx
ifp ix.du cq;a;fud
Oïumoh iyiai j.a. 4 jk .d:dj
27’ oka;N+ñ iQ;%h’ u’ks’ III 310 msgqj
28’ “T,f.iaidñ f; Ñ;a;- wKsoajdfr yFÒkx
k;x mdfm ksfhdfchH- lducd, iÍrc”
f:r.d:d nq’c’uq’ 32 msgqj
29’ “;f;d Ñ;a;x iudfOisx-wiaix Nøfjckshx
;f;d §mx .fyJjdk úydrx msúisx wyx
fihH Tf,dlhsJjdk u[apïys Wmdúisx
;f;d iQÑx .fyJjdk jÜáxTliaiyduyx
m§miafia ksíndkx úylafLd wyq fp;fid;s’”
f:ß.d:d nq’c’uq’ 113 mqgqj
 94

30 wdkdmdk i;sh uäfya m[a[diSy kdysñ msgqj 4

31 uyd i;smÜGdk úia;rd¾: j¾Kkdj yerñá., êrdkkao
kdysñ’ msgqj 44
32 Ndjkd iÕrdj 1956 msgqj 1 isßioyï jevqu uydIs
Ihdfvda ksysñ
33 ÿkaks.a.yiai ,yqfkda- hJ:ldu ksmd;sfkd
Ñ;a;iai ouf:d idOq- Ñ;a;x oka;x ÿLdjyx
Oïumoh Ñ;a; j.a.h 3 .d:dj
34 iqoiaix iqksmqKx- hJ: ldu ksmd;skx
Ñ;a;x rlafÄ: fïOdù - Ñ;a;x .=;a;x iqLdjyx
Oïumoh Ñ;a; j.a.h 4 .d:dj
35 Èfid Èix hx ;x lhsrd- fõß jd mk fõÍkx
ÑÉPdmKsys;x Ñ;a;x -mdmsfhd kx ;f;d lfr
Oïumoh Ñ;a; j.a.h 10 .d:dj
36 k;x ud;d ms;d lhsrd- w[af[ jd msp [d;ld
iïud mKs ys;x Ñ;a;x- fiHfid kx ;f;d lfr
Oïumoh Ñ;a; j.a.h 11 .d:dj
37 i'ks’ ksíndk iQ;%h
38 wx.=;a;r ksldh tall ksmd;h nq’c’;%s’ .%’ u’
39 w’ks’ fidaK iQ;%h nq’c’uq’ IV msgqj 152
40 §’kd’ I idu[a[M, iQ;%h msgqj 146
41 fjila yv iÕrdj wF:ls,u:dkqfhda.fha we;s ;fmdajdo
,l=Kq iy fn!oaO úuqla;s ud¾.fha we;s ufkdaúµd ,CIK
keue;s ,smsh ,shk wdpd¾h uyskao ix>rCÅ; ysñ msgqj 13
42 nqÿka jod< O¾u úkh mKaä; jeysfyafka m[a[df,dal ysñ
msgqj 15
43’ w’ks’ II PTS page 211
44’ w’ks’ I PTS page 231
45’ u’ks’ jF:Qmu iQ;%h
46’ §’ks’ i;smÜGdk iQ;%h
47’ isßiquk yEfmd,.u nqÿrÿkaf.a b.ekaùfï l%u mshisß
m%skag¾ia 2001
48’ m[a[df,dal’ óf.dv nqÿoyu mßirh yd wdOHd;au
iqkaorFjh i§md fmd;ay, 1999 msgqj 93
49’ Lqoaol ksldh’ Oïumoh’ nq’c’uq’ 98 .d:dj

osiaika;s Nslalfj i;a;d ldhsflk

frdf.k tlxms jiaix wdfrd.H mácdk udkd -fm-jiaii;xð wdfrd.H
 95

mácdk udkd-fm- Nslalfj i;a;d oq,a,Nd f,dliañx fh fp;isf;k

frdf.k uqyq;a;xms wdfrd.H mácdkdks w[a[;% Çkdifjys

uyfKks‛ frda.fhda folls‛ ldhsl frda. iy udkisl frda. hkqfjks’

fuhska ldhsl frda. j,ska fkdfm<S wjqreoaola‛ folla ;=kla y;,syla
mkyla we;eïúg ishhla ksfrda.sj jik wh isá;s’ tfy;a udkisl frda.
j,ska tl fudfyd;la fyda fkdfm<S mSvd fkdúÈ isák wh
ry;kajykafia,d yer fjk fidhd .ekSu ÿIalrh’

fn!oaO fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj

BUDDHIST HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
 96

fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

fi!LHh yd ikSmdrCIdj wo f,dalfha fjk ljrodg;a jvd

idlÉPdjg Ndckh ù we;s ud;Dldjls’ f,dj ´kEu rgla f.k
ne¨jo úúOdldr jq frda. uÕska tu rgj, ixj¾Okh wvd, lr we;’
w;S;fha fuka fkdj j¾;udk iudch b;du ixlS¾K w;r ñksidf.aa
wjYH;djho b;d úYd,h’ w;S;fha ñksiqkag ;snqfKa Tjqkaf.a tÈfkod
lEu fõ, fidhdf.k i;=áka cSj;aùuh’ kuq;a j¾;udkfha ta ish¨
ir, wfmaCIdjka wNsnjd hñka ñksidf.a YÍßhg mjd Tfrd;a;=
fkdfok uÜgug wfmaCId‛ n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;s lr .ekSug isÿj ;sfn’
isf;ys we;s n,dfmdfrd;a;= bgqfkdjk úg th bÉPdNx.Jjh lrd
fhduq lrjk w;r tuÕska pKaVNdjhg o udkisl wiykhgo iy ish
Èú ydks lr .eksu olajdo Èfjhs’

f,dalfha wd¾Ólh‛ ixj¾Okh‛ iy <ud whs;Ska‛ udkj whs;sjdislï‛

f,dal Wreuhka /l .ekSug wdh;k iy ixúOdk ìysù we;’ tfiau
fi!LHh i|yd o fjkuu wdh;khla we;sùu ;=<ska wmg isys.ka
jkafka wfkla jeo.;a wxY fukau fi!LHh o wo f,dalfha b;du;a
jeo.;au wxYhlau ù we;snjh’ “f,dal fi!LHh ixúOdkh‛ “World
Health Organisation” kï jQ wdh;kh f,dalfha fi!LHh .ek j.lSï
orñka úYd, ld¾h Nd¾hla bgqlrhs’ f,dal fi!LHh ixúOdkfha
fi!LHh^1948& .ek ks¾jpkh úuid n,uq’
fi!LHh hkq iïmQ¾K ldhsl‛ udkisl iy iudcSh iqj iykhhs’ th
yqfola frda. fkdje<§fuka muKla isÿjkakla `fkdfõ’

Health as “ A state of complete Physical mental and social well being

and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity”(1)
`fi!LHh .ek;a tys b;sydih .ek;a f;areï .ekSu wmf.a bÈß
wOHhkh myiq lrkafkah’
udkj YsIaGdpdrh wdrïN jq ojfia isg úúO frda. wdndOhka f.ka
ñksiqka mSvd ú|s w;r ta i|yd fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha m%;sl¾uo fidhd
.ksñka tajdfha ksjdrKho w;am;a lr .;ay’ uq,a ld,sk ñksiqka f,v
frda. ie,l=fõ hl=ka iy N+;hka úiska we;s lrK ,nk fohla f,ih’
ol=Kq m%xYfha bmerKs .,a.=yd j, ;sßika i;=kaf.a fjia uqyqKq me<o
.;a ñksiqkaf.a rEm we;s w;r tajd ta ld,fha Ôj;ajq ffjµjrekaf.a nj
fidhdf.k we;’ ta whg ñksia YÍr ;=<ska N+;hka t<ùfï yelshdj
;snQ nj ms<sf.k we;’ tfiau hï frda.dndOhla je<ÿk úg th yqfola
YdÍßl fohla fkdj N+; n,fhka isÿjkakla nj ms<s.ekqKs’ tl<
m%;sldr l%uo isÿlrKq ,enqfõo úúO pdß;% jdß;% uq,a lrf.kh’ Y,H
l¾u hkq ysia ln, ;ekska ;ek isÿre lsrSuh’ tys w¾:h kï YrSrh
;=< isák N+;hdg thska msgj hdug ie,iaùuhs’ fuh úYd, wd.ñl
 97

W;aijhla f,i lrKq ,enQ w;r ñh .sh wh i|yd fukau Ôj;aj

isák whgo fuh m%;sldrhla f,i lrK ,È’
hqfrdamfha‛ Bcsma;=fõ‛ bkaÈhdfõ‛ uOHu iy ol=Kq wefußldfõ fï
whqßka m%;sldr lrK ,o njg ft;sydisl lreKq ,eî we;’ mqrdK
Bcsma;= jeishka Yrsrh msrsiqÿj ;nd .ekSug WkJÿ jQfha f,v frda.
j<lajd .ekSu i|ydh’ Tjqka l,amkd lf<a YrSrfha wmsßisÿùu ;=<ska
fkdfhl=;a úIîc we;=,a jk njh’ fuifmdf;añhdfõ (Mesopotan)
^j¾;udk brdlfha fldgils’ & inka ksIamdokh lrK ,o w;r
iakdkh lsÍu i|yd kdk lduro fmdÿ ikSmdrCIl úêl%uo
f.dvkÕd ;snqKs’
l%s’mQ’ 6 fjks Y; j¾Ifha .%Sisfha iy frdaufha fmdÿ fi!LHh iy
ikSmdrCIl l%u ms<sfj<lg ;sî we;’ frdaufha l=Kq li, f.khdug
ldKQ moaO;shla o ms<sfh< ù ;snqKs’ fmdÿ kdk ldur fukau tajdg
we;=,aùug iq¨ uqo,lao whlr we;’
tfiau uyck fi!LH mßCIl jreka jYfhka ^thsvhs,a& aedile kï jQ
ks<OdÍka msßi;a m;a lr ;snQ w;r taa whf.a rdcldßh jQfha wdydrj,
.=Kd;aul Ndjh .ek mßCIdlsÍu iy uia udxY wdÈh wdydrhg
.ekSug iqÿiq ;;aFjfha ;sfí±hs n,d th wkqu; lsÍuhs’ úúO l%%uj,g
wdydr .nvd lr;snQ njgo idCIs ,eî we;’
.%Sl od¾Yksl ysfmdfl%áia (Hipprocrates) ngysr ffjµ úµdfõ uq,au
wdrïNlhd jk w;r Tyq ffjµúµdfõ mshd f,io i,lkq ,efí’ f,v
frda. iïnJOfhka Tyqf.a woyi jQfha tajd iajNdúl f,i je<fok
nj;a tajd j<lajd .ekSu iy m%;sldr ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=
nj;ah’ ta ms<sn| wOHhkhka lsÍu .ek uQ,slu wä;d,u ouk ,È’ th
úµd;aul t<Uqfï wdrïNl wjia:dj f,i kï l< yelsh’
m%:ufhkau ysfmdl%áia ñksiqka frda.S njg m;ajk fya;+ka ;¾ldkql+,j
olajd we;’ Tyqf.a ;%sfodaI jdohg wkqj YrSrfha wvx.= jk reêrdkq‛
ly ms;‛ l¿ ms;‛ fiu hk wx.hkaf.ka ksfrda.su;a Ôú;hlg ;¾ck
t,a,jk nj;a ir< l%uj;a Ôjk ud¾.hla ;+<ska fi!LHhu;a Ôú;hla
.;l< yels w;r ta i|yd jHdhdu‛ úfõlh‛ iunr wdydr .ekSu wd§
foa b;d jeo.;ah’’
by; lshk ,o lreKq y;ßka tlla fyda jeäjQ úg Yrsrhg úúO f,i
n,mEï flf¾’ YrSrfha reêr m%udKh jeäjQ úg fkdfhl=;a wdndO
we;sfõ’ wmiaudrh‛ yJê bÈóu‛ w;Sidrh‛ yojf;a fõokdj hk wdndO
j,g m%;s;dr f,i kï lrkafka reêr kd,sld újD; lr wêl reêrh
msglsÍu iy iS;, j;=frys iakdkh lsrSu hkdÈhhs’ fiu wêl
frda.Skag ks;ru ysfia lelal=u fiïm%;sYHdj‛ hkdÈh je<fok w;r
WKq j;=frka kEu‛ uq;%d jeälrK T!IO‛ iy úúO iajNdúl fnfy;a
j¾. fmkajd§ we;’ ly ms; we;s mqoa.,hskag m%;sldr f,i mdkSh
wdydr;a jia;s l%u o lrKq ,efí’
 98

l¿ ms; we;s whg úfYaI lEu‛ WKq j;=frka kEu‛ jukh lrùu w.aks
l¾u wdÈh ±laúh yelsh’ w.aks l¾uh hkq .skshï jQ hlvhla fyda
fnfy;lska msÉÖuh’
w¨;a úµd;aul fidhd .ekSï fya;= fldgf.k bfígu ysfmdfla%Üf.a
;s%fodaI jdoh (Humoral Theory)álska ál bj;g jegqKS’ bka miqj
ldhúÉfþo úµdj(anatomy) ldhsl úµdj(physiology) iy CIQøÔj úµdj
(microbiology) hk kj;u l%u ffjµúµdj yd iïnJO úh’
.f,ka (Galen) fuu isoaOdka; bÈßhgu f.k.sh w;r Tyq T!IO
Ydia;%h (Pharmacology) j¾Okh l< w;r wjqreÿ 1500 lg wêl
ld,hla thu mßyrKh lrK ,È’ .f,kaf.a T!IO úµdj ;¾lh u;
mokï jq ukd w;ayod ne,Sulska miqj ia:dmsl l< tlls’ Tyqf.a
T!IO úµdj wfkl=;a rgj, iuld,Sk ffjµ l%u iuÕo ukdj .e,mS
we;’
ngysr fkdjk ffjµ l%uh
ngysr rgj,g iudka;rj wfkl=;a rgj,o úúO ffjµ l%u u;=ù wd
w;r Ökfhys idïm%odhsl ffjµ l%uh fmkajd fokafka YrSr
wNHka;rfhys we;s iunr;djh ksfrda.s Ôú;hl moku njh’ fï ffjµ
l%ufha wruqK jQfha ldhsl udkisl fi!LHh kÕd isgqùuh’ tfiau
Ndjkd l%u‛ iajNdúl fnfy;a wel=mkap¾ (acupuncture) l%uo Ndú;
l< nj b;sydifhys i|ykaj we;’
l%s’mQ’ 6 fjks Y; j¾Ifhys nqÿka jykafiaf.a ld,fhyso úúO ffjµjre
isáh njg idOl we;’ wdhq¾fõo l%uo b;du merKs tlls’ (ayuh) kï
oS¾>dhqI hkakhs’ veda hkq ±kqu hkakhs’ tkï §¾>dhqI ms<sn|j ±kqu
kï jQ úµdj wdhq¾fõohhs’ fuys§ m%uqLFjh ,efnkafka YÍrfha we;s jd‛
ms;a‛ iy fiu hk ;=ka fodia lsmSfuka f,v frda. yefok njh’
uOH ld,Sk úµd mqk¾Ôjh
fï ld,fha§ m,a,sh úiska Ôú;fha iEu fohlgu wd.ñl w¾:
l:kfhka ,ndÿka w;r ta ld,fha§ m,a,sfha woyi jQfha ñksiqka iy
;sßika i;=ka foúhkaf.a ks¾udKhla nj;a f,v frda. hkq krl foa
lsÍu ksid foúhka l=ms; ù fok ovqjula njh’
uOH ld,Sk hq.fha§ uydudßh keue;s jix.; frda.h je<ÿk w;r
th foúhkaf.a fldamùfuka isÿ jqkla nj olajd we;’ ta wjia:dfõ§
l%sia;shdks m,a,sh uq,aù th md,kh lsÍug meñKs w;r f,vjQ miq
ñksiqkaf.ka N+;hka t<ùfï ld¾ho l<nj b;sydifhys i|ykah’ (2)
th tfia isÿjqjo ysfmdl%giaf.a iy .f,kaf.a ys;ldó f.da, msßi
Tjqkaf.a úµd;aul l%uh È.gu j¾Okh lrñka f.k.shy’
fndfyduhlau uOHld,Sk ffjµjre uka;% iy N+; úµdjkaf.ka .yKjQ
m%;sldr l%u wkq.ukh l<y’
myf<dia fjks Y;j¾Ih wÕ Nd.fha§ úµd mqkreoh we;s úh’ tys§
YÍrdjhj úµdj ms<sn| w¨;a m%fndaOhla cks; úh’ udkj YÍr
úÉfþokh(human dissection) ms<sn| ;snQ ;yku ,sys,a jQ w;r ldh
úÉfþo úµdjg wkqj uq,a jrg ysia ln, iy YÍrfha bJøshka ms<sìUQ
 99

jk whqßka rEmhl=;a iuÕ fldgia y;lska hq;= fmd;la wekav%hia

fji,shka úiska (Andreas Vesalius) (1514-1561) m%ldYhg m;a lrK
,È’
wekav%hia fji,shkaf.a Yia;%sldjg(scalpel) ^Y,H l¾ufha§ fhdod.kakd
msysh& ovdjf;a hk n,a,ka n<¨ka iy ueähka f.dÿre jq w;r udkj
iy ;sßika i;=kaf.a YrSrj, ieleiauj,a Tyqj jYSlD; lrK ,È’ uq,a
ld,Sk ffjµjrekaf.a úêl%u j, wvqmdvq ±kqfka fudyq YÍrh úúO
f,i lmd ne,Sfuka miqjh’ f.,ka úiskao fkdfhl=;a jerÈ isÿlr
;snqKs’ thg fya;=j jQfha YÍrfha bJøshka ms<sn| ukd jq wjfndaOhla
Tyqg fkd;sîuh’
fji,sia ;u Ôú;fha wfmaCIdj f,i i,lkq ,enqfõ udkj YÍrh fï
wdldrhg ldg;a wjfndaO jk f,i úia;r lr ;eîuh’ Tyqf.a fuu
fmd; úµd;aul ffjµ úµdfõ ;enQ uq,au moku úh’
úµdmqkreofha n,j;au od¾Ykslhd f,i .Ks;{ m%xYfha frfkafâldÜ
(Rene Descartes) ye¢kaúh yelsh’ Tyqf.a uq,au fidhd .ekSu jQfha
udkj YÍrh hka;%hla n÷ njh’ Tyq ta ish,a, úia;r lf<a hka;%hl
wdlD;shla f,i WodyrK f.kh’ f,v frda. je<§u hkq hka;%h
wn,kaùula nj;a th kej; msßhï lsÍu ffjµjrekaf.a j.lSu njh’
fvldÜf.a m%Odku isoaOdka;h jQfha uki YÍrh ms<sn| jQ
ffoj;jdohhs’(dualism) Tyq i|yka lf<a uki;a YÍrh;a fjkia jQ
wxYjk w;r tajdfha l%shdldßFjh fjk fjku isÿfjk w;r b;du
wvqfjka wka;r iïnJOhla we;s njh’ tu jdohg wkqj ñksidf.a
fldgia folla we;s nj;a th udkisl yd ldhsl jYfhka j¾. lr
olajd we;’ w;S;fha ;snqKq .=ma; wNsryia u;jdohka úoHd mqkreofha§
bj; ±uQ w;r uki YÍrhg n,mdk njo m%;sfCIam lrK ,È’ YrSrh
ms<sn| úµd;aul wOHhkhka ffjµúµdjg ;nd úoHd;aul fkdjk uki
ms<sn| wOHhhkhka wd.ug iy o¾Ykhg Ndr lrK ,È’ ;¾lh iy
úµd;aul l%uh u; ffjµ úµdj ia:djr njg m;aúh’
úµd mqkreofhka miqj ffjµjre frda. j,g n,mdk Ôj úµd;aul fya;=
fidhk ,È’ fji,shkaf.ka wjqreÿ ishhlg miqj b;d,s cd;sl
.sfhdjkaks fuda¾.d.a.s (Giovanni Morgagni) (1682-1771) úiska
ldhúÉfþok úµdj ms<sn|j ffjµuh .=re fmd; m< lrK ,È’
ish.Kkla u< isrere lmñka Tyq f,v frda. j,g fya;+ka fidhd
.kakd ,È’ bka miqj ysfmdl%áiaf.a isoaOdk;hka bj;Æfha ;¾lh u;
mokï jqkq úµd;aulj fidhd .kakd ,o lreKQ ;snQ ksidh’
ody;a fjks iy 18 fjks ishjia úµdj iy ffjµ úµdfõ fõ.j;a
ÈhqKqjla ,enQ w;r úµdfõ úúO kj fidhd .ekSïo m¾fhaIKd;aulj
lrK ,È’
 1592 § .e,S,sfhda (Galileo) WK lgqj (thermometer)
fidhd .kakd ,È’
 100

 1965 § l%siaáhka yqhsðka (Christian Huygens)(1629-1695)

WIAKFjh uekSug fikaáf.%AÜ ìJÿfõ isg ishh olajd
ks¾khla ilia lrK ,È’
 ody;a jk ishji wÕ Nd.fha§ WIAK udmlh idhksl
Ndú;h i|yd yeu ;eku me;sr .shy’
fï ld,fha jeo.;au fidhd .ekSï jQfha
 iQCIu o¾Ylh(microscope) uq,a jrg t<s oelajQfha
wekagka jka ,shqfjkafydlah’ (Anton can
Leewenhock)(1632-1723) th oykj fjks Y; j¾Ih
olajd hgm;a fkdjqk w;r th Ndú; lrñka reêr
ffi, yd ysia lnf,a l=vd wxY= o mÍCIKh lrK ,È’
 frdn¾Ü yqfla (Robert Hooke) ;uka úiska ks¾udkh
lrK ,o iQCIu o¾Ylh uÕska b;du l=vd wxY=o
mÍCIKhg Ndckh l< yels úh’
oykj fjks Y; j¾Ifha fidhd .ekSï
 refvda,ama ú¾pÉ (Rudolf Virchow) (1821-1902)§ frda.
yg.kafka YrSrfha we;s ffi, l%shd;aul fkdùfuka yd ñh
hEfuka nj fidhd .kakd ,È’
 m%xY úµd{ ,qù mdiap¾ (Louis Pasteur)(1822-1895)cSjdkq
isoaOdka;h fidhd.;a w;r tfiau c,NS;sldj i|yd
tkak;lao ksIamdokh lf<Ah’ Tyqf.a fidhd .ekSï ;j
;j;a úµd;aulj Yla;su;a l< w;r nelaàßh‛ ffjria‛ iy
CIqo%cSùka frda. yg .ekSug n,mdk nj fidhd .kakd
,È’
 ú,shï fuda¾gka (William Morton) (1819-1868) 1846 §
fõokdj ;dj;d,slj kj;d ;nk T!IO fidhd .kakd
,oafoah’ th Y,H l¾uj,§ fõokdjlska f;drj ie;alï
id¾:lj lr f.k hdug rel=,la úh’
 thska wjqreÿ mkylg miq ú,afy,aï frdfhkaÜfcka
(Wilhelm Roentgen)(1845-1943) tlaf¾ fidhd .kakd ,È’
tu.ska m%:u j;djg YÍr wNHka;rfhys we;s b;d l=vd
bJøshka mÍCIK lr tys h:d iajrEmh ±l.; yels úh’
úisfjks Y;j¾Ih
 cSj úµdj iy ldhúÉfþok úµdj .ek
wOHhkhka ;j ;j;a fu ld,fhaoS isÿlrKq ,enQ w;r
is;=ú,s iy Ñ;a;fõ. .ek wOHhkhkag jvd cSj
úµd;aulj YÍrh .ek lrK m¾fhaIK jeä jeäfhka
lrkakg fm<U isáhy’ tys§ iEu frda.hlgu cSj
úµd;aul fya;=jla we;s nj;a ms<s .eKqks’ my; i|yka
lreKq ksid frda. we;sjk nj ms<s.;ay’
 101

 ffjria yd nelaàßhd fya;=fjka

 uki iy YÍrh wx. folla jk nj;a tys wka;¾
iïnJOhla ke;s nj;ah’
 cSj ffjµdúµdkql+, wdlD;shg wkqj fi!LH hkq f,v
frda. fkdje<§uh’ fuys§ frda. je<§ug n,mdk
fya;+ka fidhk w;r wfkl=;a ndysr idOl j,g ^tkï
udkisl iy idudÔh& ,efnkafka iq¨ ie,ls,a,ls’
ufkdaldhsl ffjµ l%uh
m<uqj ffjµjrfhl= f,i mqyqKqj ,enQ is.aukaâ fm%dhsâ
(Sigmund Freud)(1850-1939) frda.hl§ oelsh fkdyels
ÔjúoHd;aul fya;+ka .ek ie,ls,a,la ±laúh’ Tyqf.a
frda.Ska l:d lsÍug fkdyelsùï‛ wxYhla mK ke;sùï‛
w; ysßjeàï wdÈh .ek fiùug W;aidy .;a w;r Tyq
fuu frda.h ye|skajQfha “Glove anesthesia” jYfhks’
wú{dk.; Ñ;a; fõ.d;aul úhjq,a cSjúµd;aul f,i
ndysrj meñKSula iy th ixj¾;k wms<sfj,la
(conversion disorders) f,i ye¢kajqy’ Tyqf.a fuu
ufkdaúYaf,aIK jdoh úisfjks Y;j¾Ifha uq,a ld,fha§
jeä ms<s.ekSula ;snqKS’ 1940 § fuh ;j;a mshjrla
bÈßhg hñka m%%dkaia wef,laiekav¾ udkisl úhjq,a
YdÍßl frda. f,i t<solajk nj mejiQ w;r ;ryj iy
Ñ;a;fõ.d;aulj m%ldY lr .; fkdyels foa hgm;a
lrf.k isák úg oksia bÈóu wdÈh j¾Okh jk nj
olajd we;’ ufkdaldhsl frda. j,g T!IO fidhd.;a w;r
ufkdaúYAf,aIKjdoh iïnJO iÕrdjla wdrïN ùu;a iu.Z
fï frda. i|yd tu m%%;sl¾u lsÍug iEu wfhl=u Wkkaÿ
jQy’
 hypertension
 migraine
 headaches
 ulcers
 hyperthyroidism
 bronchial asthma

fm%dhsâf.a ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh(psychoanalysis) iy
ufkdaldhsl T!IO (psychosomatic medicine) .ek úúO
úfõpk bÈßm;a jqjo ufkdaúµdj iy ffjoH jD;a;sh w;r
ukd iïnJOhla we;s lsÍug Tyq iu;a úh’
frda. iy fi!LHh iïnJOfhka w,q;ska is;Sugo tfiau ta.ek is;k
úg w¨;a ks¾Khkao tl;= úh’ tajd kï tl fya;=jla muKla
 102

frda.hlg ldrl fkdjk njh’ mdßißl fya;=‛ p¾hd;aul fya;= iy

ufkdaúµd;aul fya;= ta i|yd fya;=jk nj olajd we;
p¾hd;aul T!IO
úisfjks ishjfia m<uq ld¾;=fõ§ p¾hdjd§ .=rel=,h u;=jQ w;r fcdaka
î’ fjdÜika (John B. Wotson)(1878-1958) tâjâ f;dakavhsla (Edward
Thorndike)( 1874-1945)iy ì’’tma’ ialsk¾ (B.F.Skinner) hk
ufkdaúµd{hska wefußldkq ufkdaúµdj w;am;a lrf.k isáhy’
ye;a;Ej oilfha uq,a ld,fha p¾hd;aul T!IO frda. mSvd wdÈh i|yd
m%;sldr l%uhla f,i fhdod .;ay’
1909 kSh,a ñ,¾(Neal Miller) úiska pd¾hd;aul úêl%u úµd.dr ;=<oS
i;=ka fhdodf.k m¾fhaIKh lr miqj ñksiqkao mÍCIKhg ,la lrK
,È’
WodyrKhla f,i olajkafka kï wêl f,a .ukd.ukh we;s úg
yoj;g úfõlh ,nd§fuka tu ;;aFjh md,kh l< yels nj olajd
we;’ tu m%;sldr l%uh kï lrkafka jYfhks’ fuu úêl%uh wfkl=;a
úIh yd ne£ mej;=Ks’ udkj úoHdj’ iudc úµdj’ wKql cSj
úµdj(molecular biology) m%fõKs úµdj(genetics) ffcj ridhk
úµdj(biochemistry) iy ufkdaúµdj;ah’ tfiau ffjµjD;a;sh iy fyo
jD;a;sh iuÕ ne£ mej;=Ks’

fi!LHh ufkdaúµdfõ wdrïNh

1973 § wefußldkq ufkdaúµd ix.uh fi!LHfhys we;s ufkdaúµd;aul
N+ñldj meyeÈ<s lsrSug idudðlhska msßila m;a lrK ,È’ Tjqkaf.a
ld¾h Nd¾h jQfha p¾hd;aul .=rel=,h mj;ajd f.k hkjdo ke;fyd;a
ta i|yd fjkau jQ úµdjla f.dvkÕkjdo hkqfjks’ tu msßif.a
wkque;sh u; 1978 § wefußldkq ufkdaúµd ix.ufha ;sia wgfjks
YdLdj f,i fi!LH ufkdaúµdj ìysúh’ thska wjqreÿ y;rlg miqj
fi!LHh ufkdaúoHdj kï jQ iÕrdj m%ldYhg m;a lrK ,È’ tys m<uq
iNdm;s fcdafima ugriafida (Joseph Matarazzo) tys we;s m%Odk wruqKQ
y;rla meyeÈ<S lf<ah’
 frda.hl uQ,h iy thg n,mdk fya;= úµd;aulj fidhd
ne,Su- fi!LHh ufkdaúµd{hska frda.hl ufkdaúµd;aul
yeisÍï iudÔh wdrïNh .ek;a ÿïmdkh iy wkdrCIs;
,sx.sl l%u Wmfhda.s lr.kafka wehso hkaak;a .ek úuikq
,efí’
 fi!LHh kÕd isgqùug fm<Uùu- fyd| mqreÿ we;s
lsÍu ;=<ska tkï YdÍßl jHdhdu iy l%uj;a wdydr
fõ<la .ekSu wdÈh .ek fuys§ úia;r flf¾’
 frda. je<laùu iy m%;sldr- ÿï mdkh » u;aøjH Ndú;h
ms<sn|j ±kqj;a lsÍu iy tys we;s úmdl fmkaùu;a tfiau
nr wvqlr .ekSu » wd;;s l<ukdlrKh whym;a
 103

fi!LHh mqreÿ wvqlr .ekSu;a iy frda.s ;;aFjfha miqjk

wh tu ;;aFjfhka uqojd .ekSu .eko wjOdkh fhduq
lrKq we;’
 fi!LHh ms<sn| kS;sÍ;s iïmodkh iy fmdÿ fi!LHh
fiajdjka jHdma; lsrSu- fi!LHh ufkdaúµd{hska fi!LHh
wOHdmkh ,nd§ug l%shdldÍj lghq;= lrK w;r rcH
uggñka m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha§ o fi!LHh kÕ isgqùug
Wr§ lghql= lrKq we;’
ó<Õg fi!LHh ufkdaúµd (Health Psychology) hkq l=ula±hs úuid
n,uq’ úúO ufkdaúµ{hska ta .ek úúO ks¾jpk imhd we;’ ta
ks¾jpk úuiSfuka wmg fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj hkq l=ula±hs woyila .;
yelsh’ rspâ ´’ iag%WÉ (Richrd O. Struh) ;u fi!LH ufkdaúµdj hk
fmdf;ys fï wdldrhg ks¾jpkhla ,nd§ we;’ fi!LHh ufkdaúoHdj
hkq fi!LHh ;;aFjh jvd j¾Okh lr .ekSug ufkdaúµd;aul ixl,am
Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu;a m¾fhaIKhka lsÍu;a tfiau f,v frda. j,g
m%;sldr lsÍu;a iy f,v frda. j<lajd .ekSu;ah
“Health Psychology the application of psychological principles and
research to the enhancement of health and the prevention and treatment of
illness”(3)
tï’ frdìka äuáfhda (M.Robin Dimatteo) iy f,ia,s wd¾’ udáka
Leslie R.Martin) o fi!LH ufkdaúµdj hk kñka m¾fhaIK .%J:hla
lrñka fï wldrhg tys m%Odku wfmaCIdj olajd we;’
fi!LH ufkdaúµdj hkq mqoa.,fhl=f.a YdÍßl fi!LHh ;;aFjh
j¾Okh lsÍug WmldÍ jk ufkdaaúoHd;aul l%shdj,sh ms<sn| .eUqre
wjfndaaOh fi!LH ufkdaúµdfõ wruqK fõ’ fi!LH ufkdaúµd{hska
cSj‛ufkda iy iudÔh wdlD;shlska odhl jk w;r fi!LHh .ek
ksrkfha§ od¾Yksl jYfhka .;al< Ôj úoHd;aaul‛ ufkdaúoHd;aul
iy iudÔh úµd;aul idOlhka tlsfklg iïnJO jqjla nj;a ms<s.;
yelsh’
“Health Psychology has its goal a deeper understanding of psychological
processes as in aid to improving physical health outcomes for individuals.
Health psychologists subscribe to a biopsychosocial model, which is a
philosophical point oo view that posits the importance and interrelatedness
of biological, psychological and social/ societal factors in determining
health”(4)
ufkdaúµd{hska msßila th ks¾jpkh lrkafka fufiah’
“fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj hkq ufkdaúoHdfõ YdLdjla jk w;r tys m%Odku
wruqK kï mqoa.,hdf.a uki iy YdÍßl ;;aFjh w;r we;s iïnJOh
f;areï .ekSuhs’
“The branch of Psychology that aims at understanding the
 104

relationship between the mind and the

individual‟s hysical
condition”(5)

úfYAIfhka fuys§ m%Yak lSmhlg ms<s;=re imhd .; hq;=h’ ñksiqka

ksfrda.sj isákafka flfiao@ tfiau Tjqka frda.j,g f.dÿre jkafka wehs@
tu frda.S ;;aFjh j¾Okh jkúg Tjqka thg flfia kï m%;spdr
olajkafkao hk m%Yak .ekh’ fi!LHh ufkdaúµ{hskf.a m%Odku
wruqK kï frda.S ;;aFjh j<ld,Suh’ th iuQy ufkdaúµdfõo
(Community Psychology) wruqKgo iudkh’ tkï iuQy
ufkdaúµd{hskaf.a m%Odku wfmaCIdj ufkdaúµd;aul wms<sfj<j,a
j<lajd .ekSuh’
j¾;udkfha fndfyda Nhdkl frda. iqj lsÍug wjYHh fnfy;a øjH
fidhdf.k we;’ kuq;a yoj;a frda.‛ ms<sld‛ Èhjeähdj jeks frda.
;du;a fmdÿ f,i ñksiqkag n,mEï lrKq we;’ tfiau wo ld,fha
,sx.sl frda. b;d nyq,j mj;S’ tkï taâia jeks Nhdkl frda.
iudchg fmdÿ m%Yakhla njg m;aù we;’
fndfyduhlau frda. p¾hdj yd iunJOj mj;S’ ÿïmdkh‛ jeämqr
wdydr .ekSu‛ wvq fmdaIHhodhs wdydr .ekSu‛ u;ameka mdkh lsÍu‛ iy
u;al=vq iy wd;;shg ,laùu iy th È.= l,la mej;Suo tlfia
n,mEï lrKq we;’
fndfyduhlau fyd| mqreÿ <ud ld,fha we;s lr.ekSfuka frda.j,g
,laùfuka wmg je<lsh yelsh’ yqfola ffjµjrhd wmj iqj lrK f;la
n,d fkdisg wmo ksfrda.S Ndjh /l .ekSug Wkkaÿ úh hq;=h’
fi!LHh ufkdaúµdfõ yoj; f,i ufkdaúµd;aul me;a; .; yelsh’
fi!LHh ufkdaúµd{hska is;kafka Ôjúµd;aul‛ ufkdaúµd;aul‛ iy
iudc l%shdj,sh fi!LHh iy frda.S ;;aFjhka flfrys n,mEula we;s
lrK njh’ iudcfha ixo¾Nhlska (context) f;drj frda.S ;;aFjhka
f;areï .ekSu ÿIalrh’ wm is;k úêh‛ wmg ±fkk úêh‛ wm Ôj;ajk
mßirh hkdÈh o ffjµuh me;af;ka .;al, jeo.;ah’ ixo¾Nh fuys§
b;d jeo.;ah’ ixialD;sh‛ tys m%dfhda.slFjh‛ iudc wdh;k‛ wka;¾
iïnJO;djh‛ fm!oa.,sl úYajdihka mqreÿ o fuys§ jeo.;ah’ fi!LHh
ufkdaúµd{hska m¾fhaIK lrñka wfmaCId lrkafka ksfrda.S Ndjh
j¾Okh lsÍug;a iy frda.S ;;aFjhka j,lajd .ekSu;ah’ tys§
ñksiqkaf.a wdl,am‛ yeisÍu‛ mdßißl ;;aFjhkao uQ,slu wxYhkah’
tfiau fi!LHh ufkdaúµd{hskaf.a wjOdkh ñksiqka flfia fõokdj
md,kh lr .kSo iy frda.S ;;aFjhka flfia ú|ord .kafkao hk
m%Yak flfrys fhduqj mj;S’
kshudldrhg fyd| mqreÿ we;s lr .ekSu iy ksfrda.S f,i cSú;h
mj;ajd .ekSu uQ,slu frda. je,elaùu f,i oelaúh yelsh’ fi!LHh
ufkdaúµd{hska m%Yak lrkafka ñksiqka fi!LHhg ydksodhl mqreÿ we;s
lr.kafka wehs iy tajd fjkia lr.; yelafla flfiao hkqhs’
 105

fndfyduhlau fi!LHh mqreÿ j¾Okh jkafka <ud ld,fha iy .egjr

wjêfhah’ wd¾Ólh‛ iudcuh ;;aFjhkao ixialD;sluh w.hkao
fi!LHhg n,mEula lrKQ we;’
Ñ;a;fõ.d;aul f,i we;sjk m%Yak j,g o ms<s;=re f,i jeämqr wdydr
.ekSu‛ ÿïmdkh‛ u;ameka mdkh‛ u;al=vq Ndú;h wdÈho thska ñ§ug
fhdod.kq we;’ th wka wdldrhlska ksfrda.S njg m%Yakhla we;s ;rhs’
fndfyda wm is;kafka ;uka wikSmhlg f.dÿre fkdjkjd lshdh’
tuksid wm wfma mqreÿ fjkia lr.; hq;af;a wehso hkqhs’ fi!LHh
.ek l:d lrK úg wd;;sho tys m%Odku ixl,amhls’ th fjkuu
fuu fmdf;ys mßÉfþohlska l:d flf¾’

frdnÜ tia’ fm,aâuEka (Robert S. Feldman) fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj

.ek fï wdldrfha ks¾jpkhla imhhs’
ufkdaúµdfõ YdLdjla jk fuys§ YdÍßl iy ufkdaúµd;aul
idOlhka .ek ú.%y lrK w;r È.= ld,Sk w;;sh flfia kï
Yír fi!LHh fj; n,mdkafka o hkak .ek fi!LHh
ufkdaúµd{hska wjOdkh fhduq lr we;’
“The branch of Psychology that explores the relationship of physical
and psychological factors, and health psychologist‟s are interested in
how long term stress can affect physical health”(6)
fuys§ ufkdaúµd;aul fi!LHh .ek ufkdaúµd{hskf.a wjOdkh
fhdok w;r YdÍßl fi!LHuh me;a; .ek ffjµjreka fj;
j.lSu mjrd we;’ fi!LHh ufkdaúµdfõ§ ie,ls,a,g .kq ,nkafka
frda. flfia yg.kSo tyÈ ufkdaúµd;aul n,mEu flfia kï
isÿfõo iy ta i|yd we;s ufkdaúµd;aul m%;sm;a;s fudkjdo iy
tys we;s m%;sldr l%u .ek;ah’
nerkaf.a iudc ufkdaúµdj kï fmdf;ys fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj .ek
fï wldrhg woyila olajd we;’ fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj hkq YdÍßl
frda.s ;;aFjfha wdrïNhg‛ j,ald .ekSug iy m%;sldr j,g
ufkdaúµd;aul idOlhkaf.a n,mEu ms<sn| wOHhkh iy
m%dfhda.lFjh f,i ±laúh yelsh’
Health Psychology, “the study and practice of the role of the
psychological factors that affect the origin prevention and treatment of
physical illness”(7)
ufkdaúµd{ fvksia l+ka (Denis Coon) fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj
ks¾jpkh lrkafka fufiah’ tkï yeisrSu iy fi!LHh w;r
iïnJOh ms<sn| wOHhkhla jk w;r fi!LHh iy frda. j<lajd
.ekSu by< kexùu i|yd ufkdaúµd;aul isoaOdka; Ndú;d
lrkakls’
“Studies the relationship between behavior and health, uses
psychological principles to promote health and prevent illness”(8)
 106

fi!LHh kshu f,i mj;ajd f.khdu i|yd;a by< kexùu i|yd;a

ufkdaúµ;aul isoaOdka; Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj
fõ’
“Health Psychology study of the ways in which psychological
principles can be used to maintain and promote health”(9)
wefußldkq ufkdaúµd ix.ufha w¨;ska tl;= l< wxYhla f,i
fi!LHh ufkdaúµj ±laúh yelsh’ tys we;s úfYAIFjh fï wldrhg
ks¾jpkh lr we;’ fi!LHh ;;aFjh by< kexùug iy tys
;;aFjh mj;ajd f.khdug‛ frda. ksjdrKh iy tajdg m%;sldr‛
frda. ,CIK y÷kd.ekSu iy frda. úksYAph‛ tfiau frda. iy
wl%uj;a mej;Sï fi!LHhg iïnJOhla mj;ajk w;r úfYAI
wOHdmk‛ úµd;aul‛ iy jD;a;Suh iyfhda.fhka ufkdaúoHd;aul
isoaOdka; uÕska fy<s lsÍug WmldÍ ùu fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj fõ’
“ the aggregate of the specific educational, scientific and professional
contribution of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and
maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness and the
identification of etiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness
and related dysfunction”(10)
by; i|yka lrK ,o ks¾jpkhka ;=< fi!LHh hkq l=ula±hs
b;d meyeÈ<sj olajd we;’ tfiau ta yEu ufkdaúoHd{fhlau my;
i|yka lreKQ ;=ko fi!LHh hkak úuiSfï§ úia;r lr we;’ tajd
kï

 ldhsl fi!LHh- tkï tÈfkod Ôú;fha ld¾hhka jk fyd|

lEu fõ,la .ekSu‛ Èkm;d jHdhdu j, fh§u‛ fyd| kskaola
,nd .ekSu‛u;a l=vq j¾. mdúÉÑ fkdlsÍu‛ wd§ fi!LHhu;a
mqreÿ ksid f,v ÿla j,ska f;dr YrSrhla ilia lr .;
yelsh’
 udkisl fi!LHh - fyd|g is;Sfï yelshdj‛ wd;au
úYajdihlska hq;=j lghq;= lsÍug fm<öu‛ m%Yakhla jQ úg
thg fyd|u úi÷u ,nd§ th úi|d .ekSu‛ m%Yak j,g
fkdìhj uqyqK §u‛ ;ry md,kh lr .ekSu‛ wd;;sh
we;sjk yeu wjia:djlu th iukh lr .ekSu‛ fláfhka
i|yka l<fyd;a th iïmQ¾Kfhkau j¾Okh lr.;a
fm!¾Ihla f,i ±laúh yelsh’
 iudÔh fi!LHh- tkï iudcfha Ôj;ajk idudcslhskaf.a
wfkHdakH iy iïnJOh‛ tfiau ixialD;suh foao‛ mjqf,a wh
w;r ksrka;r iuÕsh‛ wd¾Ól ;;aFjh‛ wOHdmkh iy ,sx.
fNaoho iudÔh fi!LHfhaoS jeo.;afõ’
fi!LHh ufkdaúµ{hska ksrka;rfhkau ms<s;=re fidhk m%Yak
kï
 107

 Tnf.a fi!LHh mj;ajd .ekSug wka whf.a n,mEfuka

Tng ñÈh yelso@
 Tnf.a wl,am‛ úYajdihka‛ wd;aau úYajdih iy mQ¾K
fm!¾Ih flfiaa kï fi!LHhg n,mdkaafkao@
 tfiaau wel=mkap¾ fydñfhdaam;s wdhq¾fõo iy wfkl=;a
fnfy;a ksjerÈ f,i lss%hdlrhso@
 Tnf.a mßirfhaa we;s wx.hka jk .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh‛
Yíoh‛ bre t<sh iy uq¿ mßirh flfia ku Tnf.a
fi!LHh yd flfia ne£ mj;So@
 tfiau úfYaaIs; jQ fm!oa.,sl mqreÿ frdaa. we;s ùug
n,mdkaafkao@
 ksfrda.su;a Ôú;hlg n,mdk ndOl fudkjdo@
 iuyr úfYAIs; jQ frda. ksYaÑ; ckj¾.hlg jhilg
iy ,sx. fNaohlg yiqjkafka wehs@
 .egjr wjêfha yqre mqreÿ lskï f,i miqld,Sk
Ôú;hlg n,mdkq ,efío@
 Tnf.a fi!LHhg we;s ;¾ck fudkjdo@
 ldhsl frda. iqj lr .ekSug wd.ñl ixl,am fldf;la
ÿrg n,mdkq ,efío@
 taâia jek Nhdkl frda. iqj lr .ekSu i|yd;a tfukau
tajd me;srù j<lajd .ekSug .;yels iudcuh mshjrj,a
iy wfkl=;a jeo.;a úêl%uhka fudkjdo@
 merKs ffjµ l%u uÕska iy iajNdúl m%;sldr l%u uÕska
u;aøjHhg weíneys jQ mQoa.,hska .,jd .;yelso@
 bJÈhdfõ fukau ±ka hqfrdamfhao b;d m%p,s; fhda. uÕska
f,dalfha nyq;rhla we;s frda. iqjlr .;yelso@

fi!LHh ufkdaúµdfõ§ by; i|yka m%Yak fukau úúOdlr m%Yak

j,g ms<s;=re fiúh hq;=j we;af;uq’ tfiau fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj
úµdjla jk w;r tys§ Tnf.a fi!LHhg n,mEï isÿjkafka Tn
is;k ±fkk iy l%shd lrK wdldrhgh’ fï wdldrfha b;d
ixlS¾K jq m%Yak iuQyhlg úi÷ï fiùu fi!LHh
ufkdaúµd{hskaf.a wo ojfia m%Odku ld¾h njg m;aj we;’
fi!LHh ufkdaúµj ms<sn| fujeks ixCIsma; oekqula ,ndf.k tys
we;s fn!oaO ixl,amh úuid n,uq’

fn!oaO fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj

BUDDHIST HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
 108

nqÿka jykafia kQ;k ufkdaúµd{hska úiska olajd we;s wdldrhg

fi!LHh .ek lreKQ §¾> jYfhka olajd we;’ úfYAIfhkau
nqÿoyfuys uQ,slFjh ,ndfokafka hï lsis frda.hla yg.kafka
kï thg fya;=j fidhd ta i|yd ms<shï lsrSu .ekh’ tfiau
“ wdfrd.H mrud ,dNd ” hk wdldrhg ksfrda.slu W;=ïu
,dNh f,i olajd we;’ flfkl=g iudcfha mS%;su;aj Ôj;aùug
udkisl‛ ldhsl‛ iudÔh wx.hka wjYH nj Wkajykafia foaYkd
l<fial’ kshu ksfrda.S Ndjhla ,nd.kafka flfiao ta ioyd
nqÿoyfï ud¾.hka fmkajd § we;’ ksfrd.S Ndjh iy ta i|yd
lghq;= l< hq;af;a flfiao lshd iQ;% foaYkd rdYshla foaYkd
lr we;’ ta w;r i,af,aL iQ;%h‛ frda. iq;%h‛ .srsudkkao iQ;%h‛
pqkao iQ;%h‛ uydfud.a.,a,dk iQ;%h‛ uyd liaimfJ:r iQ;%h‛
úÉðkaoksl‛ i,, iQ;%h‛ crd iq;%h‛ .s,dfkd .s,dkqmÜGl
iQ;%h‛ iíndij iQ;%h‛ iodmq[a[mamjâvk iQ;%h‛ msys; iQ;%h‛
NsCIq m%d;sfudaCIh‛ NsCIqKS md;sfudaCIh‛ pq,a,j.a. md,sfhys
fiakdikLJOlfhys o pq,a, j.a. md,sfhys j;a;laLJOlh
hkdÈh oelaúh yelsh’
tfiau ;%smsglh mss<sn| úuiqïYS,s wOHhkhl fhfok úg nqÿka jykafia
úiskau ;uka jykafia ffjµjrfhla f,i yªkajd ÿka wjia:djkao ±lsh
yelsh’ b;sjq;a;l md,sfha p;=lal ksmd;fha§ nqÿka jykafia ;uka
jykafiaj fufia y÷kajd§ we;’ ‚uyfKks‛ uu rd.d§ flf<ia uq,a Wÿrd
ouk Y,H ffjµjrfhlañ’”(11) tfiau wx.=;a;r ksldfha fufiao i|yka
lr we;’ wyuiañ NsCLfõ n%dyaufKda hdp fhdaf.da iodmh;mdKs wka;su
foyOdfrda wkq;a;frda ysifld i,a,l;af;d tkï “uyfKks‛ uu oyï
foiqu uekjhs hkqfjka lrK b,a,Su ms<s.ekSu i|yd iqÿiq ld,hlu fia¥
w;a we;sj isák Y,H ffjµjrfhlañ hkqfjka nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lr
we;’ ffjµjrfhla ´kEu fj,djl m%;sldr lsÍug iqodkïj isák w;r
nqÿka jykafia fj;o ´kEu fj,djl meñK ieugu Wkajykafia m%;sldr
l< njg úúO l:d mqj;a ;%smsglgfhka f.kyer ±laúh yelsh’
wx.=;a;r ksldfha oiu ksmd;fha i[a[d j.a.fha nqÿkaa jykafia ;uka
ffjµjrfhl= jkafka flfia±hs úia;r fldg we;’
uyfKks ffjµjre msf;ka fifuka jd;fhka yg.;a frda. iqj lsÍu msKsi
úf¾pk fnfy;a fo;s’ uyfKks‛ uuo wd¾h úf¾pkh fokafkañ’ ta
úf¾pkfhka bm§u iajNdj fldg we;s i;a;ajhd crdfjka ñfohs’ fidalh‛
ú,dmh‛ ÿla fodïkia‛ Wmdhdi iajNdjh fldg we;s i;ajfhda thska
ñfo;s’(12)
uyfKks ffjµjre msf;ka fifuka jd;fhka yg.;a frda. iqj lsÍu msKsi
jukh l¾uh lrj;s’ uyfKks‛ uuo jukh l¾uh lrj;s’
ta jukh l¾ufhka bm§u iajNdj fldg we;s i;a;ajhd crdfjka ñfohs’
fidalh‛ ú,dmh‛ ÿla fodïkia‛ Wmdhdi iajNdjh fldg we;s i;ajfhda
thska ñfo;s’(13)
 109

nqÿka jykafia Y,Hffjµjrfhl= nj fia, kï n%dyauKfhl=g

m%ldY lr we;’ iq;a; ksmd;fha§ fia, iQ;%fhaoS th fufia olajd
we;’
fidayx n%dyauK iïnqoafOd i,a,lal;af;da;s (14) fuys§ Y,H
ffjµjrfhl= nj Wkajykafia foaYkd lf<a fï f,dalfha we;s
laf,aI‛ rd. iy ÿla wdÈ ish¨ foa uq,skqmqgd ±óu i|yd ;uka
jykafia O¾uh foaYkd lrK neúks’ ;uka jykafia foaYkd lrK
O¾uh yd iudk lsisu T!IOhla ke;s nj;a tu T!IO mdkh
lrK f,io olajd we;’ Oïfudiu iux kFÒ t;x msn:
NsCLfj(15) fï nj nqÿka jykafiaf.a ld,fha Wkajykafia yuqjg
meñKs úúOdldr frda.Ska .ek úia;r j,§ ±l.; yelsh’
nqÿka jykafia ffjµjrfhl= jYfhka úYd, f,i mÍCIK lr we;’ ñ<sÿ
m%Yakh(16) óg WodyrKhls’ kd.fiak ysñhka nqÿka jykafiaf.a ffjµ
mSGh fufia ú.%y lrhs’ nqÿka jykafiaf.a m%;sldr j,ska foúhka iy
ñksiqka iqjm;a l< yel’ fuu m%;sldr j,g fndaêmdCIsl O¾u 37
wvx.=hs’ fuhska ish¿ frda. iy úm;a ksjdrKh l< yel’
uydpd¾h tâjâ fldkafia nqÿka jykafia .ek mjikafka fï wdldrhgh’
Buddha is like a Physician
“The Buddha is like a Physician. Just as a doctor must know the diagnosis
of the different kinds of illness, their causes, the antidotes and remedies,
and must able to apply them, so also the Buddha has taught the four holy
truths which indicate the range of suffering, its origin, its cessation, and the
way which leads to its cessation”(17)
nqÿka jykafia njÿlg fjodkka flfkl= jeksh’ ffjµjrfhla úúO
jHdêj, ksOdkh ±k isáh hq;=h’ tfukau tAjd Ndú;d l< hq;= wdldrh
o ±k isáh hq;= fjhs’ ta khskau nqÿysñfhda p;=rd¾h i;Hh foaYkd l<y’
ÿl‛ ÿl bm§fï fya;=j‛ ÿlaL ksfrdaOh‛ iy ÿlaL ksfrdaOh i|yd hdhq;=
uÕ;a nqÿka jykafia fmkajd ÿka fial’
fï ksidu ùod.u ffu;%S ysñfhda f,dajev i.Zrdj rpkd lsÍfï§
uq,skau nqÿka jykafiag kuialdr lrK lúfhys fufia olajd we;’
“fi;a isß fok uy .=K uqyqodkka
i;ayg jk nj ÿlg fjodkka‛(18)

ish¿u iJjhkaf.a ÿl‛ ÿl ke;slsÍfï uÕ okakd ffjµjrhdKka nqoqka

jykafia nj mjihs’

nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lrK fi!LHh hkafkys woyi úuid n,uq’

Wkajykafia foaYkd lrkafka uq¿ YrSrhu f,v f.dvla f,ih’ tfiau
frda.dndO fldgia folla jYfhka olajd we;’
1’ ldhsl frda. ( Physical )
2’ udkisl frda. (Mental)
 110

fï iïnJOfhka lreKq fiùfï§ ;s%msglfha úúO ia:dkj, jeo.;a

foaYkd /ila frda.dndO‛ fi!LHh iïnJOfhka f.kyer ±laúh
yelh’ wx.=;a;r ksldfha p;=lalx ksmd;fha frda. iQ;%fha oS frda.dndO
.ek fufia ioZyka lr we;’

osiaika;s Nslalfj i;a;d ldhsflk

frdf.k tlxms jiaix wdfrd.H mácdk udkd -fm-jiaii;xð wdfrd.H
mácdk udkd-fm- Nslalfj i;a;d oq,a,Nd f,dliañx fh fp;isf;k
frdf.k uqyq;a;xms wdfrd.H mácdkdks w[a[;% Çkdifjys ^19&

uyfKks‛ frda.fhda folls‛ ldhsl frda. iy udkisl frda.

hkqfjks’ fuhska ldhsl frda. j,ska fkdfm<S wjqreoaola‛ folla ;=kla
y;,syla mkyla we;eïúg ishhla ksfrda.sj jik wh isá;s’ tfy;a
udkisl frda. j,ska tl fudfyd;la fyda fkdfm<S mSvd fkdúÈ isák
wh ry;kajykafia,d yer fjk fidhd .ekSu ÿIalrh’
fï iQ;% foaYkdfjka wmg meyeÈ,s jkafka udkisl frda. j,ska fkdfm<S
isáh fkdyels njls’ tla wjia:djl Wkajykafia foaYkd lf<a ‚ iífí
mq:qcckd Wïu;a;ld‛ (20) hkqfjks’ tkï ish¨u mD:.ack mqoa.,hska
udkisl f,vqka f,ih’ úfYaIfhka cmdkfha jeämqr jevlsÍu ksid
udkisl wd;;sfhka urKhg m;aùu “ karosi” hkqfjka kïlr we;’ (21)
tuÕska wmg yefÕkafka uq¿ uy;a f,dalhu ixlSrKJjfhka msÍ wd;;sfhka
(Stress) fõ,S we;s njls’ tu.ska isÿjk ishÈú kid .ekSï osfkka osku
by< hk w;r wd;;sh ksid l¾udka; Yd,dj,g fkdmeñKSfuka mdvq
ú¢k w;r YdÍßlj l¾udka; Yd,d isáho udkislj tys fkdisàu ksid
isÿjk wK;=reo osfkka Èku by< hk nj m¾fhaIK jd¾;d fmkakqï lr
we;’ tu ksid ta ;;aJjh kshu m%;sl¾u fiùu jvd;a ldf,daÑ;h’ tfiau
tu ;;aJjhkag kshu iy ir< m%;sl¾u wjqreÿ 2500 g m%:u nqÿka
jykafia fmkajd ÿka fial’
i,af,aL iQ;%fha§ (22) nqÿka jykafia udkisl frda. 44 olajd we;’
1’ wkqkag ysxid lsÍu
2’ i;=ka ueÍu
3’ wkai;= foa .ekSu
4’ ldufhys jrojd yeisÍu
5’ fndre lSu
6’ fla,dï lSu
7’ mreI jpk lSu
8’ ksIam%fhdack jpklSu
9’ wkqkaf.a foa .ek we;s wdYdj
10’ ¥Is; krl is;a we;snj
11’ jerÈ iys; o¾Ykh
12’ jerÈ wl=Y, ixl,am
13’ jerÈ jpk l:dlsÍu
 111

14’ jerÈ l¾udka; lsÍu

15’ jerÈ Ôúldj
16’ jerÈ jHdhduh
17’ jerÈ isysh
18’ jerÈ iudêh
19 krl l%shd fldg fyd| ls%hd lf<ahehs is;Su
20 jerÈ úuqla;sh
21 Òk ñoaOfhka hqla;ùu
22 WvÕ=nj
23 iel we;snj
24’ lsfmk iq¿nj
25’ noaO ffjrh
26’ .=Kul=nj
27’ hq..%dy we;snj
28’ B¾Ihdjka;lu
29 uiqrenj
30 fflrdálnj
31 uhdwe;snj
32 ;onj
33’ udkdêlnj
34’ wlSlrenj
35’ mdm ñ;%hka we;snj
36’ ie±yeke;snj
37’ ,eþPd ke;snj
38’ mjg ìh fkdue;snj
39’ weiQmsrE ;ekake;snj
40’ m%udonj
41’ l=iS;nj
42’ isysuq,dnj
43’ fudavnj
44’ ;u woyi ±äfldg .;anj’

fi!LHh .ek l:dlsÍfï§ nqÿiuh ksfrda.slug uq,a;ekla fokq ,efí’

tfiau ;u Ôú;fha p¾hd ;=<skau ksfrda.slu ,Õdlr .;hq;= nj nqÿka
jykafia mjihs’ tfiau .s,kqkag Wjgeka lsÍu nqoqka jykafiag Wjgeka
lsÍu yd iudk nj olajd we;’ ‚ fhd .s,dkx WmÜfGhH fid ux
WmÜfGhH ”(23) tla wjia:djl mQ;s.;a;;siai ysñhka .s,ka ù isá úg
wdkJo ysñhka iu.Z tl;= ù kyjd msßisÿ lr hful= nqÿysñhkag i;aldr
jeÿï msÿï lsÍug wjYH kï .s,kqkag Wmia:dk lsÍfuka ta msk ,nd .;
yels nj mjid ;sîfuka nqÿka jykafia fi!LHh .ek ,ndoS ;snQ ;ek
Wml,amkh l< yel’ tfiau tlu úydrfha jik .=rejrfhl= fyda YsIHhd
wikSm jQ úg tlsfkldg Wmia:dk lr .; hq;= njo Wkajykafia olajd
we;’ (24)
 112

tfiau úkh kS;s j,g wkqj jia ld,h ;=< NsCIQka iy NsCIqKSka
úydrfhka msg; tla /hla fyda .; l< fkdyels kuq;a .s,ka jQ uõ
mshkaf.a lghq;= lsÍu i|yd i;shla úydrfhka msg isàug nqÿka jykafia
wkq±k jodrd we;’(25)
nqÿka jykafia YdÍrsl iqjh iy udkisl iqjh hk folu jeo.;a nj
foaYkd l< kshu ksfrda.S Ndjhla ,nd.kafka flfiao ta ioyd nqÿoyfï
ud¾.hka fmkajd § we;’ úfYaIfhkau wfkl=;a wd.ï yd ixikaokd;aulj
n,k úg nqÿoyu mrsirh yd ;Èka ne£ mj;S’ fuu fmdf;ys fn!oaO
mdßißl ufkdaúµdj keu;s mrsÉfþofhka mßirh yd nqÿoyu w;r we;s
iïnJOh b;d úia;rd;aulj olajd we;’ uQ,slu foh kï wm Ôj;ajk
mßirfha wmg fyd| jd;dia;rhla ,eìh hq;=h’ tfiau nqÿka jykafia
O¾uh foaYkd lrK úg Wmud f,i olajd we;af;ao wjg mßirfhka
,nd.;a WmyerKhkah’ .Õla‛ l=Uqrla‛ le,hla‛ .ila‛ fld< álla iy
mdßißl jYfhka jQ foa ;=<ska O¾uh b;d wÕkd f,i úia;r lr we;’
.sys f.hska kslau jQ od isg nqÿnj ,nd msrsksjka mdkd wjia:dj olajdu
mrsirh;a iu.Zu jev isáh w;r Wm; isÿjQfhao ruKSh ¨ïìKs kï i,a
Whklh’ ÿIalr ls%hdl< ld,h ;=<o .ia j, m, je, j<oZñka oeä ÿla
ú|s w;r iïud iïnqoaO;ajhg m;a jQfhao ukrï fkarkackd kos ;Srfha
.ila hgh’ fidF:sh nuqKd mQcd l, l=i;K ñá wglao /f.k wei;=
.ila uq, nqoaO;ajhg m;a jQ w;r ta fijk ,nd ÿka .igo m%;s Wmldr
jYfhka foi;shla .i <.Z jev isá fial’ tfiau msßksjka mdk
wjia:djgo fhdod .kafkao l=iskdrd kqjr u,a, rc orejkaf.a Wmj;a;k
kï i,a Whkhs’ fï wdldrhg n,k úg mßirh iuÕ oeä iïnkaOhla
nqoaO pß;fha wjia:djka iu.Z we;’ j¾;udk mdßirsl ufkdaúoHdfõ §
l:dlrK ish¿u ldrKhka nqÿka jykafia wjqreÿ 2500 g l,ska b;d
meyeÈ,s f,i olajd m%ldY lr we;’
nqÿka jykafia mßirh ms<sn|j ukd wjfndaOhlska hq;=j jeo.;a foaYkd
rdYshla bÈßm;a lr we;s w;r ksfrda.su;a Ôú;hla i|yd mßirh fl;rï
msßisÿj ;nd .;hq;=±hs Wkajykafia fmkajd ÿkay’ úfYaIfhka fiaÅhd jeks
lreKq m%d;sfudaCIhg wka;r.; lr foaYkd lsÍfuka wmg fmkShkafka
wogo tu úkh kS;s Í;s úfYaIfhka tu m%dka;j,g wksjd¾fhka wjYH
njls’ pq,a,j.a. md,s j;a;laLJOlfha§ nqÿrcdKka jykafia lEu .;hq;=
wdldrh‛ md;%h msßisÿj ;nd.;hq;= wdldrh‛ tfiau ,sx iy jeisls,s
msrsisÿ Ndjh ±lajQ úfYaIJjh meyeÈ,s f,i fmkakqï lr we;’ (26) msßisÿ
jeisls,s fkdue;sùu fndfyda f,v j,g fya;=fõ’ tu ksid jeisls,s ukdj
mj;ajd f.khdu ms<sn|j ±ä wjOdkhlska kS;sÍ;s mkjd ;sfí’ tka
wjia:djl nqÿrcdKka jykafia kl=,ms;d keue;s .Dym;shdg foaYkd
lf<a fufiah’
“ wd;= frd.dhx .ym;s ldfhd wFON=f;d mßfhkoafjd fhdys .ym;s bux
ldhx mrsyfkf;d uqyq;a;ïms wdfrd.h mácdfkhH ksu[[q;% n,Hd@ ;iaud
;sy .ym;s tjx iCÅ ;ínx wd;=r ldhiai fï il=x Ñ;a;x wkd;=rx
Núiai;s ”
 113

.Dym;sh‛ fl<‛ fiï‛ fidgq‛ wdÈh ks;r je.sfrk fï lh wd;=rh‛ ÿn,h‛

tneúka jegqkfyd;a ì£ hk ì;a;rhla jeksh’ ishqï iulska jeiS we;s
tlls’ .Dym;sh‛ hfula fï ÿn, lh mßyrKh lrñka fudfyd;l=ÿ ;ud
ksfrda.S hhs m%;s{d flf¾ kï th wkqjk lu yer lsfulao@ .Dym;sh‛
wd;=r lhla we;s Tn wkd;=r is;la we;sfhl= jk mßos ms<smeÈh hq;=h’
wfkal úê jQ jHdëka yg.kakd iajNdjhla we;s fuu mxpiaLJOh .ek
wjfndaO lr.;a KqjKe;sfhda tys we,S fkdisg wd;=r jQ mxpiaLJOh yer
wkd;=r jq ksjkg msúfikafkah’ úfYaIfhka ÿCL i;Hfha úia;r lrk
wdldrhg bm§u‛ f,vùu‛ leu;s oE fkd,eîu wdÈ ish,a,u ÿlh’

“cd;sms ÿCLd‛ crdms ÿCLd jHdê ms ÿCLd‛ wmamsfhys iïmfhdf.d

ÿCLd‛msfhys úmamfhdf.d ÿCLd‛ hxmsÉPx k ,n;s ;ïms ÿCLx ”(27)

wfma isrer frda.dndO j,g uQ,slu jia;= îchhs’ tu ksid YdrSrsl

ksfrda.s;dj mj;ajd .ekSug wjYH uQ,sl foa W.kajd we;s w;r tA wkqj
l%shd lsÍu ;=<ska hym;a fi!LHh ;;aJjhla Wodlr .; yelsh’
wfma fi!LHh kshu f,i mj;ajd f.k hdug wdydro wxl tlg jeo.;a
fõ’ úfYaIfhka u ish¿u iFjhka hefmkafka wdydr u;sks’
“iífí i;a;d wdydrÜÀ;sld” kuq;a wdydrfhka hemqko muK ±k
wdydr .;hq;=h’ tla wjia:djl fldfid,a rc;=ud muKg jvd wdydr
f.k wmyiq;djhg m;a j isá úg nqÿka jykafia ta .ek t;=udg Wmfoia
oS ±;s whqre fn!oaO b;sydifha i|ykaj we;’ nv.skak n,j;a frda.hls’
wdydr jeäsmqr .ekSu o frda.hls’ fï h:d¾:h f;areï .;a m%{djka;hska
ñksiqka muK ±k wdydr .ks;s’

“ ð.ÉPd mrud frd.d

frdf.dms w;s fNdckx
b;s Èiajd kfrd m[a[d
hdmkJjdh N=[a[;s‛ (28)

tfiau ñksidf.a uQ,sl wjYH;d wksjd¾fhkau imqrd .;hq;= nj nqÿka

jykafia mjid we;’ l=i.skafkka meñKs ñksfil=g O¾uh wjfndaO
lrùug l,ska wdydrmdk ,nd§ l=i.skak ixis|jd O¾uh foaYkd l< nj
fn!oaO idys;Hfha l:djla we;’ fm< oyu olajk uQ,sl wjYH;d y;rla
nqÿka jykafia isõmih f,i olajd we;’
 wdydr
 we÷ï
 ksjdi
 fnfy;a ^ fi!LHh myiqlï &

ñksfil=f.a uQ,sl wjYH;d f,i by; olajd we;s y;r ;=< fnfy;a
i|yka ùfuka fi!LHh iïmkak ksfrda.slug nqÿka jykafia uq,a ;ekla
 114

ÿkanj meyeÈ,s fõ’ isjqmih yd wod< lr.; yels lreKq y;rla ksiafiah
O¾u f,i;a th ukdj NsCIQka úiska ms<smeÈh hq;= nj;a th meúÈ Èúfha
moku nj;a fmkajd ÿka fial’

1’ msKAähd f,dm fNdckx ksiaidh mínccd

2’ mdxY=l+, Öjrx ksiaidh mínccd
3’ reCLuQ, fikdikx ksiaidh mínccd
4’ mQ;suq;a; fNiccx ksiaidh mínccd ^29&

fuys w¾: my; i|yka f,i oelaúh yel’

1’ msKAvmd;slj Ôj;aùu i|yd

2’ mdxY=l+, Öjr oeÍu i|yd
3’ relauQ,a fikiqkaj, úiSu i|yd
4’ .j uq;% wr¿ fnfy;a mdúÉÑh i|yd

meúoafol=f.a Ôú;h b;du ir,h’ isõmifhka hemSug Tjqkg yelsh’ .sys

ck;djg o meúÈ Ôú;fhka .; yels wdo¾Y fndfydah’ mqrdK ,xldfõ
mxi, yd ne£ isá ck;dj ,o fohska i;=gq ù b;d mS%;su;aj ld,h
.;l<y’ kuq;a wo iudch Bg yd;amiskau fjkiah’ f.orla .;fyd;a
iajdñhd iy Nd¾hdj hk fofokdu /lshdjka lrK úg orejka n,d
.ekSugo ksoyfia l:d lsrSugo fj,djla ke;s ;rïh’ úfYAIfhka
/lshdjla fkdlrK ldka;djla kï ieñhd tk;=re n,d isákafka ojfia
isÿjqk foa Tyq iuÕ l:d lsÍugh’ kuq;a iudcfha ixlSrKJjh;a iuÕ
mjqf,a i;=go wd¾:slh úiska .s,f.k we;’ f,dalhu udkisl mSvdfjka
wd;;sfhka ^stress& fmf<kjqkah’ thska ksoyiaj isàug fkdfhl=;a
úêl%uhka fidhñka ufkdaúµdhska‛ ffjoHjreka m¾fhaIK lrñka isá;s’
fi!LHh;a mrsirh;a tl iudkj iïnJOj mj;S’ mrirh fl<iqfkd;a
fkdfhl=;a frda.dndO j,g thu uQ,sl fya;=jla fõ’
j,a;K u; uq;%d‛ u<my lsrSu iy fl< .eiSu ;ykï lrñka úkh
msGlfha m%d;sfudaCIfha fiaÅhdj, y;afjks mdÿld j¾.fha fufia olajd
we;’
k yrsf; w.s,dfkd WÉpdrxjd miaidrxjd
fn,ujd ;ßiaid fu;s isCLd lrKshd(30)

úfYaIfhka frda. we;sùug n,mdk fya;= ke;slsÍu ;=<ska tu frda. we;sùu

je<elaúh yelsh’ tfiau tu fiaÅhdj,u c,h iïnFOfhka o fufia úkh
kS;s mkjd we;’

k Wofl w.s,dfkd WÉpdrxjd miaidrxjd

fn,ujd ;ßiaid fu;s isCLd lrKshd(31)
 115

.s,fkl=g yer c,fhys uq;%d lsrSu u<my lsÍu iy fl< .eiSu wdÈho
fkdl<hq;=h’ flfia kuqÿ wm mdúÉÑ lrK c,fhys fujeks oE lsÍu
iïmQ¾K ;ykïh’
úfYaIfhka w;Sidrh mdpkh jeks frda. u<my lsÍu wdÈh uÕska fndafõ’
tksid nqÿka jykafia foaYkd l< fuu kS;srS;s fl;rï iudc
ufkdaúµd;aul jákdlula ;sfío@ tfiau iudÔh f,i mrirh iq/lSfuka
ksfrda.slu mj;ajd f.k hdug o yelsh’ wgmsrslr i|yd fmryka lvhla
wka;¾.; lsÍu ;=<ska fuh jvd;a meyeÈ,s jk w;r NsCIQkag ks;ru fmrd
meka mdkh lsÍug wKqoek jodrd we;’ tfiau kQ;k ffjoHjreo
mjikafka c,h WKqlr fmrd mdúÉÑ lsÍugh’ wo ld,fha Ndr;fha iEu
ksjilu mdfya j;=r fmrk ueiska ^filter& Ndú;d lrKq ,efí’ tfiau
iEu fmdÿ iA:dkhlu mdfya Ys;lrK yd iudk j;=r iS;, ù fmÍ tk
hka;% iúlr we;’ c,h jeämqr mdúÉÑh YrSrhg .=K odhl nj kQ;k
ffjoHjreo mji;s’ tfiau jl=.vq wdY%s; frda. iy .eiag%iaáia jeks
frda.dndO j,go l%uj;a c, mdkh lsÍu jeo.;ah’ ^naturopathy&
iajdNdúl l%uu.Zska f,v iqjlsÍfï l%uhla f,i ^Water theraphy& c,
Ñls;aidj o wo ld,fha ckm%shj we;’ tfiau u;aøjHh mdúÉÑ lr
mqkreJ:dmkh jk wh i|ydo c, Ñls;aidj uÕska blaukska Tjqkaf.a
iakdhq h:d;;aJjhg m;ajk nj fidhdf.k we;’ c,h iEu Ôúfhl=gu
w;HjYH jk ksid;a th fi!LHhu;a cSú;hlu uQ, îch jk ksid;a th
/l .ekSu iEu flfkl=f.au j.lSuls’
nqÿka jykafia fndfyda úg m%dfhda.sl f,dalh foi n,d ta wkqj kS;sÍ;s
tfiau wjjdo ,nd § we;s whqre fn!oaO b;sydih foi n,k úg fmkShhs’
nqoaO ld,fha NsCIQka msKavmd;fhka wdydr fidhdf.k tho je<osh hq;af;a
ta wdydrh m%;HfõCIdjla f,i is;ñkah’ ‚ud fï wdydrh mßfNdackh
lrkafka úfkdaoh i|ydj;a‛ mqreI uoh i|ydj;a‛ YÍrh ;rlr .ekSu
i|ydj;a fkdfõ’fï wdydrfhka YÍr Yla;sh;a cSú;h;a mj;ajd f.k
hdug;a id.sks fõokdj ke;slsÍu i|ydh’ jeäfhka wdydr .ekSu ksid
jk fõokdj o ke;s jkafkah’ cSú;h ksfrda.S f,i È.= ld,hla mj;ajd
.; yels jkafkah’ whq;= f,i;a muKg jvd wdydr fkd.ekSu ksid
iqjfia cSj;aúh yelaflah’‛

NsCIQka jykafi,dg Wka jykafia foaYkd lf<a iïmQ¾Kfhka l=imsÍ

hk;=re fkdj<Èk f,ih’ n;amsvqZ ;j;a lSmhla je<Èh yelsj isák úg
meka mdkh l<hq;= njh’ tfiau jeämqr wdydr .ekSu ^overeating& fyda
wvqfjkau wdydr .ekSu;a frda.hkag uq,hla njh’ tu ksid uOHia: f,i
wdydr .ekSu ;=<ska úúOdldr jQ f,v frda. kj;d .; yelsh’ kshñ;
f,i wdydr fkd.ekSu ;=<ska .eiag%áÜia jeks frda.o yg.KS’ tfiau
jeämqr wdydr .ekSu ;=<ska úúO frda. yg .eksu isÿfõ’ tuksid oiis,a
iy wIaGdx. iS,fhys ‚fkdl,ays wdydr .ekSfuka je<lS isáñ ‛ hkqfjka
olajd we;af;a wvqfjka fjfyijkakka iy Ndjkdjka j, fhfok whg
rd;%S wdydr .ekSfuka th id¾:l lr.; fkdyels njh’ rd;%S lEu
 116

fkd.ekSfuka Ndjkd lghq;= myiqfjka lsÍug wjYH ieye,a¨ nj

,ndfohs’ j¾;udkfha fndfyda wh ffjµ Wmfoia msg rd;%Shg .kafka b;d
ieye,a,q wdydrhls’ ;reKúfha § .=K w.=K fkdi,ld wdydr .ekSfuka
uy¿ úfhaoS tajdfha m%;sM, f,i úúO f,v frda. yg.KS’ wo ld,fha
fndfyda fokd YÍrh iunrj ;nd .ekSug úYd, úhoula iy lemùula
lr;s’ muKg yd l%uj;aj wdydr .ekSfuka YÍrh iunrj ;nd.; yels
nj nqÿka jykafia fuhg wjqreÿ 2500 lg by; § mejiQy’ taksid
rEm,djkH iy YÍrfha iunr;djh ;nd.ekSug Woõ lrK wdh;k
^fitness centers& j,g hdug wjYH ke;s w;r ;u Ôú;fha wdydr .ekSu‛
ksod .ekSu‛ jHdhdu lsÍu wd§ lghq;= ms<sfj,g lrkafka kï YÍrh
iunrj ;nd.; yel’ nqÿka jykafia cSj;a jQ O¾uh foaYkd l< ia:dk
f.k n,k l, fï ish¿ kS;sÍ;s fl;rï ÿrg m%dfhda.sloEhs l,amkd
jkafka tu m%foaYhl Tn ixpdrh l<fyd;a muKh’ ìyd¾ m%foaYfha we;s
.hd‛ rc.ykqjr‛ úid,d uykqjr‛ wdÈ m%foaYj, we;s wmsßisÿ nj ksid
fujeks kS;srS;s‛ Wmfoia wog;a b;d w.fkah’ lEug m%:u w; fiaoSu úúO
úIîc uÕska frda. yg.ekSu j<lajd .ekSfï m%:u mshjrh’ f,v frda.
je<§ug m%:u th yg.kakd l%uh ke;s lsÍfuka f,v j<lajd .ekSu
.ek nqÿka jykafiaf.a wjOdkh fhduqj ;sìKs’
“ úkfhd kdu idikiai wdhq ” úkh idikfhys ÑriaÓ;sh i|yd
mj;sk wdhqI neúka fjk lsisÿ Ydia;Djrfhl= wjOdkh fkdl< iudfha
iq¿ wxY .ek mjd is;d kS;sÍ;s mkjd we;’ tu kS;sÍ;s mkjd we;af;ao
m%dfhda.slj isÿjqk isoaëka uq,alrf.kh’ m%d;sfudaCIfha wdydr .kakd
wdldrh .ek ish,qu ms<sfj;a foaYkd lr we;’ ilalÉp j.a.h‛ ln,
j.a.h‛iqre iqre j.a.h‛pmq pmq j.a.h”(32) hk j.a.j,ska fïjd b;d
meyeÈ,s fõ’ úfYaIfhka wdydr .ekSfïoS wkq.ukh l<hq;= úkh kS;s
;=<ska hym;a iudchlg;a tfiau fi!LHh iïmkak Èúhlg;a .;yels
wx. fndfydah’ n;amsvZq uqLh lsÜgqjg .ekSug fmr uqLh újD; fkdlsÍu‛
ylal msgg fmfkk mßÈ fkdje<§u‛ uqLfhys lEu ;sfnk úg l:d
fkdlsÍu‛ b÷,a f,j fkdlEu‛ weÕs,s ish,a,u uqLh ;=<g fkd±óu‛ b÷,a
w;ska meka Ndckh fkd.ekSu‛ jeks foa foaYkd lr we;’ úfYaIfhka
NsCIqjla hkq iudcfha wd.ñl kdhlfhls’ NsCIQkaf.a wjjdo iy
wkq.ukh lrkakka fndfydah’ Tjqkaf.a fyd| mqreÿ bf.kSfuka uq¿ uy;a
iudchgu hym;a ;;aJjhg m;afõ’ YS% ,xldfõ w;S;fha mej;s ‚ jejhs
od.enhs .uhs mxi,hs‛ ixl,amh hgf;a kshu f,i mxif,a wdNdIh ksid
hym;a mqrjeishka rgg ìysjqk w;r hym;a iduldñ mrirhla mej;s nj
b;sydih idCIs orhs’ tfiau nqÿoyfï wdNdIh ,enQ fn!oaO rcjre fyd|
ffjµjreka f,i fjolï l< w;r th ñksiqkag muKla iSudfkdù wks;a
i;=kago fí;a l< njg nqoaOodi rcqf.a l:dj idCIs orKq we;’ iudch
ixlS¾Kj;au iudc iïnJO;d úúO jq f,i j¾Okh jkúg mxif,ka
wE;aùu ;=<ska úúO f,i uki ¥IKh jk w;r isf;a Ydka;sh iduh
ke;sù f.dia wiykh j¾Okh fõ’ tu wiykhkag ms<shï fiùug
f.dia úúO foag weíneys ù Ôú; úkdY lr.kakd msßia f,dj ´kEu
 117

rglska fidhd.; yel’ nqÿka jykafia fi!LHh .ek l:d lrK úg

imamdh iy mdßY=oaêh jYfhka fldgia follg fnod lreKq olajd we;’

imamdh-
 wdydr- YÍrfha ksfrda.s meje;au Wfoid fyd| fi!LHh iïmkak
wdydr wjYHh’
 W;= imamdhu - YÍrhg kshu f,i mj;ajd f.k hdug kï iS;
WIaK hkdÈ foa ;sìh hq;=h’
 úyrK imamdhu- YÍrh kshu f,i mj;ajd .ekSug kï jHdhduo
l< hq;=h’
 mqoa., imamdhu- ksfrda.su;a Ôú;hlg frda.d;=r f,vqkaf.a wE;aù
isáh hq;=h’ úfYAIfhka fndafjk f,v ye÷k mqoa.,hkaf.ka
mßiaiñka isáh hq;=hs’
 wcCOdih imamdhu- msrsisÿ woyia we;s nj - uki msrsisÿ jqk
;rug YÍrfhao ksfrda.s iqj /lf.; yelsh’ tuksid udkislj
woyia hym;aùu ;=<ska ldhsl fi!LHfha ksfrda.slu r|d mj;S’
imamdh me;af;ka YdÍßhg wjYH foa ,nd.kakd w;r wjg
mrsirfhao n,mEu mqoa., fi!LHh flfrys we;snj mdßY=oaê wxYh
.ek lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍfï§ fmfka’

mdßY=oaêh-
 f.j;a; msßisÿj ;nd .ekSu- uÿrejka‛ óhka jeks i;=kaf.ka
udrdka;sl frda. fndajk w;r wjg mrirfha msßisÿ nj
.s,syShdfuka uÿrejka iy óhka fndaù fi!LHhg ;¾ckhla úh
yel’
 f.or msßisÿj ;nd .ekSu - ;ud Ôj;ajk f.or msßisÿj yd
l%udKql=,j ke;akï udkisl iykh ;=rka ù hhs’
 jÉPl=á jJ:LFOlh hkqfjka olajd we;af;a jeisls,s msßisÿj
;nd.ekSu ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduqlrf.kh’ ksfrda.s Èú
fmfj;lg msßisÿ jeisls,sho fya;=jla fõ’ jeisls,sh msßisÿj
ke;súg úúO úIîc o W;amdo ù fkdfhl=;a frda. fndaùug
fya;=fõ’ YÍrh msßisÿj ;nd.ekSu .eko úfYaI wjOdkh
fhduqlr
we;’ idufKar nK oyï fmdf;a Èk pßhdfõ fufia oljd we;’
‚ ie±yefhka iiqkajka l=, orejka wreKg m<uq ±yeá j<od u¿ fm;aux
yeuo meka fmryd ;nd ‘’’’’’ ‛hkqfjka olajd we;af;a Wfoa keÕsg o;aueo
YÍrh msßisÿlr .ekSuhs’ úfYaIfhka wfma YÍrh msßisÿ ke;skï wfma
ukio tlÕlr .ekSu wmyiqh’ WodyrKhla f,i i;shla iakdkh
fkdl< úg we;s ;;aJjh ldg;a wjfndaOh’
 we÷ï msßisÿj ;nd.ekSuo iudcfha Ôj;ajk wmg jeo.;a
mdvuls’ ;ud w¢k we÷uo ;udf.a fm!¾Ihg n,mdk w;r ndysr
wh ;ukaj f;areï .ekSug w¢k we÷uo ks¾Kdhlhla lr.KS’
 118

nqÿoyfuys is; msßisÿlr .ekSu .ek úfYaI wjOdkhlska hq;=j l:dlr

we;’ is; ish,a,gu fmrgqfldg isà’ is; ish,a,gu fYa%IG fldg mj;S’
is; myojd f.k hïlsis fohla lrhs kï fyda lshhs kï th wm w;a
fkdyer hk fijke,a, fuka wm iuÕ .uka lrhs’
‚ ufkdmqínx. ud Oïud
ufkdfiÜGd ufkduhd
ukidfp mikafkk
Ndi;s jd lfrd;s jd
;f;dkx iqL ukafj;s
Pdhdj wKmdhsks ” (33)
tuksid is; msßisÿlr .ekSu wjYHh’ tfiau is; md,kh lr .ekSuo
jeo.;ah’ ;udg ;ukaf.a is; md,kh lr .ekSug fkdyels jkúg
l,amkd lr fkdn,d ls%hdlsÍfuka úúO f,v frda. fndalr .kakd
wjia:d wmg iudcfha § ±lsh yel’ iqrdjg‛ u;al=vq j,g iy úúO iudc
frda. j,go m%Odku fya;=j is; md,kh lr fkd.ekSuhs’ tu ksidu
nqÿka jykafia fufia m%ldY lr we;’ hqoaOhl§ ñksiqka oyia .Kkla
Èkqjo th kshu ch.%yKhla fkdjk w;r ;udj ch.%yKh lsÍu b;d
jeo.;a nj fmkajd § we;’
‚fhd iyiaix iyiafik
ix.dfu udkqfi ðfk
tlxPfchH w;a;dkx
ifp ix.du cq;a;fud ”(34)

ufkdaldhsl frda. ^Psychosomatic disorders& j,g m%Odku fya;=j uki

wjq,aùuh’ is; msßisÿ ke;skï udkisl frda.sfhl= jk w;r tksidu
ldhsl frda.sfhl= úh yel’ nqÿka jykafia is; ms<sn| fndfyda foa foaYkd
lr we;s w;r by; úia;r lrK ,oafoa th fldhs wdldrfhka ñksidg
n,mdkafkao hkakhs’ imamdh iy mdßY=oaêh jYfhka b;d l%udKql+,j
msßisÿ nj yeu w;skau <Õdlr .kakd úêh olajd we;s w;r th
l%udKql+,j wkq.ukh lsÍfuka fyd| fi!LHh iïmkak Ôú;hla <Õdlr
.; yelsh’
wx.=;a;r ksldfha frda. iQ;%fha§ nqÿka jykafia ldhsl udkisl frda.
f,i j¾. lr ±lajQy’ udkisl frda. iy tajd yg.kakd wdldrh iy
tajdg ms<shïo fuu fmdf;ys fjku mßÉfþohlska idlÉPdjg .efka’
ldhsl frda. yg.kakd wdldrh .eko fndfyda iQ;%j, olajd we;’
.sßudkFo iQ;%h” (35) uydpqkaofJ:r fnd–COx. iQ;%h‛ (36) uyd
liaimfJ:r fnd–COx. iQ;h % ” (37) uyd fud.a.,a,dkfJ:r fnd–COx.
iQ;h% ” (38) WodyrK f,i oelaúh yel’
nqÿka jykafia .sßudkkao iQ;%fhaÈ ñksidg je<fok ldhsl frda.
kdudj,shla olajd we;’ tajd my; kï jYfhka i|yka lrkafkuq’
1’ wefiys yg .kakd frda. - pCLq frdf.d
2’ lfkys yg.kakd frda. - fid; frdf.d
 119

3’ kdifhys yg .kakd frda. - >dK frdf.d

4’ Èfjys yg .kakd frda. - ðõyd frdf.d
5’ lfhys yg .kakd frda. - ldh frdf.d
6’ ysfiys yg .kakd frda. - iSid frdf.d
7’ msg lfkys yg .kakd frda. - lKAK frdf.d
8’ uqfjys yg .kakd frda. - uqL frdf.d
9’ o;aj, yg .kakd frda. - oka; frdf.d
10’ leiai - ldi frdf.d
11’ weÿu - idi frdf.d
12’ mSki - mSKdfid
13’ YÍr odyh - vfyd
14’ crdjg m;aùu - cfrd
15’ Worfhys yg.kakd frda. - l=Éð frdf.d
16’ isys uq¾cdùu - uqÉPd
17’ iQ, jd; wdndO - iq,d
18’ uyd w;Sidrh - úiQÑld
19’ l=Iag frda. - l=ÜGx
20’ .Kav frda. - .Kafvd
21’ rla;d;Sidrh - mCLkaÈld
22’ ´cia .,k frda. - ls,dfid
23’ CIh frda. - fidfid
24’ wmiaudrh - wmudfrd
25’ oo - ooaÿ
26’ leiSu - lKavq
27’ iq¨ leiSu frda. - lÉcq
28’ ksfhka isrekq ;ek yg.kakd frda. - knid
29’ uy leiSï f,v - ú;Éðld
30’ f,a ms;a frda.h - f,dys; ms;a;
31’ Èh jeähdj - uOqfufyd
32’ ryiÕ jgd yg.kakd ìì,s - wxid
33’ Èjq,a f.ä muK f.ä yg.kakd frda.h - ms<ld
34’ u, uq;% ud¾.fha w;r yg .kakd f.ä - N.Jord
35’ ms;ska yg.kakd frda. - ms;a; iuqÜGdkd wdndOd
36’ fifuka yg.kakd frda. - fiïy iuqÜGdkd wdndOd
37’ jd;fhka yg .kakd frda. - jd; iuqÜGdkd wdndOd
38’ ;=ka fodia lsmSfuka yg .kakd frda. - ikaks md;sld wdndOd
39’ R;= úm¾hdifhka yg .kakd frda. - W;=mßKducd wdndOd
40’ úIu yeisÍfuka yg.kakd frda. - úIumßydrcd wdndOd
41’ jo nJOk wd§ mfrdml%ufhka yg.kakd frda. - Tmlalñld wdndOd
42’ l¾u úmdlfhka yg .kakd frda. - lïu úmdlcd wdndOd
43’ iS;fhka yg.kakd frda. - iS;
44’ WIAKfhka yg .kakd frda. - WKAyx WKAyx
45’ id.sks f,v - Ô.ÉPd
 120

46’ msmdih - msmdid

47’ u< my lsÍfï wdndO - WÉpd
48’ uq;% my lsÍfï wdndO - miaidj hkqfjks’

liaim uy ry;ka jykafia yd uq.,ka uy ry;ka jykafia .s,ka jQ úg

nqÿka jykafia ima; fndþCOx. we;=<;a iQ;% foaYkd l< w;r th Y%jKh
lsÍfuka frda. iqj w;g yereKq w;r nqÿka jykafiago tu ima; fnd–
COx. pqkao uy ry;ka jykafia úiska foaYkd l< w;r tuÕska wdndOhka
iukh jQ nj ;%smsglfhys olajd we;’ tfiau .sßudkFo ysñhka f,v jQ
úg nqÿka jykafia wdkJo ysñhkag mejiQfõ oi ix{djka Y%jKh
l<fyd;a .sßudkFo ysñhka iqj jk njh’ tu foaYkdfjka iqj jQ nj
olajd we;’ isf;a iduh‛ Ydka;sh uÕska ldhsl frda. iqj jq njg fuu iQ;%
foaYkdjka idCIs orKq we;’ tfiau j¾;udkfha wêl reêr mSvkh ^High
blood pressure) jeks frda. j,g udkisl is;=ú,s n,mdk w;r tu ksid
ffjµjreka Wmfoia fokafka frda.shdj i;=áka yd lror j,ska f;drj
;sîugh’ udkisl m%S;sfhka isàkï fndfyda f,v frda. iukh l< yels
nj fndfyda ffjµjrekaf.a u;hhs’ ldhsl frda.dndO kshu f,i y÷kd.;
fkdyels jQ úg;a úúO fí;a j¾. §fuka miqjo iqjhla fkd,enQ úg;a
ffjµjrekaf.a B<Õ m%;sldrh jkafka ufkdaffjµjrfhl= fj; fhduqlsÍuh’
úfYaIfhka ngysr ffjµ l%uh f.k ne¨jo wdhq¾fõo l%uh f.k ne¨jo
by; i|yka fya;= frda.hka yg .ekSug bjy,afõ’ wo ld,fha ffjµjreka
mjik ish¨u frda. ldrlhka nqÿka jykafia úiskao foaYs;hs’ fï frda.
jia;= îchkag wu;rj iudcfha meje;aug wod, jk iudc ufkdaúµd;aul
mokula we;s wpdr O¾u moaO;shla .sys ck;djg ,nd ÿkay’ tkï
iudchl hym;a meje;aula i|yd fya;=jk fuu wpdr O¾u moaO;sh mxp
is,h f,i kï flf¾’ tkï
i;=ka fkdueÍu‛ wkai;= foa fkd.ekSu‛ ldufhys jrojd yeisÍfuka
je<lSu‛ fndre fkdlSu‛ iy u;aøjHh‛ u;ameka fkdîu hkdÈhhs’

i;=ka fkdueÍu hkfkka .;aúg ishÈú kid .ekSïo fï .Khg whs;s

fõ’ f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,aj, ishÈú kid .ekSu cd;sl m%Yakhla ù
we;’ nqÿka jykafia ishÈú kid .ekSu wkqu; lr fkdue;s w;r hï hï
wjia:dj, ta iïnFOj lreKq olajd we;’ ñkS uereï uxfld,a, lEï ksid
iuyre rgj,aj, ìfhka ielfhka hqla;j Ôj;aùug isÿj we;’ tu ksid
fudku fya;=jla ksidj;a ishÈú kid .ekSug wjia:djla nqÿka jykafia
,nd § fkdue;’ tfiau wo ld,fha hqfrdamfha m%p,s; ^Euthanasia&
leue;af;ka urKhg m;aùu nqooyug tlÕ ke;’

tfiau wkai;= foa fkd.ekSu ;=<skao ñksiqkag ìhla iella ke;sj

Ôj;aùug o ksoyfia mS%;sfhka isàugo mq¿jk’
 121

ldufhys jrojd yeisÍfuka je<lS isáh yels kï wo f,dalfha m%n,

m%Yakhla ù we;s taâia (AIDS) frda. ffjrih fuf,dúka ;=rka l< yelsh’
jd¾Islj fvd,¾ ñ,shk .Kka jeh lrñka ta ffjrih .ek oekqj;a
lsÍug fjkuu taâia Èkhla fjkalsÍfukao tys nrm;, lu is;d .;
yelsh’ f,dal fi!LHh ixúOdkh o úYd, lemlsÍula fï fjkqfjka
isÿlrK w;r tjdfha m%;sM, wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ;rugu fkdue;’
Èfkka Èku taâia frda.Skaf.a m%udKh iEu rglu jeäjk w;r ta i|yd
iaÓr úiÿula fidhdf.k fkdue;’ nqÿoyu ;=<ska fï i|yd úiÿula
,ndÈh yelsh’ l< hq;af;a nqÿoyfu uQ,slu ixl,amhla jk mxp iS,fhys
;=kajk is,amoh wdrCId lsÍuhs’ nqÿka jykafia jrla wkd:msKaäl ÈjH
mq;%hdg fc;jkdrdufhaÈ fufia wkqYdikd lr we;’
‚ukqIHhka msßisÿ jkafka Tjqkaf.a f.da;%fhka fyda Okfhka fkdj
l%shdfjkao‛ ±kSfukao‛ wkq.ukh lrK O¾ufhkao .; lrk W;=ï is,j;a
Ôú;fhkao fõ’ ‛

“lïux úccdp Oïfudp - iS,x Ôú; uq;a;ux

tf;k uccd icCOka;s-kd f.d;af;k Ofkk jd ”

tu ksid nqÿoyfï uQ,sl yrh f.k fujeks Nhdkl frda. ke;slsÍug

wjYH uQ,sl ls%hoduhka ilial< hq;=h’ fï i|yd kS;sÍ;s meKùfuka
n,lsÍfuka th l< fkdyel’ ta i|yd wl,amuh fjkila mqoa., uki
;=< ilia l< hq;=h’ ta i|yd <ud ld,ho m%fhdckhg .; yel’
tfiau fndre lSu ;=<ska o iudcfha úúO m%Yak we;s fõ’ tu ksid thska
je<lS isàfuka ;ud m%ldY lrK foa ms<sn|j wka whf.a úYajdih we;s
jk w;r iudcfha hï ms<s.ekSula we;sj fyd¢ka Ôj;aúh yelsh’

iqrdmdkfhka je<lSu o b;du ldf,daÑ; .=Kdx.hls’ iqrdj uÕska

úfYaIfhkau uOH iakdhq moaO;shg n,mEula we;sfõ’ tfiau wlaudj iy
jl=.vq flfryso fuys iunFOhla we;’ ÿïmdkh lsÍu uÕska fmky¨
ms<sld‛ CIh frda.h‛ jeks frda.dndOo tfiau u;aøjH mdúÉÑh ksid
iakdhq yd iunFO frda.o wu;lùu’ ìhùu‛ NS;sld jeks udkisl jYfhka
n,mdk frda.o we;s fõ’ u;aøjHh mdúÉÑ l<úg ;uka l=ula lrkafkao
lshd isysl,amkdjla ke;s w;r iycfhkau wmg Wreu jQ fyd| .=Kdx.
hgm;aù ;sßika .;s wm ;=<ska u;=fõ’ iudc úfrdaê ´kEu l%shdjla
lsÍug Tjqka miqng fkdfõ’ iqrdjg f,d,aùu ksid ;u YÍrfha fkdfhl=;a
f,v frda. yg.kakjd muKla fkdj ;ukaf.a wd¾Ólh msßfyk w;r
mjqf,a iu.sh msßfya’ tfiau /lshdjl ksr; jkafkakï tho wysñjk w;r
wkd: ù wirKj ñhhdugo u;aøjH Ndú;h uÕ mdohs’ w;S;fha§ oUÈj
hg;a lrf.k isá jdiqfoajd§ oinE rcorejka u;ameka mdkfhka u;aj
Tjqfkdjqka úkdY ú .sh l:d wfma merKs fmd;am;aj, i|ykaj we;’
u;aøjH Ndú;h o wo f,dalfha b;du ne?reï m%Yakhla ù we;’ ta i|ydo
nqÿka jykfia foaYkd l< iudc ufkdaúµd;aul wdpdr O¾u ;=<ska hym;a
 122

fi!LHhu;a iudchla lrd msh keÕsh yelsh’ O¾u m%§msldfõ iqrdj iy

tys wd§kj fufia oljd we;’
‚ kqjK ke;af;d y<dy, úIla n÷jQ iqrdj mdkh fldg
fkdfhla cd;sj, Wmkafkda Wïu;a;lfhda jkakdy‛ ,eccd ke;af;d
jkakdy‛ os<s÷ jkakdy‛ fYdal lrkakdy’ úrEm YÍr we;s jkakdyq‛ hkq
my; i|yka .d:dfõ woyihs’‛

“Wïu;a;ld ú.; ,cc .=Kd Njka;s

Èkd iod jHik fid; mrdhkdj
c;d Nfjiq úúfOiq úrEmfoyd
msJjd y<dy, úix p iqrd úm[a[d ”(39)

m%dfhda.sl fn!oaO fi!LHh ufkdaúµdfõ § ksfrda.slu ,nd.kakd wdldrh

nqÿka jykafia b;d meyeÈ,sj úia;r lrwe;’ b;d fyd| fi!LHh
;;aJjhla we;slr .ekSug kï wjg mßirh o úYd, msgqjy,la fõ’
m%dfhda.sl fn!oaO mdßißl ufkdaúµdj kï mßÉfþofha § fï .ek fn!oaO
ixl,amh úia;r lrKq we;’
tfiau udkisl frda. j<lajd .ekSug we;s fyd|u ud¾.h kï p;=rd¾h
i;Hh .ek wjfndaOhla ,ndf.k wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud¾.h wkq.ukh
lsÍuh’ Ndjkdjo fï iïnFOfhka ufkdaÑls;aidjla f,i Wmfhda.s lr.;
yel’ úmiaikd Ndjkd fukau ;ka;% wd§ fndfyda Ndjkd l%u wo b;d
m%p,s;j we;’ ÿlska ñ§ug‛ m%Yak j,g úiÿï fiùug fndfyda wh
Ndjkdjg fhduqj we;’ tu ksidu Ndjkdj ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidjla f,i
Wmfhda.s lr.; yel’ i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha;a fu;a;dksYxi iQ;%fha;a wdksYxi
jYfhka olajd we;s lreKQ fndfyduhlau ldhsl iy udkisl fi!LHh
flfrys n,mdk tAjdh’ úfYaIfhkau ffu;%sh jeks .=Kdx. jeãu ;=<ska
f,dal iduhgo tfiau ñksia isf;a msßisÿ Ndjhgo tu msßisÿ Ndjfhka
ldhsl frda.hkaf.ka ñ§ugo yelshdj we;’ fndfyda úg ldhsl frda.
j,go n,mdkafka udkisl fya;=uh’ tuksid ffu;%sh jeãu fjfiiskau
wf.ah’ ffu;%S jeãfï wdksYxi tfld<yla olajd we;’
iqjfia kskaohdu‛ iqjfia wjêùu‛ kmqre isysk fkdfmkSu‛ ukqIHhkag
m%shùu‛ wukqIHhkag m%shùu‛ foúhka wdrCId lrKq ,efí‛ .skafkka
jiúij,ska wdhqOhlska lrorhlaa fkdùu‛ is; tlÕlr .ekSug we;s
yelshdj‛ meyem;a uqyqKla we;sùu‛ isysfhka hq;=j l¿ßh lsÍu‛ fjk;a
OHdkhla fkdt<Uqfkd;a urKska miq nUf,dj bm§u‛ hkdÈh ffu;%S
Ndjkdfõ wdksYxihkah’
i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha§ o th jeãfuka wdksYxihka y;la ,efnk nj olajd
we;’
nqÿka jykafia ;u Y%djlhskaf.a Yßr fi!LHh mj;ajd .ekSug úúO
úêl%u olajd we;’ ;s%msgld.; úúO iQ;%j, lreKq fukau úfYAIfhka
pq,a, j.a. md,s iy uydj.a. md,sfha i|yka lreKqo fuys§ b;d
jeo.;ah’ fi!LHh ixrCIK úêl%u rdYshla Wkajykafia f.k yer olajd
we;’ tajd l%u folla hgf;a ú.%y l< yelsh’
 123

 wdrCIK úê
 ksjdrK úê hkqfjks’
nqÿoyfuys uQ,slu ixl,amhla kï hï lsis fohla ùug fmr ta i|yd
l%shd ud¾. .ekSu ±laúh yelsh tu ksid frda. ldrlhkaf.ka je<lS
isàug Wkajykafia fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha wdrCIK úêl%u olajd we;’
úfYAIfhkau ;u YÍrh iS;f,ka‛ WiaKfhka iy fkdfhl=;a i;=kaf.ka
wdrCId lr .; hq;= wdldrh pq,a, j.a.md,sfhys iy uyd j.a. md,sfhys
olajd we;’
tfiau pq,a,j.a. md,sfhys fiakdikdLkaOlfhys mßir ¥IKh
ÿr,Su;a fi!LHh /lSu;a jeisls,s mdúÉÑhg;a kdk ia:dkh‛
wdrduh‛ jd;h‛ c,h hkd§ iEu ia:dkhlau msßisÿj wrCId lr
.ekSug Wmfoia § we;’ pq,a, j.a. md,sfhys j;a;LJOlfhys ;ud
wjg mßirh /l .;hq;= wdldrh fufia olajd we;’ ‚hï fjfyrl
fjfiao‛ ta fjfyr ìu l=Kq li, iys;o bÈka yelskï msßisÿ l<
hq;=h’ fjfyr msßisÿ lrkakd úiska m%:ufhka md;%d iy isjqre
msá;g f.kf.dia tla me;a;l ;eìh hq;=h’ nquq;=reKq tl mfil
;nd wõfõ fj,d msßisÿ fldg .id oud we;=<g f.kf.dia fmr
;snQ mßÈu ;eìh hq;=h’ we| yd mdmsiako tl mfil wõfõ fõ,d
msioud we;=,g f.kf.dia fmr ;snQ ;ekaysu ;eìh hq;=h’ we| tla
mfil wõfõ fõ,d msßisÿ fldg oud my;a fldg fodr m¨ msg
fkd.gd fkd.djd uekúka ;snQ f,iskau ;eìh hq;=h’ mqgqjo‛ ìio‛
fldÜgo‛ ksiSokho‛ mi;=rKo‛ fl< .ik n÷ko‛ fya;a;= mqjrejo
;snQ f,iskau ;eìh hq;=h’

tfiau úydrfha ul=¿±,a ne£ we;af;a kï m<uqj by< isg my<g

tajd bj;al< hq;=h’ l=áhg t<sh jefgk cfka, fodr m¨o‛ l=áfha
uq¿ i;ro msi ±ñh hq;=h’ .re ms<shï l< ì;a;sh ls<sáj we;akï
f;uQ frÈ lvlska msi ±ñh hq;=h’ fjfyr ìu l¨ meye lr
we;akï ÿú,s bysrhkq fkd§ Èh bi msi ±ñh hq;=h’

li, /ialr mfilg ±ñh hq;=h’ NsCIQka iómfhys ^¥ú, we;s we|
wd§& fikiqka .id fkd±ñh hq;=h’ bÈßmi ñÿf,a isg Wvq iq<Õg
fikiqk .id fkd±ñh hq;=h’ bÈka fmrÈÕska ¥ú,s iys; jd;h
yuhs kï fmrÈÕska we;s cfka,a jeish hq;=h’ wmrÈÕska‛ W;=frka‛
iy ol=fKka iq<Õ yuhs kï ta wkqj cfka, jeish hq;=h’ WIAK
ld,h fõkï cfka,a Èjd ld,fhys jid‛ /h újD; l< hq;=h’ YS;
ld,h fõkï /h jid ;eìh hq;=h’ oj,a újD; l< hq;=h’
bÈka msßfjk‛ fodr fldgqj‛ uq¿;ekaf.h‛ jeisls,sh‛ leisls,sfõkï
yeuÈh hq;=h’ bÈka meka fkdù kï meka f.kjq;a ;eìh hq;=h’
jeisls,s n÷fkys c,h fkdfõ kï f.kjq;a ;eìh hq;=h’‛(40)
jkfhys fjfik úg ;u wd;audrCIdj we;s lr .; hq;= wdldrho
tfiau mdjyka wdÈh me<§ugo wjir ,nd§ we;’ tfiau w¨;ska
 124

l=áhlg we;=,a jk úg ms<smeÈh hq;= lreKqo rdYshla olajd we;’

úfYaIfhka uqL fi!LHh wdrCId lr .ekSugo lreKq rdYshla
pq,a,j .a. md,sfhys i|yka lr we;’ oeyeá j<od uQLh msßisÿj
;nd .e§fuka ,efnk m%fhdack fufia olajd we;’ tajd kï -
 fyd|ska weia fmkSu’
 uqLfhys ÿ.| ke;sùu
 ish¨ ri kyr msrsisÿùu
 fiu ms; wdÈh wdydr iuÕ ñY% fkdùu
 wdydr reÑh we;s lsÍu hkdÈhhs’
YrSr fi!LHh hym;aj /lf.k hdu i|ydo úúO l%u nqÿka
jykafia foaYkd l<y’ hï hï wjia:dj, NsCIQka jykafia,dg
fkdfhl=;a wdndO we;sjQ úg Ôjl ffjµjrhd nqÿka jykafia fj;
meñK NsCIQka i|yd ilauka lsÍug wkqokakd f,i b,a,d isá w;r
ta ms<s.;a nqÿka jykafia ilaufkys wkqiia myla wx.=;a;r ksldfha
mxpl j.a.fha(41) fufia olajd we;’
 .uka myiqj we;s lrhs’
 Ndjkdj myiq lrhs’
 f,v ÿla wvqfõ’
 wdydr ÔrKh myiq lrhs’
 iudêh ia:dmkh fõ

fn!oaO fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj .ek l:dlrK úg f,dalhg ksjerÈ fi!LHh

;;aJjhla wjYH jkafka kï l<hq;= ia:djru foh ksjerÈ wdl,amuh
fjkila rgj, we;s lsÍuh’ f,dal fi!LH ixúOdk ìysl< hq;af;a
ñksiqkaf.a yoj;a ;=<h’ túg tys m%;sM, kshudldrfhka ,nd.; yel’
m%dfhda.sl fn!oaO fi!LHh ufkdaúµdj ;=<ska wog wjYHh kshu
ksfrda.su;a fi!LHh ;;aJjhla f,djg ,nd§ug fn!oaO ixl,am j,g
yelshdjla we;’ kshu nqoaOd.u jQl,S lreKdj iy m%{dj mokï lr.;a
Ôú; ud¾.hls’ m%dfhda.sl m%Yakj,g iy udkj ixy;shg thska M,la
ke;s kï tjeks wd.ulska we;s M,h l=ulao@ wd.u ñksid i|yd ñi
ñksid isákafka wd.u i|yd fkdfõ’ ^42& fï woyi wkqj ne¨jo
nqÿoyfuka wm .;hq;= yrh fndfydah’ tfiau wo ld,fha we;s m%Yak j,g
nqÿoyfuka .;yels wdo¾Yhka /ila we;’ nqÿoyu fyda fjk;a ´kEu
kulska fuu ixl,amhka ls%hd;aul l<yel’ nqÿka jod< fi!LHh ixl,am
iudc ufkdaúµd;aul jákdlulska hq;= w;r wvqu ;rfï fn!oaO rgj,j;a
l%shd;aul lsÍug wod< wxY W;aidy f.k n,kafka kï th iyi%fha
f,djg Èhyels W;=ïu ;E.a.la jkq we;’ fi!LHhu;a iudchla hkq
kshu msßmqka iudchls’ ldhsl udkisl uÜgï hym;a jkúg mqoa.,
iudcho hym;a jkq we;’ tys iduh‛ fi!Nd.Hh iy isf;a i;=g mj;sk
w;r tuksid rg md,kho tys j¾Okho isÿjkafkah’ tu ksid nqÿka
 125

jod< fi!LHh ixl,am iudch ;=< m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍug W;aidy .ekSu wo

ojfia jeo.;a ld¾hhls’

mdol igyka -
1.Defintion of Health. By World Health Organization
2. Straub, Richard O. Health Psychology worth publishers 1994 p 4
3.Ibid p.4
4. Dimatteo,M,Robin., Martin,Leslie. r., Health psychology Allyn and
Bacon London 2002 p3
5.Bootzin.R.R., Bower.G.H., Crocker.J., Hall.E., Psychology
Today An introduction . page 5 .7th edition Mcgraw Hill 1991
page 598
6.Feldman R.S., Essentials of Understanding Psychology
Mcgrow-Hill New York 1987 page 9
7.Baron.R.A., & Byrne.D., Social Psychology : Understanding
Human interaction Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd New Delhi
1995 page 578
8.Coon.D., Essentials of Psychology Exploration and
application. Wadsworth 1994 page 18
9.Coon.D., Essentials of Psychology Exploration and
application. Wadsworth 1994 page 414
10. Matarazzo.J.D., Behavioral medicine. Frontiers for a new
health psychology, American Psychological Association 1980
p.35
11. iq’ks’ fia, iQ;%h
12. ;slsÉPld NsCLfj úfrpkx foks’’’’ wx’ ks’ o’ ks’ 1028 msgqj
13’ ;slsÉPld NsCLfj jukx foks’’’’ wx’ ks’ o’ ks’ 1029 msgqj
14’ iq’ks’ fia, iQ;%h
15’ w’ks’ oiu ksmd;h i[a[d j¾.h
16’ ñ<skao m[ay’ wkqudk j.a. msg 290
17‟ R.Gothama., Psychological and Philosophical aspects in
Buddhism., Laxmi Publication New Delhi-1986 page 7.
18’ f,dajev i.Zrdj’ iïmodl je,s.u {dKr;k ysñs fn!oaO .%J:
m%ldYk iñ;sh uykqjr 1989
19’ w’ ks’ p;=lalx ksmd;fha frda. iQ;%h
20’ iq’ks’ fia, iQ;%h
21‟ Hindle.T., Reducing Stress. Dorline Kindersley 1998 p 09
22’ u’ks’uQ, mßhdh j.a. i,af,aL iQ;%h 43-44 msgq
23’ uydj.a. md,s ÖjrlaLJOlh
24’ uydj.a. md,s wdpßh j;‛ ioaúydß; j;
25’ uyd j.a. md,S jiaiqmkdhsld LJOlh
 126

26’ pq,a,j.a. md,s j;a;laLJOlh

27’ oïila mej;=ï iQ;% foaYkdj uyd msrejdkd fmd;a jykafia fndaod.u
pJosu ixialrKh’ tlai;a iuQy fn!oaO wOHdmk moku ;dhsjdkh 2002
msg 57
28’ O’ m’kdro ixialrKh ^bx.%Sis& iqL j.a. 7 .d:dj
29’ ú’ms’ ksiafiah O¾u
30’ ú ms’ m%d;sfudaCIfha fiaÅhdj, y;afjks mdÿld j¾.h
31’ mdÑ;a;sh md,s NSCLQKS úNx. msg 554
32 md;sfudlal’ fiÅshd iqre iqre j.a.
33 O’ m’kdro ixialrKh ^bx.%Sis& hul j.a. 2 .d:dj
34 O’m’kdro ixialrKh ^bx.%Sis& iyiai j.a. 4 .d:dj
35 oïila mej;=ï iQ;% foaYkdj uyd msrejdkd fmd;a jykafia fndaod.u
pJosu ixialrKh tlai;a iuQy fn!oaO wOHdmk moku ;dhsjdkh’2002
msg36
36 tu’msg 34
37 tu’ msg 30
38 tu’ msg 32
39 O¾u m%oSmsldj
40 uydj.a.md,s msg 99-103
41 w’ks’ mxpl ksmd;h msg 346’
42 rdyq, j,afmd, nqÿiuh f,dal wd.uls 16-19 msgq ÈkñK fjila
l,dmh 1996
 127

Some persons are like letters carved on a rock:

they easily give way to anger and retain their
angry thoughts for a long time
Some are like letters written in sand:
they give way to anger also, but the
angry thoughts quickly pass away.
Some men are like letters written in the water:
they do not retain their passing thoughts
But the perfect ones are like letters written in the wind,
they let abuse and uncomfortable gossip pass unnoticed.
Their mind are always pure and undisturbed.

iuyr ñksiqka yßhg .,l fldgk ,o wl=re fukah’ ulaksidoh;a

Tjqka blaukska ;ryg m;ajk w;r th §¾> ld,hla ;nd .ks;s’
iuyr ñksiqka yßhg je,af,a ,shk ,o wl=re fukah’ Tjqka o
blaukska ;ryg m;ajk kuq;a tu ;ry b;d blaukska myj yß;s’
iuyr ñksiqka j;=frys ,shk wl=re fukah’ Tjqka tu ffjr is;=ú,s
;nd fkd.kS’
ksjerÈ mqoa.,hska iq<fÕys ,shk ,o wl=re fukah’ Tjqka wkjYH
foa iy ´md¥m .Kka fkd.kakd w;r Tjqkaf.a is;a ks¾u, jk
w;r ndOd lsÍï j,g o ,la fkdjkafkah’

mdßißl ufkdaúµdj
 128

Environmental Psychology
ñksid fï ñys;,fha ìysjQ od isgu mßirh yd ±ä f,i ne£
Ôj;a jqk whqre ±l.; yelsh’ wjg mßirfhka f;drj ñksia
Ôú;h mj;ajd f.k hdug o wmyiqh’ ñksidf.a Ôjh r|d mj;akd
c,h‛ jd;h‛ fukau wfkl=;a Ôú;hg wjYH iEu fohlau mdfya
mßirh yd ne£ mj;S’ úfYAIfhka f,dalh ÈhqKqfjka ÈhQKqjg
m;afj;au mßir ¥IKh tla me;a;lska j¾Okh fõ’ ñksid úiskau
we;s lr .Kq ,enQ ÈhqKqj ñksidg ydks odhl jk whqre tla
me;a;lska ±lsh yelsh’ mdßirsl ufkdaúµdj yd iïnJO úIh
fCIA;%hka .Kkdjla we;s w;r m%Odk jYfhka jHjydßl iudc
ufkdaúµdfõ§ fï yd iïnJOj §¾> f,i idlÉPd flf¾’ tfiau
ck.yk ufkdaúµdfõ§ fï ñys;,fha udkjhdf.a j¾Okh;a tfiau
ñys;,hg tys we;s n,mEu;a .ek idlÉPd flf¾’(1) tfiau
udkjhdf.a j¾Okh;a iuÕ we;sjk wka;¾ ls%hdldßFjh uÕska
we;sjk úúO frda.dndO iy tajdg l<hq;= m%;sldr .ek fi!LHh
ufkdaúµdfõoS wjOdkh fhduqlrKq we;’ (2) wmf.a ±ä wjOdkh
fuys§ fhduqjkafka iFjhd iy mßirh w;r we;sjk m%;sl%shdjka
.ek wjOdkh fhduqlsÍuhs’ ta .ek l:dlrK úµdj mdßißl
ufkdaúµdjhs’(3)
mßirh (Environment) iy mdßißl úµdj (Ecology) hk wxY
l=ula±hs wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu wmf.a wOHhkhg jeo.;a jkafkah’
uq,skau mßirh (Environment) hkq l=ula±hs úuid n,uq’ mßirh
ms<sn| úúO W.;=ka ks¾jpkhka rdYshla bÈßm;a lrwe;s w;r
tajdhska jeo.;au lSmhla .ek wmf.a wjOdkh fhduqlsÍu fuys§
jeo.;afõ’ “ mßirh hkq Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh iy Ôjh i|yd n,mdk
ishÆu ndysr idOlhkaf.a iuia; tl;=jla f,i oelaúh
yelsh’”(4) tfiau “ñksiqkaf.a cSú;h iy Ôj;aùfï wjia:djg
n,mdk fN!;sl jgmsgdj mrsirh f,i o ±laúh yelsh’”(5) “.ia
fld<ka iy iFjhkaf.a j¾Okh fj; n,mEï we;slrK ndysr
idOlhka mßirh f,i kïl< yelsh’ iajNdúl ;;aFjhka jk
N+ñh‛ jd;h‛ c,h‛ iy wm Ôj;ajk wjgo mßirh f,i olajd
we;’”(6) mßirh hkq wm wjg we;s ish¨u foaj,ah’ñksiqka mßirh‛
mi‛ .ia fld<ka‛ ish¨u i;=ka thg we;=,;a fõ’ wms mßirhg;a
mßirh wmg n,mEï lrKq we;’ fï iEu fohlu m%Odku wruqK
ñksid m%Odk lrf.k fh§ we;’ ;j;a t;a ks¾jpkhla fufia
mßirh .ek olajd we;’ “mßirh hkq iuia; fN!;sluh‛
iudcuh‛ ixialD;sluh‛ idOlhka Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh iy
iqNidOkhg n,mdk w;r th mßirh f,i kïl< yelsh”(7)
“mjq,a‛ hy¿jka‛ mdie,a‛ wdÈ fldg we;s wjg f,dalfha idOlhka
 129

rdYshla wmf.a yeisÍug n,mEï lrK w;r th mßirh f,i

fm,aâuEka olajd we;’”(8)

mdßißl úµdj (Ecology) .eko úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lrñka

tys we;s ks¾jpkhka lSmhla úuid n,uq’ mdßißl úµdj kï
“Ôùkaf.a mßirhg .e,fmk wdldrh yd tys m%;sM, jYfhka
isÿjk fN!f.da,sl me;sÍu ms<sn| úu¾Ykh lrñka Ôùka ms<sn|j
lrK wOHhkh fuh f,i oelaúh yel’”(9) tfiau mdßirsl
úoHdj .ek úúO ks¾jpk olajd we;s w;r ta ks¾jpkhka ;=<ska
wmg mdßißl úµdj ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,eìh yelsh’ mdßirsl
úoHdj hkq “ cSjh we;s iy ke;s hk fofldgfiysu mßirhg we;s
iïnJOh ms<sn| flfrk wOHhkhls’ fÜ,¾ mjikafka mdßirsl
úoHdj hkq ish¨u Ôj jia;+kaf.a mßirhg we;s iïnJOh .ek
wOHhkh flfrk úµdjla njh’ “Principles of Geneneral Ecology”
hk fmd; rpkd l< jqân¾.a mdßißl úµdj .ek fufia
ks¾pkhla m%ldYlr we;’ Ôùkaf.a yd Tjqkaf.a mßirhg we;s
iïnJOh ms<sn| lrK úµdj mdßirsl úoHdjhs’ Ôú;h keu;s
f,dalh ms<sn| iajNdúl l%shdj,sh .ek w¾:l:kh lrK o¾Ykh
f,i th ±laúh yel’ Tvï mjikafka iajNdúlFjfha ieleiau iy
l%shdldßFjh mdßißl úµdj f,i oelaúh yelsnjh’(10)
ufkdaúµ{ l+ka mdßißl udfkdaúoHdj .ek fï wdldrfha
ks¾jpkhla m%ldY lr olajd we;’ mdßißl udfkdaúoHdj hkq
udkj yeisÍug mßirh flfia n,mdkafkao hkak ms<sn| flfrk
wOHhkhls’
Environmental Psychology means “ the formal study of how
environment affect behavior”(11)
mdßirsl ufkdaúµdj hkq ufkdaúµdfõ tla YdLdjla jk w;r tys§
wOHhkh flfrkafka fN!;sl mßirh yd udkj iïnJO;d .ekh’
“The branch of Psychology that studies the relationship between
people and the physical environment”(12 )
ñksiqka iy fN!;sl f,dalh ms<sn| we;s iïnJOh ms<sn| flfrk
wOHhkh mdßißl ufkdaúµdj f,i oelaúh yel’
“The study of relationship between people and their physical
world”(13)
mdßißl ufkdaúµfõ§ wmf.a wruqK jkafka fN!;sluh ieleiau
iy ñksid w;r we;s iïnJOh .ek wOHhkh lsÍuhs’
wmg wmf.a mßirh l%u .Kkdjlska kùlrKh lr.; yelsh’
mdßißl ufkdaúµd{hskaf.a wjOdkh fhduqjkafka k.rjdiSkaf.a
±ä ck.ykh‛ Yíoh‛flfia kï ;ukag n,mdkafkao hkakhs’
fuys§ k.rdY%s; Yíoh‛ ckiuQyh‛ flfrys we;sjk wdl,am .ek
wOHhkhla jk w;r udkj j¾.hd flfia kï wjldYh Ndú;d
 130

lrkafkao hkak;a tfiau mdßißl isoaOdk;hka .ek lrK

l%shdoduhls’
Environmental Psychology studies “hat affects urban noise crowding,
attitudes towards the environment and human use of space, act as a
consultant on environmental issues”(14)
mdßißl udfkdaúµdj hkq ;ks mqoa., yeisÍï flfrys mßirh
n,mdkafka±hs lrKq ,nk wOHhkhls’ mdßißl udfkdaúµfõ§
fm!oa.,slj flfkl= mdúÉÑ lrK bv m%udKh fN!;sluh
,CIKhka .ek iy wm wjg we;sfoa .ek lrKQ ,nk wOHhkhls’
Environmental Psychology “ the study of the ways that the
environment influence and channels individual behavior.
Environmental Psychology include the study of such factors as
territoriality and personal space, ergomic design and physical
attribution of surroundings”(15)
mdrsirsl ufkdaúoHdj hkq udkj yeisÍï iy fN!;sl f,dalh
ms<sn| wka;¾ l%shdj,shhs’ yeisÍug n,mdk mdßißl idOl w;r
mdßirsl wd;;sh‛ Yíoh‛ WIaKFjh‛ jdhq ¥IKh‛ wdÈ foa b;du
jeo.;ah’
j¾;udk iudchg n,mdk iudcSh m%Yak rdYshla we;s w;r tajd
w;r mdßißl .eg¿o j¾;udk iudc m%Yako ±;aúh yel’ wo
f,dalfha we;s mdßißl w¾nqo f,i my; i|yka lreKQ ±laúh
yel’
 jdhqj ¥IKhùu
 c,h ¥IKhùu
 foaY.=Ksl fjkialï
 jdhqf.da,fha WIaKFjh by<hdu
 fmr fkdjqf,i .sksl÷ mqmqrdhdu
 O%jdY%s; m%foaYj, whsial÷ Èhù uqyqÿnv ckdlS¾K k.rdÈh
.s,.ekSfï ;¾ckh
 ´fidaka jdhq ;Ügqj ÈhùhEu
 mia fidaod md¨j
 .iafld<ka wdÈh l¾udka; lrKh i|yd lmd±óu tu
ksido wjYH j¾Idj fkd,eîu
 f,dalh ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKqjg m;afj;au jdyk iy l¾udka;
ksid Yíoh ¥IKhùu
 úfYAIfhkau .ia fld<ka wvqùu ksid úúOjQ úIîc j,
mÈxÑhg wjYH wjldYh ke;s w;r tajd ñksia YÍr ;=<g
we;=,aùfuka úúO jQ w¨;a kï i|yka frda. ìysùu’
iudchg n,mdk j¾;udk iduc .eg¿ lSmhlao ±laúh yel’ tajd
kï
 131

 cSjk úhou by<hdu

 /lshd úrys;Ndjh
 ckjd¾.sl .eg¿ iy úúOdldr jQ hqoauh l%shdjka
 wmrdO
 m%;sldro fidhd.; fkdyels úúO kj iudc frda. we;sùu
 kd.ÍlrK ksid w¨;a iudchkag wkq.; fkdyelsùfuka
Wodjk .eg¿
 wd;;sh ksid udkisl f,vqka Èfkka Èk jeäùu
 ukaofmdaIKh iy nv.skak

mdßißl udfkdaúµdj 1970 oS j¾Okh jQ w;r mßirh flfiakï

ñksidg n,mdkafkaoehs hkak .ek tys§ oeä wjOdkh fhduqlr
we;’ (1970) Stokols mdßißl udfkdaúµdjg wod<j we;s úúO
ud;Dldjka .ek m¾fhaIKhka lrwe;’ ck.ykh f;rmSu Yíoh
flfia kï udkisl fi!LHhg n,mdkafka±hs ufkdaúµd{ Holohan
(1986) m¾fhaIKh lrñka wOHhkh lrwe;’ ck.ykh jeäjQ úg
;ud hï ;eklg .sh ldrKh mjd wu;lfõ’ ufkdaúµd{
Calhoun (1962) óhka ms<sn| m¾fhaIKhla lrñka t<s ±lajQfha
óhka jeämqr tla l+vqjl oud ;snQ úg wjldYh uolu ksid
mSvkfhka Tjqfkdjqka w;r l,yo tfiau Tjqkaf.au uia lEuo
isÿlr we;’ kuq;a ñksiqka jeäjQ úg tjekakla isÿfkdfõ’ l%slÜ
ueÉ tlla ne,Sug 80000 muK isák msÜgkshl isàuo ;%dickl
w;a±lSuls’ mdßißl wd;;sh we;sùug .xj;=r‛ N+ñlïmd‛ fya;=jk
w;r ;dCIKsl jYfhka we;s ÈhqKqjo wksis f,i ta i|yd n,mEï
lrKq ,efí’ rEmjdyskS‛ úÿ,s mxld‛ ksmojk ;ekaj, isák úg
ms<sld yefok nj mjihs’ (Brodeur 1992,Gorman 1992) fgdaiag¾
fldïmshqg¾ Ndú;h uÕska o tfiau fi,shq,¾ ÿrl:k Ndú;h o
úúOdldr jQ ldhsl udkisl frda. j,g fya;= idOlfõ’ fkdfhl=;a
wdldrfha ;dCIKsl wx. Wmdx.hkaf.ka iukaú;jQ kùk f,dalfha
ðj;aùu ;dCIKsl NS;sldj(Technophobia) njg m;aj we;’
mrsirhg m%Odku f,i n,mdk fohla kï jkafka wêl Yíohhs’
jdyk Yío‛ jdykj, k,d Yío‛ ihsrka k,d Yío fmd,sia
jdykj, k,d Yío‛ f.dvkeÕs,s bÈlsÍfï Yío hkdÈh mßir
¥IKhg úfYAIfhkau n,dmdkq we;’ (Glass,Singer and Friedman
1969) úiska lrK ,o m¾fhaIKfhka fidhd.kakd ,oafoa yqre mqreÿ
ke;s Yío j,g wkq.;ùu mqreÿ Yíoj,g jvd wmyiqnjh’
fudjqka lrK ,o ;j;a m¾fhaIKhlska wKdjrKh jQfha Yío
j,g tkï .=jka hdkd ke.a.ùu neiaiùu wdÈ Yíoj,g yqre
mqreÿ wh lshùfï yelshdfjka ÿ¾j, njh’(Cohen, Glass and Singer
1973) .Ks;uh m%Yak úiod.ekSfï§o Yíoh n,mEula lrKq
 132

,efí’ jeäysáhkaf.a p¾hd;aul fjkialï j,go Yíoh n,mEï

lrK nj m¾fhaIK u.Zska fy,slr we;’ (Smith and Stanfold 1985)
m%ldY lrkafka Èkm;d ±ä Yíoj,g yqreùfuka ñksiqka
ixlSrKFjhg m;ajk w;r ju ol=K yßhg lSug;a iqmsß
idmamqjl§ CIKSlj wjYH foa fidhd.ekSug o wmyiqjk njh’
wêl Yíoh we;s m%foaYj, úiSfuka u;lh ySkjk nj;a wêl
ldkaidjg ,lajk nj;a wd;;sfhka msÍ ;sfnk nj;a (Cohen, Glass
and Singer 1973) m¾fhaIK lrñka fidhdf.k we;’

WIAKFjh iy yeisÍu

fndfyda ufkdaúoHd{hka mjikafka foaY.=Ksl iy ld,.=Ksl

úm¾hdihka yeisÍug n,mdk njh’ jeis ojil br t<sh ±lSug;a
tfiau msreKq yola ±lSug;a ñksiqka leu;sh’ th mdßirsl idOl
yeisÍïg n,mdk whqreh’ WIAKFjh by<hkúg RKD;aul m%;spdr
jeäjk w;r iudc úfrdaê l%shdo we;sjk nj m¾fhaIK j,ska
fidhdf.k we;’ (Bell 1990) iy (Anderson and Anderson 1984)
i|yka lrkafka WIAKFjh jeäjk úg ¥IKh lsrSï jeäjk njh’
tfiau ta ld,fha f.j,a ì£ï iy fudag¾ r:j, fidrlï wvqjk
njh’ tfiau pKavNdjhgo WIAKFjh fya;=fõ’

jd; ¥IKh -

fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha udkj l%shdldßFjhka ksid ^jdyk‛.,a w.=re

±ùu‛ ÿïîu‛ jeks foa ksid wmf.a jd;h ÿIKhfõ’ ksfrda.su;a
Ôú;hg;a iudcfha l%shdldÍj lghq;= lsÍug;a jd; ¥IKh
n,mdkq we;’ (Even, Jakon, Trager) hk ufkdaúµd{hska m%ldY
lrkafka le,sfmdakshdj,g w¨f;ka tk wh tys jd;dY%h .ek
meñKS,s lrK w;r tys tÈfkod Ôj;ajk whg tjeks m%Yakhla
ke;s njh’ tys jdih lrK whg úúOdldr jq ldhsl udkisl
m%Yak we;sjk njo olajd we;’
mdßißl ufkdaúµd{hska jk Rotten and Fray (1985) m¾fhaIK
lrñka fidhdf.k we;af;a úIîc uÕska RKd;aul is;=ú,s we;sjk
w;r ks;ru mjq,a ;=, wv onro we;sfõ’ jdhq ¥IKh ksid
wfkHdakH iqyo;dj j¾Okhg krl f,i n,mEï lrKQ we;’
jd;dY%h msßisÿ fj;au Okd;aul is;=ú,s fukau ñ;%Fjh ms<sn|
yeÕSïo j¾Okh lr.; yelsh’
Baron (1990) i|yka lrkafka m%sh ckl iqj|la we;súg ñ;%Fjh
ms<sn| yeÕSïo iy by< wruqKq j,g <Õdùfï wêIaGdkhla
we;slr.KS’ ÿïfld< mdÑÉÑh ksid fmky¨ ms<sld o tfiau tu
ÿu <uqkag fmùfuka úúO frda.dndOj,g f.dÿrefõ’ le,E
úkdYh;a tfiau 25 % muKjQ fnfy;a ksIamdokh lrkafka .iaje,a
 133

j,sks’ tfiau le,E úkdYjQ úg i;=ka wvqjk w;r túg fkdfhla

wdldrfha úIîc me;sÍug ;sfnk bv m%ia:djka wvqjk úg ta ish¨
úIîc j,g kjd;eka jkafka ukqIHh YÍrhhs' tuÕska úúO
frda.dndO we;slr;s’

mdßißl ufkdaúµdfõ§ m%Odk jYfhka idlÉPdjg .efKkqfha

mßirh flfia kï ñksia yeisÍug n,mdkafkao hkakhs’

fn!oaO mdßißl ufkdaúµdj

mdßißl ufkdaúµdj ms<sn| ixCIsma; ±kqula ,ndf.k ó<Õg
wmf.a wjOdkh fhduqjkafka fn!oaO mdßißl ufkdaúµdj ms<sn|
meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSuh’ mßirh hkafkka fuys§ .uH
jkafka f.da, myl ixhq;shls’ tkï jdhq f.da,h‛ c, f.da,h‛ N+
f.da,h‛ jDCI,;d f.da,h yd Ôj f.da,hhs’ fï f.da, my;a iuÕ
.efgk ñksidf.a p¾hdjka flfia isÿfõo hkak ms<sn| úúO
m¾fhIKhkao j¾;udkfha isÿlr we;’
mdßißl w¾nqoh wo f,dalfha wka ljrodg;a jvd idlÉPdjg
n÷ka ù we;’ ñksid ;dCIKsl wxYfhka ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKqjg
m;ajk w;r Ñ;a;fõ.d;aul jYfhka mßydksh lrdo fuu ÈhqKqj
n,md we;’ j¾;udk úµd{hska úúO m¾fhaIK lrñka ndysr
ÈhqKqj lrd fhduqjqjo Ñ;a; ix;dkfha we;sjk wmyiq;djhka
wu;l lroud we;’ tfiau ;dCIsKsl ÈhqKQfõ krl m%;súmdl
.eko tajdg wjYH ms<shï .eko ±ä wjOdkh fhduqlr ke;s nj
o fmfka’ ñksia {dKfha msysfgka ;dCIKsl w;ska ÈhqKqfjka
ÈhqKqjg m;ajqjo tys§ yoj;g § we;s ;ek;a iodpdruh wxYhka
fj; ,nd§ we;s ;ek;a m%udKj;a fkdjk nj wmg yefÕkafka wo
ld,fha we;sù ;sfnk mßiruh m%Yakhka foi n,k úgh’
wdOHd;auh úkdYù f.dia ndysr f,i iïu; lr.;a ÈhqKqjlg
meñK we;’ tla iudc úµd{fhl= kQ;k ñksid úu¾Ykh lrñka
mjid we;af;a wo ld,fha ñksidf.a tla mhla .=jka hdkhl
;sfnk w;r wks;a mh we;af;a f.dka ;r;a;hl njh’ fuhska wmg
yefÕkafka ñksidf.a ÈhqKqj iunrj ;;aFjhl ke;s njh’
nqÿka jykafiaf.a ld,fha wo ld,fha fukau mdßißl úkdYhka
fkd;snqKq w;r mßirfha wdrCIdjg iß,k lreKQ rdYshl=;a tu
mdßißl fya;+ka ñksidg flfia n,mdkafka±hs b;d meyeÈ,sj olajd
we;’ nqÿka jykafiaf.a iuld,Skfhl= jQ ffck o¾Ykfhys
ks¾ud;DjQ ffck uyd ùr;=udo W.% wúysxidjdÈfhl= jQ w;r Tyqf.a
hïhï mdßißl ixl,amo nqoaO úkh kS;sÍ;s ieliSfïoS mßCIdjg
,lalr wdo¾Yhg f.k we;’
wo f,dalh ixlS¾K m%Yak je,l mdg,S we;’ wd;;sh‛ úYdoh‛
ldxidj‛ wmrdO‛ ;%ia;jdoh‛ hqoaO‛ nv.skak‛ ukaofmdaIKh‛
 134

Nhdkl frda. jk taâia jeks frda. j,skao we,S .e,S we;’ ñksid
wka ñksfil= fkdy÷kk ;rugo n, wr.,hl fhÈ isák w;r
;u wruqK imqrd .ekSfï fh§ isá;s’ fujeks f,djl mdßißl
m%Yak yuqfõ fn!oaO mdßißl udfkdaúµdfjka .;yels m%fhdackh
buy;ah’
nqÿka jykafia mßirh fl;rï w.h lf<ao hkakg fyd|u
WodyrKh kï Wkajykafiaf.a iEu jeo.;a isÿùulau mßirh
Wmfhda.S lrf.k isÿùuh’ Wkajykafia fï f,dalhg t<sh ÿgqfõ
¨ïìksh kï ukrï i,a Whklh’ wjqreÿ yhla muK ÿIalr l%shd
lf<ao jk wrKluh’ tfiau W;=ï iïud iïnqoaOFjhg m;ajQfhao
fkarxckd .Õ winv .hd kï jQ m%foaYfha wei;= .ila uq,h’
tfiau ;ud wjfndaO lr.;a O¾uh m%:u jrg foaYkd lf<ao
nrKei bism;k ñ.odh kï jQ ia:dkfhah’ wjik msßksjka md
jodf<ao l=iskdrd kqjr u,a, rcorejkaf.a Wmj;a;k kï jQ i,a
Whklh’ tfiau NsCIQka w;r hïhï wjia:dj,§ wiu.Zs;djhka
we;sjQ úg tajd Tjqkag ksrdlrKhg bv§ ;uka jykafia jk
wrKg jeäh wjia:djka fn!oaO b;sydih ;=<ska fmkajd Èh yelsh’
;uka jykafiag nqÿùug fijk ÿka wei;= .ig lD; Wmldr
lsÍula jYfhka i;shla ta foi weismsh fkdfy,d n,disáh nj
olajd we;’ nqÿiuh mßirhg buy;a Nla;shla olajd we;s nj
meyeÈ,sh’ fï woyi ;yjqre lsÍug “nqÿoyu mßirh yd wdOHd;au
iqkaorFjh”kïjQ lD;sh rpdk l< óf.dv m[a[df,dal ysñfhda
fufia mji;s’ “ mßirh ñksid flfrys olajk wm%udK fifkyi
yd iqkaorFjh jgyd .kakd ljr ;rd;srul wfhl= jqjo thg
wm%udK Nla;shlska f.!rj lrkjd fkdwkqudkh’ f,dj jik uq¿
uy;a iFj j¾.hd yd iajdNdúl mßirh flfrys ñksid ienúkau
ud;DFjfhka yd ms;DFjfhka ie,lSu hq;=lula jkafkah’ nqÿyq th
f,djg wdo¾Yfhka fmkakqï l<y’”(16) tla wjia:djla nqÿka
jykafia føaK nuqKdg ;uka jykafia y÷kajd§ we;af;a mßirhg
b;du ys;ldñ mßirfõÈfhl= f,ih’ n%dyauKh‛ jf,a yg.kakd
mshqu uv fkd;ejÍ msmS úlis; jkafka hï wdldrhlgo tfiau
n%dyauKh uu;a mßirh kue;s úf,ys ygf.k mßirhg ydks
fkdjk f,i mßirh ;=< mÈuhla fia Ôj;afjñ’ mrsirfhys Ôj;a
jqj;a tys fkdwe,S isáñ hkdÈ jYfhka mßirh iuÕ we;s wka;¾
iïnJOh úia;rd;aulj foaYkd lrwe;’
iq;a; ksmd;fha L.a. úidk iQ;%hg wkqj udkj j¾.hdf.a
udkisl ixj¾Okhg jvd;au mßirho n,dmdkq we;’ j¾;udk
f,dalfha iEu flfkl=u lD;su f,dalhl Ôj;ajk w;r tys§
Ñ;a;fõ.hka md,kh lsÍu t;rï myiq fkdfõ’ iajNdúl
mßirhl Ôj;ajk úg m%Yak fndfyda wvqh’ w;S;fha wfma uq;=ka
ñ;a;ka tfia b;du Ñ;a; m%S;sfhka Ôj;a jQ w;r tuÕska we;sjQ Ñ;a;
tal.%;djh u; isg úYd, fjfyr úydro wÕkd ks¾udKo lrwe;s
 135

whqre wkqrdOmqr‛ fmdf,dkakre wd§ kgnqka j,ska ukdj th

fmkakqï lrwe;’
tfiau nqÿka jykafia mßirh .ek f.!rjfhka foaYkd l<d fukau
mßirh .ek Nla;sfhka ;u Y%djl iuQyhdf.a ks, we÷u jk isjqr
ilia lr .ekSfïÈ È.g;a yryg;a fõ,s oud iudkqmd;slj ukdj
fnok ,o u.Ofha l=Uqre hdh ÿgq nqÿka jykafia tys wdl¾Iksh
rgdj isjqr ilia lr .ekSu msKsi wKqlrKh lrK fuka
wdkkao ysñhkag Wmfoia ÿkay’ (17) tu;=ÿ fkdj f.du yd
lidjka ueá wdÈfhka rxckh l< isjqr ÿ¾j¾K jQ úg ^ Öjrx
ÿínKaKx fyda;s& .iaj, uq,a l| fmd;= fld< yd u,aj,ska ieliQ
mvq isjqr mdg lr.ekSu i|yd wkq±k jod<y’
wdÈld,Sk .,ahq.fha isg wo olajd wdmiq yeÍ n,kúg wm ish
oyia .=Khlska ;dCIKsluh ÈhqKqjlska bÈßfhka isà’ ñksid
fkdfhla úg wfmaCId ;nd.KS’ wfmaCIdjka iM, fkdjk úg
bÉPdNx.Fjh we;sfõ’ th úúOjQ udkisl frda. j,go fya;+kafõ’
tu ksid wyi Wig n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;nd .ekSu fn!oaO
udfkdaúµdjg wkql+, fkdfõ’
fn!oaO Ôjk o¾Ykh b;d ir,h’ nqÿka jykafiaf.a Ôú;h .;a;o
NsCIQka jykafia,df.a Ôú;h .;a;o tajd b;d ieye,a¨ f,i
mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH uÕmdod we;’ meúoao kï relauq,a
fikiqka fldg jqjo jikq msKsi hehs ie,lsh hq;=h’ wífNdldix
ksiaidh mínþcd (18).sysf.h lror iys; w;r meúÈ Èúh
wNHdjldih fia ieye,a¨h’ fn!oaO .sys ckhd w;ro uq,a ld,fha
ixlS¾K ufkdaNdjhka fkd;snQ w;r Tjqka ukdj nqÿoyu f;areï
f.k Ôj;ajQy’ tfiau isõ mih f,iska i,lk Öjr‛ msKavmd;‛
fiakdik‛ .s,dkmamÉph‛ hk i;rska tkï ú,sjid .ekSug
jia;%o‛ YÍrfha meje;aug lEuo‛ ueis uÿre Wjÿrej,ska ñ§ug
ksjdio‛ wdndO we;sjQ úg T!IOo Ndú;d lrwe;’ fn!oaOhd ,o
fohska ;=gqjk w;r wgf,da oyfuys§ lïmd fkdfõ’ ,dN‛ w,dN‛
hi‛ whi‛ kskaod‛ m%Yxid‛ iem‛ iy ÿl hk iEu fohl§u
uOHia:j lïmd fkdù isàu fn!oaO b.ekaùuhs’ wju wfmaCIdjka
we;súg mßirhg isÿjk ydksho wju jkafkah’ fn!oaOhdf.a fï
ir, fukau b;d jeo.;a .=KO¾u fu;a; iQ;%fha§ (19) fuf,i
olajd we;’ ,o fohska i;=gqjk w;r ^ika;=Iafld& myiqfjka
fmdaIKh l<yelsh ^iqNfrd& l¾h nyq, fkdjQ ^wmamlsÉfpd&
ieye,a¨ mej;=ï we;s ^i,a,yql jq;a;s& ikaiqka bJøshkaf.ka hqla;jQ
^ika;sJøsfhd& nqoaêu;a ^ksmfld& hkd§ wdl,amhkaf.ka fyì
mqoa.,fhl= ìyslsÍu fn!oaO Ôjk ud¾.h fõ’ Tyq mßirh yd
.efgkafka b;d mßiaifuks’ th WodyrKhlska olajkafkakï
nUfrl= j¾Kho iq.JOho fkdfm<d uf,ys frdka ri muKla
.kakd fukah’(20) úfYaIfhka fn!oaO o¾Ykhg wkqj fï f,dalfhys
ish,a, wks;Hh’ ÿlaLh’ wkd;auh’ nqÿka jykafiaf.a mru wfmaCIdj
 136

jqfha fï oqlska fmf<k iFjhska thska uqod .ekSuh’ cSú;h ÿla

f.dvlska iukaú; jk w;r ;udg ;udj;a ke;s nj okakd
fn!oaOhd flÈkl fyda ish,a, w;yer hdhq;= nj okakd ksid ir,
wfmaCIdjka ;=<ska ðúldj f.jk nj rÜGmd, iQ;%fha§(21) olajd
we;’ ir, wfmaCIdjka ;=< Ôú;h iyiqh’ tys§ udkisl m%Yakj,ska
mSvd ú£ug isÿfkdfõ’ fï ixl,amh máÉp iuqmamdo o¾Ykh ;=<
meyeÈ,s f,i olajd we;’ wêl f,i wm iïm;a /ia lsrSug
fm<fUk úg ±ä ;DIAKdjla we;sfõ’ fï ±ä ;DIaKdj iïm;a
flfrys ±ä we,Sula we;s lrK w;r th tu iïm;a mßyrKh
lsÍfï wdYdj fj; f.khk w;r tu.Zska tu iajNdúl iïm;a
;udf.a lr.ekSug hdu ;=< úúO m%Yak we;sfõ’ úfYAIfhkau ry;a
Ndjhg fkdmeñKs wm iefjdu rd. oafõI fuday wd§ fkdfhl=;a
wl=i, uQ,hkaf.ka .yK wfma is; fkdfhl=;a Èidjka lrd /f.k
hk w;r ta ksidu mßir iïm;a k;= lr.ekSug hdu ksido
mqoa.,hd iy mßirh w;r wka;¾ iïnJOh ì|Shdu ;=<ska
fkdfhl=;a mdrsißl .eg¿ u;=fõ’ nqÿoyfuys i|yka iS,h;a
wdrCId lsÍu;a tfiau ffu;%S jeks Ndjkd ;=<ska o uQ,sl f,i fï
mrsir m%Yakhg úi|qï fiúh yel’
yqfola Ydl iFj hk Ôj mßirh muKla fkdj wm wjg we;s
wÔj mßirho iq/lSu fn!oaO o¾Ykfhka ks¾foaYs;h’ wiSñ;
wdYdjkaf.ka ñksia uki msÍ ;sfnk kuqÿ kqjKe;a;d ;ukaf.a
uQ,sl wjYH;djhka jk jia;%‛ wdydr‛ ksjdi‛ fnfy;a hk wxY
.ek wjOdkh fhdoñka ;Kaydfõ jyf,l= fkdù wjYH muKg
N=la;s ú§ug nqÿka jykafia Wmfoia § we;’
is,aj;a nj fn!oaO wdpdr O¾u moaO;sfha uQ,slu ,CIKhls’
is,j;aùu ;=<ska Ôj wÔj hk fofldgigu wdrCIdj ie,lsh
yelsh’ idu[a[M, iQ;%fha§ nqÿka jykafia fï wdldrhg foaYkd
lr we;’ “mdKd;smd;x mydh mdKd;smd;d májrf;d fyd;s‛
ksyS; oKafvd ksyS; ifF:d ,þð ohdmkafkd iínmdKN+;
ys;dkqlïms úyr;s boïmsiai fyda;s iS,iañx”(22) m%dK>d;h
w;ayßkak‛ ovq wú w;ayßkak‛ wkqkag ysxid lsÍfï ,þcdù ish¨
fokd fj;u ohdj‛ wkqlïmdj we;s lrkak’ thu iS,hhs’
tfiau ;udj rlskakd wkqkaj rlsk njo fn!oaO o¾Ykfhys fufia
olajd we;’ w;a;dfkd rlaLka;s mrx rlaL;s’ ;udg wdorh lrkakd
wka whgo wdorh lsÍug W;aidy .KS’ tu.Zska uq¿ uy;a iudch
fj;u ohdj wkqlïmdj ±laùug mqreÿ mqyqKqfõ’ nqÿoyfuys iífí
i;a;d hkq ish¨u iFjfhdah’ nqÿoyfuys fuu ixl,amh u; msysgd
lghq;= lrK w;r yqfola ñksid .ek muKla fkdis;k w;r
wkH iFjhska .eko tfiau iudcfha jeo.;a fldgila f,i i,lkq
,fí’ fndfyda wd.ïj, ñksidg muKla ie,ls,a,la ±lajqjo
nqÿoyfuys wka ish¨u Ôúkaf.a iqrCIs;Ndjh .eko f.!rjfhka
hq;=j wjOdkh fhduqfldg we;’ “ish,af,dau ovqjug ;e;s .Ks;a‛
 137

ish,af,dagu Ôú;h m%shh’ taksid ;ud Wmud fldg is;d wkqka

fkdkeish hq;=h’”(23) ;ud Wmudjg f.k lghq;= lrkakd fiau
ishÆu iFj iuQyhka fj; wkqlïmdj ±laúh hq;= njo nqÿoyu
wjOdrKh lr we;’ iínN+;dkqlïmS hkqfjka th olajd we;’
ish¨u iFjhskayg lreKdj ±laùu nqÿoyfuys uQ,slu ixl,amhla
jk w;r th mokï lrf.k uq¿ mßirhu /l.; yels njo
olajd we;’
WiiajQ ukila we;s ñksid nqoaêu;a ks¾udKYS,S yelshdjkaf.ka
w.%jqjo wkH Ôùka úkdY lsÍfï whs;shla Tyqg ke;’ fn!oaO .sys
úkfha YS, m%;smodfõ uQ,slu m%;sm;a;s ud,dj kï mxp YS,hhs’ tys
uq,au YsCId moh jkafka iFj >d;kfhka f;drùuh’ oiiS,fhyso‛
Wmiïmod NsCIQka Wfoid mKjd we;s mdrdðld j,o uq,au YsCId
moh jkafka m%dK>d;fhka je<lS isàuh’ oirdc O¾ufhyso
i;=kaf.a Ôú; j, wdrCIdj .ek wjOdrKfhka hq;=j foaYkd lr
we;’ tfiau ji, iQ;%fhaoS foaYkd lrkafka hï wfhl= i;=ka
flfrys odhjla fkdue;so Tyq ji,fhl= njh’ “hiaimdfK oh
kFÓ ;x P[a[d jif,da b;s” ;jo m%dK>d;h wmuK iir ÿlg
fya;=jk w;r oi wl=i,fhys m<uq jekakh’ ish¨ i;=kag ohd
mrjY jQfha ovqju yer±uqfha fyf;u ienE nuqfKls‛ Y%uKfhls‛
NsCIqjls hkq nqoaO foaYkdjh’(24) plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%fha§ olajd
we;af;a rdcH md,kfha§ iFj iy Ydl wdrCId lsÍuo rcfha
m%Odk j.lSula njh’ oi ilaú;s j;a kï jQ fn!oaO foaYmd,k
ms<sfjf;ys O¾ñl f,i uD. mCIs iuQyhdg /ljrK ie,ish
hq;=hehs olajd we;’ “Oïuxfhaj ksiaidh Oïuxilalfrdkaf;d-
Oïñ;x rCLjrKx .;a;sx ixúoyxiq ñ. mCÇiq”(25) rdcH
md,kfhys§ Ydl iy iFj iuQyhd wdrCId jk mßÈ kS;s Í;s
iïmdokh lr md,k lghq;= lsÍug l+goka; iQl%fha§(26) nqÿka
jykafia wjOdrKh lrwe;’ mßirh ms<sn|jo iFjhska ms<sn|jo
b;d ixfjÈ;djfhka lghq;= lrkafka kï mdßißl w¾nqoj,ska
f;drj ñksidg ðj;aúh yel’ wm iEu iFjfhl=gu ffu;%sh
l<hq;=h’ lrKSh fu;a; iQ;%hg wkqj ujla ish tlu mq;= hïfia
ðú;h fuka rlSo tfiau ish¨u iFjhska flfrys wm%udK jQ
ffu;%sh jeäh hq;af;ah’(27) “ud;dh:d kshx mq;a;x wdhqid tal
mq;a; ukqrlafÄ tjums iínN+f;aiq‛ udkixNdjfha wmßudKx”
bJÈhdfõ isá fY%AIG rcflfkl= jQ O¾udfYdal rc;=ud nqÿoyu
ms<s.ekSfuka miq rc ud<s.dfõ wdydr i|yd urK ,o i;=ka
m%udKh 13 jk .sß ,smsh ,shk wjia:dj jkúg fudKreka
fofofkl= olajd wvql< nj olajd we;’ tfiau th iïmQ¾Kfhkau
kj;ajk nj;a olajd we;’ “mqf,a uydkiis foajdkxmsfha mshoiaisfka
rdckS nyqks mdKidymdks wd,Ns iqmGdfha fia bodks hod bhx
 138

Oïu,sms f,aÅ;d ;od ;sKaksfhaj mdKdks w,Ns hka;s ¥fõ ucq,d

tfla ñf.a’ f;ms fkd yq;¨mfõ”(28)
O¾udfYdal rc;=ud úiska ñksiqka iy ;sßika i;=ka fjkqfjkao
wdfrda.HYd,d f.dvkÕk ,o nj fofjks .sßkrd ,smsh(29) i|yka
lr we;’ “i¾j;% fojdkï mßhd ukqiai úlsÉPdp mqiq úlsÉPdp”
tfiau kJÈúYd, cd;lhg wkqj f.or we;s lrK i;=kago
ldreKslj ie,lsh hq;=h’(30) ldreKsl jpkj,ska jk i;=kao ys,E
l< yelsnjg fyd|u ksoiqk kï mdßf,hH jkfha§ nqÿka
jykafiag Wmia:dk lf<ao wef;l= úisks’(31) ;jo kd,d.srs kïjQ
pKav yia;s rdchd nqÿka jykafia úiska oukh lrK ,oafoao
Wkajykafia i;= jQ ldreKsl .=K uysuh ksiduh’ Wkaudoka;s
cd;lhg(32) wkqj fufia olajd we;’ Oïux pdfr uydrdc ñ.
mlalSiq L;a;shd bO Oïux pßFjdk rdci.a.ï fkñiaidis’ CI;%sh
rcjre i;=kag yd mCISkag ldreKsl úhhq;=h’ i;=kag yd mCISkag
ldreKsl jk rcjre m%S;su;a Ôú;hla .;lrK nj olajd we;’
ñksid úiska we;slr.kakdjq iS,uh m%;sm;a;sfhys msysgd isák úg
mßirh yd ixfõÈ;djfhka hq;=j lghq;= l<yelsh’ ñksid úiska
fï f,dalfhys iEu fohlau fufyhjkq ,efí’ ñksia ±kqu uÕska
we;slr .kakdjq ÈhqKqj ñksidf.a hym;g fhdod .ekSug nqÿoyu
Wmfoia fokq ,efí’ th udkj j¾.hdf.a hym;g fukau
whym;go fhdod.ekSu Wiia ukila we;a;df.a j.lSuhs’ nqÿka
jykafiaf.a foaYkdjg wkqj “Ñ;af;ak kSh;S f,dfld Ñ;af;k
mßliai;s Ñ;a;iai tl Oïuiai iífíj jiï wkaj.=j;s” (33) is;
úiska f,dalh fufyhjkq ,nk w;r th is; u;u msysgd we;’ is;
kï jQ O¾uh u; ish¨ n,h r|dmj;S’ (the world operates through
human ideas) udkj ú;a;h wkqj f,dalh fufyhjkq ,nk w;r
iEu ixl,amkdjlgu uq,a jkafka is;h’ tla wjia:djl nqÿka
jykafia foaYkd lf<a .i fkdj flf<ia jkh lmd ouk f,ih’
flf<ia jkfhka Nh we;sfõ’ f,dl= l=vd flf<ia keu;s jkh;a
jk:h;a lmd oud flf<ia ke;af;a jjq(34) fuys§ wjOdrKh
lrkafka .i fkdlmk f,i;a wdYdjka ke;s lr ouk f,i;ah’
tuksid fï wdYdjka keu;s ixl,amhka uq,skqmqgd ±ñh hq;=h’
tfiau ksífíêl iQ;%fha§ fujeks woyila olajd we;’
“ixlmamrdf.da mßiiaildfud
kf; ldud hdks Ñ;%dks f,dfl
iXlmamrdf.da mqßiiai lfud
;sÜGka;s Ñ;%dks ;f:j f,dfl
wf:F: ërd úkhka;s c[ka;s”(35)
f,dj úis;=re wd,ïnkfhda wdYdjka fkdfj;s’ hï mqoa.,fhl=f.a
Ñ;a; ix;dkfha ixl,am uq,aqfldg yg.;a wdYdju lduh fõ’
f,dj we;s fkdfhla wdldrfha úis;=re jia;+yq tf,iskau isá;s’ ta
 139

iïnJOfhka isf;ys Wmka Pkao rd.h m%{djka;fhda neyer lr;s’

fuys§ wjOdrKh lrkafka ndysr jia;+ka .ek olajk woyi
fjkia lr wm ta foiu ne,sh hq;=h’ ñksidf.a Ñ;a; ix;dkfhys
wdYdj‛ lduh‛ hk ish¨u ixl,amhka W;amdokh fõ’ th isf;ys
we;sjk w;r th wm úiskau ke;slr .;hq;=h’ fï woyi ixhq;a;
ksldfha b;d meyeÈ,sj olajd we;’
“wei rEm ms<sn| ixfhdackhla fkdfõ’ rEmh wei ms<sn|
ixfhdackhla fkdfõ’ ta rEm ms<sn| ixfhdackhla kï fyda fuu
n%yauprsh jdih mj;afka fkdfõ’ “kfLd plaLq rEmdkx ixfhdackx
krEmd plaLq ;iai hxp ;iai ;¥Nhx máÉp Wmamþc;s‛
Pkaordf.dkx ;F: ixfhdckx”(36)
tfiau bJøshka wruqK jk ish¨u ixl,amhka ms<sn|
;DIAKd.%ydfhka f;drj csú;h f.khdu ÿla fl<jr lsÍfï
ud¾.h nj Wodk md,sfhys olajd we;’(37)
fuysÈ m%Odk f,i wjOdrKh lrkafka mdßirsl foa ms<sn|j
iqkaor nj w;aú£u fkdjk w;r tys jrojd we,Su .ek nqÿiuh
úia;r lrwe;’ mßirh foi ñ;%YS,Sj lghq;= lsÍug Wmfoia fok
nqÿka jykafia mßirfha iajNdúl fohska f;drj f,dalh .ek
l:dlsÍu l< fkdyelalla nj mjid we;’ WodyrKhla .;fyd;a
;dCIKslj l%shdlrK jdhqiólrK hka;%hlska ,ndfok isis,i;a
iajdNdúlj wjg mrsirfhka ,efnk iqjodhl isis,i;a w;r
fjkila we;af;auh’ kuq;a tjeks fofhys we,Su fkdl< hq;= nj
nqÿka jykafiaf.a wjjdohhs’ nqÿka jykafia tla wjia:djl foaYkd
lf<a ;u Y%djlhska iqkaor jk wrK weiqre lrK w;r ù;rd.S
foi ta iqkaor nj w;aú¢k njo Oïumofha§ fufia úia;r lrwe;’
“ruKShdks wr[a[dKs
hF: k ru;S cfkd
ù;rd.d rfuiaika;s
kf; ldu .fõisfkd” (38)

tfiau f.!;u fndaê iFjfhda ;ud iïud iunqoaOFjhg m;aùug

f;dard.;af;ao fkarxckd k§;Srfha .hd jk wrKh’ “ruKSfhda jk
N+ñNdf.da mdmdÈl[ap jKiKavx’’’’’’ w,x mOdkh”
úfYAIfhka iuyre W.;a;= mjik wdldrhg nqÿoyu RKd;aul foa
.ek l:dlrK wd.ula fkdfjs’ tys§ iqkaor foa iqkaor f,i
oelSug fukau ú£ugo yelsh’ kuq;a fï CIKslj fjkiajk
f,dalh ÿl u; msysgd we;’ tla wjia:djl nqÿka jykafia fj;
meñKs foaj;dfjla Wkajykafiaf.ka fï f,dalh l=ula u; msysgd
;sfí±hs úuiQ úg Wkajykafiaf.a ms<s;=r jQfha fï f,dalh ÿl u;
msygd we;snjh’ “ÿlafL f,dfld m;sÜÀf;d”(39) kuq;a tys ñ§u
.ek p;=rd¾h i;Hfha§ ukdj úia;r lr we;’ is; msßisÿj
;ndf.k ta wkqj rd.fha fkdwe,Su ;=<ska ñksia isf;ys we;sjk
 140

ixis§u fuf,i idu[a[M, iQ;%fha§ o;ajd we;’ “ hïfia we;=<;

yg.;a c,h we;s Èhús,la fõo ta ú, lrd fmrosÕska o wmr È.Zskao
W;re È.skao ol=Kq È.Zskao c,h .,dtao fï>h l,ska l, jeis
j¾IKh fkdflf¾o tf;l= jqj;a ta úf,ys W,am;lska isys,a Èh
oyr u;=ù ta ú,u isys,a Èfhka f;fukafkao yeu mßoafokau uq¿
ú, mqrd isys,a nj me;sr fkd.;a ;ekl fkdujkafkah’ fufia
ixis÷kq is; yeu f;;a lrñka m%S;sh is; mqrd,hs’ uq¿ ldh
iudêfhka Wmka m%S;sfhka msÍ hkafkahehs úis;r lr ;sfí’(40)
tfiau fuu woyi ikd: lrñka uy;aud .dJê mjikafka mDÓúh
iEu ñksfil=u ;Dma;su;a lsÍug wjYH;djhka imhk kuq;a
Tjqkaf.a ;DIAKdj ixis£u tys wruqK fkdjk nj;ah’ t;=<skqÿ
wmg ±lsh yelafla ;DIaKdfjka we,S .e,S isáskjdg jvd wjYH
m%udKhg f.k ;u Ôjk o¾Ykh ilid .;hq;= njh’
mßirh jeo.;a jkjd fiau iqÿiq m%foAYhl úiSuo ux., lreKla
jYfhka olajd we;’ ux., lreKq 38 foaYkd l< wjia:dfõ
m;srEm foaYjdfidap(41) hkqfjka ;udg .e,fmk mßirhl úiSuo
olajd we;’ wx.=;a;r ksldfha plal iQ;%fha§(42) mqoa.,hdf.a
id¾:lFjhg fya;=jk lreKq foaYkd l<úg o Wkajykafia
m<uqjk jeo.;au ldrKh f,i foaYkd lf<a iqÿiq m%foaYhl
úiSfï jeo.;alu wkqjuh’ nqÿka jykafia jk wrK .ia fld<ka
.ek ;snqfka oeä Nla;shls’ úfYaIfhka O¾uh foaYkd lrK úg
;u wjg mßirfha we;s foa Wmudjg f.k O¾uh foaYkd lsÍu;a
tfiau ta ta fCIa;%fhka meñKs whg Tjqkaf.a úIh fCIa;%h yd
iïnJO Wmudj,skau O¾u lreKQ meyeÈ,s lrwe;’ WodyrK f,i
.jhd‛ fl;‛ ;=Ui‛ uq,afldg foiQ iQ;%j, tl;=j uþCêu ksldfha
´mïu j¾.h(43) f,i olajd we;’ tfiau Wkajykafia wjqreÿ 45la
mqrd f,dal iFjhdf.a hym; msKsi ießierE iEu ia:dkhlu
O¾uh foaYkd lsÍug f;drd.;af;a .Õla winv‛ l÷ uqoqkl‛
l=Uqrla wi, fyda iajdNdúl fi!kao¾fhka w.;ekam;a jk
wrKlh’ my; i|yka iQ;% WodyrK f,i oelaúh yelsh’
bÉpdkka., .u wdYs%;fhys jQ jkhl§ ;reK wïnÜG msßig
wïnÜG iQ;%h(44) foaYkd l<y’ fldai, rdcHfha wÑrj;S k§ bjqr
wi< msysá wU jkfha§ f;aúþP iQ;%ho(45) úYd,d uykqjr wi<
msysá jkhl§ ießhq;a f;rekag uydiSykdo iQ;%ho(46) tfiau m%:u
O¾u foaYkh mj;ajk ,oafoao nrKei bism;k ñ.odfha§h’
uydfud.a.,a,dk iQ;%h(47) foaYkd lrK ,oafoa b;d ruKsh f,akka
f.ka .yKjQ l,Jol ksjdm kïjQ ia:dkhlh’ wkqreoaO‛ kJÈh‛
iy lïì, hk YsIHhka ;sfofkl=g idlÉPdfõ we;s jeo.;alu
olajñka f.diska. jkfha§ pQ,f.daiska. iQ;%ho(48) foaYkd lrK
,È’ isïimd jk wrfKa§ isïimd iQ;%ho(29) tfiau jk wrK
fukau .xÕdjka wdY%s;j úúO iQ;% foaYkd l< whqre ;s%msglh
 141

úuiSfï§ wmg ±l.; yelsh’ pïmd k.rfha§ ..a.rd fmdl=K

iómfha§ fidaKoKav iQ;%ho(50) uyS .xbjqf¾§ Oksh f.damd,g
Oksh iQ;%ho(51) l=Uqrl§ liSNdroajdc nuqKdg liSNdroajdc
iQ;%ho(52) tfiau uydmßksíndk iQ;%h foaYkd lsÍug wdrïN lf<a
rdc.s¾ k.rfha msysá .sþPl+g m¾j;fhks’ nqÿka jykafia ks;ru
mßirh weiqre fldg Ôj;ajq njg ;s%msglh ;=<ska lreKq f.kyer
oelaúh yelsh’tla wjia:djl nqÿka jykafia weÜfÜßh w;= lSmhla
u; rd;%sh .;l, w;r w¨hu rdcldß lghq;= i|yd .uka lrñka
isá wNhrdc l=udrhd th ±l Wkajykafia fj; meñK úuiqfõ tu
fkdiu ìfuys flfia kï úiqfõo hkakhs’ túg Wkajykafiaf.a
ms<s;=r jQfha b;d fyd¢ka rd;%sh .;l, njh’ ;j;a wjia:djl
NsCIQka jykafia,d w;r wdrjq,la we;sjQúg th iuÕs lsÍug Wmfoia
§ th ms<sfkd.;a úg mdßf,hH jkhg jevu lr úiQ njo fn!oaO
b;sydifhys i|ykaj we;’ tfiau uyd mßksíndk iQ;%fha§;a
uþCêu ksldfha f.daix.id, iQ;%fha§;a mßirfha iqJorFjh
ruKShFjh w.h l<y’ wdkJo f;reka iuÕ pdmd, ffp;Hh fj;
jevu lr “ruKShhs wdkJo pdmd, ffp;Hh ruKShhs wdkJo
i;a;ïnl fÉ;sh wd§ jYfhka tu iqkaorFjh b;d by<ska j¾Kkd
lrwe;’ tfiau úYd,d uykqjr Wfoak ffp;Hh f.da;ul fÉ;sh
i;a;ïnl fÉ;sh hkd§ ia:dk w;sYhska ruKSh ia:dk f,i nqÿyq
wdkJo f;rekag y÷kajd§ we;’”(53)
Y=oafOdaok rc;=ud ;u mq;%hd ;udf.a Wmka ìug tkï lms, jia;=
mqrhg jevu lrjdf.k taug wjia:d lSmhl§ oQ;hka heõjo ta
iEu wfhl=u nqÿka jykafia fj; f.dia meúÈj ry;a nj ,enQy’
ld¿odhs weu;shdgo Y=oafOdaok rc;=ud fï nj ±kajQ úg Tyq
mejiqfõ ;udg meúÈ ùug wjirh ,ndfokafka kï nqÿka jykafia
jevujd f.k taug ;udg yelsnjh’ bkamiqj nqÿka jykafia fj;
meñK weu;shd meúÈjQ w;r ld,dkqrEmj fjkiajk mßirfha
iqkaorFjh biau;= fldg olajñka ;u uõìug jevuùug wdrdOkd
lrK ,È’(54) iajdóks‛ ±ka jDCIfhda .s,syqKq mrK m;a we;s kj
±,af,ka hqla;j .sksis¿fuka nn,ñka msmqKq u,a we;sj we;a;dyq M,
.ekaug <xjQjdyq fj;s’is;l¿ jDCIfhda msmqK u,ska yd;ami
iqj|j;a flfr;s’ mßirfha Wkqiuo b;d YS;njo fkdfõ’ fï
È.=.ukg iqÿiqu R;=jhs’ tneúka iaúóks‛ fï frdayK kÈh
;rKh lsÍug iqÿiqu ld,h fõhehs ld¿odhs f;reKqfjda ;u
wfmaCId uqÿka muqKqjd .ekSug fufia mßirfha iqkaor nj .ek
w.h lrñka úia;r lrK ,o w;r tuÕskao nqÿka jykafia ;=<
Woafhda.hla we;s lrK ,o nj meyeÈ,sh’(55)
nqÿka jykafia muKla fkdj ;u Y%djlfhdao mßirfha we;s
iqkaorFjfhka ,nd.;a w;a±lSï úia;r lr we;s whqre f:ar.d:d iy
f:aÍ.d:d j,§ ukdj ms<sìUqfõ’ fï .ek “nqÿoyu mßirh iy
wdOHd;au iqkaorFjh” hk fmdf;ys fufia i|yka lr we;’ ñksia
 142

is; jeãfuka mú;%Fjhg fukau iudêh lrdo fhduq lrúh yelsh’

ixis÷kq ñksia isf;ys iqkaorFjh iajNdj iqkaorFjh wNsnjd isáhs’
is; úuqla;s iqjfhka iqjm;a njg m;alr.;a uyry;ka jykafia,d
f,dj iajNdj iqkaorFjh foi n,d we;af;a fkdwef,k úrla;
o¾Ykh uq,alr.;a ksrdñi yeÕSfuks’(56) ry;ka jykafia,d
mßirfha ksrdñi úuqla;s iqjh ú¢ whqre;a ry;a njg m;aùug th
Wmfhda.S jQ whqre;a b;d meyeÈ,sj olajd we;’ tfiau .ia fld<ka
Èhwe,s .xÕd .sß ÿ¾.hkaf.ka .yK jq mßirfha ruKShFjh b;d
meyeÈ,s f,i ry;=kaf.a is; iudê.; lsÍug Wmfhda.S jQ whqre
f:ar$f:aÍ .d:dj, olajd we;’ ksoiqka lSmhla ta i|yd fufia
f.kyer ±laúh yel’ imaml f:Ar.d:dfõ fufia Wkajykafiaf.a
yeÕSï m%ldY lrwe;’
“h:d nd,ld iqÑ mKavrÉPod
ld,iai fï>iai Nfhk ;þý;d
mf,NS;s wd,h ud,fhiskS
kod k§ wclrKS rfu;s ux”(57)

iqÿ mshdm;a we;s fldlal= l¿ jeysj<dl=f<ka ;e;sf.k ieÕfjkq

msKsi m,dhk úg wclrKs kÈh udis; w,jhs’
tfiau Wkajykafiaf.a l=áh msámi cïnq jDCIhkaf.ka fidaNudkjQ
.x bjqr olsk iEu fofkfl=f.au is;a weo.kakd nj;a olajd we;’
“fidNka;s wm.d l=,x uu f,Kiai mÉPf;d”(58) tu;=ÿ fkdj
i¾mhkaf.ka ñÿKq ueäfhda kdo lr;s’ “fNld uJoj;s
mkdohka;”s (59) wclrKs kÈh wi, ksoyiaj Ydka;s is;ska ld,h
.;l<yels nj;a tfiau fndfyda i;=kag tu ia:dkfha ìfhka
f;drj jeish yels nj;a imaml f;reka jykafia o;ajd we;’ is;
idudê.; lr.ekSug mrsirh fnfyúkau n,md we;s nj nqÿ iuh
;=<ska ukdj fmkakqï flf¾’ talúydÍh f;reKqfjda Wkajykafiaf.a
woyi fufia olajd we;’ “ruHjQ u;e;=kaf.ka fiúkd ,o fhda.Skg
m%S;slrjQ jkfhys tl,dj jik ug jkfhys msú;=re nj Y%uK
O¾uh idOkfhys,d WmldÍ jQfha hehso thska ud is; tl.Zù hehso
úia;r lr we;’(60) ldrxÑ jkfhys b;d uOqr yäka jofok
fudKreka ;udf.a OHdk is; wjÈ lrjQ nj Ñ;a;l f;rKqfjda(61)
f:ar.d:d j,§ olajd we;’ fïyd iudku woyila m%ldY lrkafka
jkjÉP f;rKqfjdah’(62) mßirfha we;s iqkaor njo ukdj jevqKq
.ia fm<ska hqla;jQ fudkre kdofhka msreKQ jkh ;udf.a is;
iudëh lrd fhduqlr .ekSug OHdk jeãug WmldrjQ whqre pQ,l
f;rKqfjda(63) olajd we;’ ;d,mqg f;rKqfjda(64) mjikafka fï>
.¾ckdfjka fudKre iuQyh Woaoduhg m;ajkafka hïfiao tfiau
;udf.a is; OHdk lrKhg fhduqùug mßirh n,mE nj olajd
we;’ ld¿odhs f;reka nqÿka jykafia lms,jia;=jg jevu lrjd
 143

.ekSug tu ud¾.h j¾Kkd lrkafka Èrd.sh merKS m;a bj;

i,d .sks is¿ jeks kjo¨,d M, wfmaCIdfjka uÕ fomi jDCIfhda
ieriS isá;s hkqfjks’(65) iq;a; ksmd;fha Oksh iQ;%hg wkqj Oksh
f.damd,hka iy we;sjQ ixjdofhka mjikafka Oksh ßisfia jeiai
jiskak hehs wdrdOkd flf¾’ Tyq mjikafka ;udf.a iyjdihka
iuÕ wyr lsi ksujd ukdj fh¥ for ljq¿ we;sj ksjfiys isák
;udg lsisu m%Yakhla ke;s ksid jiskak hehs wdrdOkd lrhs’
tfiau uyS .xf;r isá nqÿka jykafiao mjikafka flf<ia u< iy
fl%dAO .skak ksjd yqol,dj isák ksid we;s ;rï jisk f,ih’
W;a;sh‛ j,a,sh‛ f.daêl‛ iy iqNdyq(66) hk f;reka jykafia,d
jeiai olskafka ñysß .dhkhla jYfhks’ “jiai;s fofjd h:d
iq.;S x” hkqfjks’ tfiau ;udf.a l=áh ukd f,i fiú,s lrwe;s
fihska ßisfia jeiai jeiSug wdrdOkd lrhs’
iïnq, f;rKqfjda;a(67) iqN+;s f;rKQfjda;a(68) .sßudkkao
f;rKQfjda;a(69) úu, f;rKQfjda;a(70) mjikafka ., ., yäka
fld;rï ìysiqKq jeiaila jeiaio ;uka jykafia,df.a is;aj,g lsis
ìhla fkd±fkk nj;a th rd.hg lsisf,il;a we;=,aùug fkdyels
f,i ixjrKhù we;s nj;ah’ N+; flrKqfjda(71) mjikafka ;udf.a
is; u,ska .ejiS.;a .xÕdjla iy u,ska msÍ .;a jkhla f,ih’
fuu f:Ar.d:d$f:aß.d:d .ek iudf,dapkhla lrñka ßia fvúâ
ue;sKsh fufia m%ldY lrwe;’ “ j¾;udk lúfha taldêldrhla
f,i wm ;Dma;sfhka hq;=j mjik iajNdj fi!kao¾h ms<sn| ruKsh
j¾Kkd fuu ia:úr lùkaf.a .d:dj, olakg ,eîu ie,lsh
hq;a;ls’”(72)

mßirfha we;s jeo.;alu iy úkdY fkdl, hq;=njo nqÿka

jykafia fkdfhla wdldrfha foaYkdjka mj;ajd we;’ uq,skau nqÿka
jykafia ;=re ,;djka .ek foaYkdjka l<foa yd tajd /l.ekSug
we;s jeo.;alu .ek wjOdkh fhduqfldg we;’ nqÿka jykafia
mßirh flfrys ±lajQfha wiSñ; Nla;shls’ .ia fld,ka wd§
mßirfha we;soE .ek b;d ixfõ§j wm lghq;= lf<d;a mßirh yd
tlg .e<mS wfma Ôú;h m%S;su;aj .;l< yelsh’ 1966 § bkaÈhdkq
WoaNso úµd{fhl= jQ fþ’iS’ fndaia .ia fld,ka yd me,Eá o wdYajdi
m%Yajdi lrK nj;a tajdg ixfõÈ;djla ;sfnk nj Tmamq lrÿka
w;r thg fkdfn,a ;Hd.ho ysñúh’ ta ms<sn|j úµd{fhda
m¾fhaIK lrñka bÈßhg hkq wmg ±l.; yelsh’ ñksidf.a cSjk
rgdj yd mßirh foi wjOdkh fhduq l<úg wmg fmfkk
meyeÈ,su ,CIKh kï ñsksidf.a Ôú;h yd iïnJOj isák uQ,slu
ffjµjrhd kï fidNdoyuhs’ mßirhlska f;dr iFjhd;a
iFjhskaf.ka f;dr mßirh;a wmg is;sh fkdyelsh’ wmg wjYH
lrK Tlaiscka jd;h ,ndfokafka mßirh úisks’ nqÿka jykafia
tla wjia:djl fufia tys jeo.;alu olajd we;’
 144

“ wdrdu frdmd jkfrdmd

fhckd fi;= ldrld
mmxp Womdkxp
fhooka;s Wmiaihx”(73)

fuys ir< w¾:h jkafka hful= mqIamdrdu‛ c,drdu‛ frdamKh

lrkafkda bfí yg.;a jkfhys jeg ne| od.eí f.dvkeÕSfukq;a
iuia; iFj j¾.hdf.a hym; i|yd fijk msKsi .ia Whka j;=
lrkafkdao ta ovq md,ï‛ mekay,a‛ ,sx fmdl=Kq ;gdl iy
jdiia:dk lrkakjqkag foõf,dj iem ,efnk njh’ fuhska wmg
fmkS hkafka mßirh j¾Okh lsÍuo W;=ïu msxlula iy iudc
fiajhlao jk njh’ tfiau iir ms<sn| h:d¾:h ±k.ekSug NsCIq
Ôú;hg ms<smka ñksiqkag ;udf.a b,lalh lrdhdug jkjdiS
Ôú;h jeo.;anj olajd we;’ tfiau ir, ieye,a¨ mej;=ï we;s
jk wrKh uq,alr.;a ;jqia oï ms<smÈk ;dla iiqfka È.= meje;au
o isÿjk njh’ Ndjkdj i|yd is; tlÕ;djhg m;alr .ekSug
tfiau fi!LHh iïmkak Ôú;hg jk wrK b;d m%fhdackj;a nj;a
th wksjd¾fhkau /l.ekSu wmf.a hq;=lula nj §> ksldfha fï
whqßka olajd we;’
“hdj Ôjxp NsCLfõ NsCLq wr[af{iq
fikdifkaiq
idfmCLd Núiai: nqoaëfhaj NsCLfj
NsCLqkx
mdálxLd fkdmßydks”(74)

tfiau meúÈ Ôú;ho relauq,a fikiqka j, úiSu i|yd jk njo

olajd we;’ úkh msglfha isõmih uq,alr.;a ksiafiah O¾u(75)
y;frka tlla f,i o olajd we;’ ir, Èú meje;au wo ojfiao
wd;;sfhka ñ§ Ôj;aùug;a isf;a iudêfhka hq;=j Ôj;aùug;a
uÕmdod fok nj nqÿiuh i|yka lrwe;’ N+ßm[a[ cd;lhg
wkqjo(76) fma;jF:qjg wkqjo(77) .il w;a;la is¢kafka
ñ;%fødaysfhls’ .i ta fj; meñfKk ish¨u fokdg fijk
,ndfohs’ tuksid thg ydks meñKùu .=Kul= njls’ “hiai
relaLiai Pdhdh‛ ksiSfohH ifhHhjd k ;iai idLx N[af[hH‛
ñ;a; ÿífNd;s mdmdfld” tfiau .fiys fijk wo ld,fha
jdhqiólrK hka;%fha fuka lD;su fkdjk w;r tys isis,
iajNdúlh’ ;jo .i ;ud fj; meñfKk iEu fokdgu fijk
,ndfohs’ “ relaLd Wm.; ukqmúÜGdkx ckdkdx Pdhd fo;s”(78)
tfiau tu fijk i;=re ñ;=re f,iska lsisu whqrl fjkila
fkdue;sj ieugu fkdfjkiaj iajNdúlj fijk isis,i imhk
w;r th wmg ffu;%Sfha ienE mdvu W.kajhs’ “relaLd Pdhd
 145

fju;a;x k lfrd;s”(79) .i u,ao f.äo orkafkah’ “relaLd kdu

mqmaM M,Ofrd” u,ska fi!kao¾h Wmojkq ,nkakdfiau ðú;fha
h:d¾:ho wmg W.kajkq ,efí’ f.ä j,ska ri .=K ,ndfok w;r
fndfyda iFjhskag wdydro imhhs’ tfiau Ydl mrmqfrys meje;auo
/l.kshs’ .i M, orkafka wka whf.a hym; i|ydh’(80)
úúOdldrfhka .ia fld,ka uÕska mr Wmldrh isÿlrKQ ,efí’
“mfrdmldrdh M,ka;s jDCId” tfiau hï NsCIqjla le,E wdÈh
.sks ;nkafka kï Tyqg ÿl=,d wej; isÿjk njo olajd
we;’
hï lsis .s,ka jQ NsCIqjla .sks f.dvla .id .sks ;emSu wej;la
fkdjk w;r fkd.s,kajQ NsCIqjla .sks f.dvla .id fyda wka
wfhl= ud¾.fhka .sks f.dvla .iaijhs kï th mdÑ;a;sh wej;g
jefÜ’
ñksidf.a meje;au iïnJOfhka .ia fld<kaj, Wmfhda.S;djh
l=idk, iy ;ÉpiQlr cd;l l:dj,ska ukdj meyeÈ,s lr we;’
tfiau fn!oaO m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh l< wfYdal rc;=ud miafjks .sß
,smsfhka olajd we;af;a jkhg .sks ;eîu ;ykï nj;a uyuÕ
.uka lrkakkag fijk i|yd .ia isgqjk f,i;ah’ wx.=;a;r
ksldfha relaL iQ;%fha§(81) ksire .i;a M, we;s .i;a fiau fyd|
ñksiqka fiau krl ñksiqkq;a isák nj olajd we;’
tla wjia:djl w,õ kqjr jeis NsCIQka ;u wdrduhka iE§u i|yd
.ia je,a keiQ w;r tu mqj; ±k.;a foúfhdao ukqIHfhdao tu
NsCIQkag foia ke.Z+ w;r th nqÿka jykafiago ie,ù N+;.du kï
mÑ;s wej;g k;= jk mßÈ YsCId mo mekjQy’ N+;.du hkafkka
fuys§ y÷kajkafka fmd<fjys fyda c,fhys .,amõjl fyda fjk
´kEu ;ekl im%dKslj jefvk .iaje,ah’ tajd is|,Su Wmimka
NsCIqjlg mÑ;s wej;fõ’ “N+;.dumd;Hd;dh mdÑ;a;sh”(82)
tfiau mshqï .il yg.;a mqIamhla hï NsCIqjla fk,kafka kï .i
Èfhka Wvg f.k .i fkd.,jd u, fyda m;a ;udg leu;s mßÈ
fk,Sug W;aidy lrhso tu NsCIqjg :q,a,Éph wej; isÿfõ’
tmuKla fkdj fiaÅhdj, mdÿld j.a.fha fufia i|yka fldg
we;’
“k yßf; w.s,dfk WÉpdrxjd miijdj
fn,ujd ;sßiaid fu;s islaLd lrKshd”(83)
j,a;K u; uq;%d u<my lsÍu fl< .eiSu wdÈ ish,a, wlem njo
fmkajd § we;’
bkaÈhdj ,xldj jeks rgj, .iaj, jDCI foaj;dfjda isák nj;a
úYd, jDCIhkag mqomqcd mj;ajd we;’ tu .ia j, foúhka isák
ksid tajd úkdY lsÍug ñksiqka ìh ±lajQ w;r th mdmhla njo
úYajdi l<y’ nqÿka jykafia yd iïnJOh fndaêhgo wod<
lrf.k úfYAI mqomQcd mj;ajd we;’ fndaê mQcd l%uhka YS% ,xldfõ
 146

b;d m%isoaO w;r tys§ iudc ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK ±lsh yel’

fndaêmQcd ;=<ska lreKQ lSmhla mßmQ¾Kfõ’ ñksia ukfia we;s jk
ìh mylr .ekSug o iudcuh jYfhka we;sjkakdjq úúOdldr
ukia úldrhka mylr .ekSugo fndaêmQcd Wmfhda.S lr.ekSug
yelsh’ lsisu wjia:djl mßirh whq;= f,i wfma wd;aud¾:lduS
yeÕSï ika;Dma; lr.ekSug fhdod fkd.;hq;=h’ nqÿka jykafia
§>cdkqflda,h mq;%hdg WÿïnrdLdok WmyerKh f.kyer olajñka
mrsirh flfia wdrCId lr.;hq;= ±hs fmkajd we;’ Èjq,a wjYH
lrK ;ek;a;d .ig keÕ w;= fid,jk w;r tys§ meiqKq
fkdmeiqKq iy u,a wdÈh w;= iuÕ lvd jefÜ’ tys oS m%fhdckj;a
jkafka meiqKq f.ä muKs’ wfkla ish,a, .i uq, oud hk w;r
ta .ek wjOdkh fhduq fkdlrhs’ fujeks ls%hdoduhka nqÿoyu
wkqu; fkdlrK w;r mrßirfha we;s iïm;a wm m%fhdackhg .;
hq;af;a tuÕska mßirhg ydkshla fkdjkafka kï muKs’
n%dyauKhka úiska wkq.ukh l< wd.ñl ium%odhka nqÿka
jykafiaf.a ±ä úfõpkhg ,lajQy’ hd.ia:ïN fjkqfjka .ia
lemSu;a fidau mdkh fjkqfjka .iaj, o¿ leãu;a wYajfïO‛
mqreIfïO‛ jdcfmhH jeks hd. l%uj,§ ñksiqka fukau iFj
>d;kho isÿjQ whqre;a tajd fy<d ±l n%dyauK l%shdoduhka
úfõpkhg ,lalr we;s whqre l+goka; iQ;%fha§ fufia olajd we;’
“;iañx fLd n%dyauK h[af[a fkj .dfjd y[a[sxiq‛ k wf,dld
N[a[sxiq‛ k l=lalg iQlrd y[a[sxiq‛ k úúOd mdKd ix>s;
wdmcaðxiq‛ k refLd msþðxiq hqmF:h‛ k oífnd ¨hsxiq
nßysiF:dh”(84)
nqÿka jykafia tla wjia:djl ry;a nj .ilg Wmud lr O¾uh
foaYkd lrwe;’ hï .ila jeãu fmdfydr‛ .ia‛ c,h‛ wdf,dalh‛
wdoS øjHhka WmldÍ lr.kakd w;r ry;ka jykafia,d o fï
f,dalfha cSj;ajqjo bJøshka ;=<ska wruqK jYfhka .kafka wjYHu
foa muKs’ fn!oaO o¾Ykfha§ ;ud isák mßirfhka m,df.dia
bJøshka oukh lsÍu wkqu; fkdlrk w;r tysu Ôj;a ù bJøshka
oukh lsrSu W;=ïfldg i,lkq ,efí’
mßirfha iy c,fha jeo.;alu w;r ±ä iïnJOhla we;s w;r bka
we;s m%;sM,ho buy;ah’ nqÿka jykafia c,h .eko th iFj
j¾.hdf.a uQ,slu wjYH;djhla nj;a th ¥IKh fkdl< hq;=
nj;a foaYkd lrwe;’ jkh /flk úg c, iïm;o wdrCIdfõ’
ksfrda.slu i|yd c,h wjYHu wx.hls’ th /l.ekSu i|yd
.;yels Wmrsu kS;sÍ;s mkjd we;’ NsCIq m%d;sfudaCIh‛ NsCIqKS
m%d;sfudaCIh‛ pq,a,j.a. md,sfhys fiakdikLJOlfhys o pq,a, j.a.
md,sfhys j;a;laLJOlfhyso mdßißl wx. /l.ekSu i|yd mkjd
we;s kS;sÍ;s olajd we;’
mdßfNda.sl c,h b;d msßisÿj ;nd.;hq;=h’ .s,fkl=g yer
c,fhys uq;%d lsÍu u<my lsÍu fl< .eiSu wdÈh fkdl< hq;= nj
fmkajd§ we;’ wm mdúÉÑhg .kakd c,fha fujekakla lsÍu imqrd
 147

;ykï nj m%d;sfudaCIfhys fiaÅhdj, mdÿld j.a.fhys fuf,i

olajd we;’

“ k Wofl w.s,dfkd WÉpdrxjd miaidrxjd miaidj

;xjd fn,ujd nßiaidfï;s islaLd lrKshd”(85)

tfiau c, myiqlï iFj j¾.hdg i,id§u ieuod msx jefvk

l%shdjla nj nqÿka jykafia iodmq[a[mamjâvk iQ;%fha§(86) foaYkd
l<y’ ;jo c, myiqlï yd <sx fmdl=Kq meka;d,S ;eîu‛ jeõ we,
ud¾. wdÈh W;=ï msx ie,fik ls%hdjka f,io y÷kajd we;’
tfiau c,h fyda .,d niakd .xÕd iómfhys fikiqka bos fkdl<
hq;= njo olajd kS;sÍ;s o mKjd we;’ “k imdkSh iuka;d
fikdikx mmafMdfg;ínx k mßfNdackSh iuka;d”(87) NsCIQka
jykafia c,h fmrd mdúÉÑ l<hq;=h’ th fi!LHh ixrCIK
úêl%uhla fukau l=vd m%dKSkaf.a wdrCIdj i|ydo fõ’ hï
úêhlska fmryka lvhla fkdue;s úg isjqre fldfkka fyda meka
fmrd mdúÉÑ l< hq;=h’(88) tfiau NsCIqjlg fmrykla ke;súg
wka NsCIqjla krl is;ska Tyqg fmrykla fkdfoakï ta NsCIqjg
ÿl=,d wej;fõ’
jeiaio wmg iajNdúlj wmg ,efnk wk¾> jia;=jls’ ujl ;u
mq;= fmdaIKh lrkakdla fuka jeiai w,i mqoa.,hd fukau wk,ia
mqoa.,hdo fmdaIKh lrkafkah’ fmdf<dj weiqre l< ish¨ m%dKSyq
jeiai ksidu Ôj;ajk nj tla wjia:djl nqÿka jykafia foaYkd
lrwe;’(89) jeis iufhys pdßld fkdfldg jia t<Uùu wkqoksñhs
jYfhka nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lr jodf<a jeis ld,fha ;K fld<
wdÈh kj o¿ jefvñka mj;S’ tajdo wdrCId lr.ekSug;a CIqo%
Ôúkaf.a ðú; wdrCIdjg;ah’ úfYaIfhka ffck wd.fï n,mEfuka
fuu úkh kS;sh mKjd we;’(90)
jdhq ¥IKh ksid isÿjk ydkso tfiau th flfia ilia lr .;
hq;af;ao hkak .eko lreKq olajd we;’ jid ;snQ ldurhlg
tljr fkdhkak’ før ljq¿ yer u| fj,djla .sh miq hkak’(91)
mßirh yd jdhqj w;r we;s iïnJOh wm ukdj f;areï .kafka
kï Ôú;h m%S;su;a f,i f.úh yel’ ta ms<sn|j wjfndaOfhka
f;drj Ôj;a jqjfyd;a jdhqf.da,fhka mjd ysßyer isÿúh yel’
nqÿka jykafia N+ñho úkdY fkdlr th wdrCId jk mßÈ;a
NsCIqFjh .sysNdjfhka fjkiajk whqre;a ±laùu i|yd úkh kS;s
mKjd jdod<y’ “mGúx TfkhHjd‛ LdkdfmhHjd mdÑ;a;shx hkd§
f,i Wmimka NsCIQkag fmd<j leKSu fyda leKùu mÑ;s wej;la
jYfhka kS;sÍ;s mekùfuka ta mßirh iajNdúl whqßka mj;ajd
f.khdu .ek woyia olajd we;’ f.dú;ek jeks l¾udka; i|yd
lrK N+ñh ilia lr .ekSu fuys§ ndOdjla fkdfõ’
 148

Yío ¥IKh j,lajd .ekSugo nqÿka jykafia Wmfoia oS we;’

§>ksldfha fmdÜGmdo iQ;%hg(92) wkqj nqÿka jykafia Yío
¥IKhg wlue;s nj fmdÜGmdo msßjeðhd olajd we;’ u,a,sld
foaúhf.a ;sJÿldùr kï Whfkys fmdÜGmdo wdpd¾hjrhd ;=ka
oyil ;udf.a msßjeð msßi iuÕ isáh w;r nqÿka jykafia msvq
msKsi jevu jkafka b;d WoEik hehs i,ld ;sJÿldùr kï
Whkg msúishy’ th ÿgq m%Odk msßjeðhd f.!;uhka jykafia
Whkg tkq ±l Wkajykafia ksYAYío;djh m%shlr;ehs lshd msßi
ksYAYío lrjQy’ tfiau ikaol iQ;%fhao(93) nqoaO Y%djlhska ksYAYío
nj w.h lrK nj olajd we;’ nqÿka jykafia fukau nqoaO
Y%djlfhda o ksyvnj w.h l<nj úúO iQ;% foaYkdjkaf.ka
meyeÈ,sfõ’ úfYAIfhka nqÿka jykafia Yío ¥IKh .ek wjOdkh
fhduqlf<A lreKq lSmhla uq,alrf.kh’ tl w;lska th ;udf.ka
msßirhg úhyels wiykldÍnj ÿr,Su;a jpkfhka isÿúh yels
wl=i,a j,lajd .ekSu i|yd;ah’
“w:fLd N.jd wdhiauka;x kd.s;x wdukaf;ais‛ f; mk f; kd.s;
WÉp ioaod uydioaod fljÜg u[af[a uÉfÉ úf,fmka;s”(94)

hï hï wjia:dj, yv kÕd l:dlsÍu fjkqjg yia; ix{d

fhdod.kakd nj Y%djl iuQyhd nqÿka jykafiag okajd we;’
tu.Zskao wmg yef.kafka iq¿ iq¿ mdrsißl wx. .ek mjd nqÿka
jykafia ;=< ;snQ wjOdkhhs’ Yío ixrCIKh b;d by<ska w.h
l, nqÿka jykafia .ul weúÈk úg iy .fuys úydrhl isák
úg yvkÕd iskdiSu ÿl=,d wej;la nj olajd we;’ odkh j<ok
úg pmq pmq hk Yíoho hula mdkh lrKúg iqre iqre hk yvo
fkdkÕd mdkh lsÍug úkh kS;s mkjd we;’
Èkla nqÿka jykafia yuqùug wcdi;a rc;=ud rc.ykqjr wU
jkhg meñKs w;r fï id úYd, jQ Y%djl iuQyhla iuÕ w,am jQ
Yío we;sj jev isák nqÿka jykafia ±l rc;=ud mqÿuhg m;ajQ nj
i|ykaj we;’
mßirh ¥IKh lsÍu b;d ;Èka úfõpkh l< nqÿka jykafia
mßirh wdrCId lr .ekSu Wiia YS,hla nj iq;%dka;hkays YS,h
.ek foaYkd l, ;ekaj,§ yuqfõ’ mßirh jekiSuo ÿis,a
njls’(95) tfiau pq,a,j.a. md,sfhys fikdikdLkaOlfhys mßir
¥IKh ÿr,Su;a fi!LHh /lSu;a jeisls,s mdúÉÑhg;a kdk
ia:dkh‛ wdrduh‛ jd;h‛ c,h hkd§ iEu ia:dkhlau msßisÿj
wrCId lr .ekSug Wmfoia § we;’ pq,a, j.a. md,sfhys
j;a;LJOlfhys ;ud wjg mßirh /l .;hq;= wdldrh fufia
olajd we;’ “hï fjfyrl fjfiao‛ ta fjfyr ìu l=Kq li, iys;o
bÈka yelskï msßisÿ l< hq;=h’ fjfyr msßisÿ lrkakd úiska
m%:ufhka md;%d iy isjqre msá;g f.kf.dia tla me;a;l ;eìh
hq;=h’ nquq;=reKq tl mfil ;nd wõfõ fj,d msßisÿ fldg .id
 149

oud we;=<g f.kf.dia fmr ;snQ mßÈu ;eìh hq;=h’ we| yd

mdmsiako tl mfil wõfõ fõ,d msioud we;=,g f.kf.dia fmr
;snQ ;ekaysu ;eìh hq;=h’ we| tla mfil wõfõ fõ,d msßisÿ fldg
oud my;a fldg fodr m¨ msg fkd.gd fkd.djd uekúka ;snQ
f,iskau ;eìh hq;=h’ mqgqjo‛ ìio‛ fldÜgo‛ ksiSokho‛ mi;=rKo‛
fl< .ik n÷ko‛ fya;a;= mqjrejo ;snQ f,iskau ;eìh hq;=h’

tfiau úydrfha ul=¿±,a ne£ we;af;a kï m<uqj by< isg my<g

tajd bj;al< hq;=h’ l=áhg t<sh jefgk cfka, fodr m¨o‛ l=áfha
uq¿ i;ro msi ±ñh hq;=h’ .re ms<shï l< ì;a;sh ls<sáj we;akï
f;uQ frÈ lvlska msi ±ñh hq;=h’ fjfyr ìu l¨ meye lr
we;akï ÿú,s bysrhkq fkd§ Èh bi msi ±ñh hq;=h’

li, /ialr mfilg ±ñh hq;=h’ NsCIQka iómfhys ^¥ú, we;s we|
wd§& fikiqka .id fkd±ñh hq;=h’ bÈßmi ñÿf,a isg Wvq iq<Õg
fikiqk .id fkd±ñh hq;=h’ bÈka fmrÈÕska ¥ú,s iys; jd;h
yuhs kï fmrÈÕska we;s cfka,a jeish hq;=h’ wmrÈÕska‛ W;=frka‛
iy ol=fKka iq<Õ yuhs kï ta wkqj cfka, jeish hq;=h’ WIAK
ld,h fõkï cfka,a Èjd ld,fhys jid‛ /h újD; l< hq;=h’ YS;
ld,h fõkï /h jid ;eìh hq;=h’ oj,a újD; l< hq;=h’
bÈka msßfjk‛ fodr fldgqj‛ uq¿;ekaf.h‛ jeisls,sh‛ leisls,sfõkï
yeuÈh hq;=h’ bÈka meka fkdù kï meka f.kjq;a ;eìh hq;=h’
jeisls,s n÷fkys c,h fkdfõ kï f.kjq;a ;eìh hq;=h’”(96)

nqÿka jykafia mßirh .ek l:dlsÍfï§ lreKq folla m%Odk

jYfhka olajd we;’ tajd kï imamdh iy mdßY=oaêh jYfhks’
mdßY=oaêh hkq msßisÿ njhs’ tu msßisÿ nj ;udf.a ;u mßirfha
iy isf;ys hk iEu wxYhlskau mßmQ¾K úhhq;=h’ fn!oaO
mdßißl ufkdaúµdfõ fï iEu wdldrhlu msßisÿnj w.h flf¾’
msßisÿ nj kï -
 ;ud wjg we;s mßirh msßisÿj ;nd .ekSu
 f.or msßisÿj ;nd .ekSu
 jeisls,s msßisÿj ;nd .ekSu
 YÍrh msßisÿj ;nd .ekSu
 we÷ï msßisÿj ;nd .ekSu
 is; msßisÿj ;nd .ekSu

fn!oaO mdßißl ufkdaúµdfõ uQ,slu ixl,amhka f,i by; lreKq

±laúh yelsh’ ;ud Ôj;a jk wjg mßirh msßisÿj ;nd .kafka
kï ;u is;o msßisÿ jkafkah’ ;ud Ôj;ajk f.oro ms<sfj,lg
ke;skï ;udf.a ish¨ lghq;= o wjq,a jkafkah’ Ys% ,xldfõ
 150

jHjydßl NdIdfjka iuyr m%foaYj, th fhdokafka msiaika

fldgqjla f,ih’ tfiau ;udf.a YÍrh iy we÷ïo ms<sfj,g
ke;akï th ndysr ñksiqka olskafka msiafila f,ih’ by;lS lreKq
tlska tl f.k neÆúg fmkShkafka tllg tlla b;d ióm nj;a
tajd ;=< wka;¾ iïnJOhla we;snj;ah’ fï ish¨ lreKQ ukdj
.e,fmk úg m%S;su;a mqoa.,fhl= ìysfõ’ Tyqf.ka iudchg;a
mrsirhg;a ydkshla fkdjk w;r rgg fyd| mqrjeisfhla f,i
fiajh lrKQ ,efí’ is; msßisÿj ke;súg udkisl frda.j,g
f.dÿreùfï yelshdj jeä w;r udkisl frda.j,ska ldhsl
frda.sfhl= ùfï m%jK;djhlao we;’ tuksid isf;ys msßisÿ nj
w;HdjYHh’ fufia nqÿoyu mßirh ñksia Èúhg isÿlrKq ,nk
wksjd¾h n,mEu .ek wjOdkh fhduqlrñka iEu flfkl=gu
Wmfoia ,ndfokafka j.lSfuka hq;=j mßirh f;areïf.k l%shdlrK
f,ih’
Oïumofhys i|yka lrkafka ruKsh ;ekla jk wrkays lïiem
fidhkakka is;a fkdw,jk nj;a i|ykafõ’

“ruKShdks wr[a[dKs
hF: k ru;S cfkd
ù;rd.d rfuiaika;s
kf; ldu .fõisfkd” (97)

tfiau wdlXfÄh iy Nh fNarj iQ;%hkays jk wrK Ndjkdfhda.s

NsCIqjf.a is;a w,jk ;ekla nj;a olajd we;’ ixhq;a; ksldfha
jkfrdamd iQ;%hg(98) wkqj o wdrdu iy jkhka wdrCId lrñka
;=re,;d j¾Okh lrkakka Èjd rd;%S msx jefvk ld¾hhla nj
olajd we;’
mßirh ixrCIKh fiau u,aj;= Whkaj;= ;=re,;d jeùugo nqÿka
jykafia Wmfoia ÿkay’ tajd Èk rd;%S msx jefvk mqKH l¾u
jYfhkao foaYkd l<y’
“ wdrdu frdmd jkfrdmd
fhckd fi;= ldrld
mmxp Womdkxp
fhooka;s Wmiaihx”(99)

wdÈ ld,fha mßirfha jia;+ka foajFjfhka f.k msÿï ,enQy’ tu

jia;+ka ms<sn| h:d¾:jd§ wjfndaOfhka f;drj o mßirh yd tu
jia;+ka w;r we;s iïnJOh uÕska we;sjk wdYAp¾h ±l ìhm;ajQ
ñksiqka mßir Nla;sfhka msÿï ,enQy’
“nyqx fp irKx hka;s- mín;dks jkdksp
wdrdu relaL fp;Hdks- ukqiaid Nh ;þð;d”(100)
 151

ñksid‛ mßirh‛ ;DIaKdj" md,l mCIh hk ish¨ wx. tlg tlla

iïnJOj mj;S’ nqÿka jykafia fï lreKq iïnJOj úúOdldr jQ
foaYkdjka mj;ajd we;’ w.a.[a[Q iQ;%h‛ wOïñl iQ;%h‛ uÕska
úia;r flfrKqfha mßirh iy ñksid w;r we;sjk wfkHdakH
iïnJOh lskï whqrlska tllska wfklg n,mdhso hkakhs’ t;a
Wmud l:djla weiqßka olajk w.a.[a[Q iQ;%fha§ olajd we;af;a
wdrïNl ñksia iudcfha ms<sìUq jQ iudc ixisoaëka yd tys
m%;sM,hkah’ “tl, ish¨ ilaj, tlu Èhl|laj isáhs’ uy
.Kÿrlau fõ’ i|ysre fkdmefK;a‛ R;= ixj;air fkdfõ’ .eyeKQ
msßñ fjki;ao fkdfmfKA’ iFjfhda iFjfhdau hehs lshkq ,fn;a‛
hï fia ksù hk WKq lsßu; fhdohlafõo tfiau ri fmdf<dj ta
Èh u;af;ys isidrd me;srefKa úh’ udkdj ksmehqKq .sf;,la
fjvqrla fuka meye we;af;a úh’ msßisÿ ovqj,anEhla fuka
rij;aúh’’’’’ tl, tla;rd f,d,anj we;s iFjfhla mskaj;aks‛ fï
l=ula±hs ri fmdf<dj uola weÕs,af,ka f.k Èj .Efhah’ Tyqg th
m%sh úh’ tys ;DIAKdj Tyq is;ays nei.;a w;r wka iFjfhda o Tyq
wkqju ri fmdf<dj f,j lEy’ Tjqka is;ayso ;DIAKDj we;súh’
ta iFjhkaf.a ri fmdf<dj w;=reoyka jQ l, ìïy;= ^N+ñmmamgl&
my<úh’ j¾Kfhka yd rifhka hq;a tho ñksiaiq mßfNda. l<y’
thskqÿ udkd;sudkdÈh Wmka w;r ìïy;=o wk;=rej w;=reoykaúh’
ta iFjfhda ìïy;= w;=reoyka jQ l, nod,;d kï ñysß ri we;s
je,a my<úh’ ñksiaiq tho mßfNda. l<y’ thskqÿ udkd;sudkdÈh
Wmkafkah’ nod,;dfjdao thska w;=reoyka úh’
ta iFjfhda nod,;d w;=reoyka jQ l, l=vq ke;s fmd;= ke;s
iqj|j;ajQ iy,a M, we;s ñysß .=Kj;a ye,a my<úh’ ñksiaiq È.=
l,la tu ye,a iy,a mßfNda. l<y’ ta iduQysl mßfNdackfhla
jQfhah’ tfy;a miqj tflla Wohgo ijigo folgu ye,a
f.kdfõh’ fufia wkqj .sh wfkflla foÈklg ye,a iy,a
f.kdfõh’ fufia fm!oa.,slj /iafldg ;nd .ksñka mßfNda.
lsÍu weröKS’ thska fidrluo we;súh’ .egqï yg.;af;ah’ ñksiqka
w;r úIu;d nyq,úh’ kS;sho iduho wfydaisúh’ Tjqkaf.a j¾KdÈh
msßyqKs’wjidkfha§ Tjqyq /iajqy’ ck iïu;fhka rfcl= m;alr
.;ay’”(101)
fïyd iudku iQ;%hla wx.=;a;r ksldfha o we; tkï wOïñl
iQ;%hhs’ tys § ñksidf.a p¾hd moaO;shg mßirh flfia kï
n,mdkafka±hs b;d meyeÈ,s f,i fmkajd§ we;’ mßirh flfrys
ñksia p¾hdfõ fyd| krl Od¾ñl wOd¾ñl njo mßirfha
hymeje;auo fya;=jk nj fuu iQ;%fha§ meyeÈ,sj fmkajd § we;’
tu iQ;%fha yrh b;d fláfhka fufia ±laúh yel’ “hï lf,lays
rc orefjda wOd¾êl fj;ao‛ tl,ays rdc mqreIfhdao wOd¾ñl fj;a‛
rdc mqreIhka wOd¾ñl jQ l, n%dyauK .Dym;Syq o wOd¾ñl fj;a‛
n%dyauK .Dym;Syq wOd¾ñl jQl, ks.u ckmojdiSyq o wOd¾ñl
 152

fj;s’ ks.u ckmojdiSyq wOd¾ñl jql, i|ysre úIuj mj;S’

i|ysre úIsuj mdhk l, kel;a ;re úIuj mdhhs’ kel;a ;re
úIuj mdhk l, Èjdrd;%S úIu fõ’ Èjd rd;%S úIujQ l, udi
w¾Oudi úIufõ’ udi w¾Oudi úIujQ l, R;= ixj;airfhda
úIuj fj;a R;= ixj;airfhda úIujQ l, ±äjQ fyda uojQ fyda
fkduÕ .sh jd;h úIuj yuhs’ jd;j úIuj yudhk l,ays‛
foúfhda lsfm;a foúhka lsmqK l, ukd oyßk jeis fkdjishs’
ukd oyßka jeis fkdjisk l, YIHhkays wiajkq úIuj mefi;a‛
uyfKks‛ úIuj meiqKq wiajkq wkqNj lrK ñksiaiq wvq wdhqI
we;af;a fj;a‛ ÿ¾j¾K o ÿ¾j,o fj;a‛ fndfyda wdndO we;af;da
fj;a”(102)
wOïñl iQ;%h fukau wx.=;a;r ksldfha ;sl ksmd;fha n%dyauK
j.a.fha yhfjks iQ;%hg(103) wkqj o iodpdrh p¾hdjka iy
ksh.fhka we;sjk úm;a w;r ±äjQ iïnJOhla we;’ ;srsika
p¾hdjka yd iudkjQ wO¾u rd.h;a úIu f,daNh;a ñiÈgq woyia
we;sjk úg kshÕfhka wdydr ÿ¾,n jk nj;a fNda.j, f,v
frda. we;sjk nj;a tys§ meyeÈ,sj olajd we;’ tfiau pd;=¾uyd
rdðl kï ÈjH f,dalhg wh;a f,dalmd,l isjq rcqka w;=frka W;=re
Èidjg wêm;s fjiaijK hgf;a jevlrK hCIfhda tjeks
wúpdrj;a wO¾ñIaG ld,hkays ÿ¾odka; wukqIHhskag rsisfia jev
lsrSug bv§ uqod yßk nj;a tu iQ;%fhysu ukdj fmkakqï lrwe;’
“wOïurd.r;a;dkx úiuf,daNdNsN+;dkx ñÉPdOïux mfrd;dkx
hlaLjdf, wukqiai TiaiþPka;s’”
wx.=;a;r ksldfha p;=lal ksmd;fha m;a;lïu j.a.fha 10 fjks
iQ;%hg (104) wkqj md,l md,s; fomsßif.a yeisÍï rgdjka iy
iodpdruh m%;sm;a;s j,g wkql+,j mdßißl w¾nqo fukau tys
meje;auo isÿjk nj olajd we;s w;r ta i|yd lDIs Ôjk rgdfjka
meyeÈ,s Wmudjla olajd we;’

“ .=KaKx fp ;rudkdkx - csïyx .ÉP;s mqx.fjd

iín;d ðïyx .Épka;x - fk;af; ðïy.f;i;s”

f.dka /,l .uka .kakd m%Odk .jhd jerÈ uÕl hkafka kï

miqmi .uka .kakd .j /,u m%Odkshd wkqju hñka w;rux
jkakdfia rcq wO¾ñIAG jkúg ue;s weu;sjre n%dyauK .Dym;s wdÈ
ish¨u fokd w,a,ia‛ fndre fpdaokd‛ jxpd‛ idjµ l%shdoduhkays
ksr; uq¿ rgu úkdY uqLhg weo ouk nj;a olajd we;’
wO¾ñIaG md,khla mj;sk úg kj.%y pl%h wY=N f,i tjeks
md,lhska flfrys n,mdk njo ( úsiux pJoiqßhd mrsj;a;ka;s)
tfiau ´fidaka ;,fha isoqre u.Zska f,dal jeishdg wys;lr f,i
n,mdk nj;a p¾u frda. ms<sldj,g th n,dmdk nj;a olajd
we;’ tfiau mDÓú f.da,hg wdldY jia;+kaf.a wdl¾Ykh woñgq
 153

ukqIHhka flfrys wys;lr f,i l%shd;aul ùfukq;a ( úiux

klaL;a;dk ;drl rEmdks mßj;a;ka;s ) tu ld,h §¾>ùfukq;a (
r;akaJÈjd udioaOudid W;=ixj;aird) thska miq ^úiux jd;d
jdhka;s& f,dalfha fkdfhla m%foaYj, úm;a we;slrK yßflAka
fgda¾kdfvd kï iq<s iq<x yuk nj;a ^ úiux wm[acid úkdYldrS
& c, .e,Sï o we;sjk nj olajd we;’
foaYmd,k lghq;= ksisf,i isÿfkdjk úg mdßißl w¾nqo we;sjk
úg foúhka fldamjk nj;a ksisl,g wjYH j¾Idj fkdjisk nj;a
fufia olajd we;’
“ úiux jdf;iq jdhkaf;aiq úifuiq wm[acfiiq foj;d mßl=ms;d
Njka;s foaj;diq mßl=ms;diq fofjd k iïuOdrx wkqmamÉfÉ;s”

rgl wdpdr O¾u mßydkshg m;ajk úg ta whqßkau rfÜ iïm;a

ysÕù W.% w¾nqoj,g ,lajk nj plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%fha §(105)
fmkakqï lrwe;’ úúO cd;l l:dj,ska mßirfha iy ñksidf.a
p¾hdjka w;r we;s iïnJOh .ek meyeÈ,s f,i újrKhla olajd
we;’ .dñKs pKAv cd;lhg wkqj (106) rdcH md,lhska w±yeñ
jk úg m<;=re j¾. mjd rifhka .=Kfhka ySkfõ’ ^ mqífí
buiañx wdrdfï M,dM,dks uOqrdks wfyiqx bodks ksfrdcdks
ligdks cd;dks ;F: lsx ldrK @&tfiau uKsfpdar cd;lhg wkqj
rdcH md,lhska wO¾ñIaG jkúg l,g jeis fkdjeiSu;a wl,g
jeis jeiSu;a úúO frda.dndO mjd yg.kakd nj olajd we;’
“ ifÉ rdcd wOïñfld fyd;s wldf, jiai;s ldf, k jiai;s
cd;l Nhx‛ frda. Nhx iF: yhka;s ;SKs budks Nhdks Wm.;ka;s
tj fydka;s”

iïm;a wju f,i mdúÉÑ lsÍug;a w,afmaÉp Ôú;fha we;s

jeo.;alu olajk crEomdk cd;lfhkao (107) wmg fyd| mdvula
W.kajhs’ hlv rkaߧ f,day j¾. wêl leKSï ksid tu jdKSc
l¾udka; lrejka w.dOhg weojegqk nj mjid we;’ wêl Ok
f,daNh uq,djlg muKla fkdj ^¨oafOd wF:x k cdkdks &
úkdYhgo fya;=jk nj thska olajd we;’
rgl md,lhdf.a yeisÍuo tfiau ck;djf.a yeisÍuo mßirh
fjkiaùu flfrys n,mdkq we;’ wkd.;fhys rcjre ÿIAG idmrdê
jkúg f,dlh lKmsg fmrf<a’ ÿIaG nj yeu;eku me;sfrk úg
jeiai kshu ld,fha fkdjisk w;r tu fya;+fjka ÿ¾NsCI we;sjk
nj uydiqmsk cd;lfhys úia;r lr we;’ ( 108)
mßirfha iunr;djhg rgl md,lhd iy Tyqf.a wkq.dñlhkaf.a
p¾hd;aul rgdj n,mdk nj l=reO¾u cd;lfha§(109) fmkajd §
we;’ ld,sx. rfgys mxp YS,h fkd/lSu ksid b;d oreKQ ksh.hla
we;sjqK nj olajd we;’ ñksid;a mßirh;a wfkHdakH jYfhka
 154

tlg ne£ mj;sk w;r mßirh flfrys ñ;%Fjhla we;slr f.k

Ôj;aùu nqÿiuh wkqu; lrwe;’ fu;a; iQ;%fha§ ishÆu j¾. j,
i;=kag ffu;%sh jvk f,i W.kajd we;’ wmg úúOdldrfhka msysg
fjk tfiau Ôj;aùu i|yd msßisÿ jd;dY%h wdÈh ,ndfok mßirh
úkdY lsÍu mdmhla nj nqÿka jykafia m%ldY lr we;’ tksidu
mqoa., p¾hdj ukdj ilialr f.k hym;a jQ Èú meje;aulska
mßirh ixrCIKh lsÍu fyd|u iy l%shdldrS ixrCIK l%uhla
f,i oelaúh yel’
hym;a Èúmeje;aula we;slr ta ;=<ska uyck iqNisoaêh j¾Okh
lsÍu md,lhska i;= m%Odku j.lSu fõ’ úúO iQ;% foaYkdjkaf.ka
wjOdrKh lrkafka iïud wdÔjh ms<sfj,lg ilia lr uyck
iqN isoaêh‛ wdpdrO¾u‛ mrsir ixrCIKh j¾Okh l<hq;=h’
´kEu fohla wm fj; <Õlr .ekSfï Yla;sh ñksidg we;’ ;u
ñksia {dKh ÈhqKqjg m;alrf.k lrK úl%uhka foi n,k úg
mßirh ixrCIKh lr lr ;u hyuÕg th i,id .ekSuo
ñksidg myiqfjka l<yels fohls’ tys§ wjYH jkafka wd;au
Yla;sfhka hq;=j ;u wNsu;d¾:h fj; <Õdùuh’ tfia fkdue;sj
tjka woyia ks;r ks;r iþCOdhkh lsÍu m%udKj;a fkdfõ’
uydpd¾h ,s,So is,ajd uy;añh (110) tla ,smshl fufia i|yka
lrwe;’
“ fï bjqf¾ isg tyd bjqrg hdug leue;a;d tu bjqr ;ud <Õg
tk fuka he§u yd iudk mqyq l%shdjls’ kqkqjK luls’ rgl iqÅ;
uqÈ; lsÍug kï md,l mCIh m%fhda.slj idrO¾u ms<smeÈh hq;=h’
th m<uqjk mshjr;a moku;a fõ’”
fldmuK msßyqKq oreKQ mqoa.,fhl=g jqj;a wd;au Yla;sh we;akï
msßisÿ kj msgqjla fmr,Sug yelsnj wx.=,sud, l:d mqjf;ka
meyeÈ,s jk nj wu;l fkdl<hq;=h’
mßirh yd ñksidf.a p¾hdjka w;r fya;=M, iïnJOhla we;snj
wjOdrKh lrK ;j;a jeo.;a b.ekaùula f,i mxp kshdu O¾u
i|yka l<yelsh’ wF:id,skS wgqjdfõ th fufia olajd we;’

“buiañka ika;dfka mxpúOd kshduï kdu .kaysïiq îc kshdu‛

W;= kshdu‛ lïu kshdu‛ Oïu kshdu‛ Ñ;a; kshduuka;S” (111)

îc kshdu‛ w;= kshdu‛ lïu kshdu‛ Oïu kshdu‛ Ñ;a; kshdu‛ hkq
f,dal úIfhys n,mj;ajkakdjq O¾u myhs’
fuu kshdu O¾u w;=frka fN!;sl mßirhg wod<j ;sfnkakdjq
WoaNso úµdkql+, idOl w¾:j;a lrKq we;’ îc kshduhg Ydl
jia;= ;=re,;d wdÈ ish,a,u wh;ajkq we;’ tajd talJøshÔú f,i
y÷kajkq ,nkafka wm wjg ;sfnk mdßißl idrh Wrdf.k
j¾Okhùfï yelshdj we;s ksidh’ wjYH idOlhka we;sjk úg
 155

flf;ys ouk îchka me,fj;s’ WoaNso úµdkQl+, idOlhka u; ta ta

wod< .iaje,a j, ta ld,h wkqj u,a f.ä wdÈh yg.KS’
W;= kshduh hkq ta ta R;+kag wkqj isÿjk mdßißl fjkiaùuh’
fïjd wdliañlj isÿfkdjk w;r ld,.=K úµd;aul idOlhka
u; isÿfõ’ .%Siau ld,fha WIAKh we;sùu WodyrK f,i ±laúh
yelsh’ fN!;sl mßirfha foa ld,.=K úµd;aul kshuhka wkqju
isÿfõ’
lïu kshduh hkq iodpdruh jYfhka .;al, fya;=M, kshduhkao
jYfhka .;yelsh’
Oïu kshduh kï wdOHd;añl wxYh .eko idlÉPd lrK w;r
iú[a[dKl iy wú[a[dKl wdÈ Yla;sfha h:d¾:h .ek
idlÉPd flf¾’
Ñ;a; kshduh hkq fuh ufkdaúµd;aul wxYhka .ek wjOdkh
fhduqlrKq we;’
fuu b.ekaùu ;=<ska mßirh udkj j¾.hd w;r we;s
iïnJO;djh ms<sn| od¾Yksl me;a; wjOdkh fhduqlr we;’
óf.dv m[a[df,dal ysñhka mßirh .ek fufia i|yka lr we;’
“ñksia Èúfmfj; r|d mj;skafka iajNdúl mßirfha iydh
uq,alrf.kh’ iajNdj mßirh jkdys ñksidf.a ienE ujh’ ñksid
fmdaIKh lrkafka;a tfukau iqrlskafka;a iajNdj mßirh
úisks’(112)
uydpd¾h ,s,So is,ajd m%ldY lr we;af;a ó ueiaid ómeKs
ksIamdokh lrkakdla fuka udkj j¾.hdo ;uka Ôj;ajk
iajNdúl mßirhg wK;=rla isÿfkdfldg Ôú;h i;=gq f,i f.k
hdhq;= njh’
;,x.,af,a iqux., ysñhka úiska rÑ; “ mßir .eg¨j iy mßir
ixrCIKh ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amh” hk fmdf;ys wjika jYfhka
mßirh iy fn!oaO ixrCIK úêl%u .ek olajd we;s fï woyio
b;d jeo.;ah’ nqÿiuh uQ,slju mqoa.,hd flaJølr.;a ixrCIK
l%uhla olajd ;sfí’ nqÿiuh úYajh ú.%y lr we;af;a mqoa.,hd
flaJø lrf.kh’ tneúka mqoa.,hd ixrCIKh lsÍu ;=<ska wm wjg
we;s ndysr ixrCIKh isÿlr .; yelsh’ nqÿiuh mßir ixrCIK
l%fudamdhka rdYshla foaYkd lrwe;’ tu iEu ixrCIK l%uhlau
mqoa.,hd flaJø lrf.k olajd ;sfí’ nqÿiuh úkh YsCId Tiafia
mqoa.,hd ;=< we;s lr.kakd jQ YsCIKhka u.Zska mßir ixrCIKh
olajd ;sfí’ nqÿiufhys uQ,slu ixl,amh mqoa., YsCIKhhs’ tu
YsCIKh Wiia Ys,hla fia olajd ;sfí’ tys§ ñsksid muKla fkdj
cSj wÔj iEu jia;=jlau meje;au wdrCId lsÍu wfmaCId lr ;sfí’
fn!oaO iQ;% foaYkd j,skao mßir ixrCIK wdl,am foaYkd lr
;sfí’ ñksid mßirh b;d ixfõ§ ys; ñ;=re wdl,amfhka weiqre
l< hq;= nj wjOdrKh lr ;sfí’ mßirh ixrCIKh fkdlsÍu
ñksidf.a mßydkshgo fya;= jk nj olajd ;sfí’ w,afmaÉPjQ úg
 156

iy myiqfjka fmdaIKh l<yels úg fuka lghq;= wvqjQ úg iy

myiqfjka fhduql< yels nj nqÿiufhys wdl,amh fõ’ iQ;% foaYkd
j, mßir ixrCIKh we;s lsÍu i|yd fhdod.;a fkdfhl=;a
foaYkdjka yuqfõ’ úgl mßirh iq/lSu Wiia YS, m%;smodjla fõ’
úsgl Wiia mqKH ls%hdjla fõ’ ;j;a úgl rdcHfha uQ,sl
m%;sm;a;sh úhhq;= nj wjOdrKh lrwe;(113)’’’’’’’’’ wjidk
jYfhka mjikafka kï nÿiufhys mßir ixrCIK Wmdh ud¾.
fjka fjkajQ Wmdh ud¾. fkdfõ’ mqoa.,hd ;=< we;sjk ixka;dk
.; ixrCIKh iy wd;au ixrCIKh ;=<ska iuia; mßirfhau
mj;sk .eg¿j,g úi÷ï ,nd§ ;sfí’ bka mßir ixrCIKh
lr.; yels uQ,slu isoaOdka;h nj nqÿiuh wjOdrKh lr we;ehs
ks.ukh l<yelsfõ’ ;jo nqÿiufhys ffu;%sh Wmka kQmka fmfkk
fkdfmfkk i;r osYdjkays jik iy mjik iajdNdúl mßir
iïm;a flfrysu m;=rejd,sh hq;= nj ±laùfuka b;d ixfõoS jQ
mßir ixrCIKhla wfmaCId lr.; we;s nj ks.ukh
l<yelsfõ’(114)
Y%S ,dxld jdis iEu fn!oaOfhl= lrK iEu mqKH lghq;a;la
wjidkfhysu fujeks m%d¾:kdjla lsÍug mqreÿj we;af;ao mßirh
jeiai‛ rdcH md,lhka yd ñksia Èúfhys we;s iïnJO;djh isys
.kajñks’ fuu lreKq tllg tlla wfkHdakH jYfhka iïnJOj
we;’

“ fofjd jiai;= ldf,ak

iiaiiïm;a;s fya;=p
mSf;d Nj;= f,dafldap
rdcd Nj;= Oïñfld”

l,g jeis jiSjd

YIH iïm;a;sh isoaOfõjd
f,dalhd i;=áka isàjd
rdcH md,lhd O¾ñl fõjd
 157

mdol igyka -

1. Baron.A.R.,Byrne.D., Social Psychology- Understanding

Human Interaction 7th Edition Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd
1995 page-536
2. Ibid p- 536
3. Ibid p-536
4. International encyclopedia of the social sciences, P 91
5. The concise oxford dictionary p.392
6. Oxford advanced learner‟s Dictionary p.403
7. Environment and man p.4
8. Feldman.R.S., Understnading Psychology –Mc Graw-Hill inc
New York 1989- p.G-5
9. uQ¾;s’ bx.%Sis isxy, ufkdaúoHd YíofldaIh’ lreKdr;ak iy
mq;%fhda’ fld<U 1991 fojk uqøKh’ msg 65
10.Concepts of Ecology p.2
11.Coon.D., Essentials of Psychology- 8th edition G-5
12.Feldman.R.S., Understnading Psychology –Mc Graw-Hill inc
New York 1989- p.G-5
13.Psychology today-p.G-5
14.Coon.D., Essentials of Psychology- 8th edition G-5
15.A students Dictionary of psychology –p.61
16.m[a[df,dal’ ñ’‛nqÿoyu mßirh yd wdOHd;au iqkaorFjh
i§md fmd;ay,’ fld<U’ 1999 msgqj-95
17.úkh I 282 msgqfõ isg
18.uydj.a.md,s II 238 msgqfõ isg
19.iq’ks’ fu;a; iQ;%h msgqj 44
20.Oïumoh 04-06
21.u’ks’ II rÜGmd, iQ;%h msg 420
22.È’ks’idu[a[M, iQ;%h
23.Oïumoh 10-02
24.tu 44
25.ixhq;a; ksldh I 39
26.oS’ks’ I l+goka; iQ;%h msg 264
27.iq’ks’ fu;a; iQ;%h msg 44
28.13 jk .sß ,smsh ^wfYdAl&
29.fojk .sß ,smsh ^wfYdal&
30.cd;l II kkaÈúYd, cd;lh msg 423
 158

31.OïumoÜGl:d I msg 55
32. cd;l’ Wkaudoka;s cd;lh
33.ixhq;a; ksldh I msg 39
34.Oïumoh 283
35.w’ks’ksífíêl iq;%h nq’c’uq’ IV 202 msgqj
36.ix’ks’ IV 163 msg
37.Wodks ms,s 8 msg
38.Oïumoh 99
39.i ks’ msys; iQ;%h nq’c’uq’ I 76 msgqj
40.È’ks’idu[a[M, iQ;%h nq’c’uq’ I 130 msgqj
41.Lq’ks’I uydux., iQ;%h msgqj 60
42. w’ks’ II plal iq;%h msgqj 06
43.u’ks’ I 308 492 olajd msgq nq’c’uq’
44.D.I (B.T.S.) Ambatta Sutta P.150
45.Ibid (B.T.S.) Tevija Sutta P.594
46.M.I (B.T.S.) Mayasihanada Sutta P.164
47.S.V (B.T.S.) Dhammika Sutta P 270
48.Ibid IV (B.T.S.) Mahamoggallana bojjanga sutta P.126
49.M.I (B.T.S.) Culagosinga sutta P.484
50.S.V (B.T.S.) Sinsapa sutta P.294
51.D.I (B.T.S.) Sonadanda Sutta P.222
52.S. (B.T.S.) Dhaniya Sutta P 12
53.S. (B.T.S.) Kasibharadvaja Sutta P.110
54.D. (B.T.S.) Mahaparinibbana sutta P.110
55.Ibid 100 p.
56.m[a[df,dal’ ñ’‛nqÿoyu mßirh yd wdOHd;au iqkaorFjh
i§md fmd;ay,’ fld<U’ 1999 msgqj-39
57.f:ar.d:d’ imaml f:ar.d:d nq’c’uq’ 100 msg
58.tu msg 100
59.tu 309 .d:dj
60.f:ar.d:d nq’c’uq’ 154 msg
61.Ñ;a;l f:ar.d:d nq’c’uq’ msgq 12-61
62.jkjÉP f:ar.d:d msg 8
63.pQ,l f:ar.d:d msg 78
64.;d,mqg f;rKQfjda msg 258
65.ld,qodhs f:ar.d:d nq’c’uq’ msg 152
66.f:Ar.d:d 51-52 .d:d
67.iïnq, lÉPdk f:ar.d:d 72 msg
68.iqN+;s f:Ar.d:d msg 2
 159

69..srsidkkao f:Ar.d:d 106 msg

70.úu,f:ar.d:d 106 msg
71.N=; f:ar.d:d 148
72.Davids.R.Mrs. Psalims of the brotheren p.XXXVII
73.i'ks’jkfrdamd iQ;%h msg 60
74.os’ks’ III 77 msg
75.uydj.a.md,s I msg 238
76.N+rsm[a[ cd;lh msg 380-1503
77.fma;jF:qmd,s II 9 msg
78.ñmskao m[ay’ relaL m[afyda 354 msg
79.tu
80.V.S.Apte – The Students Sanskrit English Dictionary p.383
81.w’ks’ relaL iQ;%h msg 109
82.mdÑ;a;shmd,S NslaLqKS úNx. Msg 554
83.pq,a,j.a.md,s II j;a;laLJOlh msg 364
84.oS’ks’ I l+goka; iQ;%h msg 264
85.md;sfudlaLmd,S mdÿld j.a. fiaÅhd msg 295
86.iodmq[a[mamjâvk iQ;%h
87.pq,a,j.a.md,s II j;a;laLJOlh msg 364
88.md;sfudlaLmd,s msg 295
89.i'ks’ mþfcda; iq;%h msg 28
90.uydj.a.md,s 347 msg
91.LkaOl úkfha wdjdi LkaOlh
92.os’ks’ fmdÜGmdo iQ;%h
93.u’ks’ mßj%dcl j.a. ikao; iQ;%h
94.tu
95.È’ks’idu[a[M, iQ;%h msg 112
96.uydj.a.md,s msg 99-103
97.Lq’ks’Oïumoh 188
98.i'ks’jkfrdamd iQ;%h msg 60
99.tu
100. Lq’ks’Oïumoh 14-10
101. os’ks’w.a.[a[q iQ;%h III msg 137
102. w’ks’wOïñl iQ;%h msg 140
103. w’ks’ ;sl ksmd;h’ n%dyauK j.a.h’ 6 fjks iQ;%h
104. w’ks’p;=lal ksmd;fha m;a;lïuj.a.fha 10 fjks iQ;%h
105. os’ks’ plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%h
106. Lq’ks’ II 304 .dñKS pKAv cd;lh
 160

107. crEomdk cd;lh wxl 256

108. uydiqmsk cd;lh
109. l=reO¾u cd;lh
110. uydpd¾h ,s,So is,ajdf.a “fn!oaO wdpdr O¾u iy
mdßißl
w¾nqo hk ,smsh ‘ fjila yv iÕrdj jd¾Isl fn!oaO
ifydaor ix.uh mdkÿr 2002
111. wF:idÓks wgqjdj 854
112. m[a[df,dal’ ñ’‛nqÿoyu mßirh yd wdOHd;au
iqkaorFjh
i§md fmd;ay, fld<U 1999 msg
113. iqux.,‛ ;,x.,af,a’‛ mßir .eg¨j iy mßir
ixrCIKh
ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amh’ fn!oaO ixialD;sl
uOHia:dkh’
fld<U’ 2001 msgqj 135
114 tu’ msgqj 137
 161

l,dKx ÿlrx
fhd wdÈlfrda l,dKi fid ÿlrx lfrda;s
; uhd nyq l,dKx l;x
; uu mq;dp fmda;dp mrxp f;ak
h fu wmpx wdk ixjglmd wkqj ;sif¾ ;:d
fid iql ;x ldi ;s
fhda;= t; foaixms yd fmai;s
fida ÿl ;x ldi;s
iqlrxys mdmx

hym; lsÍu ÿIalrh’

hfula m<uqfjkau hym;la lrhso
fyf;u ÿIalr ld¾hla lrhs’
tneúka udf.a mq;%fhdao uqkqnqfrdaao
Tjqkaf.ka miq uf.ka mejf;kafkdao
lma fl<jr olajd ud wkq.ukh lr;ajd
tfaiu lrkakd hym;a lrhs’
hfula fuhska iaj,amhla jqj msßfy<hso
fya wlghq;a;la lrhs’ mõ lsÍu kï myiqh’
O¾udfYdal rc;=ud .sßkd¾ ,sms wxl 5

“Because we all share this planet earth, we have to learn to live in

harmony and peace with each other and with nature. That is not
just a dream, but a neccessity. We are dependent on each other in
so many ways that we can no longer live in isolated communities
and ignore what is happening outside those communities”
His Holiness the Dalai Lama
 162

fn!oaO idu ufkdaúµdj

(Buddhist Peace Psychology)
wo f,dalh kùk ;dCIKh w;ska by<gu .sh hq.hla f,i
ie,lsh yelsh’ tysÈ ta ÈhqKqj ñksidf.a hym;g fhdod .eKqkq
wjia:d fndfydah’ tfiau ñksiqkaf.a whym;g th fhdod .kakd
,o wjia:do ke;af;a fkdfõ’ tuÕska isÿjQ nrm;< ydks fufia
i|yka lr ksul< fkdyelsh’ tfll= mrhd ;fjfll= keÕS isàug
h;ak ±Íu f,dalfha ljo;a isÿjQ fohls’ tuÕska f,dalh fooreï lE
wjia:djka úr, fkdfõ’ 1914 ld,fha§ m<uq f,dal hqoaOh;a 1940
.Kka j,§ fojk f,dal ix.%duh;a ;=<ska ñksiqkaf.a Ôú; ,CI
fldaá .Kkska ì<sjqk w;r tys Nhdkl m%;sM, wog;a cmdkfha
ysfrdaIsud kd.idls hk m%foaYj,ska ±lsh yelsh’ tu m%foaYj,
WmÈk wh ;j;a tys krl m%;sM, w;a ú¢ñka isá;s’ f,dalfha
fkdfhla rgj, úúOdldr jq ixl,amhka uq,a lr.ksñka w¾nqo
wjq,a úhjq,a we;s lrf.k ;sfí’ tl rgl NdIdjla m%Yakhlg uq,a
jk w;r ;j;a rgl wd.u uq,aùfuka hqoaO mj;S’ tfiau m<s.ekSï
j, wka;hla ke;s w;r ojil tx.,ka;fhka msmsfrk
fndaïnh ;j;a ojil wefußldfjkao tfiau fï hqoaO j,g lsisÿ
iïnJOhla ke;s rgj,o fuys krl m%;sM, w;aú£ug isÿj we;’
bJÿkSishdfõ nd,S ÿmf;a msmsfrk fndaïnh fukau flkahdfõ
khsfrdaìj, msmsfrk fndaïnfhkao ke;s jkafka jákd ñksia Ôú;h’
wefursldfõ;a wem.ksia:dkfha » brdlfha bkaÈhdfõ iy ,xldfõ
hk fï l=uk rgl jqjo úkdY jkafka jákd ñksia Ôú;h’ tu
Ôú; úkdYùu kj;ajd .;hq;= ld,h t<T we;’ ñksid ;u
ifydaor ñksid foi ielfhka ne,Su w;a yßk oji tk;=re fï
wjq,a úhjq,a mj;skafkauh’ tu ksid f,dal iduh w.h wka
ljrodg;a jvd ñksidg ±kS we;s hq.hla f,i fï iyi%h i|yka
l<yelsh’
w;S;fha ñksiqkag ;snqfka wjg mrirfha iy i;=kaf.a we;sjk
wK;=re j<lajdf.k Ôj;aùuh’ wo ojfia f.oßka msgjk ñksid
rd;%S f.org meñfKk ;=re Tyqf.a Ôú;h .ek j.lSula
fkdue;s ;rïh’ ta ;rugu Wiia jq ukila we;s ñksidf.a uki
¥IKh ù we;’
fï mßÉfþofha§ wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka iduh hkq l=ula±hs
y÷kdf.k idu ufkdaúµdfõ wdrïNh iy tys úldYkh;a nqÿka
jykafiaf.a idu ufkdaúµdj .ek yeoEÍula ;=<ska wo ojfia wmg
wod< lr.; yels fn!oaO idu ixl,amh wjOdkhg fhduqlr tys
m%fhda.slJjh idlÉPd lsÍuh’
iduh hkq l=ulao @
 163

idudcfha úúO fya;= idOl ksid iduhg ndOd meñKù we;’

tajdkï ixialD;suh wdrjq,a‛ iduÔh wdrjq,a‛ foaYmd,k wdrjq,a
mjqf,a we;s wdrjq,a iy wm;=< we;s wdrjq,a jYfhka ±laúh yel’
ñksiqka ixialD;shla iy wd.ula ;=< WmÈk w;r tys l:d lrk
NdIdj, wosk weÿïj, wd.ñl pdß;% lk lEuîu iy bm§u
újdyh urK wdÈ iurK úêho fjkiah’ ta ta iudchg wkq.;
jk mßÈ w¨;a Wmka orejdgo ta ixialD;sh o Wreufõ’ ixialD;sh
fjkiaùu ;=<o wdrjq,a yg.KSS’
foaYmd,k wdrjq,a
b;sydih mqrdu wmg ±lsh yelafla fndfyduhlau wdl%uKhkah’
hqfrdamfha fmdfydi;a rgj,a wms%ldj‛ meismsla iy wdishdfõ rgj,a
w,a,df.k tajdf.a we;s iajNdúl iïm;a ish,a, ;u rgj,g
weo.;ay’ tfiau tu rgj, ixialD;sho úkdY lrK ,È’ tajdo
iduhg ndOdjkaù we;’
idudÔh wdrjq,a
iudcfha úúO lKavdhï we;’ ;u lKavdhu Wiia iy wka whg
jvd jeo.;a hk yeÕSfuka lghq;= lf<d;a iduh lsis Èkl ,ÕZd
fkdjkq we;’ mjq,a iy úúO iudc lKavdhï udkj j¾Okhg
wjYHh’ tu ksid iudcfha úúO fn§ï iudchg wys;lr jkafkah’
mjq,a wdrjq,a-
mjq,a wdrjq,a foudmshka orejka w;r we;s úh hq;= iuÕsh fukau
orejkag tl yd iudk wdorhla ±laùuo b;d jeo.;ah’ foudmshka
orejkag fyd| idrO¾u b.ekaúh hq;=h’ orejkag wd;au
úYajdihlska hq;=j jev lghq;= lsÍug miqìu ye§u foudmshkaf.a
hq;=luh’
;u ;ukaf.a we;=,dka;fha we;s wdrjq,a
;rÕldßFjh iy úreoaOjdoh iEu ixialD;shlu uQ,slu wx.hls’
wm iEu flfklau id¾:l ch.%yKhla ,nd .ekSu wruqKq fldg
we;af;ah’
fïyd iïnJO Wmud l:djla fuf,i olajuq’
wdh;k m%Odksfhla Tyqf.a fiajlfhl=g wj,do keÕ+ w;r Tyq
m%Odkshdg m%;s W;a;r §ug fkdyels w;r Tyq f.or meñK th
Tyqf.a Nd¾hdjf.ka msg lf<ah’ thg fya;=j f,i oelajQfha kshñ;
fõ,djg lEu ms<sfh< lr fkd;sîuhs’ weho fl<ska m%;sW;a;r§ug
fkdyels ;ek ;u mq;d YS; lrKfhka hula .kakjd ±l weh
Tyqg wehf.a ;ryj my lr .;af;ah’ mq;do ujg hula fkdlSjo
Tyqf.a ;ryj n,a,dg .eiSfuka o n,a,d ;u ;ryj n<,d miqmi
t<jd hEfukao wjik n<<df.a ;ryj ófhl= lEfukao msg lr
.;af;ah’ wm wka whg ßoùug n,kafka wm ߧug ,lajqk ksidh’
w¾nqo wdrjq,a Ôú;fhau fldgils’ ulaksido h;a wmo udkj
j¾.fhau fldgila jk neúks’ yeu lKavdhulau j¾Okh jk
w;r fjkiaùulgo Ndckh fõ’ iuyre fjkiaùu bjikafka ke;s
w;r j¾Okho j<lajd,hs’ iuyre mrdchkag uqyqK§ug fkdyels
 164

w;r ;j;a iuyre ?jàu ;=<ska B¾IdlsÍï ;=<ska ;ryj f.k

Ôj;afõ’
wmf.a taldhk wruqK úhhq;af;a ñksid ;j;a ñksfil=g .re
lsÍug wd;au wNsudkfhka hq;=j isàug ±kqj;a lsÍuh’ tuÕska
wd.ñl‛ ixialD;sluh‛ iy cd;Ska jYfhka fnÈ isák wmg tlg
tl;=ùug wjia:djla Wod lr.; yelsh’
kshu iduh Wodlr .; yelafla úúOdldr f,i fjkiajk whf.a
wdpdr iïmkak ms<s.eKsulsks’ úúO wh uqK .eiSu iy ta whf.a
ixialD;sh ms<s.ekSu iy ñ;%;aFjh f.dvkÕd .ekSu idu udjf;a
uq,au mshjrh’ mjq, ixialD;sh‛ wd.u‛ úúO iud.ï‛ udkj
j¾.hdf.a j¾Okhg fnfyúkau n,mdkq ,nhs’ wm ;=, we;s
iSudjka blaujd f.dia úúO ñksiqka foi ohdfjka ne,sh hq;=h’
iduldó iyÔjkh tys uq,au mshjrhs’ yf,da hehs wduka;%Kh
lr.;a muKskau iduh we;s fkdjk w;r ñksid ;u ifydaor
ñksid f;areï .;hq;=h’ iduh hkq wka whj f;areï .ekSu iy
wfkHdakH jYfhka ms<s.ekSuhs’ tla tla whf.a w.hka f;reï
.ekSu iy wfkHdakH ñ;%Fjh j¾Okh lr .ekSuhs’ tlu udkj
j¾.hla f,i ifydaor ifydaoßhka f,i wmf.a yoj;a ;=< udkj
ohdj me<mÈhï lr .; hq;=h’ wm hï lKavdhula ßojQ úg tys
wm;=< ffjrhla we;sfjhs’ wm fl%daOfhka hq;=j th foi n,kq we;’
l,ska lshq Wmud l:dfõ wdldrhg Tn ug ßojQ ksid uuo wod<
mqoa.,hdg fyda fjflfkl=g ßojd tu yeÕSu ;Dma;su;a lr .KS’
“ You have hurt me, so I will find relief in hurting you or someone
else”
fndfydaúg iajNdúl úm;a wdÈhg f.dÿrejq úg tluq;= jkafkauq’
iqkdñhg wm iefjdu .idf.k hkúg isxy, uqia,sï fou< wdÈ
ish¨u j¾. wu;lù iqkdñ úm;g m;a jQjka jkafkuq’ túg wr
lshk ,o ish¨u l;d wu;lh’ yßflka l;aßkd meñKs úg wm
iefjdu tlu lKavdhula f,i fmks isáuq’ tfiakï fyd| meñKs
úg wmg tfia isáh fkdyelafla uka±hs wm wm úiskau m%Yak lr
.; hq;= j we;af;uq’
iduh f.dvke.Su wmyiq lghq;a;la fkdjkq we;’ wm mjq,a ;=<
jev lrK ;ekaj, tfiau wi,a jeishka iu.o iduh we;s lr.;
hq;=h’ iduh f.dvkeÕZSu hkq úksYaph lsÍula fyda fy<d ±lSula
fkdjk w;r wka whg krlg l:d lsÍula fyda wka whf.a jerÈ
±l iskyùula o fkdfõ’ iduh hkq wka whf.a hym;la me;Su
fyd¢ka ms<s .eKsu wjYH whg Woõ lsÍu‛ ldreKslj újD;
Ndjhlska hq;=j lghq;= lsÍuh’ udkisl jYfhka ixialD;sluh
jYfhka wOHdmksl jYfhka fjkiajQ iEu flfkla foiu
ldreKslj ±lsh yelsùu iduhhs’
csñ ldg¾ úiska rÑ; “Talking Peace A Vison for the next
Generation”(1) hk fmdf;ys iduh Wod lr.; yels ud¾. iy
 165

f,dalfha j¾;udkfha mj;sk m%Yak ms<sn| úpdrd;aul f,i lreKq

olajd we;’ tfiau tu iduh Wodlr .; yels ud¾. fukau
m%cd;ka;%jdoh udkj whs;sjdislï .ek b;d .eUqrska úu¾Ykh
lr we;’ tu fmdf;ys wgfjks mßÉfþofha§ Negotiating a win win
settlement m<uq f,dal hqoaOfhaka miqj wka;¾cd;sl iduh we;s
lsÍug werUq meßia idu iuq¿j 1919 ld,h .eko fojk f,dal
hqoaOh we;s fkdùug .; W;aidyhka .eko úia;r lr we;’
iduh .ek uy;aud .dJê;=ud i|yka lrkafka “There is no way
to peace, Peace is the way” hkqfjks’
§mla fpdmard i|yka lrkafka wmg f,dalh fjkia lsÍug wjYH
kï wm fjkiaùug mgka .;hq;= njh’ “If we want to change the
world, we have to begin by changing ourselves” idufha uQ,slu
wä ;d,u wm úiskau wdrïN l< hq;= nj Tyq mjihs’ bkaÈhdkq
b;sydifhys iduh .ek fkdfhl=;a wjia:dj,§ f;dr;=re
fidhd.; yelsh’ l%s’ mQ’ 6 fjks Y;j¾IfhaÈ my< jq ffck uyd
ùr;=ud ±ä wúysxidjd§ O¾uhla foaYkd l< w;r iuld,Sk
Ydia;Djrfhl= jQ nqÿka jykafia hqoaOh kj;d oud idu ud¾.fha
.uka lsÍug wjYH jákd Wmfoia rdYshla ,nd§ we;’ tfiau
bkaÈhdfõ my<jQ fYa%IaG;u wêrdcHhd jk wfYdal rc;=ud
fkdfhl=;a hqoaO lr wjik ta ish,a, w;yer O¾u hqoaOfhka
ñksiqkaf.a hym; ie,iQ whqre olajd we;’ uE; ld,fha ìysjQ
uy;aud .dJê;=udo idufhys we;s jeo.;alu b;d meyeÈ<sj olajd
ta i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shdud¾.o olajd we;’ iduh
f.dvke.ZSug .;hq;= l%uj;a t<Uqula §mla fpdmard úiska rÑ;
“Peace is the way”(2) hk fmdf;ys fï wdldrhg olajd we;’ th
ojia y;la we;=<; fm!oa.,sl wdldrfhka j¾Okh lr.; yelsh’
bßod - iduh fjkqfjka (Sunday being for peace)
iÿod - iduh .ek is;ñka (Monday thinking for peace)
wÕyrejdod - iduh ms<sn| yeÕsfuka -(Tuesday feeling for peace)
nodod - iduh .ek l:dlrñka (Wednesday speaking of Peace)
n%yiam;skaod - iduh fjkqfjka ls%hdlrñka (Thursday acting for
peace)
isl=rdod - iduh .ek ksßudKh lrñka (Friday creating for peace)
fikiqrdod - iduh .ek fnod yod .ksuka (Saturday sharing for
peace)
brsod fuosk úskdä myla muK f.k ksYaYíoj jdäù
weiajidf.k fï jpk lshñka tkï “Peace Harmony Laguhter,
Love” ta .ek is;ñka wo ojfia uu isák w;r úreoaO lrejkg
iudj foñ hk woyiska fu;a m%d¾:kd lsÍu
iÿod
 166

fuys§ iduh ms<sn| Ñka;kh jvd jeo.;ah’ iq¿ ld,hla f.k

my; i|yka whqßka kej; kej; th j¾Okh lr lshjkak’
^fuh ffu;%S Ndjkdj yd fndfyda iudkh&
Let me be loved, let me be happy, let me be peaceful
let my friends be happy, loved and peaceful.
Let my perceived enemies be happy, loved and peaceful
Let all beings be happy, loved and peaceful
let the whole world experience these things
w.Zyrejdod iduh ms<sn| yeÕSu’ fuÈk iduh ms<sn| Ñ;a;fõ.hka
;=<ska lreKdj f;areï .ekSu wdorh m;=rejd,Su wka whf.a ÿl
fnod .; yelsùu tajd f;areï .ekSu b;d jeo.;ah’ Tn ÿfla§
;ksù ke;snj ±fkkúg th kshu wdorhhs’ wdorh we;s ;ek
iduh Wm§’
nodod
iduh .ek l:d lsÍu ;=<ska wikakd ;=< i;=g WmÈ’ Tn wka wh
w.h wdldrh ±kqj;a lrkak‛ Tn w.h lrK whg .relsrSï wdÈh
fmkajkak’
n%yiam;skaod
wo Èk iduh ms<sn| ls%hdfjka fmkakqï lrkak’ <uhskag f,vjQ
wfhl=g jeäysáfhl=g Woõ Wmldr lsÍu úúOdldrfhka l<
yelsh’
n%yiam;skaod
wo Èk ud wuq;a;kag ikyj f.k;afoñ’ hful= is;a rsfok f,i
ug fyda fjk;a wfhl=g wj,do kÕdo ta whg uu ffu;%S is;ska
wdorh fmkajñ’ uu Tjqkaf.a m%;s Wmldrhla n,dfmdfrd;a;=
ke;sj Woõ lrñ’
isl=rdod
wo Èk ud iduh we;s lsrSug;a wdrjq,a úi£ug;a tlu fyda
woyila ks¾udKh lrñ’ Tng yelskï Tnf.a iudchg, rgg uq¿
f,dalhgu wod< lr.; yels woyia ks¾udKh lrkak’ RKD;aul
f,i fkdoel w¨;a ud¾. fidhd n,kak’ l,ska fhdod fkd.;a
jpk fhdod is;d n,kak’ tfiau iuQyhla tl;=lsÍug Wkkaÿ
jkak’
fikiqrdod
fuÈk fï idu jev ms<sfj< .ek wvqu ;rfï fofofkl=g j;a
lshd fokak’ th ;j ;j;a m;=rejd yßkak’ kjlhka iuÕ iduh
.ek l:d lrkak’
tfiau iduh f.dvkeÕug wjYH lrK fohg Woõ lrkak’
fï wldrfhka kshu iduhla Wod lr.; yels nj Woh fpdmard
mjihs’

idu ufkdaúµdj
 167

1990 § wefußldkq ufkdaúµd ix.ufha tys 48 fjks YdLdj f,i

idu ufkdaúµdj ia:dms; lrK ,È’ ta i|yd ufkdaúoHd{hska
YsIHhska úúO wxYj, ufkdaúµdj iïnJOfhka lghq;= lrK
mqoa.,hska odhlFjh ,ndÿka w;r th jvd;a m%p,s; lsÍu iy
iduh ms<sn| mQ¾K odhlFjhla ,nd§u tys m%Odku wruqKhs’
tfiau Tjqka f,dalh mqrd me;sÍ isá úúO cd;s wd.ï wxYhka fj;
újD; wdrdOkd lr isákafka iduh fjkqfjka ;uka yd iïnJO
lghq;= lsÍug tlajk f,i b,a,ñks’ tys m%Odku wruqK kï
ufkdaúµd;aul ks¾kdhlhka ;=< ±kqu iduh i|yd fhdod .ekSuh’
fuys§ iduh ks¾jpkh lrkafka hqoaOhkaf.a meK fkdkeÕSu iy
úkdYldÍ w¾nqo kj;d ,sug n,mdk Okd;aul iudÔh ;;a;ajhka
j¾Okh lsÍu;a udkj j¾.hdf.a iqN idOkh kÕd isgqùu;ah’
idu ufkdaúµd YdLdfõ m%Odku wruqK kï
 iduh ms<sn| m¾fhaIK lsÍu‛ wOHhk iy mqyqKqùï wd§
lghq;= jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
 wúysxidj ;=<ska w¾nqo úi£u » iuÕs ikaOdk » hqoaOhg
n,mdk fya;= iy w¾nqo we;sùfï fya;= fidhd n,d ms<shï
lsÍuh’
 iduh ms<sn| isoaOdka; .ek wjOdkh fhduq lrñka
m¾fhaIlhka » .=rejreka » jD;a;Suh ks<OdÍkaf.a
iïnJëlrKh lsÍug ixúOdkd;aulj WmldÍ lsÍu
 iduh Wodlr .ekSfuys,d WmldÍ jk l%u iy
ufkdaúµd;aul úê Wmfhda.S lrf.k wúysxidj » w¾nqo
úi|d,Su iu.s ikaOdk we;s lsÍu yd fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha
úkdYldÍ foa kj;d,Su’
 idu ufkdaúµdj ms<sn| b.ekaùï
 1995-96 ld, iSudf fuu YdLdfõ iNdm;s f,i lghq;= l<
iqiS uefla (Susee Mckay & fï wdldrhg tys we;s wruqK
olajd we;’
idu ufkdaúoHd{hska f,i wmf.a o¾Ykh jkafka úkdYldÍ
w¾nqo iy ysxidjka je<elaùï uÕska fyd| hym;a iudchla
f.dvke.Zsuh’ idu ixialD;shla ìys lrñka úYaj m%cdjg
i;=áka Ôj;a úh yels f,dalhla ìys lsÍuh’
iduh fukau ;%ia;jdoho tlyd iudk f,i idlÉPdjg
.efkk ud;Dldjka folls’ úúO úIhka yryd idlÉPdjg
n÷kajk fuu ud;Dld ufkdaúµdj foaYmd,k úµdj » wd¾Òl
úµdj » wka;¾cd;sl iïnJO;d ixialD;sluh iïnJO;d fuysÈ
b;d jeo.;ah’
ufkdaúµdj ;=<ska udkjhdf.a yeisÍï ms<sn| wOHhkhka lrK
w;r wfkl=;a úIhka ;=<skao úúO Wmldr ,nd.; yelsh’
ufkdaúµdj fukau idu ufkdaúµdj uÕskao ;%ia;jd§ m%Yak iy
 168

tajdfha fya;+ka fidhd ne,sh yelsh’ ;%ia;jd§ l%shdjkag n,mdk

úúO fya;= iy tu m%Yak úi|d .ekSug ufkdaúµdfjka .;yels
m%dfhda.sl Wmfoia .ek fuys§ jeäÿrg;a wOHhkh flf¾’

wms idu udfkdaúoHdfõ§ n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ufkdaúµd;aul

ixl,amhka hqoaOh ke;s lsÍug wdrjq,a úi£ug iduh we;s lsÍug
fhdod.ekSuh’ idu ufkdaúµdj úisfjks Y; j¾Ifhys fjkuu
úIh fCIA;%hla f,i fkd;snQ kuq;a úisfjks Y; j¾Ifha uq,a
ld,fha isá ú,shï fþïia ^1910& tl< hqoaOh ms<sn|j ;snq woyia
j,g yd;amiskau úreoaO woyila bÈrsm;a lr ;snqKs’ tkï hqoaOh
hkq udkjhdf.a ksrka;rhka meñfKk fohla njh’ 1995 §
fudagka foõÜiaÉ (Morton Deutsch) úiska „Peace and conflict‟
Journel of Peace Psychology‟ hk idu ufkdaúµdfõ m<uq iÕrdjg
,shk ,o ,smsfha ús,shï fþïia uq,au idu ufkdaúµd{hd f,i
i|yka lr we;’
1980 ueo Nd.fha§ wefußldj;a fidaúhÜ foaYh;a w;r we;sjQ
kHIaál hqoaO ;rÕfha§ tajd k;r lsÍug lghq;= lrK ,o
ufkdaúµd{hska idu ufkdaúµd{hska f,i y÷kajd we;’
Tjqka iudc‛ ixj¾Ok‚ m%cdkk‚ idhksl‚ iy WmfoaYk
ufkdaúµdjkaf.a úúO YdLd ;=<ska mqyqKqj ,enQjkah’ idu
ufkdaúµdfõ ikaêia:dkhla f,i 1986 § /,am fla’ jhsÜ úiska
idu ufkdaúµdfõ we;s wka;¾.;h ms<sn| fmd;a ldKavhla
“Psychology and Prevention of nuclear war” kñka m%ldYhg m;a
lrK ,È’
tfiau 1990 § wdh;ksl jYfhka idu ufkdaúµdj wefußldkq
ufkdaúµd ix.ufha 48 fjks YdLdj f,i ms<s.ekSuo b;d jeo.;a
wjia:djkah’
b;sydih foi n,k l, ufkdaúoHd{hska hqoaO lghq;= i|yd
fnfyúkau WmldÍù we;’ m<uq f,dal hqoaOfha§ fid,aodÿjka n|jd
.ekSfï§ iuQy nqoaê mßCIK Wmfhda.s lrf.k we;’
fojk f,dal hqoaOfha§ idhksl ufkdaúµd{hska hqoaOfha§ we;sjk
Ñ;a;fõ.Sh m%Yakj,g ms<shï fidhk ,È’ idudc ufkdaúµd{hska
Tjqkaf.a {dKh fid,aodÿjkaf.a hqoaOh ms<sn| Wkkaÿj jeä lsÍug
i;=rkaf.a Wkkaÿj wvq lsÍug;a fhdod .;ay’ iuyr
ufkdaúoHd{hska ryia mßCIl lghq;= fufyhjQ w;r udkj
ufkdaúµd{hska (Human Factor Psychoogists) hk wh kj wdhqO
ksIamdokhg;a WmlrK ks¾udKh lsÍug;a odhljQy’ iïmrsCIK
ufkdaúµd{hska i;=ka ñksiqkaf.a ld¾hka i|yd mqyqK lrjkq
,eîh’ î’tma’ ialsk¾f.a mqyqKqj wkqj mfrúhka uÕska kshuqjka
fkdue;s ñihs, b,lalh lrd fhduq lrjkq ,eîh’
1950 .Kka j,§ ufkdaúµd{hska »úµd{hska m%dfhda.sl mßCIlhka
f,i wefußldkq rcfha yuqodjg n|jd .;ay’ Tjqka fid,aodÿjkaf.a
 169

ìh ke;s lrK ,o w;r ñksiqkaf.a mrudKq fndaïn ms<sn| ;snQ

wdl,amo fjkia lrK ,È’ tfiau tu ufkdaúµd{hka 1950
oYlfha§ wefußldkq rcfha m%;sm;a;s j,g tfrysj l:d lrK ,È
kï Tjqkg ovqjï ,eìKs’ 1957 oS The Journel of Conflict
Resolution wka;¾cd;sl wdrjq,a wvqlsrSug úúO f;dr;=re m%ldYhg
m;a lrK ,È’
fcfrdñ m%Ekala /,ama fla jhsÜ hk ufkdaúµd{hska idu
ufkdaúµdfõ mqfrda.dñfhdah 1962§ tia.=â (Osgood)we;s lrK ,o
w¾nqo wvq lsÍu (Graduated and Reciprrprocated initiatives in tension
Reduction) hk l%ufhka wefursldj iy fidaúhÜ foaYh w;r we;s
wdrjq,a l%ufhka wvq lsÍug fï l%uh fhdod .;ay’ m%Odk n,j;a
rgj,a fol ;=< jQ iS;, hqoaOfha§ iuyr ufkdaúµd{hska ufkdaúµd
ixl,am ta i|yd Wmfhda.S lr.;ay’ tfiau hqoaO we;sùug fya;=jk
lreKq wKdjrKh lrÿkay 1986 § /,ama fla’ jhsÜ úiska ,shk
,o Psychology of Prevention of Nuclear was hk ,smsh uÕskao
tfiau ufkdaúµd{hska iy foaYmd,k ufkdaúµd{hska ,shk ,o ,sms
ksrka;r úfõpkhg ,lajQy’ fï iS;, hqoOfha§ wdrjq,a úi£u
(Conflict Resolution) j,g m%Odk ;ekla ÿka w;r fmd,Ü (Follet)
1940 oS wdrjq,a úi|k l%u l¾udka; wxYfha§ yªkajdfok ,È’
msI¾ iy WDß (Fisher and Ury) úiska 1981 oS rÑs; Getting to yes
hk m%dfhda.sl fmd; b;d m%%isoaêhg m;ajQy’ tu fmdf;ys ;snQ
iuyr ixl,am wog;a tu rgj, ^wefußldj iy reishdj&
ckm%shh’ WodyrKhla f,i win win outcome hkak ±laúh yelsh’
tu iS;, hqoaOfhka miq tkï 1980 oYlfha wÕ Nd.fha§ ish¨
hqoaO lghq;= wu;l lr ysxidjd§ lghq;= k;rlr wúysxidjd§
f,i lghq;= lsÍug ñksiqka fhduqlrjQy’
idu ufkdaúµdfõ § l%uj;a Rcq ysxidjka kj;d ±óug;a
wvqlsrSug;a isoaOdka; iy m%dfhda.slj lghq;= lsrSu m%Odk wruqKq
f,i ±laúh yelsh’ Okd;aul whqrska wúysxidjd§ f,i wdrjq,a
md,kh lsÍu iudc idOdrKh we;s lsÍu idu ufkdaúµdfjka
lsÍug fmd<Ujk w;r th iduh we;ss lsÍug iy iduh ia:dms;
lsÍu f,i oelaúh yelsh’ th m%Odk jYfhka fldgia y;rlska
hqla;h’
Rcq ysxidjka
l%uj;a ysxidjka
iduh ieliSu
iduh f.dvke.Su hkqhs’

Rcq ysxidjka
idu ufkdaúµdfõ wka;¾ cd;sl iïnJO;d i|yd Wmfhda.S lr.;
yels ufkdaúµd;aul ixl,am iy isoaOdka; ysxidjka iy kHIaál
hqouh ;;a;ajhka iukh lsÍug fhdod.kafkah’’ Rcq ysxid hkq
 170

fl,ska isÿlrKq ,nk ysxidjkah’ WodyrK f,i my; i|yka

lreKq ±laúh yelsh’
ñksiqka urd ±óu
blaukska urd±óu
ldhsl joysxid
l%uj;a ysxidjka
j¾;udk idu ufkdaúµd{hska l%uj;a ie,iqï iy.; ysxidjka
.ek ±ä wjOdkfhka hq;=j m¾fhaIK lrkafkah’
ie,iqï iy.; ysxidjka hkq l%u l%ufhka ñksiqkaf.a we;s uQ,sls
wjYH;d wvqlsÍu ;=,ska urKhg m;alsÍuh’ iudÔh jYfhka
foaYmd,k jYfhka hgm;a lr foaYmd,k jYfhka mSvdjg m;a
lsÍfuka wd¾Òl jYfhka iQrd lEu hkdÈhhs’ Rcq ysxidjka fuka
fkdj ie,iqï iy.; ysxidjka u.ska l%u l%ufhka ñksiqkaf.a iqn
isoaêh wvqlr ysxidjg m;a lrkafkah’
ñsksiqka jl%j uKhg m;alsÍu
l%u l%ufhka b;d fyñka urKh lrd fhduqlsÍu iy ldhsl
jYfhka ydks meñKùu’

my; i|yka l%u fol uÕska tkï iduh ieliSu iy iduh we;s
lsrSu uÕska ysxidjka wvq l< yelsh’ iduh ieliSu Rcq ysxidjka
ùug fmr fyda miq wod< lr.; yelsh’ iduh rodmj;ajd .ekSu
idïm%dhsl f,i l<ukdlrKh jk w;r th m%Yak úi|Sug jvd
wjOdkh fhduq lrhs’ iduh ieliSu isudjka ;sfnk w;r kuq;a
th b;du;a jeo.;a wxYhls’ tys we;s jeo.;a wxY my; olajuq’
Rcq ysxidjka wvqlsÍu
wúysxidjd§ wdl,am wjOdrKh lsrSu
Okd;aul f,i m%;spdr ±laùu

iduh f.dvkeÕSu
fï l%uh uÕska ie,iqï iy.; f,i ysxidjka wvq flf¾’ tysoS
§¾> ld,k iduh we;s lsrSu .ek idlÉPd flf¾’ iduh f.dv
ke.Sug ixialD;sluh foaYmd,kuh wd¾Óluh wxY fuys§
jeo.;ah’ ixialD;sluh jYfhka lKavdhula ;j lKavdhula
iuÕ we;sjk hgm;a lsÍu j<lajd,sh hq;=h’ foaYmd,k jYfhka
iudk wjia:d ,ndÈh hq;=h’ wd¾Ól jYfhka iudk iïm;a
fnoSu ;=<ska /lshd wOHdmk‛ ksjdi fi!LHh fiajd hk iqN
isoaëka ie,ish yelsh’
fï l%ufõo ;=<ska iduh f.dvkÕd.; yels w;r idu
ufkdaúµd{hdf.a wo ojfia ld¾h jkafka bÈßfha t<fUk f,dalh
;=< iduldó jd;djrKhla we;s lr .ekSu i|yd we;s
wNsfhda.hkag fkdìhj uqyqK§ug we;s ixl,am j¾Okh lsÍuh’
idu ufkdaúµdj ms<sn| meyeÈ<s wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug iduh‛
w¾nqo‛ iy ysxidjka’ úistlafjks ishji i|yd idu ufkdaúµdj
 171

hk fmd; b;du jeo.;ah’ Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace

Psychology for the 21 st Century.(3)
idu ufkdaúµdj ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhla by; úia;rfhka
,nd.;a w;r ±ka fhduqjkafka fn!oaO idu ufkdaúoHdj hkq
l=ula±hs y÷kd.ekSu i|ydh’

fn!oaO idu ufkdaúoHdj

(Buddhist Peace Psychology)

nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lrkakg fhÿk idu ufkdaaúµdj .eko oeka

wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq lr n,uq’ YdlH jxYhg whs;s rc
mrïmrdfõ flfkl= yeáhg nqÿka jykafiago rdcH md,kh ms<sn|
fkdfhla wdldrfha w;a±lSï ;sfnkakg we;’ tajdo miqld,Sk
foaYkdjka i|yd Wmfhda.S jkakg we;ehs is;sh yelsh’ idufhys
w.h‛ hqoaOfhys we;s ìysiqKQ nj ms<sn| b;d w.kd lreKQ rdYshla
nqÿoyu ;=<ska ±lsh yelsh’ úfYAIfhkau nqÿoyfuys we;s uQ,slu
YsCIdjka jk mxp YS,fhys uq,au YsCId moh i;=ka ueÍfuka je<lS
isàuh’ th wkq.ukh lsÍu ;=<ska hqoaOh jeks ìysiqKq foa j<lajd
.; yelsh’ tfiau ffu;%S iy.; is;=ú,s me;sÍu ;=<skao th w;ay<
yelsh’ iduh Wodlr .ekSfuys,d nqÿoyu Wmfhda.S lr fkd.ekSu
ÿlg ldrKhls’ ulaksidoh;a ienE iduhla we;s lr .ekSug
nqÿoyu ;=< b;d jákd lreKq rdYshla we;s neúks’ nqÿoyug wkqj
lsisÿ wdldrhl hqoaOhla idOdrKsh lrKh l< fkdyel’
wúysxidj fukau rdcH md,kh‛ iduh uÕ hk lreKq mokï
lrf.k foaYkd lrK ,o iQ;% m%udKh b;d úYd,h’ tajd w;r
idrkaoo iQ;%h‛ jiaildr iQ;%h‛ §>ksldfha wÜGld:dfõ rdcd ima;
wmßydkSh Oïu‛ i;r nU úyrK‛ kd.frdamu iq;%h‛ i,af,al
iQ;%h‛ w.a.[a[ iQ;%h‛ plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%h‛ wOïñl iQ;%h‛
wJO ^oaú plaLq& iq;%h‛ wïn,ÜÀl rdyqf,dajdo iQ;%h‛
plaldkqj;a;k iQ;%h‛ n%yaudhq iQ;%h‛ wNhrdc iQ;%h‛ wiqN iQ;%h‛
wïnmd,s iQ;%h‛ f,dysÉp iQ;%h‛ ;s;a:dh;k iQ;%h‛ Oïurdc iQ;%h‛
ksífíêl iQ;%h‛ uydp;a;dÍil iQ;%h‛ f.disX. iQ;%h‛
uydiqoiaik iQ;%h‛ uydiSykdo iQ;%h‛ if;d iQ;%h‛ f.,[a[
iQ;%h‛ idu[a[M, iQ;%h‛ ndys;sl iQ;%h‛ pq,a,f.dmd,l iQ;%h‛
uydjÉPf.d;a; iQ;%h‛ jkfrdam iQ;%h‛ jKsþPd iq;%h‛ jH.a>mþP
iQ;%h‛ is.df,dajdo iQ;%h‛ ixfhda. úfhda. Oïu mßhdh iQ;%h‛
wïnÜG iQ;%h‛ fia, iQ;%h‛ wx.=,sud, iQ;%h‛ rþc iQ;%h‛ l+go;a;
iQ;%h‛ ;sfrdl=âv iQ;%h‛ fõmÑ;a;s iQ;%h‛ ld,sX.rEmOdk iq;%h‛
iÉpl iQ;%h‛ fodKmdl iQ;%h‛ i;a; cá, iQ;%h‛ uydmßksíndk
iQ;%h‛ lrKSh fu;a; iQ;%h‛ ÿlalCLJO iQ;%h‛ ckjiN iQ;%h‛
mGu plaldkqj;a;k iQ;%h‛ uyd iqoiaik iQ;%h‛ ikaol iQ;%h‛
 172

fj¨oajdr iQ;%h‛ fhdaO Ôjl iQ;%h‛ kd,l iQ;%h‛ wkqudk iQ;%h‛

wßhjxY iQ;%h‛ idßmq;a; iQ;%h‛ wkqrdO iq;%h‛ OïufÉ;sh iQ;%h‛
mshcd;sl iQ;%h‛ jd, iq;%h‛ OïufÉ;sh iQ;%h‛ .s,dk iq;%h‛
fu;a;dksixi iQ;%h‛ jþý iQ;%h‛ fõid,s iQ;%h‛ Wodk wÜGl:d‛
Oïumoh‛ fldai, ixhq;a;h‛ b;d jeo.;afõ’ cd;l l:d w;r
hqoaOh iy iduh ms<sn| wiÈi cd;lfhak f,a je.sÍulska f;drj
hqoaOh ch.%yKh lsÍula .eko tfiau ixjr cd;lh fndai;=kaf.a
Wmfoia msg hqoaOh kj;dÆ wdldrh o tfiau my; i|yka cd;l
l:d ;=<ska iduh .ek úúOdlr Wmfoia ,nd.; yelsh’ tu
cd;l l:d kï ksf.%dOñ. cd;lh‛ fNdþPdkSh cd;lh‛
uydiS,j cd;lh‛ uydmsx., cd;lh‛ kkaÈh ñ. cd;lh‛ l=lal=
cd;lh‛ f;il=K cd;lh‛ ÿïfïO cd;lh‛ r: ,ÜÀ cd;lh‛
rdfcdajdo cd;lh‛ Nre cd;lh‛ lÉPm cd;lh‛ .rys; cd;lh‛
OïuOc cd;lh‛ ;=reOïu cd;lh‛ l=ïudi msKav cd;lh‛
iqux., cd;lh‛ ckikaO cd;lh‛ uyd fndaë cd;lh‛ iÉpxlsr
cd;lh‛ idu cd;lh‛ Lkavd, cd;lh‛ uydkdro ldYHm c;lh‛
y|id, cd;lh‛ lÜGydr cd;lh‛ ;s;a;sr cd;lh‛ uydidr
cd;lh‛ talmKaK cd;lh‛ pq,a,ld,sx. cd;lh‛ fuhska b;d
jeo.;ah’ fï iEu cd;l l:djlskau wmg tÈfkod cSú;fha wjYH
i;=g iduh fukau f,dalhg iduh Wodlr .ekSug wjYH fndfyda
jeo.;a ixl,am fukau wdo¾Yhkao cd;l l;dj,ska ,nd.;
yelsh’
hqoaOh ke;slr iduh Wod lr .ekSu;a thska ,efnk isf;a
iudêh .eko WodyrK iys;j Oïumofha§ b;d ir< f,i lreKq
olajd we;’
nqÿka jykafia i|yka lf<a hqoaOhl§ oi oyia .Kkla ch.%yKh
l<o th kshu ch.%yKh fkdjk w;r ;uka ch.ekSu kshu
ch.%yKh f,ih’^4& tfiau fï f,dalfha ljrodj;a ffjrfhka
ffjrh fkdikaisfo;a’ wffjrfhkau ffjrh ixisfo;a’ fuh fmr isg
mejf;k iajNdjhla f,io nqÿka jykafia fmkajd § we;’^5&
fuuÕska ffu;%S iy.; is;=ú,s ;=<ska iduh f.dvkÕd .ekSug
yels nj olajñks’ tfiau ish,af,dau ovqjug ;e;s .ks;a‛ ish,af,dau
urKhg ìh fj;a‛ tu ksid ;ud Wmud fldg is;d wkqka
fkdkeish hq;=h’^6& wmf.a wd;au oukh uq¿ iudchgu n,mdk
w;r tu ksid ;uka ;ukaj ukdj md,kh lr ,ekSu ;=<ska
idudchg hym;la isÿl< yelsh’ th nqÿka jykafia
WodyrKhlska olajkafka fufiah’ Èhd¿fjda ;uka leu;s ;eklg
c,h f.kh;a‛ yS jvqfjdaa ;uka leu;s mßÈ yS ovq ku;a‛ jvqfjda
´kE úêhlg ,S ku;a‛ tfuka mKaä;fhda ;ukag Wjukd
ms<sfj<g oukh lr .ks;a^7& tfiau fï f,dalfha ;udj md,kh
lr.ekSu myiq lghq;a;la fkdjkq we;’ wm wka whj ilia
lsÍug hdug l,ska wmf.a jerÈ wvqmdvq ilia lr.; hq;=h’ hï
ms<sfj<lg lghq;= lsÍu i|yd wkqkag wkqYdikd lrhso‛ ta
 173

ms<sfj<skau ;ud;a l%shd l< hq;=h’ m<uqfldg ;ud oukh ù wkqka

oukh l< hq;=h’ f,dalfha b;d wudreu lghq;a;j mj;skafka ;ud
úiska ;ud oukh lr .ekSuh’^8& tajf.au fï f,dalfha ;udg
wys;jq whym;a foa f,fyisfhkau lr.; yelsh’ hï fohla ;udg
ys; msKsi fyda hym; msKsi fõkï th taldka;fhkau b;du
wudreh’ fydo foa b;d wudreh‛ kuq;a wudrefjka hï fohla
,nd.; úg tys rihla we;snjo fndfyda fokd mji;s’ tfiau
Èkkakd mrÈkakd ;=< ffjrh we;s lrhs’ mrÈkakd ÿlfia fjfia‛
^rd.dÈ flf,iqka flfrka ñÿk& WmYdka;hd ch;a mrdch;a yer
iqjfia fjfia’ ^9&
hful= mõ lf<d;a thska ;udu flf,fikafkah’ hful= mõ
fkdlf<d;a ;udu msßisÿ jkafkah’ msßisÿ nj iy wmsßisÿ
mj;skafka ;u ;ud flfrysuh’ tfll= wksfll= msrsisÿ
fkdlrkafkah’^10&
fl%daO lrkakd fl%daO fkdlsÍfuka ^fyj;a ffu;%S lsÍfuka& Èksh
hq;=h’ wi;amqreIhd i;amqreIlñka Èksh hq;=h’ uiqrd §fukao-
;Hd.fhka Èksh hq;=h’ fndre lshkakd i;Hfhka Èksh hq;=h’^11&
ilalm[a[ iQ;%fha§ Yl%foúhd nqÿka jykaafiaf.ka fï f,dalfha
hqoaOh leu;s ùug we;s m%Odku fya;=j l=ula±hs úuiQúg m%ldY
lrkafka fï iEu m%Yakhlgu fya;=j ;Kaydj njh’ ^12& th
Wÿrd oukafka kï iduhg wjYH uÕ mEfokafkah’
tfiau iduh Wodlr .ekSu ms<sn| b;d jeo.;a idlÉPdjla
fldai, ixhq;a;fha ima; cá, iQ;%fha§^13& o olajd we;’ tkï wm
kshu wdldrfhka ñksiqka y÷kd .;hq;=h’ túg meyeÈ<s ixcdkkh
;=,ska ;SrK .ekSï wdÈh myiq lrjk w;r ta ;SrK fndfyda
fokdf.a ys; iqj msKsi o iduh msKsio mj;skafkah’
ixhq;a; ksldfha fõmÑ;a;s iQ;%hg^14& wkqj n,h we;s ;ek;a;d
ÿn,hd flfrys bjiSu W;=ïu bjiSufõ’ ÿn,hd ks;ru neßlug
bjikafkls’ ^fhd Nfj n,jd i;af;d-ÿ,a,Niaia ;s;s;aL;s‛ ;udyq
mrux Lka;s-ksÉpx Lu;s ÿínf,d& tu ksid fï bjiSfï .=Kh
iduh we;s lr.ekSug b;du wjYH ixl,amhls’
ixhq;a; ksldfha r–c iQ;%fha^15& i|yka mßÈ fkdkiñka
fkdkiajñka meyer fkd.ksñka fkd.kajñka fYdal fkdlrñka
fYdalfkdlrjñka O¾ufhka rdcHh md,kh lsÍug yels±hs nqÿka
jykafia l,amkd fldg we;’
wOïñl iQ;%fha^16& oelafjk wdldrhg .j /,l m%Odkshd weog
.uka lrhs kï fiiq .jfhdao ta wdldrfhkau .uka lr;s’ tfiau
ñksiqka w;ro kdhlhka jerÈ wdldrhg yeisfrk úg Tjqkaf.a
wkq.dñlhkao ta wdo¾Yhu wkq.ukh lr;s’ tfiau .j /f,a
m%Odk .jhd Rcqj .uka lrk whqßkau rfÜ md,lhd fyd¢ka rg
lrjk úg wkq.dñlhka o ta wdldrhgu hym;a l%shdjka isÿlrk
w;r th rfÜ ixj¾Okhg fya;= jkafkah’
 174

wx.=;a;r ksldfha k.frdamu iQ;%fha§^17& ì|fy<sh fkdyels

n,fldgqjl ;sìh hq;= lreKq 7lao olajd we;’ rgl wdrCIdj
fjkqfjka .;hq;= úúO l%shdud¾.o b;d uekúka tu iQ;%fha§ ú.%y
lr we;’

wd.u fjkqfjka fyda fjk ljr wdldrhl fyda hqoaOhla nqÿoyu

wkqu; lr ke;’ fn!oaO b;sydih ;=< YdlH flda,sh hqoaOh .ek
úia;r olajd we;’ frdaysKS kÈfha j;=r m%Yakhg YdlHhkaf.a iy
flda,shka w;r mej;s hqoaOfha§ nqÿka jykafia ta fomsßif.ka fufia
wik ,os’
Tn fomsßi hqoaO lrkafka wehs@
j;=r fjkqfjka iajdóKs‛
tfia kï ug lshkak j;=ro Ôú;o jákafka lshd@
ñksia cSú; jYfhka ,enqk ms<s;=r wkqj nqÿka jykafia mjikafka
wvq jákdlula we;s c,h fjkqfjka ñksia cSú; úkdY lsÍfï
w¾:h meyeÈ<s lrfok ,È’
nqÿoyfï i|yka idu ixl,am tlai;a cd;Skaf.a úYaj m%ldYkfhys
we;s lreKQ iuÕo .e,fmk nj my; m%ldYhkaf.ka meyeÈ<s fõ’
1948 foieïn¾ 10 fjks Èk tlai;a cd;SkAf.a uyd uKav,fhka
iïu; lr m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn|
úYaj m%ldYkh uÕska f,dalfha fjfik ish¨u cd;Skaf.a udkj
whs;sjdislï .ek i|yka lr we;’ tys we;s m%ldYhka lSmhla
fuys i|yka rkafkuq’
1’ ish¨u ñksiqka ksoyiaj Wm; ,nd we;’ .reFjfhka yd
whs;sjdislï j,ska iudk fj;s’ hqla;sh yd whqla;sh ms<sn|
yeÕSfuka yd yDoh idCIsfhka hq;a Tjqka Tjqfkdjqka ie,lsh hq;af;a
ifydaoFjfhks’
2’ cd;s‛ j¾K‛ j¾.‛ ia;%S mqreI‛ NdIdj‛ wd.u‛ foaYmd,kh wd§
ljr fNaohla fyda úfYaIFjhla fkdue;sj fï m%ldYfha i|yka
ish¨u ysñlï j,g iEu mqoa.,fhlau Wreu jkafkah’
3’ iEu mqoa.,fhl=gu Ôj;aùug;a ksoyiaj is;Sug;a fm!oa.,sl
wdrCIdjg;a ysñlï we;af;ah’
4’ ish,a,kau kS;sh bÈßfhys tlsfkldg iudk jk w;r kS;sfha
wdrCIdj ,eîug lsisÿ úfYAIFjhla fkdue;sj ish,af,dau ysñlï
,n;s’ fï m%ldYhg mgyeks f,i flfrk ´kEu widOdrKhlska
wdrCIdùfï whs;shla ish,a,kagu ysñfõ’
fï ish¨u lreKq nqÿka jykafia úiska foaYkd lr we;’

rgl iduh i|yd wkq.ukh l< yels fn!oaO m%;sm;a;s rdYshla

we;s w;r bka m%Odku ixl,am lSmhla fuys§ fláfhka úia;r
lrkafkuq’
mxp iS, m%;sm;a;sh‛ ima; wmßydkSh O¾u‛ oi rdc O¾u‛ oi
ilaú;sj;a‛ i;r ix.%y jia;=‛ i;r nU úyrK‛ mGu
 175

plaldkqj;a;k iQ;%fha i|yka mxp úO .=K‛ i;r w.;sfhka

f;drùu iy ffu;%S Ndjkdj hkdÈh iduh f.dvkÕd .ekSfï§
b;d jeo.;ah’
´kEu rgl iuDoaêhg iduhg fya;=jk b;d ir< m%;sm;a;s
lSmhla f,i mxpiS,h kïl, yelsh’ i;=ka ueÍfuka je,lSu‛
fidrlï lsÍfuka je,lSu‛ ldufhys jrojd yeisÍfuka je,lSu’
fndre lSfuka je,lSu‛ iqrdfjka je,lSu wÈh ;=<ska iudchla
hym; lrd mshkÕhs’ th idufhys uq,au mshjrla f,i ±laúh
yelsh’
idrkaoo iQ;%fha fukau uydmßksíndk iQ;%fha§o ,sÉPùkaf.a ima;
wmßydKSh O¾u .ek foaYkd lr we;s w;r tajd iqrlsk f;la
,sÉPùkA fkdmsßfyk nj foaYkd lr we;’ nqÿka jykafiaf.a
ld,fha fndfyda m<d;aj, iuQydKavq l%uhla mej;s nj ±lsh yel’
tajd .K;Ka;% md,kh f,io olajd we;’ iduqysl rcjreka msßila
úiska md,kh lrK mo m%n, yd l%uj;a rdcH md,k jHjia:djla
o jQ nj ,sÉPùkaf.a ima; wmßydKSh O¾u j,ska fmkajd § we;’
tajd uq,a lr f.k ,sÉPú rcorejka úYd,d uykqjr md,kh lr
we;s nj b;sydifhys i|ykaj we;’ tajd kï
1’ ks;r /iaùu
2’ iuÕsj /iaj‛ iuÕj lghq;= lr‛ iu.Zsj úisr hdu
3’ fkdmekjQ kS;s fkdmekjSu yd mekjQ kS;s fkdleãu
4’ jeúysáhkag .re lsÍu yd Tjqkaf.a Wmfoia ms<sme§u
5’ l=, ldka;djka wrCId lsÍu
6’ mQckSh ia:dkj,g lv fkdlv wjYH j;djla lsÍu
7’ .=Kj;a ry;=ka ish rcHfha ksis /ljrK ie,iSu’
fï ima; wmßydKSh O¾u nqÿka jykafiaf.a m%Yxidjg Ndckh jQ
w;r tajd iqrlsk f;la Tjqka fkdmeroúh yels nj olajd we;’
idrkaoo iq;%fha i|yka uq,a lreKq fol yereKQ úg wjidk
lreKq 5 ta wdldrfhkau wfYdal rc;=udo iq/ls nj olajd we;’
nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lrkakg fhÿk oirdc O¾uhkao fuys,d
b;d jeo.;ah’ fï ;=<ska rgla iduldó f,i mj;ajdf.k hdfï§
b;d myiqjla rchg we;sjkafkah’ ta lreKQ oyh .ek flá
úia;rhla ±ka ,nd.ksuq’
 odkh - md,lhd jia;=j ms<sn|j we,aulska ;DIaKd iy.;j
lghq;= fkdl< hq;=h’ Okh uyck iqNidOkh msKsi jeh
l< hq;=h’ tfiau uQ,sl wjYH;d ish,a,lau rch úiska
iïmodkh lsÍu ;=<ska iduldó jd;drjKhla ìyslr .;
yelsh’
 iS,hhs’ Tyq cSú; úkdY lsÍug;a /jàï wdoshg;a
fidrlug;a wka wh fld,a, lEug;a hkdÈfhka je<lsh
hq;=h’
 176

 mrs;Hd.h- fuh rdcH md,kfha§ b;d jeo.;ah’ fm!oa.,sl

jYfhka ku‛ lS¾;sh‛ .ek fkdis;d uyck iqNidOkh l<
hq;=h’
 wjxl Ndjh ;=<ska iudc iqNidOkh bgql< hq;= w;r lsisÿ
wfhl=g w.;s.dó f,i myiqlï ie,iSfuka je<lsh hq;=h’
tfiau fndre fmdfrdkaÿ §fuka ck;dj uq,d fkdl< hq;=h’
 ffu;%S iy.;j isàuh- wd;au oukh ;=<ska ir< Ôú;hl
we;s wjYH;djho fuys§ b;d jeo.;ah’ ffjr iy.; is;=ú,
j,ska ñ§ lghq;= l<hq;=h’ wúysxidjd§j ukdj rdcH
md,kh l< hq;=h’ bjiSu ukdj wjfndaOh‛ fuys,d b;d
jeo.;ah’
 ixjrh - rdcH md,lhd ldhsl jdpisl udkisl jYfhka
ixjr úhhq;=h’ yeÕSï md,kh lr.ksñka ;SrK .ekSfï§
ish¨ rgjeishd .ek is;d rgg;a ck;djg;a iqNisoaêh
fjkqfjka md,khlska hq;=j lghq;= isÿ lrkafka kï thska
iuÕsh Wodlr .; yelsfõ’
 wfl%daOh - ffu;%sfhys m%:u wjia:dj wfl%daOhhs’ ^fu;a;d
mqínNdf.d wfldfOd& rgjeishd flfrys lreKdfjka hq;=
lghq;= lrK rcH md,lhd ;ukaf.a úreoaO mdCIslhkago
fl%daO fkdl< hq;=h’
 wúysxidj - ysxid mSvdÈfhka ck;dj ÿlg m;a fkdl<
hq;=h’ ysxidjkaf.ka fï uq¿ f,dalhg lsis Èkl iduh
Wodl< fkdyelsh’
 CIdka;sh - bjiSu iEu m%Yakhlgu ksjerÈ ms<s;=rla ,nd
.ekSug b;d m%fhdackj;a fõ’ bjiSu ;=<ska fyd| ;SrK
.ekSug wjia:djla ,efnk w;r th m%.=K lsÍfuka ;udf.a
we;s wvqmdvq ilid f.k Ôú;h hym;a wdldrfhka
f.khdyelsh’
 wúfrdaO;d - hï md,lfhla m,s.ekSï wdÈ lghq;= j,
fh§ug W;aidy .kafka kï rg md,kh lsÍu b;d wmyiqh’
thska w.;s.dój lghq;= lrK úg kshu wdldrhg
idOdrKh bgq fkdjk w;r tuÕska fkdfhl=;a m%Yak we;sù
rg wjqf,ka wjq,g m;afjk w;r iduh f.dvkeÕSu
wmyiqjkq we;’
oi ilaú;sj;a
plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%hg wkqj ilaú;s j;a hkqfjka rdc O¾u
oyhla y÷kajd§ we;’ tajd kï-
 wNHka;r ckhd tkï md,lhdg b;d ióm wh mjqf,a
wUQorejka w;=¿ {d;Skag ie,lSu’
 wdrCIl yuqodjkag /ljrKh ie,iSu’
 úúO ld¾hhkays ksr; rcmrmqf¾ {d;Skag ie,lSu’
 177

 rfgys m%N+ mCIhg iy j.lSï orK mqoa.,hskag iyk

ie,iSu
 rfÜ idudkH ck;djg wjYH /ljrKh ie,iSu’
 ish¨ wd.ñl kdhlhskag wjYH myiqlï ie,iSu’
 wjg mrirfha wdrCId lsÍu iy jk i;=kag /ljrKh
iemhSu’
 iduh mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd jk wjYH l%shdud¾. .ekSu‛
úúO wmrdO isÿjkafka kï tajd yg.ekSug fya;= fidhd
ms<shï fh§u’
 ÿmam;a ckhdg wjYH lDIs ld¾ñl fyda jHdmdruh lghq;=
lsÍug wjYH m%d.a Okh imhd§u’
 ;ks ;SrKhkag hdug fmr ta úIh fCIa;%hka ms<sn|
±kque;a;kaf.a woyia úuid n,d l%shd lsÍu ;=<ska fndfyda
m%Yak j,g .e,fmk ms<s;=re fidhd.; yelsh’
oii;aú;sj;a hï rdcHhl md,kh msKsi Wmfhda.S lr .kafka kï
tu rg idufhka msß rgla jkjdg ielhla ke;af;auh’
i;r ix.%y jia;=
tÈfkod Ôú;h id¾:lj mj;ajd .ekSug b;d WmldÍjk lreKQ
y;rla f,i fï i;r ix.%y jia;= ie,lsh yelsh’ odkh‛ m%sh
jpkh‛ w¾: p¾hdj‛ iy iudkd;au;djhs’
i;r nU úyrK
fu;a;d‛ lreKd‛ uqÈ;d iy WfmaCLd hk .=K O¾u hym;a
iudchlg b;du jeo.;a uQ, O¾u moaO;shls’ ffu;%sh ;=<ska
ffjrh msgq±lsh yels w;r lreKd .=Kh wka whg msysgùï
wdoshg yels w;r wka whf.a ch.%yK yuqfõ i;=gqùu uqÈ;d .=Kh
jk w;r WfmCLd hkq iunrj Ôú;fha i;=g ú£uhs’
mGu plaldkqj;a;k iQ;%fha i|yka mxp úO .=K
fuu .=K O¾u nqÿ flfkl=ka ;=,;a ilaú;s rcflfkl= ;=,;a we;s
fmdÿ O¾u;d myls’ tajd kï
 w;a:[aC¥- w¾:h ±k f.k lghq;= lsÍu’
 Oïu[aC¥- O¾uh ±kf.k lghq;= lsÍu’
 u;a;[aC¥- m%udKh ±kf.k lghq;= lsÍu’
 ld,[aC¥- ld,h ±kf.k lghq;= lsÍu
 mßi[aC¥- msßi ±k .ekSu hk ldrKd my iduh we;s
lr.ekSfuys,d b;d jeo.;ah’
i;r w.;sh-
fuu lreKq y;ßka je,lS lghq;= l< yels kï kshudldr iudc
Ôú;hla <Õdlr.; yelsh’ th iduh Wodlr .ekSug muKla
fkdj ´kEu wfhl= fuu lrKQ is;g f.k je,lS isà kï
 178

fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha isf;a i;=g fukau iduho Wod lr .; yelsh’

i;r w.;sfhka f;drj lghq;= lsÍu hkq-
 Pkaofhka w.;shg hdu - ±ä leue;a; ksid w.;s.dóùu
 oafõIfhka w.;shg hdu- ±ä ;ryj ksidw.;s.dñùu
 Nfhka w.;shdg hdu - ±ä ìh ksid w.;s.dó ùu
 fudayfhka w.;shg hdu- ±ä fudavlu ksid w.;shg hdu
ffu;%S Ndjkdj - ffu;%S Ndjkdj iduh .ek l;d lrk iEu
wjia:djlu b;d m%fhdackj;a jkafkah’ fï ms<sn| §¾> úia;rhla
“Ndjkdj ufkdaÑla;sidjla f,i” hk mßÉfþofha§ olajd we;’
f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, iduhg nOd f,i mj;skafka wd.ujdohka‛
cd;sjdohka iy úúOdlr jQ fnoSïh’ wm wka wd.ï j,g .rel<
hq;=h’ wka wd.ï j,g ks.re lrK ;ek;af;a ta ;=<ska ;udf.a
wd.ugo ks.re lrkafkah’ kuq;a fndfyda wh is;akfka wka
wd.ïj,g .re lrñka ;udf.a wd.u m%pdrh lsÍu W;=ï njh’
kuq;a ta ;=<ska isÿjkafka ;udf.a wd.ug ks.re lsÍu;ah’ wfYdal
rc;=udf.a úYaùh mKsúvh fufiah’ “ish¨ fokd wi;ajd!
tluq;=lu wÕfkah’ hqoaOhka wkqu; l< fkdyelsh’ ish¿ fokd
wfkl=;a wd.ïjdohkag;a weyqï lka fo;ajd‛ th iEu wd.ulg
uq,sl foa wjfndaO lr.ekSug Woõ lrkafkah’ túg kshu iduh‛
iqyo;djh‛ f.dvkefÕKQ we;’”
.ssßkd¾ ,sms wxl yfhys wfYdal rc;=ud fï wdldrhg ;ukaf.ka
uyck;dj fj; úhhq;= fiajh úia;r lr we;’
“uyck iqNisoaêh i|yd wm%;sy; ffO¾fhka lghq;= lsÍfuys uu
lsis úgl ;Dma;shg fkdmeñKsfhñ’ ish¨ f,dalhdf.a hym; i|yd
jev lsÍu udf.a n,j;au hq;=lu hehs uu is;ñ’ fkdmiqniakd
W;aidyh;a ks;ru jev lsÍu;a tu woyi uq,afldg f.k we;’
ish¨ f,dalhdf.a hym; msKsi jev lsÍug jvd fY%aIaG l¾;Hjhla
ug fjk ke;af;ah’ ud l=uk W;aidyhla .Ks;;a ta .kafka ish¨
iFjhskag we;s Kfhka ñ§ug fuf,dj§ Tjqka iemj;a lsÍugh’
mrf,dj § Tjqkag iaj¾.h ,nd§ugh’ fuh fndfyda ld,hla
mj;Sjd‛ udf.a mq;%fhdao Tjqkaf.a mq;%fhdao tfiau lrFjd’ ^18&
ld,sx. .sßkd¾ ,sms wxl 7 ys i|yka lr we;af;a ^ ifõ ukqid
uu mcd&^19& ish¨ ñksiaiq udf.a orefjdah hk wdl,amfhks’
orefjl= fjkqfjka foudmshka ´kEu fohla lrk ksid rc;=udo ta
wdldrfhkau rgjeishdf.a lghq;= lsÍu fuys woyih’
tfiau rc;=ud wmf.a msfhl= jeksh’ Tyq ;udf.a orejka .ek is;k
wdldrhg wm .eko is;hs‛ hkqfjka foaY iSudjkayso is;k m;k
wdldrhg lghq;= lrk f,i uyweu;Skag Wmfoia ,nd§ we;’
ms; fyjx fk ,dcd;s w: w;dkx
wkqlxm;s fyjx wfõks wkqlxm;s
w: mcd fyjx ufh ,dðf;a
 179

nqÿka jykafia uyd iqoiaik iQ;%fha§^20& foaYkd l< wdldrhg

rdcH md,lhd;a rgjeishd;a ;=< ;sìh hq;af;a msh mq;= iïnJOhls’
th cd;l md,sfhys fï wdldrhg olajd we;’
h:d ms;d jdms ud;d
wkqlïmld w;a:ldud mcdkx
tjfïj fjd fyd;= wh[ap rdcd
;=ïfyap fjd fyd: hf:j mq;a;d
hï wdldrhlska foudmshka ;udf.a orejkaf.a ÈhqKqj leue;af;dao
tfiau rc;=ud o ish¨u rgjeishka ;udf.a orejka fuka i,lFjd
hkq fuys woyihs’
udjrf,a irKmd, ysñhka úiska rÑ; m%cd md,kh ms<sn| fn!oaO
wdl,amh kï .%J:fhys fmrjokla imhk krudfka nqoaOrCÅ;
ysñhka fï wdldrhg Od¾ñl rcjre .ek i|yka lr we;’
“hqo ldufhka Wu;=je rgj,a .s,.ekqu msKsi fldaá ixLHd;
ck;djla ì,a,g .ekSu fYaIaG md,k jrfhl=f.a isß; fkdfõ‛
fndfyda rgj,e b;sydih uÕska yqjd olajd we;af;a;a tfiau mqokq
,nkafka;a fun÷ jQ w¨f.daiq pß;j,ska hq;a mqoa.,hkauh’ fndfyda
úge Tjqka úiska woykq ,enQ oyï úiska Tjqka fuu ;;aFjhg m;a
lrkq ,enQy’ Tjqka ksid f,dajdiSka úm;g m;aùu úkd ñksia
ixy;shg isÿjQ fjk;a iekiSula ke;’ Ydka;sodhl f,dalkd: jQ
iïnqÿ rÿkaf.a b.ekaùï j,g wkqje rgl md,ljrhd ksid
rgjdiS ish¨u ck fldgia wd¾Ól jYfhka fukau wdOHd;añl
jYfhkao ÈhqKQ njg m;aúh hq;=h’ tfiau iqÅ; uqÈ; Ndjhgo
m;aúhe hq;=he’ tu md,l jrhd Oïñfld Oïïrdcd njg m;a
jkafkaho túguhe’”(21)

wdpd¾h O¾ufiak fyÜáwdrÉÑ úiska rdcH md,khg fn!oaO

Wmfoia lD;sfhys rdcH md,kfha§ jeo.;a jk lreKq rdYshla
f.kyer olajd we;s w;r tys iudf,dapkfha§ fujeks woyila
olajd we;’
“ O¾u rdcHh ñksiqka úiska ñksiqka i|yd f.dvkÕd .kakd
md,k l%uhls’ th jpkfha ienE wre;ska m%cd;ka;%jd§h’
iudcjd§h’ ñksidf.a fm!oa.,sl ksoyi Wmßu f,i N=la;s ú|sñka
iudch ;=< by<u ;ekg keÕSug‛ iajlSh l=i,;d Wmßu uÜgug
j¾Okh lr .ekSfuka iudchg Wmßu odhlFjh §ug O¾u
rdcHhl ñksidg bv ,efí’”^22&

úfYaIfhkau rglg iduh Wodlr .ekSug kï tys jik

jeishkaf.a isf;ys iduh we;s lr .ekSu w;HdjYH nj úmiaikd
Ndjkdfõ .=rejrfhl= jk nj f.dfhkald ;=ud fufia mjid we;’
uu olsk yeáhg kï udkj iudchg iduh Wodlr .ekSfu,d
 180

;ks mqoa.,hka wu;l l< fkdyelsh’ ;ks mqoa.,hskaf.a isf;ys

iduh fkdue;s kï f,dalfhys iduh mj;skafka flfia±hs ug is;d
.; fkdyelsh’ ud ;=< fkdikaiqÿKq ukila ;sfnk úg ;ry‛
fldaO%h‛ ffjrh we;s is;lska flfia kï f,dalhg iduh
,ndfokako@ ud is; ;< iduh fkdue;sj f,dalh iduh ,ndÈh
fkdyelsh’ tuksidu nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lf<a uq,skau ;ud ;+,
iduh we;s lr.;hq;= njh’ wm úiska mßCId lr .; hq;= jkafka
wm ;=< iduh ;sfnkafkao hkak .ekh’ (To me it seems that if we
want peace in human society, we canot ignore individuals. If there is
no peace in the mind of the individual, I do not undersatnd how there
can be real peace in the world. IF I have an agitated mind, always full
of anger, hatred, ill will and naimosity, how can Igive peace to the
world? I cannot becasue I have no peace myself. Enlightened persons
have therefore said, “first find peace witihine oneself” One has to
examine whehter there is really peace witihn onself.”(23)
fndfyda wd.ñl kdhlhska foaYkd lrkafka ;ud ;=< iduh we;s
lr .kakd f,ih’
úmiaikd Ndjkdfõ .=rejrfhl= jk tia’ tka f.dfhkald iduh
iy wo f,dalh .ek fujeks m%ldYhla lr we;’
“ wo f,dalfha isÿjk foa olsk úg b;d lk.dgqjla we;sfõ’ ñksid
;u ifydaor ñksidf.a i;=frl= njg m;aj we;’ th fm!oa.,sl
;ryjla fkdjk w;r ñksiaiq urkafka wod, jQ iudc
lKavdhulg fyda j¾.jd§ lKavdhulg iïnJOjQ neúks’ ;uka
wúysxidjd§ jqjo ;ud wod< lKavdhug iïnJO neúka ñksid
kmqre njg m;aj we;’ orejka iy ldka;djka fïjdg
ksrka;rfhka f.dÿre fj;s’ kùk úµdj fujeks ysxid ;j ;j;a
ìysiqKq whqßka lsÍug wjYH wdhqo wdÈh ilia lr we;’ fuh
b;sydifhys ljrodg;a jvd ìysiqKQ ;;aFjhls’ tuksid wo
iudcfha Ñka;k l%shdj,dfha fjkila wjYHj we;s ld,hls’ wo
ojfia we;s m%Odku l¾hh kï f,dalh ffjrh‛ ldxidj‛ ìh hk
jHdêj,ska mSvdj,g muqKQjd we;’ ta i|yd udkqIslFjh
wudkqIslFjfhka fírd .ekSug;a RKd;aul Ñ;a; fõ.hka ;=<ska
we;sjk idyisl wmrdO j,lajd .ekSu;ah’ta i|yd wdYap¾hu;a
ffjµjrfhl=f.a m%;sldr wjYHj we;’ nqÿka jykafia tjeks
ffjoHjrfhls’ tfiau iduh iy m%S;sh f.kÈh yels w.%.KH
ffjµjrfhls’ Wkajykafia úiska ishjia úsisyhlg fmrfoaYkd
lrkakg fhÿk O¾uh todg jvd wog jeo.;a jkafkah’
“ One feels so sorry when one looks at what is happening in the
world. Man has become the enemy of man. There is personal enmity:
people are being killed only because they belong or a particular sect or
community, a particular ethi\nic group or country. Such is the level of
cruelty that a perosn kills other human beings even if they are
 181

innocent, even if they are ehlpless women and children. Modern

technology makes this tragic violence terrifying devastating – perhaps
worse than ever before in human hsitory. Therefore, more than ever
before a basic change is needed today to protect humanity from these
inhuman heinous crimes arising out of negative emotions.
The world is afflicted with the malady of hatred, anxiety and fear. If
needs a remedy from an extraordinary physicain, a great physician of
peace and happiness. His teaching of peace and harmony is as relevant
today as it was twenty six centuries back, when he set in motion the
Wheel of Dhamma, the Wheel of Peace. indeed it is much more
relevant today” (24)
fn!oaO idu ufkdaúµdj .ek yeoEÍfï§ j,afmd, rdyq, ysñhka
úiska rÑ; nqÿka jod< O¾uh kï fmdf;ys we;s kùk f,dalh yd
nqoaO O¾uh kï mßÉfþoh^25& b;d jeo.;ah’
tys§ fujeks woyia Wkajykafia iduh iy foaYmd,kh .ek olajd
we;’
“ foaYmd,kh‛ hqoaOh‛ iduh hkdÈh ms<sn| ;u woyiao
Wkajykafia fkdj<yd m< l<y’ nqoaO O¾uh f,dalhg fok
mKsjqvh kï wúysxidj yd iduh njo‛ Ôú;hlg ysxid lsrSu fyda
ta úkdY lsÍu O¾uhg mgyeKs njo ljqre;a oks;s’ Od¾ñl
hqoaOhlehs lsjyels lsisjla we;ehs nqoaO O¾uh fkdms<s.KS’ ta
jkdys ffjr jO ysxid >d;k wdosh jid,Su msKSi mdúÉÑ lrK
fndre kuls’ ljrla Od¾ñlo ljrla wOd¾ñl±hs ;SrKh lrkafka
ljfrlao@ n,j;ayq ch.%dylfhda Od¾ñlhy‛ ÿ¾j,fhda o
mrdð;fhdao wOd¾ñlhy‛ wfma hqoaOh yeuúgu Od¾ñlhs‛ Tfí
hqoaOh yeu úgu wOd¾ñlhs’ fï ms<sfj; nqÿoyu úiska fkdms<s.kq
,efí’”(26)
tfiau ;j ÿrg;a iduh .ek fï wldrfhka b;d jeo.;a woyia
lSmhla o rdyq, ysñhka úiska olajd we;’
“ n, ;=,kfhka fyda kHIaál ;¾ckj,ska fyda iduh /l
.;yels hhs is;Su fudavluls’ hqoaOdhqOj, n,h jkdys iduh
fkdj Nh Wmojkakls’ Nh we;s ;ek wjxl iaÓr iduhla mej;sh
fkdyelsh’ Nh jkdys ffjrh‛ wm%idoh‛ úfrdaOh hkdÈfha uQ,h’
l,la hgm;aj mej;sh yels jqjo th u;=ù mqmqrkafka ljr
fudy;l ±hs lsh fkdyelsh’ wjxl iduh mej;sh yelafla ìh
iel wK;=rej,ska f;dr wfkHdakH úYajdih we;s lrk iq¿ ffu;%S
iy.; msßisÿ jd;djrKhlh’
n,h fyda wka lsisjla fyda i|yd Wkqka jkid .kakd igka ke;s
iudchla f.dvkeÕSu nqoaO O¾ufha mrud¾:hhs’ ch mrdchla ke;s
ta iudcfha iduh rc lrhs’ tys je÷ï msÿï ,nkafka‛ wdhqO
n,fhka fyda Ok n,fhka ,CI .Kka ñksiqka Èkkakyq fkdj
;ud Èkk ñksidh‛ tys ffjrh ffu;%sfhka wO¾uh O¾ufhkao ch
 182

.kq ,efí’ tys ñksiqkaf.a is; ffjrfhka B¾Idfjka‛ ;DIaKdfjka

¥Is; fkdjkafkah’ tys ish¨ jHdhdu lreKdj ;=<ska mek
k.skafkah’ tys l=rel=yqUqjka we;=¿ ish¨ Ôùyq ffu;%S lreKd
iy.; hqla;sfha wdrCIdj ,n;s’’’’”(27)
fla tka ch;s,l úiska rÑ; ^Buddhism and Peace) (28)nqÿoyu iy
iduh hk fmd;o iduh ms<sn| úuiSula lrk úg b;d jeo.;ah’
tys§ iduh i|yd .uka l< hq;= ud¾.h fukau tys§ wm úiska
;=rka l< hq;= foa .eko b;d meyeÈ<s úia;rhla fï l=vd fmd;ska
y÷kajd § we;’ wúysxidj ;=rka fldg ffu;%sh j.d l<hq;=
wdldrh;a tfiau ta i|yd wm úiska ksrka;rfhkau ñksid foi
ifydaord;aulj ne,sh hq;= wdldrh .eko f;dr;=re imhd we;’
iduh f.dvke.Sfï§ rdcH md,lhdg jeo.;a N+ñldjla ysñjk
w;r Tyq wdo¾Yu;a úhhq;=h’
tia’ tka’ f.dfhkald;=ud úiska 2000 wf.daia;= 29 fjksod tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a uyf,alï jk fld*s wkka m%uqL iïNdjkSh wuq;aka
bÈßfha mj;ajkakg fhÿk (Inner Peace for World Peace) hk
l:dj;a tajf.au tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ix.uh cd;Hla;r jYfhka
fjila Èkh ms<s.ekSu i|yd jQ wjia:dfõ ta iNdj wu;d lrK
,o l;dj jk (Buddha: The Super Scientist of Peace)(29) hk l:d
fol we;=,;a lr we;s mqxÑ fmd;o fn!oaO idu ufkdaúµdj ms<sn|
f;areï .ekSug b;d jeo.;ah’ tfiau f.dfhkald;=ud úiska
yskaÈfhka lrK ,o l;djka weiqßka bx.%Sisfhka we;s (Defence
Against External Invasion)(30) hk rpkho fn!oaO idu ufkdaúµdj
.ek ±k.eksug b;d WmldÍ fõ’
lUqremsáfha wßhfiak ysñhka úiska rÑ; nqÿiuh yd rdcHh^31&
hk .%J:h hqoaOh yd iduh ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amh ±k .ekSug
we;s b;du jeo.;a fmd;ls’ tys we;s nqÿiuh hqoaOh yd iduh hk
mßÉfþofha§ idufhys we;s jeo.;alu;a th ,nd.kakd wdldrh;a
meyeÈ<sj olajd we;’
ñksid ;ud úiska ks¾udKh lrK ,o ;;a;ajhka ;=<ska ñksia
cSú; j,g ydkshla f,i fhdod fkd.;hq;=h’ nqÿka jykafia
foaYkd lf<a iduh‛ wdorh‛ lreKdj f;areï f.k kshu ñksiqka
f,i Ôj;ajk f,ih’
idu ufkdaúµdj f,i w¨;skau ufkdaúµdfõ YdLdjla ìysjQfhao tys
we;s m%dfhda.sl wjYH;djh ksidh’ tfiau nqÿka jykafiaf.a idu
ufkdaúµdj óg wjqreÿ 2500 lg l,ska wdrïN lr ;snqKs’ tkï
fn!oaO idu ufkdaúµdjhs’ tys§ ffjrh wffjrfhka ch .ekSug
Wmfoia § we;’ tfiau úúO fn!oaO l;d ;=<skqÿ .uH jkafka
mqoa., Ñ;a; ix;dkh msßiqÿj ;ndf.k bka miqj iudch;a rg;a
ilia lr .;hq;= njh’ tys§ fn!oaO ixl,am Wmfhda.S lrf.k
úúO rcjre iduldó f,i rgj,a md,kh l< njg b;sydih
idCIs oreKq we;’ oirdc O¾u‛ ima; wmßydkSh O¾u hkdÈh wo
 183

ld,hg .e,fmk wdldrfhka ilia lrf.k tajd rdcH md,khg

wod< lr.; hq;=h’ tfiau úúO ldrKd u; fn§ isák cd;Ska
w;r iu.Zsh we;s lr .ekSug fuu ixl,am b;d m%fhdackj;a
jkafkah’ h:d¾:jd§ iduhla we;s lr.ekSfuys,d fuu ixl,amhka
Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsh’ ta i|yd kshu ld,h meñK we;’ tajd
kshu f,i bf.k.kñka‛ th u;l ;nd .ksñka‛ m%dfhda.slj
lghq;= l< hq;=h’ ta ;=<ska idu ufkdaúoHd YdLdjka ñksiqkaf.a
yoj;a ;=< ìysl< yelsh’ th ia:djr iduhg b;du Yla;su;a
w;a;sjdrula jkafkah’

mdol igyka-
(1) Carter, Jimmy., (1993) Talking Peace A vision for the next
generation. Dutton Children‟s Books. New York
(2) Chopra, Deepak (2005) Peace is the way‟ New york Harmony
books‟
 184

(3) Christie,Daniel, J., Wagner.Richerd,V., Winter, Deborah Dunann.,

(2001) Peace Conflic and violence: Peace Psychology for the 21 st
Centruy. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
^4& Oïumo 103
^5& tu 05
^6& tu 129
^7& tu 480
^8& tu 159
^9& tu 201
^10& tu 165
^11& tu 223
^12& w’ks’ ilalm[a[ iQ;%h
^13& i’ks’ fldai, ixhq;a;h’ ima; cá, iQ;%h
^14& i’ks’ fõmÑ;a;s iQ;%h
^15& i’ks’ rþP iQ;%h’
^16& w’ks’ wOïñl iQ;%h
^17& w’ks’ k.frdamu iq;%h’
^18& irKxlr ysñ‛ .fKA.u’‛ fn!oaO uydêrdc wfYdal yd
fi,a,sms’ .sßkd¾ wxl 6’
^19& tu
^20& §’ks’ uyd iqoiaik iQ;%h
^21& irKmd, ysñ‛ udjrf,a’ m%cd md,kh ms<sn| fn!oaO
wdl,amh’ l;D m%ldYk’ 2005 ^fmrjok&
^22& fyÜáwdrÉÑ‛ O¾ufiak’‛ rdcH md,khg fn!oaO Wmfoia’
ohdjxY chfldä iy iud.u’ 2005 msgqj 107’
^23& S.N.Goenka at United Nations – Vipassana Research Institute.
Dhamma Giri, Igatpuri. 2003 1st edition. page 1.
^24& S.N.Goenka at United Nations – Vipassana Research Institute.
Dhamma Giri, Igatpuri. 2003 1st edition. page 7,8.
^25& rdyq, ysñ‛ j,afmd,’ nqÿka jod< O¾uh’ fn!oaO ixialD;sl
uOHia:dk’ keÈud, foysj,’ kujeks uqøKh 1997’ ^msgq111-129&
^26& tu ^msgq 122&
^27& tu ^msgq111-129&
^28& Jayatilake, K.N., Buddhism and Peace. The wheel Publication
no: 41. Buddhist Publication Society. Kandy. 3rd impression. 1983.
^29& S.N.Goenka at United Nations – Vipassana Research Institute.
Dhamma Giri, Igatpuri. 2003 1st edition. page 7,8.
^30& Defence Against External Invasion. Vipassana Research
Institute. Dharmagiri, Igatpuri, 2003.
^31& wßhfiak‛ lUqremsáfha’‛ nqÿiuh yd rdcHh’ nqoaOYdik
wud;HxYfha m%ldYkhls’ 1997’
 185

fn!oaO ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj

Buddhist Psychotherapy and Counseling
ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj
Psychotherapy
 186

Psychotherapy hkafkys jpkd¾:h kï Healing of the soul tkï

wd;auh iqjlsÍuhs’ uq,ald,fha udkisl wmyiq;djhka .Kka
.eKqfka wd.ñl fyda iodpdruh .eg¿ f,ih’ tl, tu frda.
j,g f.dÿre jQjka N+;hkaf.ka hCIhkaf.ka we,au ne,au we;s wh
nj iudcfha úYajdih úh’ kuq;a miq.sh wjqreÿ foiSh ;=< oS
udkisl wms<sfj,j,a .ek ;snQ wdl,am fjkia jQ whqre fmfka’
j¾;udk m%isoaO jpkd¾:fhka .;al, th udkisl frda. f,i
y÷kajkq ,efí’ iuyrúg fuu jpkho frda.Skag ydksodhl f,i
fhdof.k we;’ iuyre is;kafka udkisl frda.hlg f.dÿrejQ úg
thska w;añ¢h fkdyels njh’ ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidfõ m%Odku ld¾h
kï ;ukag ;uka .ek j.lSula ;sfnk nj y÷kajd§u;a tfiau
;ukaf.a iEu m%Yakhlgu úiÿï fiúh yelafla o ;ukagu muKs’
fuhska wka whf. Woõ wvq ;lafiarejlg ,la fkdlrK w;r
;ukaf.a fjkiaùfï j.lSu ;ud i;=j we;’ Ñls;ailhdf.a m%Odku
wruqK kï ;ukaf.a Ôjk rgdj mßCIKh lr .ekSug Woõ
,nd§u‛ j¾;udk Ôjk rgdj iy wkd.; Ôjk rgdj lskï
whqrlska yev .iajd .;hq;= o hk wxY ms<sn| úêu;aj is;Sug
Ñls;ailhd wkqn, fokq ,fí’ ;ukaf.a Ôú;h ms<sn| md,kh
lsÍug bf.kSu ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidfõ m%Odku jeo.;au wruqKla
jk w;r ;ukag ;uka .ek úYajdihla ;sìh hq;=h’ tfiau
;ukaf.a ld¾hhkag uq,a;ek fok l%ufõohla ilia lr.; hq;=h’
Psychotherapy hkq ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidjhs’^1& tfiau thg uQ¾;s
,nd fok ku jkafka ufkdam%;sldr úµdjhs’^2& udkisl
wl%u;djkag fyda ÿiaiudfhda.hkag m%;sldr lsÍfuys,d hïhï
ufkdaúµd;aul Ys,am l%u Ndú;d lsÍu ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj fõs’

Psychotherapy ― The treatment of mental disorders by

discussing problems rather than giving drugs or other medical
treatment‖(3) ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj hkq udkisl wms<sfj,j,a
j,g fnfy;a j¾. fyda ffjµ m%;sldr ,nd fokjdg jvd idlÉPd
ud¾.fhka m%;sldr ,nd§uhs’
WmfoaYkh iy ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj w;ro iïnJOhla we;’
WmfoaYkh hkq ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj fkdfõ’ kuq;a ufkdafrda.
Ñls;ailhska úiska WmfoaYkh úêl%hla f,i Nú;d lsÍu oelaúh
yel’
WmfoaYkfha§ ksrka;rfhkau fmdÿ udkj m%Yak iy ldxYdj
^Ñ;a;dmrNdjh& .ek wjOdkh fhdok w;r tfiau tysoS ±ä
wjOdkh fhduqlrkafka yeisÍu ms<sn| wms<sfj,j,a we;s wh iy
kshqfrdaishdfjka fmf,k wh i|ydh’ tfiau ufkdafrda.
Ñls;ailhska m%;sldr jYfhka
Play therapy l%Svd Ñls;aildj‛ Psycho-drama ufkda kdgHuh
m%;sldr Socio-drama iudc kdgHuh m%;sldr‛ lrKq ,efí’
 187

WmfoaYkfha§ frda.shdf.a iudc wd¾Òl ;;aFjho ie,ls,a,g .Kq

,efí’ kuq;a ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidfõ§ mqoa.,hdf.a m%Yakh úi|Su
m%Odku wruqKfõ’ tfiau fuys§ mqoa.,hdf.a j¾;udk m%Yak
úi|k w;r wkd.;fhaoS tjeks m%Yak meñKs úgo tajdgo úi÷ï
fuuÕska ,nd.ekSug yelsjk mßÈ mrsirh ilia lrKq ,efí’
ufkdaúµd{ fÜ,¾ Tyler (1961) mjikafka ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj
uÕska fm!¾IFj fjkialï we;slrñka wkd.;fha§ idudkHfhka
iajNdúlj l%shdlrK mqoa.,fhl= f,i iudcfha yeisÍug uÕmdok
njh’ ufkdaúoHd{ jq,an¾. (Wolberg) m%ldY lrkafka ufkdafrda.
Ñls;aidj uÕska mqoa.,fhl=f.a ks¾udKd;aul wfmaCIdjka uqÿka
muqKqjd .ekSug uÕmdok njh’ tfiau È.=ld,Sk wfmaCIdjka
mßmQ¾K lr.ekSugo fuuÕska uÕmdok w;ru ;u ðú; ieleiauo
ms<sfj<lg f.khdhq;= whqre .eko wjOdkh fhduqlrhs’
WmfoaYkh iy ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj ks;ru tlg fhfok w;r
th fjk fjku ks¾jpkh lsÍuo myiq fkdfõ’ tu úIh fCIA;%
fol w;r fjkialï ;sfío hkako wjOdkhg fhduqj we;s
m%Yakhls’
Richard S.Sharf ―Theories of Psychotherapy & Counseling‖ hk
fmdf;ys ish¨u wxY wvx.= jk mßÈ fujeks ks¾jpkhla imhd
we;’
―Psychotherapy and counseling are interactions between a
therapist/counselor and one or more client/patient. The purpose
is to help the patient/client with problems that may have
aspects that are related to disorders of thinking, emotional
suffering or problems of behavior. Therapists may use their
knowledge of theory of personality and psychotherapy or
counseling to help the patient/client improve functioning. The
therapist‘s approach to helping must be legally and ethically
approved‖(4)
ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj yd WmfoaYkh Ñls;ailhd$WmfoaYlhd iy
frda.shd$ WmfoaYKh ,nkakd w;r we;sjkakdjQ wka;r l%shdoduhls’
fuys m%Odku wfmaCIdj kï frda.shd$ WmfoaYkh ,nkakd mSvd
úoskakdjQ is;=ú,s Ñ;a;fõ.Sh wms<sfj,j,a fyda yeisÍï ms<sn| m%Yak
j,ska ñ§ug wjYH Wmfoia ,ndf.k wd;au úYajdih f.dvk.Zd
.ekSuhs’ Ñls;ailhd tu frda.j,ska ;udf.a frda.Ska fírd .ekSug
;ud i;=j we;s fm!¾IJjh ms<sn| ±kquo ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj
ms,sn| ±kquo WmfoaYkh ms,sn| ±kquo Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka
frda.shdf.a ls%hdldßFjhka ukdj lrf.k hdug Wmldr flf¾’
tfiau Ñls;ailhdf.a Wmldrh kS;suh jYfhka iy wdpdrúµd;aul
f,i wkqu; úhhq;=h’
 188

idïm%Odhsl jYfhka .;al, Psychotherapy hk jpkh tkï

ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj psychiatry ufkdaÑls;aidj iy ffjµ wxYh
yd ne£ mj;S’ WmfoaYkh wOHdmkh iy iudc fiajd wxY yd ne£
mj;S’
―Psychotherapy is any psychological techniques used to
facilitate positive changes in a persons personality, behavior or
adjustment‖(5)
ufkdaúsµd{ fvksia l+ka fufia ks¾jpkhla m%ldY lrwe;’
ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj hkq frda.sfhl=f.a fm!¾IFjfha‛ yeisrSfï iy
;eklg wkq.;ùug wjYH lrK Okd;aul moku ±óug Ndú;d
lrK ufkdaúµd;aul úêl%uhls’ tfiau ;j ÿrg;a úia;r lrK
Tyq ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj .ek fufiao mjihs’ Any form of
psychological treatment for behavior or emotional problems‖(6)
ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj hkq yeisÍu ms<sn| fyda Ñ;a;fõ.d;aul
m%Yakj,g ,ndfok ufkdaúµd;aul m%;sl¾u f,io oelaúh yelsh’
ufkdaúoHdfõ uQ,sl isoaOdka; úia;r lrk Introduction to
Psychology hk fmdf;ys ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj .ek fufia olajd
we;’ ―The treatment pf psychological disorders and mild
adjustment problems by means of psychological techniques‖(7)
ufkdafrda. wms<sfj,j,a iy iudfhda.hùfï m%Yak we;s whg
ufkdaúoHd;aul úêl%u Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka lrKq ,nk m%;sldr
ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj f,i oelaúh yel’ ufkdaúoHd{ fm,aâuEka
ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj .ek fufia Tyqf.a ú.%yh olajd we;’
―Psychotherapy means the process in which a patient (client)
and a professional attempts to remedy the client‘s
psychological difficulties‖(8) ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj hkq frda.shdf.a
we;s udkisl wmyiq;djhka ÿrelr,Sug frda.shd iy jD;a;suh
mqyqKqj ,;a Ñls;ailhd w;r we;sjkakdjQ ls%hdoduhls’ nQiaáka
m%Odk ufkdaúµd{hska lKAvdhula psychology today hk fmdf;ys
by; woyiu ikd: lrK ks¾jpkhla olajd we;’
―Psychotherapy is a systematic series of interaction between a
person trained to treat psychological problems and another
person which is to be helped‖(9) ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj hkq
Wmldrhla wjYH ufkdaúµd;aul m%Yak j,ska mSä;jQjkag jD;a;Suh
jYfhka mqyqKqj ,;a mqoa.,hska úiska l%uj;aj lrKQ ,nk
ls%hdoduhls’
fvksia fl%íia iy frdac¾ ne,elauEka ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj .ek
by; i|yka woyia ikd: lrñka fufia mji;s’ ufkdaúµd;aul
úêl%uhka Ndú;d lrñka udkisl frda. j,g lrKq ,nk m%;sldr
ufkdaÑls;aidj f,i oelaúh yels njh’ (10) iEu wdldrhlu
ufkdam%;slr j,ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka iudcfha iajdNdúl f,i
 189

cSj;aùug wjYH lrK moku ,nd§uh’ ‗Understanding

Psychology‘ hk fmdf;ys ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj .ek wjOdkh
fhduq lrñka fï wdldrfha úia;rhla ,ndfohs’ ufkdafrda.
Ñl;aidj iudc fiajlhska ufkdaúµd{hska ufkdaÑls;ailhska úiska
Ndú;d lrk l%uhla jk w;r tuÕska ñksiqkaf.a m%Yak úi|d
.ekSug iyfhda.h olajhs’ fuys we;s m%Odku foh kï ñksiqkag
;ukaf.a m%Yakj,g ;ukau j.lsjhq;= nj wjfndaO lr§uhs’ tfiau
;uka wiykhg m;aj isák m%Yak úi|d .; yelaflao ;ukagu
muKs’
― Psychotherapy is a method used by social worker,
psychologists, and psychiatrists to assist people in dealing with
their problems. An important function of psychotherapy is to
help people realize that they are responsible for their own lives
that they can solve the problems that have been making them
unhappy‖ (11)
fï wdldrhg úúO ufkdaúµd{hska iy ufkdaÑls;ailhska
ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj ms<sn|j jákd ks¾jpk /ila olajd we;’
cSú;fha úúO wjia:dj,§ tlatla wldrfha m%Yak mek k.Zsk w;r
tajdg ms<shï fiùug wm WkJÿ jkafkuq’ ixj¾Ok ufkdaúµd{hska
Wmf;a isg urKh olajd jQ wjëka /ila olajd we;’ tajdkï <ore
wjêh‛ uq,ald,Sk <ud wjêh‛ miqld,Sk <ud wjêh‛ u,ajr
wjêh‛ .egjr wjêh‛ jeäysá wjêh‛ uOHu wjêh‛ uy¿ wjêh
hkqhs’ tu wjëka j,§ ta ta ld,hg wod< jk m%Yak meK kÕsk
w;r tajdg ms<shï ;ud úiskq;a tfiau ;ukaf.a foudmshka‛ ñ;%hka‛
iy ;ud wjg isák whf.ka Wmfoia ,ndf.k ms<s;=re fidhk
w;r nrm;, m%Yak j,g ms<shï fiùug jD;a;Suh mqyqKqj ,enQ
whf.a Wmldrh me;Sug isÿfõ’ ta ta whf.a ld¾hhka iy mqyqKqj
wkqj úúO kï j,ska wu;kq ,efí’ fï fCIA;%fha ld¾hhka isÿ
lrKQ ,nk msßia fufia ±laúh yel’

idhksl ufkdaúµd{hska’(Clinical Psychologists) fuu msßif.a

ld¾h kï udkisl wms<sfj,j,a j,g ,laù úúO mSvdjka ú¢k
frda.Ska thska uqojd f.k iudcfha idudkH idudðlhska f,i
Ôj;aùug wjldYh i,id§uh’ ta i|yd úúO m%;sldr l%u Ndú;d
lrK w;r tajd ms<sn| mqyqKqjo fuu msßi ,ndf.k we;’
WmfoaYk ufkdaúµd{hska (Counseling Psychologists) fuu
msßif.a wjOdkh fhduqjkafka tÈfkod Ôú;fha udkisl
wmyiq;djhkag ,laù isák frda.Skag thska ñoSug wjYH lrK
WmfoaYkh ,ndÈuh’ idudchg iudfhda.h ùug;a tfiau idudkH
mqoa.,hskag we;s jkakdjq udkisl wmyiq;djhkaf.ka uqojd .ekSu;a
WmfoaYk ufkdaúµd{hskaf.a m%Odku ld¾h jkafkah’ j¾;udkfha
 190

WmfoaYk ufkdaúµdj b;d ckm%sh ù we;af;a id¾:lFjhg tys we;s

n,mEu ksidh’
ufkdaÑls;ailhska (Psychiatrists) ffjµ jD;a;sh f,i wOHhkh
wrUd tys§ úfYAI wOHhkhka ufkdaÑls;aidj .ek yodrd fuu
fCIA;%fha lghq;= lrK fuu msßig WmfoaYkh lghq;= j,g
wu;rj udkisl frda. i|yd fnfy;a j¾. Èugo ksoyi we;’
Nskafkdakudoh‛ udfkdaNdjuh wms<sfj,j,a jeks W.% udkisl frda.
i|yd ±ä wjOdkhla fhdok fuu msßi tÈfkod Ôú;fha mjq,a
m%Yak‛ újdy m%Yak‛ /lshd m%Yak jD;a;suh m%Yak .ek wvq
wjOdkhla fhdohs’
iudc fiajlfhda (Social Workers) fndfydaúg rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkj,g iïnJOù ta yryd iudcfha udkisl wmyiq;djhkag
,laj isák whg Wmldr lrKQ ,efí’ fuu msßi udkisl frda.
j,ska fmf,kakka idudcfha kshu idudcslhska f,i ia:djr lsrSug
WkJÿfõ’
ufkdaÑls;ail fyÈhka (Psychiatrist Nurses) udkisl
wdfrda.HYd,d j,;a‛ idudkH wdfrda.HYd,d j,;a úfYaI ld¾hla
fuu msßig mejf¾’ úfYaI{ ffjµjrekaf.a Wmfoia u; ish¨u
m%;sldr isÿlrKq ,nkafka ufkdaÑls;ail fyÈhka úiskah’
frda.Skaf.a kshu frda. ,CIK y÷kdf.k ta wkqj;a tfiau úúO
ufkdaÑls;ail l%u Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka frda.Ska blauKska iqjm;a
lsÍfï ld¾fhaoS fuu msßif.a iyfhda.h w.h l<hq;=h’
WmfoaYlfhda (Counselors) fuu msßi tla úIh fCIA;%hl ms<sn|
úfYAI wOHhkhl fh§ ta fCIa;%hka ;=< wiykhg m;ajQjkag
iykh msKSi WmfoaYkh lrKq ,efí’ mdie,a‛ úYAj úµd,‛
l¾udka;Yd,d‛ ;reK fiajd wdh;k mjq,a ie,iqï wdh;k hk
ia:dkhkays fiajh lrKQ ,efí’ jD;a;Sh WmfoaYkh‛ újdy
WmfoaYkh‛ mqkreF:dmk WmfoaYkh‛ iy u;ao%jH .;awh i|yd
WmfoaYkh jeks wxY ms<sn| úfYAI wjOdkfhka hq;=j lghq;= lrhs’
iu jhfia WmfoAYlhska (Peer Group Counselors) jD;a;Shuh
jYfhka WmfoaYkh fkdlrK tfy;a uQ,sl WmfoaYk úêl%u ms<sn|
yeoEÍula l< msßi iuld,Skhkaf.a m%Yak .ek wjOdkh fhduqlr
tajdg úi¥ï ,ndfohs’
wfkHdakH iyfhda.S lKAvdhï (Self-Help Groups) ;u ;ukaf.a
we;s m%Yak iyfhda.fhka hq;=j úi|d .ekSug tlg tl;=ù isák
lKavdhï fuf,i ye¢kaúh yel’ iuyr m%Yak j,g wka ish,qu
m%;sldr l%uj,g jvd fuu wfkHdakH iyfhda.S lKAvdhï m%;sldr
l%uh jeo.;ah’ WodyrKhla f,i u;ao%jHj,g weíneysjQ
foudmshkaf.a orejka iy lEu .ekSu ms<sn| udkisl wms<sfj,g o
fuu m%;sldr l%uh uÕska n,j;a f,i Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsh’
lshùï m%;sldrh (Reading Therapy) wvq úhofuka wd;au Yla;sh
hï ;rula we;s whg ;udf.a m%Yakhg ms<shï fiùu i|yd lshùï
 191

m%;sldrhla f,i .;yelsh’ iuyrúg ,sx.sl wms<sfj,j,a jeks

m%Yak i|yd idudkHfhka Ñls;ailhska fj; hdug ue,slula
olajk msßig fuu úêl%uh b;d m%fhdackj;afõ’ ;ukaf.a m%Yakhg
wod< m; fmd; lshùu ;=<ska id¾:l f,i uqyqKoSug miqìu
ilialr .;yelsh’
jD;a;Suh fkdjk WmfoaYlhka (Non-Professional Counselors)
ufkdam%;sldr .ek wjfndaOhla ke;s tfy;a iudcfha jeo.;a
ia:rhl Ôj;a jk mqoa.,hska fj; WmfoaYkh i|yd meñfKk
msßi jD;a;Suh jYfhka mqyqKqj ,;a msßig jvd jeä nj m¾fhaIK
j,ska fidhdf.k we;’ mQcljreka‛ .=rejreka‛ iy iudcfha
lemSfmfkk wh fj;skao hïhï m%Yakj,g Wmfoia ,nd.; yelsh’
Ñls;ailfhl= i;=úhhq;= .=Kdx. rdYshla we;’ ldhsl udkisl
fi!LHhlska hq;= mqoa.,fhl= ùu w;HdjYHh’ tfiau ir, iy
nrm;, foa CIKslj f;areï .;yels njo b;d jeo.;ah’ udkisl
wiykhg m;ajQjka ksrka;rfhkau ìh iy wjq,a jqKq iajrEmhla
olajk w;r Ñls;ailhd frda.shd ;=< ;udg f;dr;=re wjfndaO
lr.e.Sfï Yla;sh we;snj hk úYajdih f.dvkeÕsh hq;=h’
w;a±lSïj,ska mrsmQ¾Kùuo frda.shdf.a ixlS¾K ufkdaNdjhka
f;areï .ekSug WmldÍjk w;r frda.shd ÿ¾j, jk wjia:d iy
Tyqg m%n, f,i Woõ wjYH jkafka lskï fj,djlo hkak .ek
wjfndaO lr.ekSug myiq jkafka w;a±lSï j,ska mrmQ¾K jk
úgh’

úúO .=rel=, uÕska úúO wdldrfha ufkdafrda. Ñls;ail l%u

Ndú;dlr we;s w;r fuys§ tajd b;du fláfhka y÷kd.ksuq’

ufkdaúYaf,Kjdoh’ (Psychoanalysis) is.aukaâ fm%dhsâ úiska

oshqKql< fuu Ñls;ail l%ufha m%Odk jYfhka lreKq y;rla
olajd we;’ ksoyia ix>gkh‛ iajmak ú.%yh‛ m%;sfrdaOkh‛
;sfrdaykh‛ hk tajd m%Odkfõ’ fï l%u Ndú;d lrñka wú{dK.;
>Ügkhka bj;a lr .; yelsh’ úfYaIfhka fkdbmÿk fm%ArKhka
^uQ,sl jYfhka ,sx.sl foa& miqld,Sk fm!¾I j¾Okh .ek
l:dlrK w;r wú{dK l%shdj,sfha§ fm!¾IFjfha hk ieleiau
.ek idlÉPd flf¾’ fuys m%Odku wruqK kï we;=,; isÿjk
>Ügkhka uÕska we;sflfrk Ñ;a;fõ.d;aul fõokdjka
ÿrelr,Suh’
cqkaf.a úYaf,aIKh iy Ñls;aidj’(Jungian Analysis and Therapy)
udkj yeisÍfï wú{dk.; l%shdj,sh .ek wjOdrKh lrK
isoaOdka;h fudyq olajd we;’ isysk‛ ukiaiDIaáh iy wfkl=;a
o%jHhuh foa wú{dK.; ls%hdj,sfhka ms<sìUq jk nj olajd we;’
weâ,¾f.a ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj (Adlerian Therapy) weâ,¾
úYajdi lrkafka uq,ald,Sk <ud ld,fha mjq, iuÕ we;sjk
 192

iïnJO;djh u; fm!¾IFjh f.dvkef.k njh’ mjqf,a

iïnJOhka isÿjk wdldrh;a tfiau ;ks mqoa.,hka mjq, ;=<
Ôj;aùfï t<Uquo .ek oS¾> m¾fhaIK lrwe;’ mqoa.,hdf.ka
iudch i|yd isÿjk iyNd.sFjh .ek fudyq wjOdkh fhduqlr
we;’ mqoa.,hdf.a we;s wl%uj;a úYajdihka fjkia lrf.k
Okd;aul f,i cSú;h foi ne,Sug WkJÿ lrùu fudyqf.a
Ñls;ail l%ufha m%Odku úêl%uh fõ’ wfkHdakH jYfhka we;sjk
m%Yak ms<sn| ksrjq,a ukila we;slr .ekSug fuu úêl%ufhka
b.ekafõ’
idx×Iaál Ñls;aidj’ (Existential Therapy) fuu Ñls;aidj uÕska
ñksiqka iy Tjqkaf.a m%Yak .ek od¾Yksl t<Uqula we;slr.kakd
w;r udkj j¾.hdf.a meje;au .eko tys§ wjOdkh fhduqlrhs’
cSj;aùu‛ ksoyi‛ urKh‛ ;ksùu wd§ cSjk isoaOdka; .ek j.lSï
wjOdrKh lr meyeos,s wjfndaOhla ,ndfohs’ fuu m%;sldr l%uh
úêl%uhka .ek wjOdkh fhduq fkdlrK w;r fuys m%Odku
wxYh kï ;ud .ek wjfndaOh ,eîu;a iy tÈfkod m%Yak j,g
jvd È.=ld,Sk ud;Dldjka .ek l,amkdjg .efka’ B,Õ wruqK
kï wjxl nj we;slr .ekSu iy wka wh iuÕ ióm
iïnJO;djhka we;s lr .ekSuo fuu úêl%ufha wksjd¾h wx.hla
fõ’ fuu Ñls;aidfõ tla úêl%uhla jkafka logotherapy tkï
cSú;fha w¾:h fiùu iy th ukdj mj;ajdf.k hduh’ wfkla
úêl%uh jkafka tkï wNsuqLùuhs’ wNsuqLùfï l%shdj,sfha§ m%;sldr
,nkakd Tyqf.a$wehf.a w.hka iy j.lSï .ek is;ñka l%uj;aj
bÈrshg hdug meje;aula .ek is;hs’
m%;sldr ,nkakd uq,alr.;a Ñls;ai; l%uh’ (Person Centered
Therapy)
flfkfl=f.a i;H wd;auh .ek wjOdkh fhduqlrk w;r
iú{dkl yeÕSï iy Ñka;djka m%;sfrdaOkh ,nk w;r jl%jQ
Ñls;aidjla f,i fuh kïl< yel’ ld,a frdacia úiska fidhd.;a
fuu Ñls;aidfõ m%;sldr ,nkakd .ek f;areï .ekSu;a Tyq .ek
ie,ls,a, ±laùu;a u; mokï ù we;’ fuys§ Ñls;ailhdf.a
m%Odku ld¾h kï m%;sldr ,nkakdg wkql+, jk f,i mßirh
j¾Okh lr§uhs’ Ñls;ailhd m%;sldr ,nkakdg wjYH fjkiaùu
lr.ekSug uÕ i,id fok w;r Tyq WkJÿù ;ukaf.a m%Yak úi|d
.ekSug j.lSu .;hq;=h’ wkdfrdams; Okd;aul ie,ls,a,
iylïmkh wjHdc iy wjxl nj m%;HfõCIKh lsÍu fï lreKQ
y;r Ñls;ailfhl= úiska mj;ajd .;hq;= tajd jk w;r
Ñls;ailhd udfkdauh levm;la f,i Ndú;d l<úg m%;sldr
,nkakdg ;uka .ek meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsh’
f.iafgda,aÜ Ñls;aidj’ (Gestalt Therapy) c¾uka jpkhla jk
Gestalt ys w¾:h kï iuia;h fyda msreKq hkakhs’ is;=ú,s yeÕSï
l%shdjka iuia;hla f,i f.k tlg tl;= lrñka ;u m%Yak foi
 193

ne,Su f.iafgda,aÜ Ñls;aidj fõ’ fuh ufkdaúµ{ fmßÜia m¾,a

jsiska f.dvkÕk ,o w;r fuuÕska ;uka iy wka wh ms<sn|
wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsh’ ldhsl udkisl ;;aFjhka ms<sn|
h:diajrEmh f;areï .ekSu fuys§ jeo.;afõ’
p¾hd;aul Ñls;aidj’ (Behaviour Therapy) p¾hdj fjkia
lsÍug l%shdldÍj yev.eiajQ Ñls;aidj p¾hd;aul Ñls;aidj f,i
kïl< yelsh’ udfkdaúYaf,aIKjd§kaj úfõpkh lf<a ―all talk no
action‖ hkqfjks’ p¾hdjdoSkaf.a m%Odku wx.h l%shdj u; msysgd
we;’ frda.shdf.a w;S;h .ek fiùug;a‛ isyskj, w¾:h fiùug;a
jvd p¾hdjd§ Ñls;ailhd jvd;au wjOdkh fhduqlrkafka
frda.shdf.a j¾;udk ;;aFjh iy th fjkia lsÍug .;yels
mshjrfoih’ p¾hdjd§ Ñls;aidj wkqj woyia lrkafka frda.shd
jerÈ wdldrhg bf.kf.k we;s njh’ tuksid Ñls;ailhdf.a
m%Odku ld¾h jkafka frda.shdg yßhdldrj kej; b.ekaùuh’
fuysoS jeo.;au ld¾h jkafka yeisÍu fjkia lsÍuh’ j¾;udk
p¾hdjd§kaf.a m%Odk úêl%u lSmhla we; tajdkï
m%cdkk Ñls;aidj’ (Cognitive Therapy) m%cdkkjdoS .=rel=,fha
m%Odku wruqK kï is;Su iy úYajdihka flfia yeisÍug iy
yeÕSïj,g n,mdkafkao hkakhs’ wefrdka fnla (Aaron Beck) úiska
j¾Okh l< fuu t<Uqu uÕska ;ukaf.a wiu;aNdjhka y|qkdf.k
tajd flfia ;ukaf.a yeÕSï iy l%shdjg n,mdkafka±hs f;areï
.ekSu jeo.;afõ’ m%cdkkjd§ Ñls;aidfõ§ p¾hd;aul úêl%uhkao
Wmfhda.S lr.KS’ ufkdaúoH frdfika;,a iy nkavqrd(Rosenthal &
Bandura) mjikafka ―modeling‖ wkqlrKh uÕska fuu NS;sldjka
jeks frda. iqjl< yels njh’ ufkdaúµd{ fvdk,aâ ñfpkanjqï
(Donald Micenbaum) úiska ÈhQKql, iajhx WmfoaYk mqyqKqj
uÕska ñksiqkaf.a úYajdihka fjkia lsÍu fjkqjg Tjqkaf.a m%Yak
.ek w¨;ska is;Sug wjia:dj ,ndfohs’ RKd;aul l:djka
fjkqjg Okd;aul l:d Wmfhda.s lr.ksñka yeisÍu fjkia lsÍu
fjkqjg is;=ú,s fjkia lsÍug W;aidy f.k we;’
úu¾Yl Ñ;a;fõ.Sh p¾hd;aul Ñls;aidj’ (Rational Emotive
Behaviour Therapy) we,anÜ t,sia (Albert Ellis) úsiska j¾Okh
l< fuu Ñls;aidfõ m%Odku wruqK kï Ñ;a;fõ.Sh m%Yak j,ska
ñ§ug frda.shdg úêl%uhka lshd fokq ,efí’ wjia:djg wkql+,j
h:d¾:jd§ f,i ;ukf.a yeÕSï foi mßCIdldÍ f,i n,d th
ksjerÈ lr .ekSug wjYH Wmldr lrKQ ,efí’
h:d¾:jd§ Ñls;aidj’ (Reality Therapy) ú,shï .a,¾i¾ úiska
j¾Okh l< fuu Ñls;aidfõ m%Odku wdl,amh kï ;ud ;udf.a
Ôú;h‛ cSú;fha isÿjk m%Odk foa md,kh lsÍu‛ is;Su‛ hk
ish,a,gu j.lsjhq;af;a wfkfll= fkdj ;ud njh’ fuys m<uq
mshjr kï m%;sldr ,nkakd iy fyd| iïnJO;djhla we;slr
 194

.ekSuh’ wjxl f,i we;sjk tu iïnJO;djh u.Zska Ñls;ail

l%shdj,sh os.gu lrf.k hdyelsh’ p¾hdj fjkialsÍu .ek is;k
w;r tuÕska is;Su iy yeÕSïo fjkia lsÍug wjOdkh fhduqlrhs’
lsishï ieleiaula u; iy tajd ;Èka ls%hd;aul lsrSu u; fuys
Wmfhda.S;djh r|dmj;S’
lKavdhï Ñls;aidj’ (Group Therapy) fndfyda Ñls;ail l%uj,
wka;¾ iïnJO;djh we;af;a Ñls;ailhd iy m%;sldr ,nkakd
w;rh’ kuq;a lKavdhï Ñls;aidfõ§ fndfyda fofkl= iuÕ tlg
m%;sldr ,nd.; yelsh’ fuu l%ufha jdis /ilao ;sfí’ hïlsis
udkisl m%Yakhla we;s ;eke;af;l=g we;s m%Odku .eg¨j wkawh
iu.Z uqiqùuhs’ fuys§ th m%dfhda.sl f,i isÿjk w;r ;uka ys
iudk fndfyda fofkl= m%Yak j,ska mSvd ú¢k nj;a ;ud muKla
tu m%Yak j,g f.dÿre ù ke;s nj;a ±fka’ tfiau ;udf.a m%Yakh
.ek wka whf.a úpdrhka fukau wka whf.a m%Yak .ek ;udf.a
woyiao m%ldY lsÍug fuys§ wjldYh we;’ tla Ñls;ailfhl=g
úYd, m%udKhlg tljr Wmldr l<yels w;r ld,h iy uqo,o
b;sß lr.; yelsfõ’ úfYAIfhkau újdyhg fmr lrK WmfoaYkh
jeks wjia:dj,§ fuu l%uh b;d m%dfhda.slh’ fuu Ñls;aidj wo
ld,fha b;d ckm%shh’ cefldí t,a’ fudfrfkda (Jacob L.Moreno)
fuu l%uh 1953 j¾Okh l< w;r tys we;s ufkdauh kdgHh iy
N=ñld ksrEmkh uÕskao tfiau o tkï wka whf.a N+ñldj kej;
;ud rÕ ±laùfuka wka whf.a yeÕSï f;areï .ekSug we;s
yelshdjo fuys§ jeo.;ah’ levm;l úêl%uh uÕska m%;sldr
,nkakdf.a N+ñldj wka wfhl= rÕ olajk úg tys we;s .=Kføia
msg isg n,k úg ukdj fmfkkafkah’ túg wvqmdvq ilid
.ekSug we;s bv m%ia:dj jeä jkafkah’
mjq,a Ñls;aidj’ (Family System therapy)
;ksj fyda lKavdhu;a f,i mjqf,a iEu idudðlfhl=u iyNd.sjk
fuu úêl%uh uÕska ke;sù .sh iïnJO;djh iy ikaksfõokh
we;s lsÍu m%Odku wruqKfõ’ ;ks ;ksj fkdue;sj lKavdhula
f,i tkï iajdñhd‛ Nd¾hdj‛ <uqka we;=¿ ish¨u fokd tl;=ù
m%Yak úiod .ekSu fuys m%Odku wfmaCIdjhs’ ks;r wvonr we;s
mjq,aj,g;a‛ .egjr <uqkaf.a m%Yaj j,g;a fuu m%;sldr l%uh b;d
m%fhdackj;ah’ mjqf,a tla idudðlfhl=g m%Yakhla jQ úg th
mjqf,a wfkl=;a idudðlhkag;a n,mdkq we;’ tu ksid mjq,
iuia;hla f,i f.k lghq;= lrKq we;’
jHdj¾;k Ñls;aidj’ (Aversion Therapy)
wm%ikak m%;spdr u.Zska fõokd ckl fyda ÿlaÅ; m%fndaOl hgm;a
lsÍu jHdj¾;k Ñls;aidj fõ’ krl mqreÿjk ÿïmdkh‛ u;ameka
mdkh‛ iQÿfl<Su‛ hk tajd fuu Ñls;aidj uÕska ÿr,sh yelsh’
frdac¾ fjd.a,¾ (Roger Wogler) iy Tyqf.a iuld,Skhka iuÕ
fuu Ñls;aidj uÕska u;ameka mdkh k;r lsÍug fkdyels msßia
 195

iuÕ m¾fhaIKh lr tys m%;sM, fmkajd we;’ u;ameka mdkh

lrk úg úÿ,s lïmkhla je§ug ilid miqj u;ameka mdkh
lsÍug ÿkaúg wr lïmkh kue;s fõokdj u;laù u;ameka mdkh
k;r l< yels nj fidhdf.k we;’
;ks mqoa., Ñls;aidj’ (Individual Therapy)
Ñls;ailhd iy m%;sldr ,nkakd w;r we;sjkakdjq Ñls;ail l%uh
fuh jk w;r tu fofokd w;r we;jk iïnJOh u; fuys
m%;sM, ,eìh yel’
m%;sfõok Ñls;aidj (Insight Therapy)
flfkl= ;=< we;s yelshdjka m%;sl%shdjka iy ;u udkisl
l%shdj,Ska ms<sn| m%udKj;a wjfndaOh iy úksYaph fuu Ñls;ail
l%ufha§ b;d jeo.;afõ’ fuys§ Ñls;ailhdf.a ld¾h jkafka
m%;sldr ,nkakdf.a we;s Ñ;a;fõ.‛ l,amkd‛ iy yeisÍï ms<sn|
.eUqre wjfndOhla Tyqg ,nd.ekSug yelsjk f,i wjYH miqìu
ilid ;sîuhs’
il%sh Ñls;aidj’ (Active therapy) m%Yak.; yeisÍï‛ mqreÿ‛ yeÕSï‛
tajdfha wdrïNh iy w¾:h .ek fkdúuid Rcq fjkialï lsÍug
ieliQ Ñls;aidj fï kñka ye¢kafõ’
Rcq Ñls;aidj’ (Directive therapy)
fuu Ñls;aidj uÕska m%Yak úi|d .ekSug wjYH lrK iEu
wdldrhlu uÕfmkaùu fl<skau isÿlrKQ we;’ m%Yakhg we;s
iqÿiqu úiÿï ,nd§ug Ñls;ailhd Tyq i;=j we;s w;a±lSuo
Wmfhda.s lr.Kq ,efí’
jl% Ñls;aidj’ (Non-Directive Therapy)
fuu Ñls;aidj u.Zska wjjdo ,nd fkdfoñka fl<skau uÕfmkaùula
fkdlrñka ;udf.a m%Yak úi|d .ekSug j.lSu Tyq fj;
,ndfoñka tajd úi|d .ekSug wjYH miqìu kshu f,i ilia
lsÍu fuys m%Odku wruqKhs’
fj,dj iSud Ñls;aidj’ (Time Limited Therapy)
kshñ; ieis lSmhl§ m%Yak úi|d .ekSug woyia lrñka wdrïN
lrK Ñls;aidj fukñka ye|skaúh yel’ hï lsis wdldrhl
m%Yakhla úi|d .ekSug iSñ; jQ ld,hlg iSud lrñka lrKQ
,nk Ñls;aidj fuh fõ’
iyfhda.S Ñls;aidj’ (Supportive Therapy)
fuys§ Ñls;ailhdf.a m%Odku ld¾h kï kshñ; m%Yakh úi|d
.ekSug wjYH lrK iyfhda.h ,nd§uhs’ fm!oa.,sl fjkialï
isoqlsrSug jvd fuys§ wjOdkh fhdokafka m%Yak úi£ug wjYH
lrK WmÍu iydh ,nd§uh’ Ñ;a;fõ.Sh m%Yak úi|d .ekSug;a
tÈfkod Ôú;fha meKkÕsk m%Yak úi|d .ekSug;a fuu Ñls;aidj
b;d m%fhdackj;a fõ’
uS<.Zg WmfoaYkh hkq l=ulaoehs úuid n,uq’
WmfoaYkh hkq l=ulao @
 196

What is Counseling?
wm wjg f,dalh foi n,k úg iEu me;a;lskau ixlS¾KFjfhka
msÍ mj;S’ ta iEu fohlu uQ,h ñksiduh’ f,dalh ;=< iqL
úyrKh i|yd;a ;udg wjYH wdldrhg f.dvkÕd .ekSug hdu
;=<ska wjg mßirh iuÕ .efgñka tu mßirh fjkia lr .ksñka
;udg wod< wdldrhg th fjkia lr .ekSug W;aidy ord we;’
ñksid iy mßirfha ksrka;r .egqul m%;sM,hla f,i úúO m%Yak
ñksidg we;sù we;’ tfiau úµdfõ fõ.j;a j¾Okh;a ñksidf.a
fyd| me;a;g fukau kr; me;a;go n,md we;’ úoHfõ ;dCIKfha
ÈhqKqj fukau ikaksfõokfha j¾Okh;a ñksidf.a udkisl ldhsl
m%Yak /ila we;s lsÍug n,mEï lr we;’ tfiau l¾udka;lrKho
iudÔh Ôú;hg krl f,i n,mEï lrwe;’ ñksidg m%Yak we;sjQ
úg Tjqka tu m%Yak úi|d .;af;a ;u idudðlhskaf.a wjjdo
Wmfoia u;h’ miqld,Skj fuh ;j;a j¾Okhù
ud¾f.damfoaYlhskaf.a msysg me;Sug WkJÿúh’ tu
ud¾f.damfoaYlFjh miqj ufkdaúµd WmfoaYkh f,i j¾Okh jQ
w;r tys m%Odku wruqK jQfha iudÔh iFjhkaf.a iqNidOkh iy
Tjqkaf.a udkisl uÜgu ieye,a¨ f,i;a iajNdúl f,i;a
r|dmj;ajd .ekSuhs’
uq,a ld,fha ufkdaúµd úIhgu wod<j ;snQ WmfoaYkh miqj
fjkuu fCIa;%hla f,i bÈßhg meñKs w;r th iudc m%Yak úiod
.ekSug msgqjy,la ù we;’ j¾;udk WmfoaYkh wefußldkq
wOHdmk l%uh u; mokï ù we;’ WmfoaYkfha ft;sydisl j¾Okh
.;al, wjê ;=klg ir,j fnod ±laúh yel’
m<uq wjêh -

 1879 § uq,au ufkdaúµd úµd.drh c¾uksfha f,mais.a úYaj

úµd,fha ú,afy,aï jqkaâ (Wilhelm Wundt) úiska wdrïN
lrK ,È’
 1981 § iageka,s fyda,a (Stanley Hall) úiska wefußldfõ
uq,au ufkdaúµd úµd.drh msysgq úh’
 1895 § fcda¾– fuß,a (George Merril) úiska l%uj;a jD;a;Sh
mdGud,dj fika m%ekaisiaflda j,§ wrïN lrK ,È’
 1896 § ,hsÜk¾ úÜu¾ (Lightener Witmer) uq,au ufkdaúµd
Ñls;aild.drh msysgq úh’
 tfiau 1909 § f–‘î’ uhsk¾ (J.B.Miner) úiska udkisl
j¾Okhg wjYH Ñls;aild.drhla ukaksfhiagd úYaj
úµd,fha wdrïN lrK ,È’
ta flfia jqjo uq,skau Counseling hk jpkh Ndú;d lf<a fcia’
î’ fâúia (Jes B. Davis) (12) úisks’ 1898 § fvÜfgdßÜj,
wOHdmk jD;a;Sh WmfoaYk uOHia:dkhla Tyq msysg úh’
 197

1899 § Ñldf.da úYaj úµd,fha iNdm;s ú,shï rhsfka ydm¾

(William Rainey Harper) úiska WmfoaYkfha w.h fmkakqï lrñka
jd¾Isl l:dj meje;aúh’

fojk wjêh
ufkdaúµd WmfoaYkh iïnJOfhka úisjk Y;j¾Ifha uq,a ld,fha oS
úfYAI isÿùï lSmhla isÿjqKs’
 m<uq ufkdaúYaf,aIKjd§ iïuka;%Kh fi,ian¾.a j,§
mj;ajk ,È’
 iageka,s fyda,a (Stanley Hall) úiska ld,a .=iagdõ cqka.g
la,dla úYaj úµd,fha foaYkhlg wdrdOkd lrK ,È’
 ieuqfj,a m%Ekala mdrika (Samuel Frank Parsons) iy t,S
ùj¾ (Eli Weaver) úiska jD;a;Sh ud¾f.damfoaYkh jHdmdrh
wd¾ïN lrK ,È’
 ìfkÜ (Binet) iy ihsukaf.a (Simon) nqoaê mßCIK
wefußldkq.; lrK ,È’
 m%.;sYS,S wOHdmk jHdmdrh úiska fcdaka fâùf.a (John
Dewey) wms flfia is;kafkuqo (How we think) hk fmd;
m%ldYhg m;a lrK ,È’
 iudc fiajd mdie,la wefvda,ma fïh¾ (Adolf Myer) úiska
mgka .kakd ,È’
1920- 1940 f;jk wjêh
fï ld,fha§ udf._damfoaYlFjh ms<sn| fmd;ao m%ldYhg m;aúh’
 1925 § yeÍ lsÜika (Harry Kitson) úiska (Psychology of
vocational adjustment) hk fmdl m%ldYhg m;a lrK ,È’
 1927 la,dla t,a’ yq,a (Clark L. Hull) úiska Aptitude Test
hk fmd; m%ldYhg m;a lrK ,È’
 1939 t,a’t,a’ ;¾iag¾ka (L.L.Thurston) úiska Test of
Primary Mental Abilities) hk fmd; m%ldYhg m;a lrK
,È’

fojk f,dal hqoaO ld,fha§ iy miq ld,fha WmfoaYkh fjkuu

úµdjla f,i wdrïN jqKS’ thg fya;=j jQfha 1942 § ld,a frdacia
úiska m%ldYhg m;a lrK ,o Counseling and Psychotherapy (13)
hk fmd; fya;=fjks’
1951 iema;eïn¾ ui yeglg wêl ufkdaúµd{hska msßila jd¾Isl
wefußldkq ufkdaúµd ix.ufha ieisjdrhg iyNd.sfjñka
WmfoaYkh iajdëk úµdjla f,i ms<s.eKsks’ 1952 cqks ui tys
jd¾;dj imhñka Couìeling ýychology) kñka fjkuu úIhla
f,i;a tys ody;a fjks fldgi f,i;a kï lrK ,È’ ufkdaúµdfõ
 198

úfYaI úIh fCIa;%hla f,i WmfoaYk ufkdaúµdj f.dvkÕk ,È’

fï wdldrhg j¾Okh jQ WmfoaYk ufkdaúµdj úúOdldr jQ
isoaOdka; tl;= fjñka wo ld,h jk úg ufkdaúµdfõ
w;HdjYHhu úIh fCIA;%hla f,i;a tfiau ckm%shu úIhla f,i;a
iudch w;r m%isoaêhg m;aj we;’
WmfoaYkh hkq l=ulao @
foudmshka" .=rejreka‛ hy¨jka‛ weu;sjre‛ ffjµjre‛ fyÈhka‛ iudc
fiajlhska‛ ld¾hd, ks,OdÍka‛ kS;S{jre iy wfkl=;a mqoa.,hska
úúO Wmfoia fokq ,efí’ Wmfoia §fïÈ ta ta whf.a úêl%uhka
fjkia wdldr .kakd w;r ta Wmfoai j,o úúO ,CIK ±lsh
yelsh’
iuyre wjjdo fok w;r iuyre f;dr;=re imhhs’ iuyre mßirh
f;areï .ekSug Wmfoia ,ndfo;s’ ta flfia jqjo iEu
WmfoaYlfhl=f.au uQ,slu wfmaCIdj úúOdlr jQ m%Yak j,g úi|d
.ekSug Wmldr lsÍuh’ Ôú;fha ´kEu wjia:djl m%Yak mek
keÕsh yel’ WmfoaYkfha§ m%Odku wruqK kï wod< mqoa.,hdg
iajdëkj Ôj;aùug;a iajdëkj ;u lghq;= lr .ekSug;a iajdëkj
;SrK .ekSug;a yels wfhl= lsÍuh’ tfiau fm!oa.,sl‛ iudÔh‛
Ñ;a;fõ.Sh‛ nqoaêuh j¾Okh we;slr .ekSug Woõ imhkq ,efí’
ufkdaúµd{ ld,a frdaciag wkqj WmfoaYkh hkq “WmfoaYkh
,nkakdg iaÓr ieleiaula u; we;sjqk iïnJO;djh u.Zska Tyq
.ek f;areï .ekSug;a tfiau Okd;aul ;SrK .ekSug;a Tyqg
Tyqf.a w,q;a ld¾hhka kshu f,i lrf.k hdug;a moku ilia
lr §uh’”
“ Effective coumseling consists of a definitely structured permissive
relationship which allows the client to gain an understanding of
himself to a degree which enables him to take positive in the light of
his new orientation”(14)
ufkdaúµd{ fmria (Perez) WmfoaYkh ks¾jpkh lrkafka fufiah’
“ WmfoaYkh hkq WmfoaYlhd iy Wmfoia ,nkakd w;r
we;sjkakdjq wfkHdakH l%shdoduhla jk w;r WmfoaYkh ,nkakdg
Wmfoia wjYH w;r WmfoaYlhd l%uj;aj mqyqKqj ,enQ wfhl=
úhhq;=h’”
“ Counseling is an interactive process conjoining the counselee who
needs assistance and the counselor who is trained and educated to give
this assistance”(15)
rE;a iag%kaf.a (Ruth Strang) ks¾jpkhg wkqj WmfoaYkh hkq
WmfoaYlhd iy Wmfoia ,nkakd w;r uqyqKg uqyqK,d
we;sjkakdjq iïnJOhla jk w;r tuÕska Tjqkf.a iïnJOh ;j;a
j¾Okh fõ’
 199

Ruth Strang “ Counseling is a face to face relationship in which

growth take place in the counselor as well as counselee”(16)
ufkdaúµd{ yßuEkag (Harriman) wkqj WmfoaYkh hkq ufkdafrda.
m%;sldruh iïnJOhla jk w;r tys§ Wmfoia ,nkakd fl,skau
WmfoaYlhdf.ka Wmfoia ,nk w;r RKd;aul yeÕSï ke;s ;r
.ekSug wjia:dj tuÕska ,nñka fm!¾IFjfha Okd;aul j¾Okhka
we;s lr.KS’
Harriman “ Counseling is a psychotherapeutic relationship in which
an individual client receives direct help from an advisor or find an
opportunity to release negative feelings and thus clear the way for
positive in personality”(17)
ufkdaúµd{ ld,a frdaciag (Carl Rogers) wkqj WmfoaYkh hkq
mqoa.,fhl=f.a úfYAIs; jQ m%Yakhla úi|d .ekSug muKla imhkq
,nk fiajhla fkdfõ’ WmfoaYk l%shdj,sfha§ Wmfoia ,nkakdg tu
m%Yakfha h:d iajrEmh f;areï .ekSug yelsùu;a wd;au úYAjdih
j¾Okh lsÍu;a fuys wruqK fõ’
Rogers “ Counseling dose not mean providing a services by means of
which specific problem of an individual may e solved. The process
should help the counselee in gaining clear insight into the problems
and in achieving the self confidence”(18)
WmfoaYkfha m%Odk wruqKq w;r uQ,sl jYfhka wfmaCId lrkafka
WmfoaYkh ,nkakd “Fully functioning person” iïmQ¾Kj l%shdlrK
flfkl= njg m;a lsÍuh’
WmfoaYkfha§ CIKslj we;s m%Yakhh ms<s;=re ,ndfok w;r
wkd.;fhys tjeks m%Yak meñKsúg tajdg yßhdldrj uqyqK §ug
is; ilia lr meyeÈ<s wjfndaOhla ,nd§u WmfoaYkfha ld¾hhs’
WmfoaYkfha m%Odku wruqKq kï:-
;ud ms<sn| wjfndaOh (Self Actualiztion)
;u ms<Sn| h:d¾:jd§ wjfndaOh (self realization)
iïmQ¾Kj l%shdlrK flfkl= njg m;alsÍu ( Fully functioning
Person)
ufkdaúµ{ yka iy uela,Skag (Hahn and Maclean) wkqj
WmfoaYkfha m%Odk wruqKq y;rla olajd we;’
 ;ud ms<sn| ±kqu jeä ÈhqKQ lr .ekSu
 CIKsl m%Yak úi|d .ekSug uki ilia lr .ekSu
 bÉPdNx.Fjh ksid we;s jk wd;;sh ke;s lr .ekSu
 iudcuh jYfhka wka;¾ iïnJO;djl l%shdj,shla jk
WmfoaYkfha§ m%Yak úi|d .eksug wjYH lrK yelshdjka
ÈhqKq lsÍuo fuys§ m%Odk fõ’
 200

ld,a frdacia (Carl Rogers) m%ldY lrkafka WmfoaYkh uÕska Wmfoia

,nkakdf.a ;sfnk udkisl wiykh ke;s lr iajNdúl ;;aFjhg
m;a lrK njh’ tfiau ks;ru Okd;aul is;=ú,s we;s lrf.k
t<fUk m%Yakj,g id¾:lj ms<s;=re ,nd§ug ;u fm!¾Ih ilia
lr .ekSug WmfoaYkh bjy,afõ’
WmfoaYlfhl= i;= .=Kdx. rdYshla ;sìh hq;= nj kQ;k
ufkdaúµd{fhda mji;s’
WmfoaYkfha úêl%u
Techniques of Couìeling
ufkdaúµ{ ú,shïika (Williamson) my; i|yka l%u WmfoaYkfha§
fhdod .;hq;= nj olajd we;’
 iïnJOh f.dvkÕd .ekSu (Establishing Rapport)
m<uq j;djg WmfoAYlhd fj; Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug meñfKk
;ek;a;dj idorfhka ms<s.; hq;=h’ tfiau Tyqg myiqlï ie,ish
hq;= w;r Tyq ;=< úYajdihla f.dv ke.Zsh hq;=h’ WmfoaYlhd i;=
yelshdjka uÕska Wmfoia ,nkakd ;=< úYajdih f.dv ke.+ miq
bÈß l%shdj,shg th myiqjla jkafkah’
 ;ud f;areï .ekSu iy th m%.=K lsÍu (Cultivating self
understanding)
Wmfoia ,nkakd ;udf.a yelshdj iy j.lSï fudkjd±hs f;areï
.;hq;=h’
 Wmfoia§u yd bÈß l%shdj,shg jev ms<sfj,la ilialsÍu
(Advising and planning a pregrmme of action)
WmfoaYlhd Wmfoia ,nkakdf.a wdl,am‛ wfmaCId f;areï .; hq;=h’
WmfoaYlhd ;udf.a ;SrK .ek úYajdihlska lghq;= lrK nj
ta;a;= .ekaúh hq;=h’
 meyeÈ,s lsÍfï l%uh (Explanatory Methods)
fï l%uh WmfoaYkfha b;d jeo.;a jk w;r fuys WmfoaYlhd
Wmfoia ,nkakdf.a yelshdjka y÷kdf.k b;d l,amkd ldrSj
Tyqg Wmfoia ,nd Èh hq;=h’
 wfkl=;a wod< mqoa.,hska y÷kajd§u (Referred to other
personnel workers)
WmfoaYlfhl=g muKla ish¨u m%Yak úi¢h fkdyelsh’ Tyq
;udf.a iSudjka f;areï .;hq;=h’ tfiau WmfoaYlhd wfkl=;a
f;dr;=re ,nd.; yels ;eka ms<sn|j Wmfoia ,nk ;ek;a;dj
±kqj;a l< hq;=h’
by; i|yka WmfoaYk úêl%u j,g wu;rj ;j;a l%u lSmhla
±laúh yelsh’
 ksyvnj (Silence)
 201

Wmfoia ,nd .kakd ;ek;a;d ;udf.a m%Yakh úia;r lrK úg

WmfoaYlhd ksyvj weyqïlka Èhhq;=h’ fuuÕska frda.shd is;Kafka
WmfoaYlhdf.a wjOdkh ;udf.a m%Yakh fj; we;s njh’
 ms<s.ekSu (Acceptence)
WmfoaYlhd frda.shdf.a iEu m%Yakhlau f;areï .;a nj yeÕúh
hq;=h’ Tyqf.a m%Yakh lshdf.k hdug wjysr fkdjk f,i Tyqg
wjOdkfhka ijka foñka boysg „Tõ‟ iy „fyd|hs‟ hk jpk j,ska
Tyqj Wkkaÿ l< hq;=h’
 meyeÈ<slsÍï (Clarification)
iuyr wjia:dj,È WmfoaYlhd frda.shdf.a m%Yak ksjerÈ f,i w¾:
l:kh lr.; hq;=h’
 m%Yak weiSu (Asking Questions)
WmfoaYlhd frda.shdf.a m%Yakh kshu f,i fy<s lr .ekSug yria
m%Yako weish hql=h’ kuq;a th Tyqf.a l:djg ndOd fkdúh hq;=h’
 iskyj (Humor)
frda.shdf.a wd;;sh ke;s lsÍug iy idlÉPdj is;a .ekSug
iskyjo Ndú;d l< hq;=h’
 ixCIsma; j¾.SlrKh (Summary Classifcation)
fndfyda úg frda.Ska lshk iEu fohlau ;udf.a m%Yakhg wod<
fkdjk w;r jeo.;au foh meyeÈ<s lr .ekSug wjYH iyfhda.h
WmfoaYlhd Èhhq;=h’ tys§ WmfoaYlhdf.a woyia thg we;=,a
fkdl< hq;=h’
 úYaf,aIKh (Analysis)
WmfoaYlhd m%Yakh úi|Sug fï wjia:dfõoS wä;d,ula ±ñh hq;=h’
m%Yakfhys we;s foa úYaf,AIKh lr .ekSug Wmfoia ,nkakdg
Wmldr l< hq;=h’
 w¾: l:kh (Interpretation)
fuys§ WmfoaYlhdg frda.shdf.a m%Yakh ms<sn| w¾: l:kh lsÍug
whs;shla we;’ kuq;a WmfoaYlhdf.a woyia thg we;=,a fkdúh
hq;=h’
 m%;sj¾;kh (Regression)
fuys§ frda.shd is;k l:d lrK foa .ek wjOdkfhka isáh hq;=h’
WmfoaYlhd b;d mßCIdldÍ f,i wkjYH woyia bj;a l< hq;=h’
tys§ frda.shd RKd;aul ye.Sï j,g jeàug bv fkd;eìh hq;=h’
 úYajdih yd wdrCIdj (Assurance)
fuys§ WmfoaYlhd frda.shdf.a m%Yakhg Tyq úiska .kakd ,o ;SrK
wkqu; lr tys wvqmdvqjla we;skï tho fmkajd Èhhq;=h’ tfiau
tjeks ;SrK .ekSug frda.shd wjYH iyfhda.sh ,ndÈh hq;=h’

fjda,g¾ î’ fcdakaia (Walter B. Jones) mjikafka my; i|yka

fm!¾I ,CIK WmfoaYlfhl= ;=< ;sìh hq;= njh’
 202

 Tyq fj; meñfKk iEu flfkl=u fj; fiajh ie,iSug

Tyqf.a leue;a; ;sìh hq;=h’
 tfiau iEu wdldrhlu iyfhda.slFjhla ;sîu
 WmfoaYlhd wd;au úYajdifhka Wv.= fkdúh hq;=h’
 tfiau WmfoaYlhd i;=j m%ikak iy m%shukdm l:dlsÍfï
úê wdosh ;sìh hq;=h’
 udkj p¾hdj iy Ñ;a; fõ. ms<sn| wjfndaOhlska isáh
hq;=h’
B’ð’ú,shïika (E.G. Willimsan) Tyqf.a Theories of
Counseling hk fmdf;ys WmfoaYlhd i;= yelshdjka Tyq
fufia olajd we;’
 WmfoaYkh ,nk flkdf.a yeisÍï fjkia lsÍug Woõ
l<hq;=h’
 yeisÍï w¨;ska ilia lr .ekSug Woõ l< hq;=h’
 tl;= lr .kakd ,o f;dr;=re mÍCIKh lr .ekSug
Woõ l<hq;=h’
 fhdackd bÈßm;a lr .ekSug wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=h’
 WmfoaYkh ,nkakdg wod< wxY ms<sn| f;dr;=re
,nd§ug yelshdjla ;sìhhq;=h’
 WmfoaYkh ,nkakd ;=< we;s f;dr;=re ms<sn|j
w¾:l:kh lsÍug yelshdj ;sìh hq;=h’
 udkdj yeisÍu ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=h’
fjda,g¾’ nS’ fcdakaia (Walter B.Jones) WmfoaYlfhl= ;=< ;sìhhq;=
,CIK ;=kla .ek i|yka lrhs’
 fm!¾I ,CIK
 mqyqKqj iy ±kqu
 w;a±lSï iy kdhlFj ,CIK

frdacia iy fjd,ka (Rogers & Wallen) i|yka lrkafka

WmfoaYlfhl= ;=< my; i|yka ,CIK ;sìh hq;= njh’
 WmfoaYkh ,ndfoñka frda.shdg kshu f,i m%Yak úi|d
.ekSug Woõ l<hq;=h’
 WmfoaYkh ,nkakd .ek bjiSfuka lghq;= l< hq;=h’
 WmfoaYkh ,nkakdf.a iajdëkFjh fm!oa.,slFjh w.h
l<hq;=h’
 mqoa.,fhl= f,i .re lsÍu’
 f;areï .ekSu
 yeufoau ms<s.ekSu
 203

 ;udf.a iïm%odhsl foa fjkia lr .ekSu’

ufkdaúµ{ fldlaia (Cox) my; i|yka ,CIK WmfoAYlfhl= ;=<
;sìh hq;= nj i|yka lrhs’
 wjxlnj
 fm!¾IFjh
 cSjk o¾Ykhla ;sîu
 idudkH ck Ôú;h ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ;sîu
 ksfrda.snj
 yeÕSï j,ska Yla;su;aùu
 ´kEu flfkl=g ,Õdúh yels nj
 wka wh iuÕ uqyqúh yels nj
 ñksiqkaf.a m%Yak úi§ug we;s leue;a;’
 ;udf.ka wka whj fjkalr y÷kd.EkSu
 ´kEu ;eklg iudcdkqfhdackhùfï yelshdj
 nqoaêu;a Ndjh
 ;udf.a iSsudj ±kf.k isàu
 ud¾.f.damfoaYlFjh §fï we;s leue;a;
 mßirh f;areï .ekSu
 iudc wd¾Ól ;;aFjh f;areï .eksu

fï wdldrhg WmfoaYkh hkq l=ula±hs y÷kdf.k WmfoaYlfhl=

;=< ;sìh hq;= uQ,sl ,CIKo ±kf.k fn!oaO ufkdaÑls;aidj iy
fn!oaO WmfoaYkh hkq l=ula±hs úuid n,uq’
fn!oaO ufkdaÑls;aidj iy fn!oAO WmfoaYkh

nqÿka jykafia kï WmfoaYlhdfKda-

ufkdaúoH b;sydih foi n,k úg WmfoaYlfhl= ;=< ;sìh hq;=
ish¨u .=Kdx. nqÿka jykafia ;=<o ;sfnk nj wjOdrKfhka hq;=j
±laúh yel’
“Counselor” WmfoaYl “Psychologist” ufkdaúµd{ “Psychiatrist”
ufkdaÑls;ail “Guide” ud¾f.damfoaYl hk ish,qu whf.a ld¾h
jkafka udkisl iunr;djfhka f;drjQjkag msysg ù iudcfha
idudkH ksfrda.su;a mqoa.,fhl= f,i cSj;aùug wjia:dj
i,id§uh’ tfia .;al, nqÿka jykafia wjqreÿ y;,sia myla mqrd
l< ld¾h jQfha ÿlg m;ajQjkag thska ñoSug wjYH ud¾.h
lshd§uh’ nqÿka jykafiaf.a mru wfmaCIdj jQfha ;djld,sl
úiÿulg jvd iodld,sl jYfhka ÿla ke;s ks¾jdKh lrd f,dal
iFjhska fhduqlrùuh’ tfia WmfoaYlfhl= f,i ufkdaúµd{fhl=
f,i;a‛ ufkdaÑls;ailfhl= f,i;a‛ ud¾f.damfoaYlfhl= f,i;a
 204

lghq;= l< whqre fn!oaO b;sydih wOHhkh lsÍu ;=,ska ukdj

meyeÈ,sfõ’
nqÿka jykafia úiska fidhd.kakd ,o ufkdaÑls;ail úêl%uhka
ld,dka;rhla ;siafia ;uka jykafia lrK ,o w;ayod ne,Sï j,
m%;sM,hla nj wßh m¾fhaIK iQ;%fha§(19) foaYkd lr we;’ tfiau
flaïì%– úYaj úµd,fha ufkdaúµdj ms<sn| uydpd¾h frdnÜ tÉ’
f;!,ia nqÿoyu .ek fufia mjihs’ “uq,a nqÿiuh ufkdafrda.
Ñls;ail l%uhla f,i wjfndaO lr .; hq;=hehs uu is;ñ’ ls;=
oyu ms<s.ekSuo Ñ;a;fõ.Sh mSvkhkaf.ka ñ§ug iuyrúg WmldÍ
úh yels jqj;a th wkqYdx.sl fyj;a wu;r ^incidental& fohla
muKs’ tfy;a ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj nqÿoyfï uQ,sl fohls’”(20)
nqÿka jykafia Y,Hffjµjrfhl= nj fia, kï n%dyauKfhl=g
m%ldY lr we;’ iq;a; ksmd;fha§ fia, iQ;%fhaoS th fufia olajd
we;’
fidayx n%dyauK iïnqoafOd i,a,lal;af;da;s (21) fuys§ Y,H
ffjµjrfhl= nj Wkajykafia foaYkd lf<a fï f,dalfha we;s
laf,aI‛ rd. iy ÿla wdÈ ish¨ foa uq,skqmqgd ±óu i|yd ;uka
jykafia O¾uh foaYkd lrK neúks’ ;uka jykafia foaYkd lrK
O¾uh yd iudk lsisu T!IOhla ke;s nj;a tu T!IO mdkh
lrK f,io olajd we;’ OïfudiO iux kFÒ t;x msn:
NsCLfj(22) fï nj nqÿka jykafiaf.a ld,fha Wkajykafia yuqjg
meñKs úúOdldr frda.Ska .ek úia;r j,§ ±l.; yelsh’

tfiau fn!oaO ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidfõ § ish¨u udkisl frda.j,g

fya;= ldrl jk flf,ia ÿrelr .ekSug l%u folla foaYkd lr
we;’ tkï wd¾h jukh iy wd¾h úf¾pkhhs’ wx.=;a;r ksldfha
oiu ksmd;fha i[a[d j¾.fha th fufia i|ykaj we;’ ― uyfKks‛
ffjµjre jd‛ ms;a‛ fiï iy ;s%foaI j,ska yg.;a úúO frda.j,ska
ksfrda.s nj ,eîug jukh lrjkq ,efí’ uuo tfiau wd¾h jukh
lrkafkañ’ tkï ish¨ ÿla j,ska ñ§ug uÕmdod jukh
lrùfuks’(23)
tfiau wd¾h úf¾pkho Wkajykafia úiska foaYs;h’ ― uyfKks‛
ffjµjre jd‛ ms;a‛ fiï ksid yg.;a frda. ksfrda.s njg m;alsÍug
uu wd¾h úf¾pkh fhdod.;af;ñ’ thska ish,q ÿla j,ska ñ§ug
uÕmdod wd¾h úf¾pkh lrjkafkñ’(24)
ta úf¾pkfhka iqjhlau ,nkafkah’ tfiau ñ,sJo m[a[fha
kd.fiak ysñhka nqÿka jykafia ffjµjrfhl= jYfhka lr we;s
m%ldYho fuys§ b;d jeo.;ah’(25) uyrc‛ nqÿka jykafia úsiska
fidhd.kakd ,o T!IOfhda rdYshla fj;s’ nqÿka jykafia tu T!IO
j,ska foõ ñksiqkag ms<shï lr;s’ tajdkï i;r i;smÜGdk‛ i;r
iuHla m%odkh‛ i;r iDoaêmdo‛ m[ap bJøsh‛ mxp n,‛ ima; fnd–
 205

COx.‛ wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud¾.h‛ hk i;a;sia fndaêmdCIsl

O¾ufhdah’ fuu T!IO uÕska Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia ñ:Hd ×IAá‛ ñ:Hd
ixl,amhka wdÈh úf¾pkh lr yß;s’ ish¨ flf<ia jukh
lrj;s’
nqÿoyu iudc úµdj yd ck Ôú;h(26) kñka m¾fhaIK .%J:hla
lrK kkaofiak r;akmd, fn!oaO WmfoaYkh .ek fufia i|yka
lr we;’ .eàï ksjdrKh lsÍu fukau WmfoaYkho fn!oaO l%uhls’
WmfoaYkh ,nd§fï w¾:j;a l%u .ek flajÜG iQ;%fhka u;=fldg
we;’ wkqYdikd m%d;syd¾h hkqfjka y÷kajd th r|dmj;skafka
fufia l,amkd lrñ’ fufia fufkys fkdlrñ’ fufia wK lrñ’
fuhg meñKs jdih lrõ hk woyia u;h’ WmfoaYkh ,nk
;ek;a;d .ek fyd| wjfndaOhla WmfoaYkh fok ;ek;a;dg ;sìh
hq;=h’ WmfoaYkh ,nk ;ek;a;d miqjk iudc yd wjfYAI
;;aFjhka .eko WmfoaYlhd ±k.; hq;=h’ Tyq iS,‛ iudê‛ m[a[d
.=Kfhka hqla; úhhq;=h’ ;ud lsis jdishla n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdù
wkqlïmd iy.;j wmCImd;j Wmfoia Èh yels jkafka túgh’
WmfoaYlhdf.a pß;fha fujka ,CIK .ek fn!oaO iudc úµdj
olajk Wkkaÿj kQ;k WmfoaYlhka flfrys olakg ke;’
WmfoaYlhd Wmfoia§ug t<öh hq;af;a flfiao lshd B<Õg oelafõ’
fufia ÿka Wmfoia,;a ;ek;a;d th l%shdjg keÕsh hq;=h’ tfia
l%shdjg keÕSug mq¿jka WmfoaYkhla§u WmfoaYlhdf.a ld¾h
úhhq;=h’ WmfoaYkh ms<sn| fn!oaO iudc úµdj olajk wdl,am yd
l%u .ek Wkkaÿùu fï w;ska b;d jeo.;a jkafka kQ;k hq.fha
WmfoaYkh yqfola ngysßka fuys f.kwd Wml%uhla muKhehs
we;eï wh is;k ksidh’
fï úIh iïnJOfhka §¾> m¾fhaIKhla lr we;s jdßhfmd,
iquKfcda;s ysñhka nqÿoyu .ek fufia mjid we;’
uQ,sl jYfhka .;al, nqÿiuh hkq fjoluls’ mrud¾:h jQ
úiÿula jYfhka i,lk T!IOhla ks¾foaY lrK yeáhg y÷kajd
we;s tlu wd.u th jkafkah’ úYajuh fn!oaO iïm%odh ;=< nqÿka
jykafia y÷kajd we;af;a ldhsl yd udkisl frda. ms<sn| fYa%aIaG;u
ffjµjrhd f,ih’ ulaksido h;a ish¨ frda.j, Wm; jk iir
ÿlg Wkajykafia T!IO kshu lrK ksidh’(27)
fn!oaO WmfoaYkfhaoS m%Odku wruqK kï ;ud ljfrlaoehs iaÓr
f,i y÷kd .ekSuhs’ ta ;=<ska wmj mSvkhg m;a lrK m%Yakj,g
id¾:lj uqyqKÈug yelsh’ fï f,dalfha we;s ÿIalru ld¾hhka
w;=frka tlla jkafka ;ud ljfrla±hs meyeÈ,s f,i y÷kd.ekSuhs’
“h:dN+;x mcdkd;s” hkqfjka th wx.=;a;r ksldfha ;sl
ksmd;fhaÈ(28) olajd we;’ tu lreKq mokï lrf.k werfUk
fn!oaO WmfoaYkfha§ úúO ixlS¾K udkisl m%Yakj,g úYdohg
wd;;shg udkisl jHdl+, Ndjhg m;ajqjkag msysg jQ whqre fn!oaO
b;dydifhys ms<sìUq fõ’ NsCIQ‛ NsCIQKS‛ Wmdil‛ Wmdisld hk
 206

iyi% ixLHd; jQ YsIH iuQyhdg Ôú;h f,dalh iudch ms<sn|

úYsIag;u {dK iïNdrhla odhdo fldg foñka ksis ksjerÈ Wiia
pd¾hdj fj; iajlSh YsIH m%cdj fhduqfldg jod< wiuiu
woaú;Sh wdpd¾h jrfhls nqÿka jykafia (29) tfiau nqÿka jykafia
wiydh ufkdaúµd WmfoaYljrfhls’ WmfoaYkfha ks¾jpkhkag wkqj
Wkajykafia wod< mqoa.,hdg uÕlshd§ thska ;u wruqKg <Õdùug
Wmldr lrKq ,efí’(30) nqÿka jykafiaf.a foaYkd weiSug fndfyda
Y%djlfhda ms%h l<y’ Wkajykafia foaYkd lrK ,o O¾uh uq, ueo
iy w. w¾: iys;h’ iïmQ¾Kfhka msßmqkah’(31) tfiau
Wkajykafia b;d l%uj;a úêl%u O¾u foaYkd lsÍfï§ fhdod.;ay’
hfula fkduÕg hdfkd§ ms<sfj<g O¾uh wjfndaO lrùug lghq;=
l< whqre u–Cêu ksldfha pxlS iQ;%fha§ ukdj meyeÈ,s lr we;’
Wka jykafia WmfoaYlfhl= ;+< ;sìhhq;= .=Kdx.j,ska Wmßufhka
mrmQ¾Kù isáhy’ Wkajykafiaf.a pß; ,CIK lSmhla újrKh
lsÍfuka th ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ’ Wkaykafia taysid.;jd§h’ tkï
ljqre fyda ÿßka tkúg l:dlrhs’ tfiau mqínNdiSh’ m<uqj
Wkajykafiau l:dlrhs’ wïndmqá; hkq ms%sukdm uqyqKÈ l;dlrhs’
W;a;dkuqLh’ tkï l:dlsÍug meyeoisà’ ils,d hkq hy¿fjl=
fuka weyqïlka fok w;r uqK .efik yeu flfkl=u iïfudao
i;=gqú hk nj ;%smsglfhys olajd we;’ Wkajykafia ks;r f,dal
iFjhdg hym;la jk i;=g Wmojk isysfha ;nd.;hq;= l:d
muKla lrKq we;’ ^iïfudaokShx l:x idrdKSh ù;sidfrFjd&
Iqux., ú,disks‛ n%yaucd, iQ;% j¾Kkdfõ Wkajykafiaf.a foaykd
i;r wdldrhlg olajd we;’
 wF:–COdih - ;uka jykafiaf.a woyig wkqju O¾uh
foaYkd lsÍu
 mr–COdih - Y%djlhdf.a woyi ±k Tyqg wod< jk
wdldrhg O¾uh foaYkd lsÍu
 mÉPdjisl - wik ,nk m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re §u jYfhka
lreKq ,nkakdjQ foaYkd
 wÜGm;a;sl - Y%djl msßi w;r mek kefÕK hïhï foa
ms<sn|j;a tajdg ms<s;=re f,i;a jYfhka lreKq ,nk foaYkd
hkdÈhhs’
tfiau wx.=;a;r ksldfha m[a[y iQ;%fhaÈ(32) m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re
f,i O¾uh foaYkd l< whqre i;r wdldrfhka olajd we;’
 taldxY jHdlrKSh - tla m%Yakhlg tla wdldrhlska
muKla úi÷ï§u
 úN–c jHdlrKSh - fnod olajñka ú.%y lsÍu
 mámqÉPd jHdlrKSh - wikakdf.ka m%Yak wiñka tajdg
ms<s;=re f,i olajñka úi£u
 207

 GmkSh - hï m%Yakhl ms<s;=r i;HdjfndaOhg wod< fkdfõ

kï thg ms<s;=re fkd§ ksyvùu
tfiau tu foaYkdjka id¾:lFjhg fya;=jQ lreKq y;la u–Cêu
ksldfha iÉpúNx. iQ;%fha§(33) fï wdldrhg olajd we;’
 wdÑlaLkd - foaYkd l< hq;= foh ku jYfhka
muKla bosßm;a lsÍu’
 foaikd - meyeÈ<s f,i úia;rhla ,nd§u
 m[a[mkd - WmfoaYkh ,eìh hq;a;df.a nqoaê
uÜgu wkqj Wmfoia ,nd§u
 mÜGmkd - b;d meyeÈ<s f,i wod< ldrKh
meyeÈ,s lsÍu
 újrKd - jid ;sfnk fohla wßkakdla fuka
meyeÈ,s f,i fya;= ldrKd ±laùfuka úia;r lsÍu
 úNckd - fldgia wkqfldgia wkqj úia;r ,nd§u
 W;a;dkslïux - .eUqre f,i fkdj meyeÈ,s f,i
b;d l%uj;aj bÈßm;a lsÍu
nqÿka jykafiaf.a foaYkd l%uh id¾:l ùug tla fya;=jla jQfha
Wkajykafia i;=j ;snQ wiydh fm!¾Ihhs’ tfiau foaYkd meje;aùfï
;snQ p;=rFjho thg fya;=ú we;’ th ;%smsglfhys olajd we;af;a
wÜGx.sl iajrh hkqfjks’
 úiaiÜG - lkamqrd me;sr hk iajNdjh’
 uxcq - ñysßnj
 ú[af[hH - b;d myiqfjka f;areï .ekSug yelsùu
 ijKshx - wikakdg iemodhlùu
 wõidß - wjq,a ke;sj b;d myiqfjka f;areï.; yels nj
 ìJÿ - tlg tlaù iuia:hla f,i mej;Su
 .ïîr - .eUqrenjla ;sîu
 kskakdo - kskakdo foknj
wx.;a;r ksldfha Oïuijk iQ;%hg(34) wkqj nqÿka jykafiaf.a
foaYkhlg weyqïlka ÿka úg thska wkqiia jYfhka ldrKd myla
,efnk nj olajd we;’
 wiaiq;x iqKd;s - fkdweiQúrE fohla wikafkah’
 iq;x mßfhdofm;s - weiQfoh kshu f,i msßisÿ lrKq ,efí’
 lxLx ú;r;s - iel ixld wdÈh ÿre lrKq ,efí’
 ÈÜÀx Wcqx lfrd;s - ;u o¾Ykh iDcq lrKq ,efí’
 Ñ;a;uiai miSo;s - is; kshu f,i myÈkafkah’
tfiau nqÿka jykafia wikakdg wm%shjQ whym;a jQ jpk l:d
fkdlrK w;r wikakdg m%shjqjo whym;la isÿfjk jpko m%ldY
 208

fkdlrK w;r wikakdg wm%sh jqjo hym;la isÿjkafka kï th

wksjd¾fhkau m%ldY lrK nj u–Cêu ksldfha wNhrdcl=udr
iQ;%fha§ foaYkd lr we;.(35) nqÿka jykafia ;ud fj; meñfKk
úúOdldr jQ mqoa.,hskag O¾uh wjfndaO lrùug udkisl
mSvdj,ska uqojd .ekSug i;H ud¾.h fmkaùug oqlska uqojd
.ekSug úêl%u rdYshla Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;snj ;%smsglh
wOHhkh lrKúg fidhd.; yelsh’ nqÿrÿkaf.a b.ekaùfï l%u
Ys,am kñka m¾fhaIK .%F:hla lrK yEfmd,.u isßiquk ysñhka
tjeks l%u rdYshla olajd we;’(36)
 foaYk l%uh
 idlÉPd l%uh
 YsIH idlÉPd l%uh
 mshjr l%uh
 okakd fohska fkdokakd foa b.ekaùu
 m%fhda.sl l%uh
 .eg¿ l%uh
 wdfoaY l%uh
 Y%jH ØIHdOdr l%uh
 Wmud rEml l%uh
 úu¾Ykd;aul l%uh
 jD;a;dka; iy .S;sld l%uh
 isiqka .=rekafldg be.ekaùfï l%uh
 f;arú,s l%uh
Èkm;d w¨hu wjêjk nqÿka jykafia uyd lreKd iudm;a;sfhka
f,dj foi n,kafka wo Èk ldg kï msysg jkafkao lshdh’ tfiau
Wkajykafia wiydh ufkdaúµd{fhl= iy ufkdaÑls;ailfhl= i;=j
;sìh hq;= m%Odku lreKQ w;r Wkajykafia i;=jQ wiydh
fm!¾Ihhs’ fidaKoKav iQ;%fha§ fufia olajd we;’ Y%uK Nj;a
f.!;u f;fï wfkla ish¨u ñksiqkag jvd rEm;ah’ ±lSfuka
;Dma;shg fkdmeñfKk iq¿h’ jK_ fi!kao¾fhka hqla;h’ rkajka
meyefhka hqla;h’ uyd n%yauhdf.a isrer fuka È<sfikafkah’(37)
nqÿka jykafia i;=jQ uyd mqreI ,CIKo WmfoaYkfha§
Wkajykafiaf.a l¾;jHh myiq lf<ah’
udkisl frda. ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amh l=ula±hs wm fuys§ úuid
n,uq’ nqÿka jykafiaf.a foaYkhg wkqj fï f,dalfha ldhsl
udkisl jYfhka frda. folla we;’ wx.=;a;r ksldfha p;=lal
ksmd;fha frda. iQ;%fha§ (38) ta .ek fufia i|yka lr we;’
―uyfKks‛ frda.fhda fofofkls‛ ldhsl frda. iy
udkisl frda. lshdh’ fuhska ldhsl frda. j,ska fkdfm<S
 209

wjqreoaola‛ folla ;=kla y;,syla mkyla we;eïúg ishhla

ksfrda.sj jik wh isá;s’ tfy;a udkisl frda. j,ska tl
fudfyd;la fyda fkdfm<S mSvd fkdúÈ isák wh ry;kajykafia,d
yer fjk fidhd .ekSu ÿIalrh’‖
tfiau fia, iQ;%fha§(39) Wkajykafia foaYkd lf<a iífí mq:q–ckd
Wïu;a;ld tkï ish¨u mD:.ack mqoa.,hska udkisl f,vqka
f,ih’ úNx. wÜGl:dfjyso olajd we;af;a Wïu;a;lúfhys iífí
mq:–q ckd Èiaika;s hkqfjks’ thska lshfjkafka iEu mD:.ackfhl=u
Wïu;a;lfhl= f,isks’
ngysr ufkdaúoHfõ§ fuh wjm%udK ufkdaúµd >Khg jefgk
w;r is.aukaâ fm%dhsâf.a woyiao fuhg iudkFjhla orhs’ fm%dhsâ
mjikafka fï f,dalfha fjfik iEu flfkl=u hï wdldrhl
kshqfrdaishdfjka fmf<k njls’(40)
;%smsglh .eUqßka wOHhkh lrK úg tys we;s ufkdaÑls;ail l%uo
ufkdafrda. ldrlo iy tajdg lskï wdldrhl m%;sldr
wjYHjkafkao hkak m¾fhaIKd;aulj olajd we;’ úfYAIfhka fï
i|yd wOHhkfha§ b;d jeo.;a iQ;% foaYkd /ila we;s w;r thska
my; i|yka iQ;% foaYkdjka fïyd iïnJO b;d jeo.;ah’ frda.
iQ;%h‛ i,af,aL iQ;%h‛ uyd ksodk iQ;%h‛ wkqudk iQ;%h‛ ú;lal
ikaGdk iQ;%h‛ kSjrK iQ;%h‛ uOqmsKAäl iQ;%h‛ jF:Qmu iQ;%h‛
iíndij iQ;%h‛ mshcd;sl iQ;%h‛ fmd;,sh iQ;%h‛ fia, iQ;%h‛
rÜGmd, iq;%h‛ i;smÜGdk iQ;%h‛ wdkdmdk i;s iQ;%h‛ ,dNi;aldr
iQ;%h‛ Ndroajdc iQ;%h‛ uydÿlaLlaLFO iQ;%h‛ wÑkaf;hH iQ;%h‛ wßh
mrsfhaik iq;%h‛ wÉPßh Oïu iQ;%h‛ wdÈh w;sYhskau jeo.;ah’
cd;l l:d w;r f;añh cd;lh‛ oÍuqL cd;lh‛ Wïu.a.‛ l=i"
ixlmam‛ uKsl=Kav,‛ flaij‛ oika;l‛ Wïuoka;S‛ pq,a, OO_md,‛
i,s;a;l‛ ndysh‛ b;dmsfida‛ WohNø‛ wdpdÍ hk cd;l l:do
Oïumoho ñ<skao m%Yakh hk fmd; fïyd lreKq fiùfï§
jeo.;ah’

ufkda m%;sldr wjYH lrK mqoa.,hka j¾. lSmhlg fnod ±laúh

yelsh’

ihsfldaisia ^Psychosis)
frday,a .; flrekq f,vqka fï .Khg .efKk w;r úfYAIfhkau
Nskafkdkaudoh‛ úYdoh‛wd§ nrm;, udkisl f,v j,g ,lajqk
whg o WmfoaYkh iy ufkdaÑls;aidjka wjYHh’
kshqfrdaisia (Neurosis)
tÈfkod Ôú;fha mj;ajd f.k hdug fkdyels iy wiu;a whg o
tfiau frday,a .; fkdflreKq f,vqkag o WmfoaYkh iy
ufkdaÑla;idj wjYHh’
udkislj ie¨kq mqoa.,hska (The Psychologically shaken)
 210

tÈfkod Ôú;fha we;sjk wd;;sh iy wfkl=;a udkisl m%Yak o

tfiau mjqf,a wfhl=f.a yÈis urK‛ Èlalido jeks udkisl
jHdl+,;d i|yd WmfoaYkh iy ufkdaÑls;aidjka wjYHh’
iudc úfrdaê lKavdhï- (The unruly)
iudcfha krl yeisÍï j,g mqreÿ ù isák ;rEK lKavdhï tkï
u;aøjHkg iy iQÿfl<Sï j,g yqre mqreÿù isák lKavdhïo
tfiau iudc úfrdaê jevlrK lKavdhuo iudcfha wka wh úiska
WmfoaYlhka iy ufkdaÑls;ailhska fj; m%;sldr i|yd f.ktkq
,efí’
l<lsreKq fyj;a Ôú;h .ek ikaf;daIhla ke;s wh-(The
Discontented)
;ud ljqo hkak ms<sn|j o wjfndaOhla ke;sj tosfkod Ôú;fha
m%Yak j,g ms<shï fidhk whgo WmfoaYlhka úiska Woõ l<
yelsh’
i,af,aL iQ;%fhaoS(41) úúOdldr jQ udkisl frda. 44 la olajd we;’
tajd kï jYfhka fufia ±laúsh yel’
1’ wkqkag ysxid lsÍu
2’ i;=ka ueÍu
3’ wkai;= foa .ekSu
4’ ldufhys jrojd yeisÍu
5’ fndrelSu
6’ fla,dï lSu
7’ mreI jpk lSu
8’ ksIam%fhdack jpk lSu
9’ wkqkaf.a foa.ek we;s wdYdj
10’ ¥Is; krl is;a we;snj
11’ jerÈ iys; o¾Ykh
12’ jerÈ wl=i, ixl,am
13’ jerÈ jpk l:dlsÍu
14’ jerÈ l¾udka; lsÍu
15’ jerÈ Ôúldj
16’ jerÈ jHdhduh
17’ jerÈ isysh
18’ jerÈ iudêh
19’ krl l%shdfldg fyd| l%shd lf<ahehs is;Su
20’ jerÈ úuqla;sh
21’ Òk ñoaOfhka hqla;ùu
22’ WvÕ=nj
23’ iel we;snj
24’ lsfmkiq¿ nj
25’ noaO ffjrh
26’ .=Kul=nj
 211

27’ hq..%dy we;snj

28’ B¾Idjka;lu
29’ uiqrenj
30’ fflrdál nj
31’ udhdwe;snj
32’ ;onj
33’ udkdêlnj
34’ wlSlrenj
35’ mdm ñ;%hka we;snj
36’ m%udonj
37’ ie±yeke;snj
38’ ,eþcdke;snj
39’ mjg ìh fkdue;sùu
40’ weiQ msrE ;eka ke;snj
41’ l=iS;nj
42’ isysuq,d nj
43’ fudavnj
44’ ;u woyi ±ä fldg.;anj

is; hkq b;du ixlSrK fohls’ tys ¥IKh wmsßisÿ njg m;aùu
uÕska úúOdldr jQ udkisl fukau ldhsl frda.o yg.KS’
„mNiair ñox NsCLfõ Ñ;a;x‟ hkqfjka lshQ wdldrhg is; hkq b;d
mNdiajr jQjls’ bJøshkag wruqKqùfuka fuu is; wmsßisÿ njg
wjq,a iy.; njg m;afõ’ uOqmsKaä; iQ;%fha§ (42) fuu bJøsh iy
wruqKq w;r ixfhda.ùu ±laúh yel’ pCLq ú[a[dKdÈh fya;=fjka
iam¾ih;a‛ iam¾Yh ksid fõokdj;a fõokdj ksid ixcdkkh
ú;¾l m%Ndj wd§ fya;+ ksid ;Kaydj yg.kakd w;r th iEu
udkisl fya;=jlgu n,mdkq we;’
uydksodk iQ;%fha§(43) olajkafka fufia we;sjk iam¾Yd§ wdYdjka
ksid iem ÿla fõokd uÕska iudc .eg¿ mek k.sk njh’
ÿla fjokd j,§ l,lsÍug;a tfiau iqL fõokdj,a j, we,Sug;a
mqoa.,hd fhduqùu iajNdúlh’ iEu wfhl=u iem ú§ug ukdm
w;r ÿla ú§ug wlue;sh’ fï nj b;d meyeÈ,s f,i uyd ksodk
iQ;%fha§ olajd we;’
tfiau m%Odk jYfhka is; laf,aIhkaf.ka wmsßisÿ njg m;a lrjk
frda.j,g fya;=fjk ldrKd rdYshla nqÿoyfuys olajd we;’
ufkdafrda. j,g fya;=jk m%Odk lreKq lSmhla fuu wOHhkfhys
§ meyeÈ,s lr.ekSu b;d jeo.;ah’ tajd w;r mxpkSjrK Ou_‛
i;r wdi%j O¾u‛ oi ixfhdack O¾u‛ Ñ;af;damlaf,aY O¾u
oyihlao m%Odk fõ’
mxpkSjrK O¾u -
 212

h:d¾:h h:d¾:hla f,i oelSug j,lajk ksid fïjd kSjrK

O¾u f,i kï lr we;’ we;a; we;s ieáfhka ±lSug fkdyelsjk
úg úúO udkisl frda. yg .eKsks’ mxp kSjrK O¾u (44)kï
 lduÉPkao ldu wdYdjkays we,Su‛ rd.h‛ wdorh‛ we,Su‛
ne,Su
 jHdmdo ;ry fl%daO yd ffjr is;ays we,S meg,S isàu
wiykh‛ .eàu‛ fldamh
 Òk ñoaOh isf;a ksÈu; .;sfhka meje;au w,ilu WodiSk
.;sh’
 WoaOÉp l=lal=ÉP úisreKq is;ska lghq;= lsÍu yd ksrka;r
fkdikaiqkalu yd miq;eú,sù lghq;= lsÍu
 úÑlsÉPdj - is; ielfhka fj,S isàu úu;sh wúYajdih
i;r wdij O¾u-
i;r wdij O¾uhkao uki wiykhg fkdikaiqka njg m;alrjk
m%n, O¾u;djhls’ ksrka;rfhkau Ñ;a; ix;dmh ;=<g jeÕsfrñka
mj;skafkah hk woyiska fïjd wdij f,i kïlr we;’ iíndij
iQ;%fha§ fï wdij O¾u y;r;a tajd ke;slr .kakd ldrKd l%u
y;l=;a nqÿka jykafia foaYkd l<y’ wdY%j hkq ixialD; jpkhhs’
th md,sfhka .;al, wdij jYfhka fhfoa’ fuu jpkfhys
je.sfrl iq¿ me;sfrk iq¿ yd iqrd fuka m,afjk iq¿ yd
u;alrjk iq¿ hk w¾: we;af;ah’ ñksid fï i|yka y;frys tkï
lduhkays‛ Njhkays‛ ×iaàkays yd wúµdfjys keu;s wJOldrfhys
we,S .e,S jdih lrK ;dla l,a Tyqg flf,ij,a kshu iajNdjh
±lSug bv fkd,efí’
fï wdij O¾uhka ksid mqoa.,hdf.a is; ixlS¾K njg m;aù
fkdikaiqka njg fmfrf<hs’
flauì%þ úYaj úµd,fha m%isoaO ufkdaúµd{ frdnÜ tÉ’ f;!,ia
(Robert. H.Thoules) wd;;sh ms<sn| m%ldY lr we;s fï woyio
fuys§ jeo.;ah’
ñksia is; wrlaf.k we;s úYdoh (Depression) jHj¾;kh
(aversion) wjj¾;kh (Perversion) wd§ ufkdaúµd;aul ixl,am
/ila wdij ms<sn| fn!oaO ixl,amh ;=< .eíj we;snj mjik Tyq
wdij hkak i|yd iqÿiqu bx.%Sis jpkhla kQ;k ufkdaúoHdfjka
fidhd.ekSu ÿIalr fkdjk nj mjid ta i|yd b;du iqÿiq jpkh
(mental stress) wd;;sh hehso mjihs’(45)
fï ms<sn|j wod< úia;rhla uki ms<sn| fn!oaO ú.%yh(46) kï
fmdf;ys fufia olajd we;’
 ldudij - lduh wdijhla f,i olsk úg frda.shdg kshu
frda. ,CIK fya;= ±l.; fkdyelsh’
 Njdij - Njh ms<sn| yeÕSula we;s mqoa.,hdg thska u;aù
isák úg flf,ia fkdfmfkhs’
 213

 ÈÜGdij - ;ud t,aUf.k isák o¾Ykh ksid u;aù isák

úg ;u frda. j,g fya;= fkdfmkhs’
 wú–cdij - wúµdj fyj;a fkdokakdlñka u;aùu ;=<ska
kshu ;;aFjh meyeÈ,s f,i oelsh fkdyel’
mqoa., uki ks;r frda.S njg m;alrjk O¾u;d oyhla f,i oi
ixfhdack O¾u(47) ye¢kaúh yel’ mÜÉp iuqmamdo O¾u u;
mokï ù lghq;= lrK fn!oaO ixl,amh ;=< wúµdj ksid ;Kaydj
we;sfõ’ úfYAIfhkau ;Kaydj ksid fï ish¨u ÿla yg.kakd nj;a
tfiau ñksia fm!¾Ih flfrys wiykh flfryso ;Kaydj m%Odk
O¾uhla jk w;r oi ixfhdack O¾u uÕska o ñksia is;
wiykfhka wiykhg m;afõ’
 ilaldh ÈÜÀ - wd;auhla ;sfíh hk yeÕSu
 úÑlsÉPd - ielhka ks;ru my<ùu
 iS,ín; mrdudi - fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha weoys,s l%u j,g
weíneys ù isàu ms<sn| wdl,amhka
 lduÉPkao - mxpldu iïm;a;sh flfrys we;s ;o wdYdj
 jHdmdo - ;ryj
 rEm rd. - rEmdjpr f,dal j, bm§fï we;s leue;a;
 wrEm rd. - wrEmdjpr f,dal j, bm§fï we;s leue;a;
 udk - wdvïnrlu
 WoaOÉP - Wv.=nj
 wú–cd - wúµdj

tfiau ñksia uki úlD;s Ndjhg‛ flf,iSug tfiau udkj

p¾hdjkag wêl f,i n,mEu lrK Ñ;af;damlaf,aY O¾u 16la
(48) o nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lrwe;’
 wNs–COd - ;o wdYdj
 jHdmdfoda - ;ry
 Wmkdfyda - ;o ffjrh
 ufCLd - .=Kul=lu
 m,dfid - ;udo wka .=Kj;=ka yd iudk fldg ie,lSu
 biaid - B¾Idj
 uÉPßh - ;o uiqrelu
 udhd - pdgq nj
 idfGhH - lmánj
 :ïfyd - ±ä nj
 udfkd - udkh
 w;sudfkd - ±ä udkdêl nj
 214

 ufod - úúO fya;= ksid udkfhka u;aùu

 mudfod - m%udonj
 fldfOd - fl%daO iys; nj
 idrïfNd - ;uka wka whg jvd lghq;= lsÍug fm<öu

rd.h yd iudk .skakla fkdue;s ^kFÓ rd. ifud w.a.s& nj

nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lr ;sfnkafka th o fndfyda udkisl
frda.j,g fya;=jk neúks’ mshcd;sl iQ;%hg wkqj (49) ;ud n,j;a
f,i wdYdlrK ms%h lrK fohla ksid th fkd,enQ úg ;u
udkisl iunr;djh ì£ hhs’ úfYAIfhkau bÉPdNx.Fjh ksid
úúO .eg¿j,g uqyqK §ug isÿjk w;r tuÕska pKavNdjhg
fhduq ùfï m%jK;dhlao olajhs’ tmuKla fkdj ishÈú ydkslr
.ekSu olajdo th j¾Okh úh yelsh’ tu ksid ±ä wfmaCId ;nd
.ekSu fn!oaO Ôjk m%;smodj fkdfõ’ tuksid udkisl
iunr;djh /l .ekSuo fn!oaO ufkdaÑls;aidfõ wruqKhs’
wiykfhka f;drj uOHia:j iunrj lghq;= lsÍug iy Ôú;h
ilia lr .ekSugo ufkdaúµfõo wruqKhs’ tfiau iïm;aj,g
olajkakdjq we,auo udkisl frda.j,g fya;=jk nj ,dNi;aldr
iQ;%fha§(50) meyeÈ,s f,i olajd we;’
fï by; i|yka lrK ,o ish¨u lreKq foi úuis,su;aj n,k
úg wmg yefÕkafka ;DIaKdj wd,h‛ we,au‛ jQ ish¨u laf,aYhka
udkisl frda. we;s lrjk njh’ ta ksidu ta ÿla j,ska ñ£fï uÕo
nqÿka jykafia meyeÈ,s f,i foaYkd l<y’ tkï wd¾h wIagdx.sl
ud¾.h jvd p;=rd¾h i;H wjfndaO lrf.k f,dalfhys h:d
iajrEmh ms<sn| ±kqula ,nd .ekSu ;=<ska ;DIAKdj ke;s lr
.ekSug uÕmdod .ekSuhs’
úúO l:d ;+<ska nqÿka jykafia fhdod .kakd ,o ufkdaÑls;ail
l%u meyeÈ,s j wjfndaO lr .; yelsh’
uy¿ n%dyauKfhl= ;udf.a ke;sjQ .jhka fidhñka ksrdydrj ojia
.Kkla fjfyiú ±ä udkisl mSvdjg m;aj isá w;r Tyq lsisÿ
l,n,hlska f;drj .ila uq, jevisá nqÿka jykafiag Tyqf.a
ÿlanr l:dj lshdf.k .sfhah’ .sksf.k weúf,k jkhla l%ufhka
myj ksùhkakdla fuka Tyqf.a ÿl fYdalh lk.dgqj myj .sh nj
olajd we;.(51) fïyd iudku úia;rhla kQ;k ufkdaúµdfõ
idxØIaáljd§ .=rel=,fha ufkdaúµd{ úlag¾ m%Ekala,a (Victor
Frankle) úiska f.k yer olajd we;’ tla Èkla udf.a ufkdaúµd
WmfoaYkh i|yd meñKs wefußldkq YsIHdjla jpk yeisrjQ
wdldrhg ug lsisjla fkdjegysKs’ tuksid uu wehj wefußldkq
ffjµjrfhl= fj; fhduqlsÍug W;aidy lf<ñ’ tkuqÿ weh tu
ffjµjrhd yuqùug fkd.sh w;r miqÈkl weh ug uyuÕ§ yuqù
 215

fufia lSjdh’ uf.a .eg¿j .ek Tn iuÕ l;d l< miq ug

fld;rï ieye,a¨jla ±kqkdo lsjfyd;a ug fjk;a Wmldrhla
wjYH jqfka keye’ wef.a .eg¿j l=ula±hs ud wo jk;=re;a
fkdoksñ’ uu tod l< tlu fohkï n,j;a ixfõ§;djhlska yd
fm%aufhka hq;=j wehg weyqïlka§u muKs’(52)
j¾;udk f,dalfha ;udf.a isf;a ;sfnk foa lshd .ekSug flfkl=
ke;sùfuka th udkisl mSvkhla njg m;aù nrm;, frda.
;;aFjhka olajdo j¾Okh úh yelsh’ úfYAIfhkau ldrh nyq,Fjh
ksid wmg wka whg weyqïlka §ug fj,djla fkdue;s ;rïh’ tho
udkisl mSvkhg uQ,slu fya;=jls’ jeäysá ksjdihlg l;=jrhd
.sh tla wjia:djl tys isá mkia kj yeúßÈ wïud flfkl=
fkdkj;ajd meh myla l:dlrñka ;udf.a Ôú; l:dj mjid
wjidkfhys uy;ajQ iekiqï iqiqï fy¨jdh’
fn!oaO Wmfoaykh i|yd Èh yels fyd|u WodyrKh f,i fndfyda
fofkl= olajkafka lsidf.da;ñhf.a l:djhs’ lsid f.da;ó ;u
orejdg fnfyúkau wdorh l< ujls’ weúÈk l:d lrK jhi jk
úg orejd urKhg m;afjhs’ weh orejdg ;snQ ±ä wdorh ksid
kshqfrdaishdjg m;afjhs’ ;u ureKq orejdf.a u< ñksh lrmskakd
f.k msiaishl fuka k.rfha weúÈk úg tla mqoa.,fhl= wehg
m%ldY lf<a fï uereK mq;d Ôj;a lrúh yelaflla fj;akï ta
nqÿka jykafia njhs’ miqj nqÿka jykafia yuqjg .sh lsidf.da;ñhg
mjikafka fkdu< f.hlska wn ñgla f.k tkafka kï mq;d iqj
l< yels njls’ weh k.rfha iEu f.orlgu .sho wn ,enqko ta
iEu f.orlu mdfya ljqre fyda urKhg m;aù ;snqKy’ urKh
hkak ldg;a fmdÿ O¾u;djhla nj f;areï f.k orejd fidfydka
m,l oud wjq;a O¾uh wid fufyfKshla jQ nj b;sydifhys
i|ykaj we;’ fuh nqÿka jykafia ufkdaÑls;ailfhl= f,i"
WmfoaYlfhl= f,i b;d fyd¢ka úµd;aul l%u Ndú;d l< njg
we;s fyd|u idOlhls’ fuu m%;sldr l%uh kQ;k ufkdaúµdfõ
m%;sfõod;aul m%;sldrh (Insight Therapy) f,i olajd we;’(53)
fuys§ ;ukag meK keÕS we;s m%Yakh iy tys iajNdjh frda.shdg
;uka úiskau y÷kd .ekSug bv ie,eiaùu fuu m%;sldr l%ufha
m%Odku wruqKhs’
mgdpdrdjf.a l:d mqj;o nqÿka jykafia ufkdaÑls;ailfhl= f,i"
WmfoaYlfhl= f,i" ud¾f.dmfoaYlfhl= f,i lghq;= lr we;af;a
flfia±hs ±k .ekSug we;s fyd|u WodyrK l:djlah’ mgdpdr
isgq mjq,l ldka;djls’ weh f.or jevg isá fiajlfhl= iuÕ
wdodrfhka ne£ miqj Tyqf.a .fuys isg m<uq orejd ,efnkak
isák úg wehf.a .ujQ ieje;a kqjrg hk w;r;=r§ m<uq orejd
,enqk w;r wdmiq yeÍ wdy’ fojk j;dfõo orejd ,efnkak isák
úg kej; .ug hk w;r;=f¾§ fojk orejdo ,enqk w;r ta
iuÕu jeiaila we;sfõ’ jeiafika orejd fírd .ekSug fld< w;=
 216

lvkak .sh ieñhd kfhl= oIaG lsÍfuka ñh.sh w;r rd;%sh .;

lr miqÈk ;u .ug hdug msg;aúh’ tys§ .Õla ;rKh lsÍug
;snqKs’ fojk orejd .Õ ;rKh lr bjqf¾ ;nd m<uq orejd
/f.k taug .shúg fojk orejd Wl=iafil= veyef.k hkjd ÿgq
w;r th je<elaùug lE.ik úg m<uq orejd is;=fõ ;ukag
wduka;%Kh lrkjd hehs is;d Tyqo .Õg mekafkah’ Tyqo ñh .sh
w;r ;u foudmshkao tÈk j¾Idj ksid f.h lvd jeàfuka
ñhf.dia Tjqkaf.a wjika lghq;= isÿfjñka ;snqKS’ ta ish¨ ÿla
lror j,ska mSvdjg m;aj weh msiaishl fuka k.rfha we֕ ke;sj
weúoao w;r nqÿka jykafia uqK .eiSfuka wk;=rej weh isys t<jd
f.k fufyK iiakg we;=,a ù NsCIQKshl f,iska Ôú;h f.dvkÕd
.;ay’ wehg wd;audjfndaOhg uÕ mdod ÿkafka nqÿka jykafiah’
wx.=,sud, YsIHhdf.a l:dj ;=<ska .=re Wmfoia ksid fkduÕ .sh
Tyqj hyuÕg .;af;a iy wd;audjfndaOhg uÕmdod ÿkafka nqÿka
jykafiah’ wx.=,sud, b;d fyd¢ka bf.k.;a YsIHfhls’ Tyqf.a
iydhl ñ;%hska Tyqg úreoaOj fla<dïlSu ksid .=re mvqrla f,i
ñksiqka oyila urd weÕs,s oyila f.fkk f,i ±kaùh’ ta wkqj
Tyq ñksiqka urñka ;u n,dfmdfrd;a;=j imqrd,ñka isá w;r
weÕ,s kuish wkQkjhla tl;= lr.;a úg nqÿka jykafia uqK
.eisKs’ nqÿka jykafia fj; ÿjú;a kj;sk f,i wK lrK ,o
w;r nqÿka jykafia mejiqfõ uu kej;S isáñ‛ Tno kj;sk f,ih’
tys we;s od¾Yksl w¾:h f;areï.;a w;r miqj nqÿka jykafiaf.ka
O¾udjjdo ,ndf.k Y%djlfhla njg m;aúh’ fuys§ wx.=,sud,g
;ud ljq±hs y|kd .ekSug wka;rdjf,dalk úêl%uh Ndú;d
lrwe;’
fn!oaO b;sydih foi n,k úg fï úIh yd iïnJO fndfyda
l:djka fidhd.; yelsh’ ;u mshd u< miq fjk újdyhla lr.;a
fidamdlf.a iq¿mshd jhi wjqreÿ y; muK jQ miq wuq
fidfydklg f.kf.dia u< ñkshl ne| ;nd wdfõ ysj¨kag
lEugh’ Tyqj fírdf.k iiqkg we;=,a lf<ao nqÿka jykafiauh’
wvq l=<fha li, fYdaOlfhl= jq iqks;o isgq ueÿrl fiaúldjl jQ
r–cqud,do oyila jo fõokdjkaf.ka uqojd f.k nqÿiiqkg
we;=,aúug;a ;ud ms<sn| wd;audjfndaOhlg;a uÕmdod ÿkafka nqÿka
jykafiah’ hil=, mQ;%hdgo kdáldjkaf.a úldr wdÈh ±lSfuka
udkisl mSvkhg ,lajQ wjia:dfõ wjYH Wmfoia ,ndÈfuka thska
ñ§ug uÕlshd ÿkay’ nqÿka jykafia fo;=ka fokdf.ao‛ úYd,
lKavdhïj,go WmfoaYkh ,nd§ we;’ Noaoj.a.sh l=udrjre
msßila wka;rdjf,dalk úêl%uh uÕska (Introspection) wd;au
wjfndaOhg uÕlshd ÿkay’ frdaysKS kÈfha c, m%Yakhlg hqoaOhlg
iqodkï jQ wjia:dfõ YdlH flda,sh fomsßig hqoaOfha we;s ìysiqKq
lu m%ldY lr tu hqoaOh keje;aùug uÕmEÿfõo nqÿka
jykafiauh’
 217

wo f,dalfha we;s m%Yakj,go fyd|u úi÷ula f,i ffu;%S Ndjkdj

jeks úêl%u fhdod.; yelsh’ tfll= ;fjfll= foi ffjrfhka
n,k;=re tu hqoaOhka wjika fkdjkq we;’ hqoaOhl§ oyia .Kkla
Èkqjo th kshu ch.%yKhla fkdjkq we;’ ;ud ch.kafka kï th
kshuu ch.%yKh nj nqÿka jykafia fmkajd § we;’(54)
nqÿka jykafia kQ;k ufkdam%;sldrfhys tk wmi¾ckh
(Catharsis) kï m%;sldr l%uho fndfyda wjia:dj,§
Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;’ tla wjia:djl wlafldail Ndroajdc kï
nuqfKl= nqÿka jykafiag ±ä f,i nek jeÿk wjia:dfõ
Wkajykafia th bjid isá w;r nuqKd ;=< ;snQ fldamh myj .sh
nj b;sydifhys i|ykaj we;’ th o fuu wmi¾ckh kï m%;sldr
l%uhg .; yels úêl%uhls’
tfiau tla wjia:djl hfidaord foaúh ±lSug .sh wjia:dfõoS wehg
wjYH wdldrhg yvd je,smSug bv fok f,i Y%djlhkag ±kajQfha
t;=<ska wehf.a fõokdj wvqjk neúks’
tfiau ´kEu wjia:djl idlÉPdjla wdrïN lsÍug u;a;fka ud
tkakg fmr l=ula .ek l:d lrñka isáfha±hs wid wod<j
l:djg iïnJOfõ’ tfiau iqÿiq l,ays O¾u idlÉPd meje;aùu
ux., lreKla njo olajd we;’(55)
ld,a frdaciaf.a YsIH flaJøSh m%;sldr l%uho (Client centered
therapy) nqÿoyfï wkq.ukh lr ;sfí’ wßh mßfhaIK
iQ;f% ha§(56) fuu YsIH flaJøSh l%uh .ek wjOdrKfhka hq;=j
lreKq olajd we;’ fï l%ufhaÈ m%Odk jkafka WmfoaYkh ,nkakdh’
Tyq .ek úfYAI wjOdkfhka hq;=j m%;sldr lrKq ,efí’ r;a
iag%kaf.a WmfoaYkh yd tlÕjk nqÿoyu id¾:l f,i udkisl
frda.shd y÷kdf.k Tyq iuÕ wka;¾ iïnJO;djhla f.dvkÕd
f.k Tyqf.a m%Yak j,g úi÷ï ,nd§ug Wkkaÿfõ’ WmfoaYkfha
wruqKq w;r m%Odk jYfhka wfmaCId lrkafka WmofaYkh ,nkakd
iïmQ¾Kfhka iunr;djhlska hq;=j l%shd lrk mqoa.,fhl=
lsÍugh’ nqÿiufha wfmaCIdj ÿlska fmf<k iFjhska thska w;a
uqojd .ekSuh’ ta i|yd wjYH lrK uf._damfoaYlFjh nqÿka
jykafia úiska ukdj fmkajd§ we;’ ld,a frdacia yd tlÕjk
nqÿoyu ks;ru Okd;aul is;=ú,s we;slr iFjhska udkisl
wiunr;djfhka ÿr,Sug wjYH Wmfoia imhkq ,efí’ ufkdam%;sldr
uÕskao isÿlrKq ,nkafka o Okd;aul f,i yeisÍu fjkia lsÍuh’
nqÿoyfukao lrkafka hï wfhl= udkisl wiykfhka ÿlg m;aù
we;akï thska uqojd f.k idudkH idudðlfhl= f,i iudcfha
Ôj;aùug wjldih i,id §uh’
fjd,ag¾ ì fcdakaia mjik wdldrhg WmfoaYlfhl= i;= ish¨u
.=Kdx. nqÿka jykafia i;=j ;snQ njg ;%smsglh wOHhkh lrK
úg meyeÈ,s fõ’ B’Ô’ ú,shïiaikaf.a WmfoaYkfha isoaOdka; hk
 218

fmdf;ys i|yka ish¨u .=Kdx. nqÿka jykafia ;=<o ;sfnk nj

m¾fhaIlhska fidhdf.k we;’
frdacia iy fjd,ka i|yka lrK ish¨u lreKqo nqÿka jykafia
iuÕ ixikaokd;aulj n,k l, ukdj .e,fma’ ufkdaúµd{
fldlaia i|yka lrK ufkdaúµd{fhl= i;=j ;sìh hq;= iEu
.=Kdx.hlau nqÿka jykafiao i;=j ;snQ njg nqoaO pß;h idCIs
orKq we;’ Wkajykafia i;=j ;snQ wiydh fm!¾Ih‛ rEm iïm;a;sh
ldhsl udkisl fi!LHh WmfoaYlfhl= f,i we.hSug n,j;a
fihska WmldÍ ù we;’
wjqreÿ y;,sia myla uq¿,af,a ixlS¾K jQ iudc ;,hl úúOdldr
jQ idudðlhska msßila f.dvke.Sug Wka jykafiag yels jQfhao
Wkajykafia ;=< ;snQ wiydh fm!¾Ihhs’ rcjre isgqjre Okj;=ka
ÿmam;=ka nuqKka‛ l,ySkhka‛ odihka‛ isgql=ußhka‛ wd§ iEu
iudc ia:rhlu idudðlfhda nqÿiiqkg meñK meúÈù ÿla fl<jr
lr.;af;a nqÿka jykafia kï wiydh ufkdaúµ{hd‛ WmfoaYlhd‛
uf._damfoaYlhdkka ;=< ;snQ .=Kdx. fya;=fjks’
fn!oaO ufkdaÑls;aidj ms<sn| Ⱦ> f,i m¾fhaIK isÿlrK
tÉ’tia’tia’ ksYaYxl fn!oaO ufkdaÑls;aidj(57) hk fmdf;ys
ngysr ufkdaÑls;aidj iy fn!oaO ufkdaÑls;aidj ms<sn|
ixikaokd;aul ú.%yhla olajd we;s w;r wmf.a wOHhkfhaÈ tu
lreKq .ek wjOdkh fhduq lsÍuo b;d jeo.;a jkafkah’ tys§
l;=jrhd ;ud m%.=K l< fn!oaO ufkdaÑls;al l%u ms<sn|j w;ayod
ne,Sïo olajd we;’ tys§ wkq.ukh lrKQ ,nk mshjrj,ao b;d
l%uj;aj olajd we;’
ngysr ufkdaÑls;aidj fn!oaO ufkdaÑl;aidj
udkisl frda.j,g fya;= we;snj udkisl fya;= ksid udkisl
ms<s.KS’ frda. yg.kakd nj ms<s.KS
frda. fya;= jYfhka we;af;a ;u frda. fya;= fiùu hkqfjka
ðú;h ;=<È /ia lrK ,o Ôú; flf<ia ±lsu ms<s.KS
isoaëkah’
úN–cjdoh Ndú;d lrhs o;a; ú.%y l%uh Ndú;d lrhs

fnfyúka fnfy;a j, msysg fnfy;a Ndú;d lrkafka frda.shd

m;hs w;sYhska W;af;ackhg fyda
wjmd;hg ,lajQ úgh’
ms<shï i|yd ld, ks¾Khla ms<shu i;s 10 lg fyda udi
ke;’ we;eï úg wjqreÿ ;=klg isudfõ
úiailska j;a iqjhla ke;’
wdfõ. mrdj¾;kh ke;s lsÍug wdfõ. mrdj¾;kh ukd f,i
ud¾. ke;’ md,kh lrKq ,efí’
ms<shï i|yd úhoï wêl fõ’ oekg ms<shï fkdñ,fha flf¾
frda.shd tkakg tkakgu frda.shd fndfyda ÿrg iajdëk
 219

wkqkaf.a msysg m;hs’ fõ’

uyd ÿlaLLJO iq;%hg(58) wkqj hï hï úkaokhkaf.a wdiajdoh‛

wd§kjh‛ yd ksiairKh hk ,CIK j,ska flf,ia ke;s lr
udkisl frda.j,ska iqjhla ,o yels nj olajd we;’
tfiau wkqudk iQ;%h(59) uÕska udkisl wjmd;hka y÷kajd fok
w;r tajdhska ñ§fï ud¾.ho wmg meyeÈ,s lr we;’ nqÿka jykafia
wjqreÿ .Kkdjla m¾fhaIKh lrñka w;a±lSï ;=<ska udkisl iqj
iykh ,ndÿka whqre fï iQ;%j, wvx.= O¾u lrKq j,ska ukdj
fmfka’
nqÿoyfuys uQ,sl b.ekaùï j,g wkqj jia;=ldu flfrys ±ä t,aU
.ekSï ;=<ska ÿl we;sfõ’ n,dfmdfrd;a;=jQ foh fkd,efnk úg th
ÿlls’ tfiau wmsg m%sh whf.a fjkaùu;a wm%shhka yd tlaùu;a
ÿlls’ fï ish¨ ÿla ke;s lr w;alr .kakd ksjka iqjh mru
iqjh f,i ^ksíndkx mrux iqLx& nj nqÿka jykafia foaYkd
lrwe;’
bjiSu‛ ffu;%sh‛ ir,nj‛ Ôú;hg jvd;au jeo.;ah’ ta ;=<ska m%Yak
wvqjk w;r Ñ;a; Ydka;sh Wodfõ’ m%Yakhla foi h:d¾:jd§ f,i
n,d thg fyd|u úi÷ï fidhd .ekSugo nqÿoyfuys uÕfmkajd
we;’ ;ud ljqo hkak ksjerÈj y÷kdf.k ta wkqj lghq;=
lrkafka kï wo ld,fha we;sjk úúO m%Yak wvqjkq we;’ wiSñ;
wdYdjkaf.a iSudjla ke;s w;r ,efnkak ,efnkak ;DIAKdj wêl
fõ’ n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqkajk úg thska pKAvNdjhg iy tuÕska
úúO udkisl frda.j,g uq,mqrhs’
ksjerÈ fn!oAO m%;smodj y÷kdf.k ÿl‛ ÿl we;sùu‛ ÿl ke;s
lsÍu‛ ÿl ke;s lsÍfï ud¾.h wkq.ukh lrñka fuf,dj Ñ;a;
Ydka;sh;a mrf,dj iq.;sh;a ,eìh yel’ úfYAIfhka j¾;udk
f,dalh b;du ixlS¾K w;r ta ixlSrKFjfhka úúO udkisl
frda. j,g uq,mqrd we;’ tajdg fya;= fidhd n,d l%shd l< hq;=h’
ufkdaúµdfõ fhdod .kakd ,o Bg iudk fndfyduhlau wjia:djka
fn!oaO b;sydih ;=< ±lsh yelsh’ ufkdaúµfõ Ndú;d jk
mdßNdIsl jpk Ndú;d fkdl<o th fn!oaO ufkdafrda.
Ñls;aidfõ§ fhdodf.k we;’
we,anÜ t,sia (Albert Ellis) úiska j¾Okh l< h:d¾:jd§
Ñ;a;fõ.S p¾hd;aul Ñls;ail l%uh (REBT) Rational Emotive
Behavioral Therapy) yd ixikaokh l< yels wjia:d rdYshla
nqÿoyu ;=< fidhd.; yelsh’ úfYAIfhka m%Yakhla wid thg fok
ms<s;=re wkqj frda.Shdf.a Ñ;a; ix;dkfha we;s ìh ldxidj wdÈh
ÿr,Su ±laúh yel’
tfiau wdfrdka fnlkaf.a (Aaron Beck) m%cdkk ufkdafrda.
Ñls;aidj wkqj m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re fiúh yel’ ;udf.a we;s
ÿ¾j,;d y÷kdf.k tajdg ms<s;=re f,i l%shdlsÍug lghq;= lsÍu
 220

fuuÕska isÿflf¾’ pq,a, mJ:l l:dj fuhg WodyrKhla f,i

oelaúh yelsh’
ksIalrKh (Aversion Therapy) fyj;a tmdlrùfï m%;sldrh
fhdod.kakd ,o fndfyda wjia:djka fn!oaO idys;H ;=< ±lsh yel’
isßud kï .Ksldjlf.a u< foayh fjkafoAis lsÍfuka weh .ek
we,S isá whg th tmd lrjk ,È’ tfiau kkao l=ureg ckmo
l,HdKsh tmd lrùu o fï m%;sldr >Khg jefÜ’
jD;a;suh m%;sldro (Occupational Therapy) nqÿka jykafia
Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;’ tkï kkao l=ureg ÈjHdx.kdjla ,nd
.ekSu i|yd njqka jeãug ie,iSu WodyrKhla f,i oelaúh yel’
mqia;l Ñls;aidj (Bibliotherapy) nqÿka jykafia WmfoaYkfha
úêl%uhla f,i fhdodf.k we;’ fndfyda cd;l l:dj,§ fï
,CIKh ±lsh yels w;r hfidaord foaúhg i|lsÿre cd;lh
foaYkd lsÍug WodyrK f,i oelaúh yelsh’
tfiau Yío m%;sldrh (Sound therapy) iy ix.S; m%;sldrh (Music
Therapy ) hk m%;sldr k%u nqÿoyfuyso ±lsh yelsh’ úfYAIfhka
msß;a i–COdhkh ;=<ska fndfyda ÿrg ldhsl frda.Skao udkisl
iqjhla ,nk wjia:d wo iudcfha we;’ tfiau fndfyda ldhsl
frda. j,g ,lajQ úg msß;a foaYkd lr .ekSfuka udkisl iqjhla
,nk nj fndfyda fn!oaOhkaf.a úYajdihhs’ fï l%ufhau j¾Okhla
f,i fndaê mQcd iy lúnK wdÈho ±laúh yelsh’ b;d ñysß f,i
.d:d i–COdhkh iy Y%jKh ;=<ska udkisl iqjhla ,o yels
njg j¾;udkfha fndaê mQcd jeks úêl%u uÕska ±laúh yelsh’
úúO .K ud;%d msysg ùfuka rÑ; msß;a foaYkdjka wo ,xldfõ
b;d ckm%sh ù we;’
idxØIaáljd§ Ñls;aidj o fn!oaO ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj yd ukdj
.e,fma’ f,dalfha h:d iajrEmh meyeÈ,s lrK fï o¾Yk fol
;=<u tl yd iudk ,CIK we;’ ;ud .ek fiùu b;d w.h
lrK nqÿoyu idx×Iaáljd§ woyig b;d iómh’ wjxlj Ôj;aùu
fyd| iudc mßirhla f.dvkÕd .ekSu fï o¾Yk foflysu m%Odk
wruqKQh’ tfiau fuys tla úêl%uhla jk (Logotherapy) tkï
csú;fha w¾:h fiùu iy th ukdj mj;ajd f.k hdu ms<sn|jo
nqÿiuh meyeÈ,s woyila ,ndfohs’
f.iafgdaÜ Ñsls;aidj iu.Zo nqÿoyu .e,fmk whqre fmkajdÈh
yelsh’ is;=ú,s yeÕSï l%shdjka iuia;hla f,i tlg tl;= lrñka
;u m%Yak foi ne,Su f.iafgda,aÜ Ñls;aidj fõ’ máÉp iuqmamdo
wd§ fn!oaO ixl,amhkao fï woyia yd b;du iu.dój ls%hd lrK
±laúh yelsh’
ufkdaúµd{ frdfikal,a iy nkavqrd mjikafka wkqlrKh uÕska
NS;sldjka jeks frda. iqjl< yels njh’ nqÿka jykafia o hï hï
wjia:dj,§ úúO m%Yakj,§ úúO mqoa.,hska WodyrKhg f.k
Tjqkaj wkqlrKh lrK f,i olajd we;’ úYdldj jeks
 221

Wmdisldjka .sys Ôú;fha w.hka iqrlsk nj fmkajd § we;’ tfiau

wx.=,sud, jeks krl who hym;a wh njg m;ajQ whqre fmkajd§
´kEu wfhl=g fyd| iS,jka; mqoa.,fhl= ùug wjYH jkafka ;u
udkisl tald.%;djh nj olajd we;’
ufkdaúµd{ fvdk,aâ ñfpkanjqï úiska ÈhQKql, iajhx WmfoaYk
mqyqKqj uÕska ñksiqkaf.a úYajdihka fjkia lsÍu fjkqjg Tjqkaf.a
m%Yak .ek w¨;ska is;Sug wjia:dj ,ndfohs’ fn!oaO b;sydifhys
fï ms<sn| WodyrK rdYshla fmkajd Èh yelsh’
ú,shï .a,¾i¾ (William Glassar) úiska j¾Okh l< h:d¾:jd§
Ñls;aidfõ m%Odku wdl,amh kï ;ud ;udf.a Ôú;h‛ cSú;fha
isÿjk m%Odk foa md,kh lsÍu‛ is;Su‛ hk ish,a,gu j.lsjhq;af;a
wfkfll= fkdj ;ud njh’ nqÿoyfuyso m%Odk ;ekla ,ndofkafka
;ud fj;h’ ;uka ;ukaf.a ish¨u foag j.lsjhq;a;do nj olajd
we;’ ‚w;a;dys w;a;fkd kdf:d fldys kdf:d mfrdishd‛ ‚w;a; §md
úyr:‛ w;a; irKd wk[a[ irKd‛
ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh‛ idx×Iaál Ñls;aidj‛ m%;sldr ,nkakd
uq,alr.;a Ñls;aidj‛ f.iafgda,aÜ Ñls;aidj‛ p¾hd;aul Ñls;aidj‛
m%cdkk Ñls;aidj‛ úu¾Yl Ñ;a; fõ.Sh p¾hd;aul Ñls;aidj‛
h:d¾:jd§ Ñls;aidj‛ lKavdhï Ñls;aidj‛ mjq,a Ñls;aidj‛
jHdj¾;k Ñls;aidj‛ m%;sfõok Ñls;aidj‛ il%sh Ñls;aidj‛ Rcq
Ñls;aidj‛ jl% Ñls;aidj‛ fj,dj iSud Ñls;aidj‛ iyfhda.S
Ñls;aidj wd§ iEu kQ;k ufkdam%;sldr l%uhlau mdfya fn!oaO
ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidfõo Ndú;d lr we;’ fuys§ wkd.; úµd¾Òkg
we;s ld¾hhla jkafka fï ms<sn| m¾fhaIKhka isÿlr fuys we;s
w.h f,dalhg fy<s lsÍuhs’ tuÕska udkisl m%Yak j,ska fj,S
isák ck;djg úYd, fiajhla l< yelsh’ kQ;k ufkdaúµdfõ
fhdok mdßNdIsl jpk fï i|yd nqÿoyfuys Ndú;d fkdl,o ta
ish¨u ixl,amhka nqÿka jykfiao Wmfhda.S lrf.k oi oyia
.Kka udkisl f,vqka iqj lr iykh Wodlr we;’
by; i|yka l< ljrdldr ufkdam%;sldr l%uhla wkq.ukh l<o
ffjµjrhd my; i|yka lreKq .ek wjOdkh fhduql< hq;= nj
fcfrdñ m%Ekala (Jerome Frank)(60) kï ufkdaúµd{hd fmkajd§
we;’ tkï -
 idjOdkj weyqïlka§u iy iqyoj m%YkakYS,S f,i l:d
lsÍu
 frda.Shdf.a Ñ;a; ffO¾h j¾Okh lsÍu
 ;¾ldKql+,j frda.shdf.a yeÕsï md,kh lsÍu
 frda.shdf.a m%Yak úi|d .ekSug úúO fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu

kqq;k ufkdaúµd WmfoaYkh m%Odk fldgia ;=kla hgf;a wOHhkh

l< yelsh’
 222

 ;ks mqoa., WmfoaYkh

 lKavdhï WmfoaYkh
 mjq,a WmfoaYkh jYfhks’

;ks mqoa., WmfoaYkh

Individual Counseling
fï iEu fldgilu wruqK jkafka udkisl mSvdjkaf.ka
wirK jq mqoa.,hskag msysgùuh’ tfiau iudcfha j.lsula we;sj
wd;au Yla;sfhka hq;=j iajdëkj lghq;= lsÍug;a ;SrK
.ekSug;a wjYH lrK Yla;sh we;s lsÍu WmfoaYkfha uQ,slu
wfmaCIdjhs’ ;ks mqoa., WmfoaYkfhaÈ iEu wfhl=f.au
fm!oa.,slFjh iy úYajdih rlsk w;r ;ks mqoa.,h
WmfoaYkh isÿjkafka WmfoaYlhd iy WmfoaYkh ,nkakd w;r
we;jk iïnJO;djh ;=<sks’ ;ks mqoa., WmfoaYkh b;d myiq
jk w;r tys§ WmfoaYlhd úiska wjOdkh fhduql< hq;=j
we;af;a tla mqoa.,fhl=g muKs’ fuys§ WmfoaYlhd Wmfoia
,nkakd ;=< Okd;aul is;=ú,s we;s lr iudcfha idudkH
idudðlfhl= f,i cSj;aùug bv m%ia:dj i,id fohs’
lKavdhï WmfoaYkh
Group Counseling
lKavdhï WmfoaYkh ;ks mqoa., WmfoaYkh yd fjkia jk
w;r tys§ lKavdhï WmfoaYkh ne/reï fõ’ lKavdhï ;=<
we;sjk wka;¾ ls%hdldßFjh ;=<ska ;ks mqoa.,fhl=f.a wdl,am‛
yeÕSï‛ wjYH;d wdÈh fjkialr .ekSug wjia:djla we;sfõ’ ;u
iudcfha idudðlhskaf.a m%Yak y÷kd .ekSug;a tajdg iduQysl
ms<s;=re fiùug;a lKavdhï WmfoaYkh y÷kajdÈh yelsh’ tl
iudk m%Yak we;s iy tl yd iudk woyia we;s mqoa.,hskaf.a
tl;=jla f,i lKavdhï WmfoaYkh y÷kajdÈh yelsh’
lKAvdhïo tllska tllg fjkia fõ’ lKavdhï WmfoaYkfha§
lKavdhulg .efkk msßi jkqfha yh isg oyh olajd jQ
msßils’ iuyr úg úúOdldr jQ m%Yakj,g lKAvdhï
WmfoaYkh m%;sldr l%uhla f,io .; yelsh’ lKAvdhï
WmfoAYkfha§ jeo.;au foa jkafka lKavdhul isák wh w;f¾
úYajdih f.dvkeÕSuhs’ tfiau ;udf.a fjkia lr .;hq;=
pd¾hdjka y woyia o fjkia lr .ekSfï mQ¾K j.lSu
jefgkafka ;udgh’ m%Yak úi£fï úêl%u .ek §¾> f,i fuys§
idlÉPd flf¾’ m%Yak .ek úia;r lsrSï‛ ixikaokh lsÍï‛
ixCIsma; f,i bÈßm;a lsÍuo fuys§ isÿfõ’
ufkdaúµd{ uy,¾g wkqj lKavdhï WmfoaYkh fï ksid
jeo.;ajk nj olajd we;’
 wka idudðlhskaf.a úfõpk bf.kSug iy f;areï .ekSug
yelsfõ’
 223

 ;udg jvd fjkiajq wka idudðlhskaf.a f.!rj lsÍug

bf.ksu
 ;u idudðlhska iuÕ flfia iqyo;djh j¾Okh
lr.;hq;= wdldrh bf.kSu
 lKavdhul lghq;= l<hq;= wd;drh .ek yeoEÍu
 tla wfhl=f.a wdl,am‛ m%Yak‛ jákdlï‛ woyia‛ .ek
idlÉPd ;+,ska y÷kd .ekSu
nqÿka jykafiao lKavdhï WmfoaYkh .ek wjOdkh fhduq lrñka
úúO iQ;% foaYkd /ila f.kyer olajd we;’ ta w;r iïud ÈÜÀ
iq;%h‛ uyd iÉpl iQ;%h‛ pq,a,fjfo,a, iQ;%h‛ w,.oa¥mu iQ;%h‛ r:
úkS; iQ;%h‛ myrod iQ;%h‛ Oïu fÉ;sh iQ;%h‛ kkaol iQ;%h‛ pq,
f.daix. iQ;%h hkdÈh lKavdhï WmfoaYkh iïnJOfhka b;d
jeo.;ah’ lKavdhul m%Yak ta;=< idlÉPd lsÍfuka ms<s;=rla
.ekSuo kùk lKavdhï WmfoaYkhgo wkql+, jk w;r nqÿka
jykafiao th b;d meyeÈ,sj olajd we;’ idlÉPdh fLd uydrdc
m[a[d fõÈ;ífnda(61) idlÉPdjka ksid m%{dj j¾Okh jk w;r
m%Yak j,g kshu úiÿï ta ;=<ska ,nd .; yelsh’
tfiau tla wjia:djl fldfid,a rc;=ud m%ldY lf<a NsCIQka
jykafia,d wkH iuld,Sk wd.ñl u;OdÍka fuka fkdj újdo
rys;j ^wújoudkd& b;d i;=áka ^iïfudaoudkd& lsß yd Èh fuka
iuÕsj ^ÇfrdaolSN+;d& lghq;= lrñka ;u ld¾h flfrys fhduqjQ
is;a we;sj isák nj mjid we;’(62)
nqÿka jykafia WmfoaYkfha§ idlÉPd l%uh úêl%uhla f,i
fhdodf.k we;’ kkaol iQ;%fha§ th fufia olajd we;’ “idOq idOq
kkaol tjx fLd kkaol m;srEmx l=,mq;a;dkx iïud w.driaud
wk.dßhx mínð;x hx ;=ïfy Oïñhd l:dh ikafoiafihHd:”(63)
idlÉPdj ksid YsIHhdf.a ±kqu by< hkjd muKla fkdj nqoaê
uÜgu y÷kd .ekSugo yelsh’ tfiau pQ, f.daisx. jkfhaÈ YsIHhka
;sfofkl= iuÕ iqyo idlÉPdjla isÿl< njo olajd we;’(64)
Noaoj.a.sh l=udrjre msßila ldka;djla fidhñka hkúg nqÿka
jykafiaf.ka ta .ek úuiqúg nqÿka jykafia m%ldY lf<a wka wh
.ek fiùug jvd ;ud .ek fiùu b;d jeo.;a njh’
WmfoaYkfha§ jeo.;a jkafka o ;ud ljfrla±hs kshu f,i y÷kd
.ekSuhs’ túg ´kEu whqrl m%;sldr ,nd§ug myiqfõ’
mjq,a WmfoaYkh
Family Counseling
újdyh mqoa., Ôú;hl b;d jeo.;a wjia:djls’ tuÕska
mqoa.,hdf.a Ôú;fha i;=g r|d mj;S’ fjk ljrodg;a jvd
j¾;udkfha mjq,a WmfoaYkh .ek wjOdkh fhduqù we;’ tfiau
újdyhg fmr lrK WmfoaYkho b;d jeo.;a jkafka ta ;=<ska
újdyh ms<sn| we;s .eg¿ ksrdlrKh lr .ekSug wjYH lrK
 224

iyfhda.h ,efnk fm!¾I j¾Okfhys m%d:ñl wjia:dj jkafka o

mjq,hs’ ^family system of behavior become individual system of
personality)
mjq,l l%u;aj .,df.k hdug we;s ndOdjka we;sjQ úg mjq,a
WmfoaYkfha§ msysg m;hs’ mjqf,a tla idudðlfhl= hïlsis udkisl
frda.hlg f.dÿre jQfha kï wka idudðlhskago th n,mE yel’
mjq,a WmfoaYkh úúO f,i l<yels w;r mjqf,a idudðlhska fjk
fjku f.ko tl iudk m%Yak we;s mjq,a lSmhla fjku f.ko
tfia ke;sfyd;a wi,a jeis mjq,a lSmhla f.ko hkd§ whqßka
WmfoaYkh l<yel’ mjq,l wruqK l=ulao@ tys meje;au flfia
isÿfjhso@ tys fmdÿ wruqKq fudkjdo@ mjq,a WmfoaYkfha m%Odku
wruqKq fudkjdo hkdÈh mjq,a WmfoaYkh .ek wOHhkfha§ b;d
jeo.;ah’ mjq,a WmfoaYkfha m%Odku kï mjq, ;=< iunr;djhla
we;s lr,Suhs’ mjqf,a idudðlfhl= ;=< hï lsis wdldrhl udkisl
frda. ,CIK we;akï tajd y÷kdf.k tajdg kshu f,i wjYH
m%;sldr ,nd§ mjq,a Ôú;h iajNdúl f,i lrf.k hdug
uÕmE§u mjq,a WmfoaYkfha m%Odku wruqKhs’
mjq,a hkq ixlS¾Khls’ tys ie,eiauj,a Wmie,eiauj,a lSmhla ;sìh
yelsh’ WmfoaYkh uÕska mjqf,a iEu flfkl=f.au N+ñldj y÷kajd
fokq ,efí’ tfiau mjqf,a iy iudcfha iunr;djh /lSugo thska
úYd, rel=,la ,efí’ fuy,¾ (Mehler) mjq, y÷kajkafka fldgia
follska iukaú; jQjla f,ih’ tkï foudmsh ore iïnJO;djh
iy iajdñ- Nd¾hd iïnJOhhs’ WmfoaYkfha m%Odku ld¾h jkafka
mjq, ;=< we;sjk wd;;sh iy udkisl mSvkhkaf.ka f;dr
iduldó mjq,a Èúhla .;lÍug iqNjd§ mßirhla we;s lsÍuh
tfiau ikaksfõokfha ÿ¾j,lu u; mjq,a Èlalido jk wjia:do
fndfydah’ mßmQ¾K f,i ikaksfõokh r|d mj;ajd .ekSu mjq,a
Ôú;fha jeo.;au tallhls’ foudmshka ;ukag <Õdùug fkdyels jQ
wruqKq lrd ;u orejka <Õdfj;ehs is;;s’ th isÿ fkdjqK úg
fomCIhu bÉPdNx.Fjhg m;afõ’ foudmshka ;u orejka fjkqfjka
;SrK .ekSï wdÈh isÿlrhs’ kuq;a orejka tu ;SrK j,g tlÕ
fkdjk úg ta mCI fol w;r .egqï we;sfõ’ foudmshka iy
orejka fjk fjku f.k WmfoaYkh l< hq;=h’ tfiau mjqf,a
ifydaor ifydaoßhka w;r wfkHdakH iïnJO;djh we;s lr,Suo
mjq,a WmfoaYkfha we;s úfYAIFjhls’ j¾;udkfha we;s nrm;,u
m%Yakhla kï mjq,a WmfoaYkh ieis jdrhlg fkdj mjqf,a ish¨u
idudðlhska tlg tl;= ùug we;s wjia:do fndfyda úr,h’
foudmsh ore iïnJO;djh mjq,a WmfoaYkfha§ b;d jeo.;ah’
tfiau <ufhl=f.a fm!¾I j¾Okhg mdie,‛ f.or‛ foudmshka‛
.=rejre f,dl= j.lSula orKq we;’
 225

mjq,a Ñls;aidj hkq yqfola ;ks frda.sfhl= muKla .ek

wjOdkh fhduq fkdlrK w;r uq¿ mjq,u wruqKq lrf.k lrKq
,nk ufkdaúµd;aul m%;sldr l%uhla fõ’
“ Family theraphy, an approach to psychological treatment in which
the whole family is the focus, rather than an individual patient”(65)
ufkdaúµd{ fndfjka (Bowen) i|yka lrkafka mjq, ixia:djla
f,i f.k b;d mÍCIdldÍ f,i lghq;= l<hq;= njh’ tfiau <uqka
WmÈk ms<sfj,o mjqf,a miqìuo b;d jeo.;a idOlhkah’ jHqyjd§
m%;sldr l%uh j¾Okh l< ie,afjdafoda ñkqÑka (Salvado Minuchin)
mjikafka WmfoaYkfha§ mjqf,a idudðlhska w;r we;s wka;¾
iïnJOh b;d ie,ls,a,g .;hq;= njh’
yef,hsiaf.a (Haleys) Wmdh ud¾. m%;sldr l%uh (Strategic Therapy)
wkqj m%Yakhla foi n,kafka th flfia fyda úi£ug we;s l%u iy
úêl%u fhdod .ekSugh’
fn!oaO mjq,a WmfoaYkh
Buddhsit Family Counseling
iudc ufkdaúµdfõ;a‛ iudc úµdfõ;a mjq, keu;s ixl,amhg úfYAI
;ekla ysñfõ’ mjq,la ;=< we;sjk Ñ;a;fõ.Sh yeÕSï wfkHdakH
iïnJOh wd§ ieu idOlhlau mjqf,a idudðlhskaf.a fm!¾Ih
msKSi wkd.; iqN isoaêh msKsi fya;=fõ’ iudchg rgg hym;a
mqrjeisfhl= ìysl< yelafla mjq, ;=<sks’ mqoa.,hd iy iudch
tlsfklg ne£ mj;sk w;r mqoa.,hdg iudch;a iudchg
mqoa.,hd;a ke;sju neßh’ iudc kj;djhka f; t<Uqï we;sjkafka
yqfola wka;¾ iïnJO;djhkaf.a m%;sM,hla f,isks’ iEu
ukQIHfhl=f.au fmdÿ wfmaCId ;%sFjhla we;snj iudc úµd{hska
fmkajd § we;’ tkï
 wdrCIdj‛
 wjYH;d ms<sn| ;Dma;sh
 wLKAv ðjk meje;auhs’
idufhka i;=áka msß f,djla iEu flfkl=f.au wfmaCIdjhs’ ta
i|yd wkq.ukh l<hq;= ls%hdud¾. nqÿka jykafia úiska fmkajd È
we;’ úúO iudc lKavdhïj,g flfia kï hq;=lï bgqlrkafkao
hkak ms<sn|j ú.%yhla is.d, kï isgq mq;%hdg nqÿka jykafia
foaYkd l<y’ ysñÈß WoEik wjÈù iakdkh lr f;;a jQ we÷ï
iuÕska tla tla Èidjkag jkaokd lsÍu Tyqf.a isß; úh’ nqÿka
jykafia flfia kï iÈid kuialdrh l<hq;=o lshd b;d meyeÈ,s
f,i §> ksldfha is.df,dajdo iQ;%fha§ fmkajd § we;’ tys§ Èid
yh f,i iudc lKavdhï yhla fmkajd fo;s’
 kefÕkysr - uõmsfhda
 ol=Kq È.- .=rejre
 niakdysr - wUqorefjda
 226

 W;=re È. - ys;ñ;=frda
 hgÈidj - fiajl fiaúsldfjda
 WvÈidj - meúÈ W;=fuda
fuys§ hq;=lï whs;sjdislï yeg tlla Wkajykafia foaYkd l<
w;r tuÕska iudcfha hq;=lï bgqlsÍu;a whs;sjdislï ;=<ska
;Dma;su;a iudchla ìyslr .; yels nj olajd we;’ kQ;k
ufkdaúµdfõ mjq,a Wmfoaykfha§ idlÉPdjg .efKkafka foudmsh -
¥ore iïnJO;djh yd iajdñ - Nd¾hd w;r we;s wfkHdakH
iïnJOhhs’ nqÿka jykafia is.df,dajdo iQ;%fha§ fuu iudc
lKAvdhï ;=< ;sìhhq;= .=Kdx. b;d meyeÈ,s f,i olajd we;’
md,s msgl idys;Hfha§ mjq, fjkqjg l=,$jïi$f.d;a; wd§ kï
Ndú;d lr we;’
mjq,a WmfoaYkh iïnJOj foaYkd lr we;s m%Odk iQ;% O¾u w;r
is.df,dajdo iQ;%h m%Odk ;ekla Wiq,k w;r uydmßksíndk iq;%h‛
w.a.[a[Q iQ;%h‛ W.a.y iQ;%h‛ m;a;lïu iQ;%h‛ ñ.id, iQ;%h‛
iín%yau iQ;%h‛ ji, iQ;%h‛ mrdNj iQ;%h‛ uydf.daúkao iQ;%h‛
i;a; Nßhd iQ;%h‛ pQ,jHqy iQ;%h‛ u,a,sld iQ;%h‛ pq,a,fjfo,a,
iQ;%h‛ jF:q iQ;%h‛ kFÓmq;a; iQ;%h‛ ë;= iQ;%h‛ fjmq,a, iQ;%h‛ jKs–
cd iQ;%h‛ jH.a.m–c iQ;%h‛ lska;s iQ;%h‛ mßid iQ;%h‛ fldiïì
iQ;%h‛ uydkdu iQ;%h‛ ilalkuiai iQ;%h‛ bFÓ nJOk iy mqrsi
nJOk iQ;% j,skao idu iy ud;=fmdail cd;l l:d j,skao mjq,a
iïnJO;djkaf.a we;s w.h fmkakqï lr we;’
uõmsh ¥ore iïnJO;d
mQ¾j Èidj jYfhka nqÿka jykafia olajd isáfha foudmshkah’
;ukag ;ukaf.a foudmshkag jvd flfkla fï f,dalfha ke;’ wm
fuf,djg ìyslr wkd.; hyud¾.hg fhduq lrñka ish¨ ÿla
lror wm fjkqfjka foudmshka ú¢kafkah’ nqÿka jykafia tla
wjia:djl foaYkd lr jodf<a uj iy mshdg myiqfjka m%;s
Wmldr l< fkdyels njls’ oaúkakx NslaLfõ k iqmam;sldrlx
jodñ‛ ud;=Ép ms;=Ép‛ tfiau foudmshka n%yau$mqíndpdrh$
mqínfoaj$ wdyqfKhH hk f.!rj kduhkaf.ka wx.=;a;r kslfha
tall ksmd;fha iín%yau iQ;%fha§(66) y÷kajd È we;’ ^n%yaud;s
NslaLfõ ud;dms;=kak fu;x wêjpkx mqínfoajd;s‛ mqínpdßhd;s‛
wdyqfKhHd;s NslaLfõ ud;dms;=kakfu;x wêjpkx& tfiau wx.=;a;r
kslfha m[ap j.a.fha È Wkajykafia foaYkd lf<a uõmsh
wkqlïmdj ,nk l=, mq;%hdg ÈhqKqjla ñi msßySula
n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh fkdyels njh’(67) ^ud;dms;dkqlïms;iai
uydkdu l=,mq;a;iai jqoaêfhaj mdálxLd k mßydks&
mjq,la ks¾jpkd;aulj mßmQ¾K jkafka orejka bm§fuka miqjh’
tfiau iudcfha kshu kdhlhska f,i foudmshka ie,lsh yelsh’
ysJÿ wd.ug wkqj fï f,dalh ujk ,oafoa uyd n%yauhd úisks’ tu
uyd n%yau moúh yd iudk lr foudmshka mQckShFjhg m;alr
 227

we;’ n%yaud;sud;d ms;frda tfiau úúOdldr .=Kdx.hkaf.ka

mßmQ¾KjQ foudmshka wmf.a ie,ls,a,g f.!rjdorhg Ndckh
úhhq;=h’
nqoaO pß;h ;=<skao foudmshkag lrK ,o ix.%yhka fmkakqï
lrwe;’ ;u uj ñhf.dia ;=is; foõf,dj isákúg wNsO¾uh
foaYkd lr weh iykhg m;a lsÍu;a ;ud mshd wikSm jQ úg
O¾uh foaYkd lsÍfukq;a ;u iq¿ujg NsCIQKS Ydikhg we;=,aùug
wjia:dj i,id §u;a WodyrKhla f,i oelaúh yelsh’ ud;dms;+
WmÜGdkx hkqfjka ux., iQ;%fha§ uõmsh Wmia:dkh ux.,
lreKla nj;a mrdNj iQ;%fha§ uõmshkag fkdi,ld isàu msßySug
lreKla jk nj;a ji, iq;%fha§ uõmshkag fkdie,lSu iy neKSu
ji,fhl=f.a .;s ,CIK nj;a fmkakqï lrwe;’ tfiau wx.=;a;r
ksldfha m;a;lïu iQ;%hg wkqj orejka ;u foudmshkaj i;=áka
;eîu Tjqkf.a hq;=luls’ ^ud;dms;rx iqfL;s msfk;s& ;u
orejkaf.ka foudmshka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka wysxil wfmaCIdjka
lSmhls’
 uõmshka fmdaIKh lsÍu- Nf;dfk yßiai;s
 uõmshkaf.a lghq;= lsÍu - lsÉpx f;ix lßiai;s
 l=, mrmqfrys isß;a /lSu - l=,jxix Gfmiai;s
 uõmsh Wreuh wdrCId lsÍu - odh–cx mám–c;s
 mrf,dj .shmiq msx wkqfudaoka lsÍu- fm;dkx ld,l;dkx
olaÅKx wkqmoiai;s’
tfiau tu lreKq mfyka foudmshkag hq;=lï bgql< úg ;u
orejkago foudmshka úiska l<hq;= j.lSï lSmhla olajd we;’
 ¥orejka ÿisßf;ka je<lSu - mdmd ksjdfrka;s
 iqisßf;ys fhoùu - l,HdfKa ksfjfika;s
 Ys,am Ydia;% b.ekaùu - islaLx islaLdfmka;s
 iqÿiq l, wdjdy újdy lr§u - m;srEfmk odf¾k
ixfhdfcka;s
 iqÿiq l, odhdo mjrd§u - iufha odh–cx khHdfoka;s
mjq,a WmfoaykfhaÈ jeo.;au wxYh ìß| yd ieñhd w;r we;s
wfkHdakH úYajdihhs’ mjqf,a m%OdkSka jk fï fofokdf.a iuÕsh
i;=g wka ish¨u idudðlhskaf.a iqN isoaêhg fya;=fõ’ iajdñfhl=
úiska ìß|g lreKq mylska ix.%y l<hq;= nj nqÿka jykafia
is.df,dajdo iQ;%fha§ foaYkd l< w;r tu lreKq my kï -
 ìß|g ysñ f.!rjh ,nd§u - iïudkk
 wjuka fkdlsÍu - wkjudkk
 mrUqjka fiajkh fkdlsÍu - wk;spßhd
 hi biqre mjrd§fuka - biaißh fjdiai.a.y
 w,xldr jia;%dNrKdÈh imhdÈu - w,xldr kmamodfkk
 228

ieñfhl= úiska ìß|g ysñ f.!rjh wdorh ±laúh hq;=h’ wm

Ôj;ajk iudcfha ´kEu idudðlfhl= iudc ;;aFjhg f.!rjhg
md;%ùug leu;sh’ wjYH ;ek§ tu ;;aFjh ;u ìß|g o ,ndÈh
hq;=h’
tfiau ìß|g wjuka fkdl< hq;=h’ lsisu wdldrhl is; ßfok
whqßka wjuka lsÍu ;=<ska mjqf,a iuÕshg ndOd meñKsh yelsh’
tuksid krl jpk lSfuka wkjYH f,i iellsÍfukao ìß|g
wjudkhg m;al< yelsh’ ;ukaj WodyrKhg f.k ;ukao
wjudkhg leu;s fkdjkakd fia th fkdl< hq;=h’
iudc frda. jeks foago fya;=jk mr wUqjka fiajkh fkdl< hq;=h’
;ukaf.a ìß| ;uka lsisu ia;%shla lrdhdu tlfy<du m%;sfCIam
lrK w;r fujeks foa;=<ska mjqf,a m%Yak we;sù tuÕska Èlalidoh
olajdo m%Yakh Èlaúh yelsh’ tuksid fujeks lghq;= j,
fkdfh§fukao ìß|g ix.%y l< yelsh’
tfiau wod< wxYj, m%OdkJjh wehg ,ndÈh hq;=h’ f.or w,xldr
lsÍu‛ lEu îu ms<sfh< lsÍu wd§ lghq;= j, m%OdkFjh whg
mjrd Èhhq;=h’ tu.Zska wehgo w.hla ,efnk w;r i;=áka lghq;=
lsÍug wjldY ,efí’ tfiau ldka;djkaf.a iajNdjh jia;%dNrK
wdÈhg jeä leue;a;la oelaùuhs’ tuksid ;ukag yels wdldrhg
wehg wjYH lrK foa imhd §fukao hq;=lï bgql< yelsh’
fï wdldrhg ;udg hq;=lï bgq lrK iajdñhdgo lreKq mylska
ìrs| úiska ix.%y l< hq;=h’
 f.or md,kh ukdj lsÍu - iqixúys; lïuka;d
 weiqre lrK msßig fyd¢ka ie,lSu - iqix.ys; mßckd
 mrmqreI fiajkfha fkdfh§u - wk;spdßkS
 Wmhk Okh wdrCId lsÍu - iïy;x wkqrCLka;s
 WodiSk fkdù lghq;= lsÍu - olaLdj fyd;s wk,id
iínksfjiq
f.or md,kh iy wfkl=;a lghq;= fidhd n,d wk,iaj lghq;=
lsÍu b;d jeo.;ah’ f.or lghq;= fyd¢ka isÿùug j.n,d .ekSu
ìß|lf.a hq;=lula jk w;r th ieñhdg lrK ix.%yhls’
tfiau weiqre lrK msßig fyd¢ka ix.%y lsÍuo wehf.a hq;=luls’
tfia fkdue;s jk úg úúO .egqï iy w¾nqo j,g th fya;=jla
fõ’ úfYAIfhka ieñhdf.a md¾Yajfha {d;Skag ie,lSu fuysÈ
jeo.;afõ’
mrmqreI fiajkh mjq,a Ôú;fha wjidkhg fya;=jla jk w;r tys§
w;=re wdndO rdYshla we;sùug yelsh’ orejka isàkï Tjqkago th
b;d krl f,i n,mdk w;r tuÕska orejka iudcfha úúO
wmyiq;djkag ,laùug bvwe;’
Wmhk Okh wrmßiaiñka wdrCIdlr f.k wkd.; ÈhqKqjg
ilid .ekSuo wehf.a j.lSula jk w;r ta ;=<ska mjqf,a wkd.;
wd¾Ól uÜgu hym;a f,i j¾Okh ùfuka ish¨u wfmaCIdjka
 229

id¾:l lr.; yelsh’ mjq,a Ôú;hl wd¾Ól ia:djrFjho tla

mokula jk w;r Yla;su;a wd¾Òl uÜgula we;akï m%Yak fndfyda
ir, jk w;r i;=g‛ iuÕsh we; lr .ekSugo th fnfyúka
bjy,afõ’
f.or ksis wdldrhg md,kh lsÍu ìß|lf.a hq;= luls’ f.or
lghq;= ieñhdf.a lghq;= idudÔh lghq;= wk,iaj lsÍu ìß|
ld¾hCIu úhhq;=h’ f.orlg wdf,dalh ,efnkafka ìß| msßisÿj
yd l%uj;aj f.or md,kh lrkafka kï muKs’ ta .ek ±ä
wjOdkhlska hq;=j f.or md,kh lsÍu ìß| úiska l< hq;=h’
fn!oaO mjq,a WmfoaYkfha uQ,slu moku we;s ùug m%Yak we;sùug
m%:u tajd j,lajd .ekSfï úêl%u Ndú;d lsÍuhs’ tfiau wod<
fya;=j fidh thg iaÓr ms<shï fhÈh hq;=h’ iajdñhd úiska hq;=lï
bgqlrK úg ìß| úiska o j,lSï ukdj orK úg tu mjq, ;=<
i;=g iuÕsh ÈhqKqj ksrka;rfhkau we;sfõ’ fn!oaO WmfoaYkfha
m%dfhda.sl wjidk b,lalh jkafka thhs’ iudcfha l=vdu tallh
jk mjq, iuÕsfhka lghq;= lrK úg iudchg rggo th n,mdkq
we;’ ta wkqj iEu wxYhlu ÈhqKqj fj; .uka lrKq ,efí’
fn!oaO WmfoaYkfha uQ,slu wfmaCIdj jkafka ta olajd .uka
lsÍuhs’ hq;=lï bgqjk j.lSï orK mjq, foúfhl= iy fokÕkl
fjfik ;ekla jk w;r ta wjg mßirho ta wkqj b;d m%ikak
;;aFjhg m;afõ’
nqÿoyu yqfola ks¾jdkhu mokula lr.;a o¾Ykhla fkdjk w;r
tys we;s iudc ufkdaúµd;aul w.hka wo iudchg ukdj .e,fmk
w;r tu ixl,am m%dfhda.slj fhdodf.k mjq,a Ôú;h ilid
.;hq;=h’ mjq,a Ôú;h iqyoj mj;ajd f.k hdug úúO iQ;% j,ska
Wmfoia ud,djla nqÿka jykafia úiska fmkajd § we;’ nqÿka
jykafiaf.a m%Odk odhsldj njg m;ajQ úYdldjf.a újdyhg fmr
wef.a mshd úiska fok ,o Wmfoia ud,dj nqÿka jykfiaf.a
m%Yxidjg Ndckh jqy’
 we;=,; .sks msg;g fkdÈh hq;=hs’ ^ f.or isÿjk
fm!oa.,sl uÜgfï ish¨u foa f.org muKla iSud úh
hq;=h’ tajd mjqf,a mßndysr whg ±k .ekSug bv
m%ia:djla fkdÈh hq;=h’
 msg; .sks we;=,g fkd.; hq;=h’ ^msg; iudcfha foa mjq,
;=<g f.k tafuka iuyr úg iajdñhd iy Nd¾hdj w;r
m%Yak we;sùug mq¿jk’ tuksid msg; isÿjk wod< ke;s
lsisu fohla mjq, ;=< idlÉPdjg fkd.; hq;=h’
 fokakjqkagu Èhhq;=h’ ^ tkï Kh§ï wdÈfhys tajd wdmiq
,ndfok whg muKla ,ndÈh hq;=h’
 fkdfokakjqkag fkdÈh hq;=h’
 230

 fokakjqkag;a fkdfokakjqkag;a Èhhq;=h’^wdmiq ,nd .ekSfï

wfmaCIdjlska f;drj wirKj isák {d;Skag ys;j;=kag
;udg yels muK ,nd§u fhfyls’&
 jeäysáhka meñfKk úg ke.Zsisàug myiq jk wdldrhg
iqÿiq wiqkl jdäù isáh hq;=h’
 iqjfia wkqNj l< hq;=h’
 iqjfia ie;msh hq;=h’
 ieñhdf.a ish¨u lghq;= j,§ fyd¢ka iyfhda.h oelaúh
hq;=h’
 ieñhdf.a uõmshkag ie,ls,a, ±laúh hq;=h’
ima; Nßhd iQ;%fha§(68) Nd¾hdjka y;afofkl= .ek nqÿka jykafia
lreKq olajd we;’
 jOliu Nßhd - ;u iajdñhdg lror lrñka wjuka lrñka
fjk ñksiqka fj;o hk Nd¾hdjka
 fpdariu Nßhd - fidfrl= yd iudk jk ueh ks;ru
iajdñhdf.a Ok úkdYh we;sjk wdldrhg Ôj;afõ’
 whshiu Nßhd - wjdikdjka; Nd¾hdjka ks;ru krl jpk
mdúÉÑ lrñka ;u iajdñhd wmyiq;djhg m;a lrKq ,efí’
 ud;=iu Ndßhd - ;u uj yd iudk jk fuu Nd¾hdj
ieñhd Wmhk ish,a,u rlsñka ujla fuka ish¨ lghq;=
n,d.lq ,efí’
 N.sksiu Nßhd - ifydaoßhla yd iudk ueh ks;ru
f.!rjfhka hq;=j iajdñhd /l.kq ,efí’
 ilsiu Nßhd - ueh ks;ru iajdñhdf.a ±lSfuka mjd i;=gg
m;ajk w;r ks;ru i;=áka isák w;r weh iajdñhdo
i;=áka ;nd .kshs’
 odisiu Nßhd - odishl fuka ish¨u lghq;= bgqlrñka
iajdñhdj /l n,d .kshs’
nqÿka jykafia iajdñhd iy Nd¾hdj w;r ;sìh hq;= wfkHdakH
iïnJOh .ek ixjdi iQ;%fhaÈ (69) fufia olajd we;’
 uereKq ñksfil= iy uereKq .eyeKsfhl= tlg Ôj;aùu
 uereKQ ñksfil= iy foaj;dúhl tlg Ôj;aùu
 foúfhl= jeks ñksfil= iy urKhg m;ajQ iudk
.eyeKsfhl= tlg Ôj;aùu
 foúfhl= yd iudk ñksfil=;a foaj;dúhl yd iudk
.eyeKshla tlg Ôj;aùu
fuysÈ jeo.;au hq.,h jkafka foúfhl= yd iudk ñksfil=;a
foaj;dúhl yd iudk .eyeKshla tlg Ôj;aùuh’ tuÕska mjq,l
 231

wjYH lrK iuÕsh /flk w;r iudchg o wdo¾Yhla f,i tu

mjq, fmkSisàuhs’

tfiau m%S;su;a újdy Ôú;h^Happy married life)(70) hk kñka

fmd;la ,shd we;s lsßkafoa OïudkJo ysñfhda iajdñhd iy ìß|
w;r we;súhhq;= wfkHdakH iïnJOh fufia f.kyer olajd we;’
ìß|lf.ka ieñhdg ,eìh hq;= wx. kï fïjdh’ wdorh‛ wjOdkh‛
mjq,a wfmaCIdjka‛ úYajdih‛ <uqka fyd¢ka /l n,d .ekSu‛
wrmfriaiu‛ lEuîu iïmdokh lsÍu‛ ieñhd m%Yakhlg ueÈù
isák úg thska uqojd .ekSug wjYH iyfhda.h ,ndÈu hkdoshhs’
tfiau ìß| úiskao ieñhdf.ka bgqúh hq;= f,i i,lk lreKq
lSmhla we;’ tajdkï lreKdjka;lu‛ wdpdrYS,S nj‛ iudcYS,S nj‛
wdrCIdj‛ idOdrKnj‛ ys;j;alu‛ wjxlNdjh‛ iy iodpdruh
iyfhda.h weh wfmaCId lrhs’
wx.=;a;r ksldfha mqreI nJOk iy bFÓ nJOk iQ;%hkays(71)
wdorh jeks Ñ;a;fõ.Sh ,CIKhka yg.kakd wdldrh b;d
meyeÈ,sj olajd we;’
ñksid iy .eyeKsh w;r wdorh we;s jkafka rEmh‛ iskyj‛
l:dj‛ lÿ¿‛ we÷ï me<ÿï‛ lgyv‛ iy iam¾Yh ksidh’ fï fya;=
ksid wdorh wfkHdakH jYfhka j¾Okh jk w;r ñksid
.eyeKshg;a .eyeKsh ñksidg;a w;r we;s ne¢hdj fjk lsisu
jia;=jla w;r we;s fkdjk njo nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lr we;’
ufkdaúµd;aul w;ayod ne,Sï uÕska yd ukd úYaf,aIKhlska miqj
fuu ks.ukhg nqÿka jykafia meñK we;’
wfkHdakH úYajdih‛ wdorh‛ ksrka;rfhkau mjq,l ;sìh hq;= uQ,sl
,CIKhkah’ iajdñhd wdorfhka uy;a ´kElñka ìß| .ek
i,lkafka ku weh wfmaCId lrk iy n,dfmdfrd;a;= oE wehg
,ndfokafka kï weh lsisÿ úfgl;a iajdñhdf.a is; fkdßfok
wdldrhg lghq;= lrK w;r Tyq úiska Wmhk Okh iqrCIs; w;r
Tyqf.a keoE mrmqrg ;ukag yels f,i i,lñka yd iajdñhdf.a
woyia ±k ta wkqj lghq;= lrñka yeisfrKq we;’ ´kEu m%Yakhl§
fofokdu újD; f,i idlÉPd lsÍfuka ;SrK .;hq;= w;r ta
;=<ska mjqf,a iuÕsh i;=g mj;ajdf.k hdyelsh’
nqÿka jykafia .Dy ðú;h .; lrK .sys ck;djg lreKq oyhla
(72) wjOdkhg fhduqlr we;’
 foudmshkaf.a wjYH;d bgql< hq;=h’
 orejkaf.a iqNidOkhg lemúhhq;=h’
 ìß|f.a iqNidOkhg$ wdrCIdj we;sl< hq;=h’
 újdy ðú;fha wfkHdakH wjfndaOh iodpdruh Yla;sh
.;hq;=h’
 {d;s j¾.hdf.a wjYH;d .ek ne,sh hq;=h’
 232

 jeäysáhkag f.!rj l< hq;=h’

 foúhkag msÈh hq;=h’
 ñh.sh {d;Skag msx wkqfudaoka l<hq;=h’
 iudcfha kSs;s Í;s j,g tlÕj Ôú;h mj;ajd .;hq;=h’
 hym;a ksjerÈ mjq,a Ôú;hla f.dvkÕd .;hq;=h’
tfiau jeäuy¿ mqoa.,fhl= ;reK ldka;djla irKmdjd
.ekSu(73) jeks lreKqo nqÿoyfï wjOdkhg fhduqù we;’ t;=<ska
ldhsl yd udkisl wmyiq;djkag ,lajk w;r mjq,a Ôú;h i;=áka
/lf.k hd fkdyels jkq we;’ tuksid tjeks lreKq .ek
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug nqÿka jykafia uÕfmkajdÈ we;’ wx.=;a;r
ksldfha tla ;elk i|yka lrkafka fyd| mjq,l WmÈk l=,
mq;%hd tu mjq,g;a ñ;%hkag;a fi!Nd.H WodlrK w;r th kshñ;
ld,fha j¾Idj ,eîfuka fi!Nd.H Wodlrkakdla fuka hym;a l=,
mq;%hd mjq,g;a iudchg;a hym;lau lrK njh’(74) tfiau
wx.=;a;r ksldfha ñ.id, iQ;%fha§(75) foaYkd lrkafka ieñhdg
iy ìß|g ffu:qkfha Wmßu ix;Dma;sh ,nd.; yels njh’ tfiau
th i|yka lrkafka “iodr ika;=Iaà” hkqfjks’ tkï újdy Ôú;fha
Wmßu ;Dma;sh f,ih’
wUq ieñhka .Dy Ôú;h hyñka .; lrK úg foúhka mjd
kuialdr lrK nj ilal kuiai iQl%fhka lshfõ’
is.df,dajdo iQ;%hg w¾: ú.%yhla lrñka tia’ ohd m%kdJÿ(76)
mjikafka ìß| ieñhdf.a odishla fkdjk w;r iajdñhd yd iudk
whs;sjdislï wehgo ;sfnk w;r weh iajdñhdf.a fyd|u
fhfy<shl jk njh’
fn!oaO m%;sm;a;s wkqj mjq,l j.lSï rdYshla we;s nj kkaofiak
r;akmd,(77) wkdjrKh lr we;’ tajdkï
 wd¾Ólh hym;aj mj;ajd f.khdu úfYaIfhkau mjqf,ys
wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug;a th bÈßhg m%Yakhlska f;drj
mj;ajd f.khdug;a wd¾Òlh ilia lr .; hq;=h’
 ;u orejka iudcdkqfhdackh lsÍu iy Tjqka ;=< Okd;aul
is;=ú,s we;s lr hym;a mqrjeishka njg m;alsrSu’
 ,sx.sl wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu
 mjqf,a iEu idudðlfhl=gu Ñ;a;fõ.Sh iyfhda.h iy
wdrCIdj i,id§u’
mjq,la l%uj;aj mj;ajd f.k hdu hkq th uq¿ uy;a iudchgu
n,mEula lrKq we;’ ulaksidoh;a mjq, iudcfha l=vdu tallh
jk neúks’ tu ksid mjqf,a iuÕsh ;=< hym;a iudchla ìysùug
we;s bvlv fndfydah’ tu ksid mjq, .ek fn!oaO WmfoaYkfha
wjOdrKfhka hq;=j lreKq olajd we;’
 233

fn!oaO ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj iy WmfoaYkh hk ud;Dldj hgf;a

wm úiska m¾fhaIKd;aulj f;dr;=re olajd we;’ fuys§ ngysr
ufkdaÑls;aidj iy WmfoaYkh ms<sn|jo flá ye¢kaùula lr we;’
WmfoaYlfhl= ;=< ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. ish,a,lau mdfya nqÿka
jykafia i;=j ;snQ njg WodyrK iys;j olajd we;’ úfYAIfhka
f;dard .;a l:d lSmhla ;=<ska kQ;k ufkdaúµdfõ fhdod .kakd
ufkdafrda. Ñls;ail úêl%uhka fmkajd § we;’ tfiau úúO
.=rel=, uÕska j¾Okh l< úêl%uhka o y÷kajd tjeks ,CIK
nqÿoyu ;=< o we;s nj fmkajd § we;’ úfYAIfhkau ;ks mqoa.,‛
lKavdhï iy mjq,a WmfoaYkfha§ fn!oaO ufkdaúµdfõ flfia kï
WmfoaYk úêl%u fhdod f.k ;sfí±hs meyeÈ<s f,i ú.%Y lr
olajd we;’
fn!oaO ufkdaúµdfõ uQ,slu ixl,amh kï mqoa.,hd ;udf.a
p¾hdjkag ;uka j.lsj hq;= w;r ;uka úiska lrK fyd| krl
;ud miq mi meñfKk w;r ;uka ta ish¨u foag j.lsj hq;a;dh’
tfiau iudcfha fyd| iudðlfhl= f,i Ôj;aùfï § wjYH lrk
ish¨u ixl,amhka nqÿoyfuys fmkajd § we;’ nqÿoyu yqfola
mrf,dj Ôú;h .ek muKla l:d lrK o¾Ykhla fkdjk njg
fyd|u idOlhla kï mjq,a WmfoaYkhhs’ tys§ .sys Ôú;hla .;
lsÍug wjYH lrK iEu WmfoaYhlau ,nd§ we;’ fn!oaO
ufkdaúµdfõ w.h lrkafka mek keÕS we;s m%Yak úi|kjdg jvd
m%Yak mek keÕSug l,ska tajd iukh lr .ekSfï ud¾. fiùu
iy ta m%Yak j,g n,mdk fya;= uq,skqmqgd ±óuhs’ fya;=M, oyu
u; mokï jQ nqÿoyu iEu fohlgu fya;=jla we;s nj olajd we;’
nqÿoyfuys mru wfmaCIdj ks¾jdkh ,nd.ekSu jqjo hym;a
Ôú;hla .; lsÍugo‛ udkisl m%S;sfhka hq;=j Ôú;h yßhdldrj
mj;ajd f.k hdug tys we;s ixl,amhka fndfyduhlau
m%fhdackj;a fõ’ fndfyda kQ;k ufkdaúoHd{hskaf.a ixl,amhka
nqÿoyfuys we;s ixl,amhka iuÕ iudk nj by; ixikaokd;aul
wOHhkfhysoS Tmamq fõ’ fuys§ ;j ;j;a fï wxYj, m¾fhaIK
lrñka fn!oaO ixl,amhka f,djg meyeÈ,s lr Èhhq;= ld,h t<U
we;’ tuÕska WmfoaYkh kj udj;la lrd fhduq lrúh yelsjdla
fukau m%Yakj,ska mSä; iudchg i;=g‛ iduh iy m%S;sh <Õdlr
Èh yelsh’

mdol igyka -
1. ufkdaúsoHdj mdrsNdIsl jpk ud,dj wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fuka;=j Psychotherapy hk jpkhg ufkdafrda.
Ñls;aidj f,i olajd we;’ msgqj 115
 234

2. uq¾;s’‛ ufkdaúµd Yío fldaIh isudiys; lreKdr;ak iy

mq;%fhda fld<U 1991 fojk uqo%Kh
3. Joíthan.C., Editor Oxford Advanced Learners dictionary
Oxford University press 1998 page 936
4. Sharif.R., Theories of psychotherapy and counseling
Brooks Cole Publishing Company 1996.
5. Coon.D., Essentials of Psychology Exploration and
application. Wadsworth 1994 page 543
6.Ibid page 544
7. Mongan.T.C., King.R.A.,Weisz.J.R., Schopler.J.
th
Introduction to Psychology Tata Mcgrow-Hill 7 edition 1993
page G18
8. Feldman R.S., Essentials of Understanding Psychology
Mcgrow-Hill New York 1987 page G 12
9. Bootzin.R.R., Bower.G.H., Crocker.J., Hall.E., Psychology
Today An introduction . page 5 .7th edition Mcgraw Hill 1991
page 569
10. Krebs.d., Blackman.R., Psychology A first encounter
HBJ Publishers 1997 page 730
11. Hassett.J., Understanding Psychology. Random House
New York 3rd Edition 1980 page 465
12.Narayana.R.S. Counseling And Guidance. Tata McGraw
– Hill Publishing Company Limited New Delhi Page 11
13. Rogers.C., Counseling and Psychotherapy. Boston,
Houghton miffin 1942
14. Rogers.C., Counseling and Psychotherapy. Boston,
Houghton miffin 1942 page 18
15. Joseph F.Perez Counseling: Theory and Practice.
Addison-Wesley, 1965 page 15
16. Strang, Ruth., Counseling Techniques in college and
Secondary school. New York Harper and Brothers 1937
page 19
17. Harriman.S., Introduction to Counseling Psychology.
Winston Pvt.Ltd New York 1978 page 23
18. Rogers.C., Counseling and Psychotherapy. Boston,
Houghton miffin 1942 page 19
19’ u’ks’wßh mßfhaIK iq;%h
20.Buddhism and Chiristinity- World of Buddhism vol 7 No I
1990/91
21. iq’ks’ fia, iQ;%h
 235

22. w’ks’ oiu ksmd;h i[a[d j¾.h

23. tu
24. tu
25. ñ<skao m[ay’ wkqudk j.a. msg 290
26. kkaofiak r;akmd, iudc úµdj yd ck Ôú;h
27’ iquKfcda;s’ jdßhfmd, ukdisl iqjh ms<sn| fn!oaO yd ngysr
ufkdaúµd;aul wdl,amh
28.w’ks’ ;sl ksmd;h nq’c’uq’ 1960 msg 384
29. oyï wud fn!oaO lghq;= fomd¾;fïk;=j 1994
30’ ;ïfyys lsÉpx wd;mamx wlaLd;dfrda ;:d.f;d O’m’ uqj.u
{dKiSy ixialrKh 152-153 .=Kfiak 1998
31’ u’ks’ pxlS iQ;%h
32. w’ks’ m[a[y iQ;%h
33. u’ks’ III iÉpúNx. iq;%h msgq 513-518 nq’c’uq’ 1994
34. w’ks’ Oïuijk iQ;%h msg 398 nq’c’uq’ 1968
35. u’ks’ wNhrdcl=udr iQ;%h msgqj 398 nq’c’uq’ 1973
36. isßiquk’ yEfmd,.u nqÿrÿkaf.a b.ekaùfï l%uYs,am msgq 43-83
37. §’ks’ fidaKoKav iq;%h
38. w’ks’ p;=lalx ksmd;h frda. iq;%h
39. iq’ks’ fia, iQ;%h
40. o is,ajd’ moauisrs‛ .=Kfiak fjila l,dmh 2512 ^1968& 7
fjks ,smsh
41. u’ks’ i,af,aL iQ;%h msg 45
42. u’ks’ uOqmsKAäl iQ;%h
43. oS’ks’ uydksodk iq;%h
44. §’ks’ i;smÜGdk iQ;%h
45. Buddhism and Chiristinity- World of Buddhism vol 7 No I
1990/91
46. ffu;%S uq¾;s’ lrf.dv Whkaf.dv uki ms<sn| fn!oaO ú.%yh
iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay, fld<U 2002
47.w’ks’ (PTS)msg 231
48.u’ks’jF:Qmu iQ;%h
49.u’ks’mshcd;sl iQ;%h
50.i’ks’ ,dNi;aldr iQ;%h
51.i’ks’ I nq’c’uq’ msg 302
52.Frankle. V.E. Psychotherapy and Existentialism, Harmand worth
Pelicon books 1973 page 80
53.Gnanasiri, S., Psychology in Buddhist literature Buddhist Cultural
Center Dehiwala 2000 page 37
 236

54.O’m’ 103 .d:dj iyiai j.a.

55.Lq’ks’ I ux., iQ;%h msgq 6-8 nq’c’uq’ 1960
56. u’ks’ I wßh mßfhaIK iQ;%h msgq 394-424 nq’c’uq’ 1964
57. ksYAYl’tÉ’tia’tia’‛ fn!oAO ufkdaÑls;aidj .=Kfiak iy
iud.u fld<U 2003 fojk uqøKh msg 30
58. u’ks’ uyd ÿlaL LJO iQ;%h
59. u’ks’wkqudk iQ;%h
60.Harischandra D.V.J.Psychiatriats aspects of Jathaka stories Upali
offset Printers. Galle page 70.
61. i’ks’ II msg 148 nq’c’uq’ 1982
62. u’ks’ II OïufÉ;sh iQ;%h msg 550 nq’c’uq’ 1982
63. w’ks’ kkaol iQ;%h
64. u’ks’pQ,f.daisx. iQ;%h
65.Narayana.R.S. Counseling And Guidance. Tata McGraw – Hill
Publishing Company Limited New Delhi Page 11
66. w’ks’tall ksmd;fha iín%yau iQ;%h
67.w’ks’m[apu j.a. uydkdu iQ;%h
68.w’ks’ IV ima; Nßhd iq;a; msg 414
69.w’ks’ II iïjdi iq;a; msgqj 114
70.Dhammananda.K., Happy married Life pp 25-26
71.w’ks’V bFÓ nJOk iQ;%h msgqj 80
72. Dhammananda.K., Treasures of the Dhamma pp 253-254
73. i'ks’ mrdNj iq;a; msgqj 34
74. w’ks’ IVmsgqj 244
75. w’ks’ñ.id, iQ;%h
76. ohd m%kdJÿ’ tia’ nqÿiufha foaYmd,k Ñka;kh msgqj 175
77. Ratnpala. Nandasena., Buddhist Sociology. Satguru
publication.Delhi 1993 Page 41.
 237

fn!oaO Ndjkdj ufkdaÑls;aidjla f,i

Buddhist Meditation as a Psychotherapy
 238

f,dalh fufyhjkafka is;h’ f,dalh f.khkafka is;h’ ish,af,dau

is; keu;s fï oyug jiÕj isákafkdah’ fï f,dalfha wisrsu;au
n,fõ.h is;h’ iemg ÿlg fukau iEu fohlgu uq,a jkafka
is;h’ “ukx Wiai;S;s ukqiaid” hk wdldrhg Wiia jQ ukila we;s
ñksid úiskau ;udf.a is; hym;a wdldrhg ÈhqKql< hq;=h’ nqÿka
jykafia tla wjia:djl fï wldrhg foaYkd l<y’ “ uyfKks‛
Ndú; jQ tkï jeä ÈhqKqjg m;a lrK ,o tl.Z jq msßiqÿ is;
;rï uy;a jQ ys; msKsi mj;akdjq wka lsisÿ oyula uu fkdolsñ’”
f,dalfha we;s iEu fyd| fukau krl lghq;= j,§ uq,ajkafka
is;h’ wmeyeÿKq is;ska hula lshhs kï fyda lrhs kï tys
m%;sM,h .e, wÈk f.dkdf.a mh wkqj r: frdaoh hkakdla fuka
Tyq miq miafia ÿl ¨yqn£’ tfiau meyeÿk is;ska hulaa lshhs kï
fyda lrhs kï tys m%;sM,h ;ud w;afkdyer hk fijke,a, fuka
Tyq miq mi ¨yqn£’ tfiau wx.=;a;r ksldfha tall ksmd;fhaoS
“w;a;kdj w;a;dkx mÉpfjCÅ;ínx” hkqfjka nqÿka jykafia
foaYkd lr we;af;a wkqkaf.a fkdj ;ukaf.a is; ukdj n,d.ekSu
jeo.;a njh’
isf;ys h:diajrEmh ±lSu b;du jeo.;ah’ tuÕska wmg ´kEu
fohl i;H iajrEmh ±lsh yelsh’ iudêh jvjd .ekSfuka iudys;
jQ tlÕjQ is; h:d;;ajfhka oelsh yelsh’ “iudêx Ndfõ;
iudys;;a;d h:dN=;x mcdkd;s’”
“w;a;dkx .fjfihHd:x iÑ;a;ukqrCL: ” ;ud .ek fiú,af,ka
isákak’ ;udf.a is; fyd¢ka /l n,d.kak’ hk nqÿka jykafiaf.a
woyio fuys§ b;d jeo.;ah’
iEu wd.ulu mdfya wjidk wruqKlg <Õdùu fyda foúhka yd
tlaùfï lrK l%shdoduh is; wruqKl r|jd .ekSuhs’ bJ§h
o¾Ykfhys fuh Ndjkd kñkao fhda. Ndjkd kñkao olajd we;’
jYsIAG Risjrhdf.a woyi kï fhda. hkq iifrys we;s ish¨ ÿla
ke;slr iudêh <Õdlr .ekSfï ud¾.h njh’ is; hkq ks;ru
wjq,a fjk tfy fufy ÿjk ixlS¾K jia;=jls’ fhda. hkq krl
wruqKq fj; hk is; bka uqojd f.k iudêhg m;alrjk
ud¾.hhs’
tu ksid is; j¾Okh lr iudêh fj; fhduqlsÍfuka buy;a
m%;sM, ,o yelsh’ ta i|yd nqÿka jykafia foaYkd l< ud¾.h
jkafka Ndjkdjh’ tu Ndjkdj kQ;k ufkdaúµkql+,
ufkdaÑls;aidjla jYfhka fhdod.; yelsh’

Ndjkdj hkq l=ulao@

“ Ñ;a;x Ndfõ;s Ndjkd” lshQ wdldrhg isf;ys jeãu Ndjkdjhs’ “
Ndfõ;s l=i, Oïfï wdfiaj;s jâfâ;s t;dhd;s Ndjkd” hkq hï
 239

fÉ;kdjla lrK fldgf.k l=i, O¾uhla jevqfõo ta fp;kdj

Ndjkdj kïfõ’ Ndjkdj hkq jvd j¾Okh lsrSu hkqhs’ is;
hym;a wruqfKys j¾Okh lsÍu Ndjkdjhs’ tfiau is; l%ufhka
ÈhqKq lsÍuo Ndjkdjhs’ Oïuix.Ksfhys i|yka wdldrhg “
Ndjkd;s jâVkd” kï Ndjkdj kï jeãu hkqhs’
fï jeãu i|yd uQ,sl mokula wjYHh’ tkï iS,h u; msysgd
ish¨ lghq;= lsÍuhs’ lh‛ jpkh‛ iy uki hk ;=k f×r ixjr
lrf.k fï iS, m%;smodj wdrïN l< yelsh’ tla wjia:djl nqÿka
jykafia myrdo iQ;%fha§ YS, úiqoaêh fkdmqrd ry;a ùula ke;ehs
foaYkd l<y’ tuÕska o wmg yefÕkafka iS,h fï iEu fohlu
moku njh’ by; i|yka lshuk ;j;a meyeÈ,s lrñka wgqjd
pdÍka jykafia fufiao olajd we;’ ueähdf.a mek mek hk .uk
fuka m<uq fldgu iS,h mQ¾Kh fkdfldg ry;alula ke;’
ms<sfj<ska iS, iudê m%{djka imqrdu ry;a njg meñKsh yelsh
hkq w¾:hhs’ nqÿka jykafia ixhq;a; ksldfha fï fudaCI ud¾.h fï
whqßka foaYkd lr we;’ m%{djka; flf<ia ;jk ù¾h we;a;djQ
hï iFjfhla iS,fhys msysgd iudêho úo¾Ykd m%{djo
jvkafkafõo fyf;u fï ;DIAKd keu;s wjq, ukdfldg ksrjq,a
lrkafkah’ “iSf,a m;sÜGdh kfrd i m[af[da” hk .d:dj
uq,alrf.k iS,fhka úiqoaêh ,nd.; yels nj olajñka úiqoaê
ud¾.h kï fmd; nqoaOf>daI ysñhka rpkd lrK ,È’ tfiau ta
ysñshka mjikafka ueähdf.a mek mek hk .uk fuka m<uq
fldgu iS, mQrKh fkdfldg ry;a ùula fkdue;snjh’ ms<sfj<ska
iS, iudë m%{djka imqrd ry;a njg meñKsh hq;=h’ nqÿka
jykafiaf.a foaYkdj jkafka ksjkg flá ud¾. fkdfiúh hq;=
nj;a iS, iudê m%{d wdÈh ms<sfj<ska imqrd wjidk b,lalh lrd
hdhq;= njh’ Ndjkdfõ b;sydih ms<sn|j ksYaÑ; Ndjhla fkdue;s
jqjo b;du merKs Ndr;fha fudfykafcdodfrda yrmamd jek hq.j,§
o wdOHd;añl ixj¾Okfha wxYhla f,i Ndjkdj ;snQ njg we;eï
W.;=ka úYajdi l<o ta ms<sn| idCIs fkdue;sh’
ffjÈl n%dyauK hq.j,§ hd. fydau jeks l%shd ;=<ska wd.ñl
Ñka;kh ilia ù ;snq w;r wrKHl iy WmksIoa hq.j,§ ñksid
hï hï foag ms<s;=re fiùug jkje§ ksoyfia is;kakg mqreÿ úh’
th Ndjkdfõ wdrïNh f,i is;sh yelsh’ tfiau fhda. o¾Ykhg
wkqjo is; iudêh lrd fhduq lr .ekSug Ndjkdj Wmfhda.S
lrf.k we;’ fï is; tlÕ lr .ekSfï m%;sM,hla f,i
wyiskahdu‛ Èhu;= msg weú§u‛ jeks fkdfhl=;a wdYap¾hu;a
m%d;syd¾h mEyels nj úúO wd.ñl o¾Ykj, i|ykaj we;’ nqÿka
jykafiaf.a ld,fha§ o is; ÈhqKq lr.;a úúO uqKsjre isá njg
idCIs we;’ wis; ;dmi;=ud o tjekakls’ tfiau isÿy;a ;jqidKka
i;H fidhd hk .ufka§ úúO .=rejre yuqjQ nj wd,dr ld,du‛
Woaolrdu mq;a; hk uqKsjrekaf.a l:dj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ’ úúO
 240

ckl:d iy lgl;d wkqj woo ysud,fha fujeks uqKsjre isák

nj iuyre mji;s’ fï wdldrhg wdrïN jQ Ndjkduh b;sydifha
nqÿka jykafia l%uj;a Ndjkd l%uhla ìysl<y’ nqÿka jykafia
Ndjkdj .ek fï wdldrhg ;u Y%djlhkag foaYkd lr we;’ th
ks;r fufkys lsÍug wjYH nj olajd we;’
“ hx fLd NsCLq i;a:drd lrKshx idjldkx ysf;is;d wkqlïmflk
wkqlïmx Wmdodh ;x fjd l;x uhd’ t;dks NsCLq relaLuQ,dks
t;dks iq[a[d.drdks Codh:’ ud mudoF: ud mÉPd úmamáidßfkda
wkqjF:‛ whx fjd wïydlx wkqidi;s”
uyK Y%djlhkaf.a hym; fidhkakdjQ Y%djlhkg wkqlïmdj
ksid hula l< hq;=o th wm úiska lrK ,oafoah’ uyK fï jDCI
uQ,fhdah’ fï Y+kHd.drfhdah‛ Ndjkd lrjq‛ m%udo fkdjjq‛ m%udo ù
miq;eú,s fkdjjq‛ fuh wm úiska f;dmg lrK wkqYdikdjh
hkqfjks’
Ndjkdj yqfolau wjYH lrkafka wo ld,hgh’ úfYaIfhka ngysr
f,dalfha fï .ek ±ä Wkkaÿjla we;af;ah’ j¾;udkfhys ñksid
ks;ru ixlS¾K m%Yakdj,shlg uqyqK foñka isák w;r ta iEu
wjia:djlu ukd isysfhka hq;=j isàu b;d jeo.;ah’ f,dalfha
fkdfhla wdldrfha wk;=re úm;a jeä jkafka wmf.a is; tl
wruqKl fkd;sîfuka lrK lghq;= ksidh’ Ndjkdj hkq ks;r
ks;r Ndú;h f,i olajd we;s wjia:djka rdYshla ;%smsg;h ;=<ska
fidhd.; yelsh’ úfYAIfhkau máiïNsodfjys wgqjdjjQ
ioaOïumamldisksfhys fï .ek i|ykaj we;’ tajd kï
 wdfiú;dh- (Freuented) ks;r ks;r fiajkh lrK ,oaodjq
 Ndú;dh- (Developed) j¾Okh lrK ,oaodjq
 nyq,Sl;dh-(Practiced Frequently) nyq,j mqyqKq lrK ,o
hk w¾:h
 hdkSl;dh- (Mastered) ;uka hg;g m;a lrK ,oaodjq
 jF:ql;dh- (Practiced Throughly) ukd f,i m%.=K lrK
,oaodjq
 wkqÜÀ;dh- (Experienced) ;ud úiska ukdj w;aolakd ,oaodjq
 mrsÑ;dh-(Accustomed) ukdj yqre mqreÿ lrK ,oaodjq
 iqiudoaOdh- (Undertaken) ukdj wrUk ,oaodjQ
fï wdldrhg úúO ks¾jpkhka iuQyhla uÕska meyeÈ<s lrK
,oafoa Ndjkdfõ we;s jeo.;aluh’ is; fyd| w;g j¾Okh lsÍu;a
;ukag wjYH wdldrhg yiqrejd .ekSu;a mqreÿ mqyqKq lsÍfukq;a
tys we;s ixlS¾K Ndjh w;a±lSï uÕska ,nd .ksñkq;a ksrka;rfhka
mqyqKq lsÍfuka Wiia m%;sM, ,nd.; yelsh’ fuh Èkm;d cSú;hg
b;du jeo.;a jk w;r ;uka fh§ isák fCIa;%fha by<g hdugo
Wmldr jkafkah’
 241

tfiau nqÿka jykafia m%ldY lrkafka hï kqjKe;s mqoa.,fhla

Ndjkdfõ fhfokafkao ksjfkys we,qfkafõo Tyq foúfhda iy nUqyq
úiskqÿ m%Yxid lrKQ ,nk njh’
“fh COdk m%iq;d ërd-fklaLïuqmifu r;d
fojdms kx mixika;s- n%yauqKd ms mixisf;d”

Oïumofhys 372 fjks .d:djg wkqj m%{dfjka f;drj Ndjkdjla

ke;s w;r Ndjkdfjka f;drj m%{djla o ke;af;ah’ Ndjkdj iy
m%{dj hk folu we;s ;ek;af;a ksjk iy isf;a m%S;shg
,Õdjkafkah’
“kFÓ COdkx wm[iai-m[a[d kJ:s wCOdhf;d
hïys COdkxp m[a[dj-ifp ksíndkika;sfl”^1&
uyd;KaydixLh iQ;%fha Ndjkdj .ek fufia olajd we;’ “wkqfrdo
úfrdOx iudmkafka Ndjkd” wkqfrdaO hkq we,Suhs’ úfrdaO hkq
.eàuhs’ we,Sï .eàï ke;slsÍu Ndjkdjhs’ kuq;a ñksia is; we,Sï
iy .eàï j,ska uqojd f.k is; tl wruqKlg .ekSu myiq ke;’
is; ksrka;rfhkau tfy fufy ÿjk w;r Ndjkd uÕska W;aidy
lrkafka md,khla we;slr is; tlÕ lr.ekSuh’ kuq;a
ksrka;rfhkau úúO is;=ú<s ;=<ska is; .yKh ùu je,elaúh
fkdyelsh’ kuq;a úúO l%u Wmfhda.s lrf.k is; tla wruqKlg
.ekSug W;aidy l< hq;=h’ ú;laliKaGdk iQ;%fha§ nqÿka jykafia
th fufia olajd we;’
 ;ud isák wruqK fjkia lsÍu
 úúO wkjYH wruqKq my< jk úg tajdfhys we;s wys;lr
m%;sM, ms<sn|j is; fhduqlsÍu
 wmg m%fhdackj;a fkdjk wruqKq fyda is;=ú,s .ek wjOdkh
fhduq fkdlsÍu
 úúO is;=j,s iy tajdfhys we;s fya;=j iy M,h .ek mßCId
lsÍu
 o;a fofm< tlsfklg ;olr Èj ;,a,g ;ofldg is;ska is;
mSvdjg m;alsÍu’
Ndjkd iïnJOfhka ;%smsglh foi úuiqïYS,s f,i n,k l,
jeo.;a iQ;% foaYkd rdYshla ±lsh yelsh tajd kï i;smÜGdk
iQ;%h‛ bJøSh Ndjkd iQ;%h‛ uOqmsKaä; iQ;%h‛ wdkdmdk i;s iQ;%h‛
fu;a;dksixi iQ;%h‛ uydksodk iQ;%h‛ ,gqlsfldmu iQ;%h‛
oafjOdú;lal iQ;%h‛ r: úkS; iQ;%h‛ Nh fNarj iQ;%h‛ uyd
il=¿odhs iQ;%h‛ iíndij iQ;%h‛ jF:Qmu iQ;%h‛ kSjrK iQ;%h‛
ú;lal ikaGdk iQ;%h‛ wkqudk iQ;%h‛ Ñ;a; iQ;%h‛ myrdo iQ;%h‛
oka;N+ñ iQ;%h lrKSh fu;a; iQ;%h‛ Noafoa lr;a; iQ;%h‛ uyd
mqKaKmu iQ;h‛ fï>sh iQ;%h‛ wdlxfLhH iQ;%h‛ pq,a, fjo,a,
iQ;%h‛ wßh mßfhaik iQ;%h Oc.a. iQ;%h‛ uydkdu iQ;%h‛ f.aO
 242

iQ;%h‛ iïndOl iQ;%h‛ Wfmdai: iQ;%h‛ .sßudkako iQ;%h‛ jdfiÜG

iQ;%h‛ yd,soaojidk iQ;%h‛ ldh.;di;s iQ;%h‛ fõ,du iQ;%h‛ wdkkao
iQ;%h‛ flf;dalS, iQ;%h‛ L.a. úidk iq;%h‛ pQ, f.daisx. iQ;%h‛
Wmâv iQ;%h‛ cgd iQ;%h‛ mGud wdldi iQ;%h‛ mGud f.,[a[
iQ;%h‛ mydk iQ;%h‛ uyd i,dh;k iQ;%h‛ wdmk iQ;%h‛ .JO jHqy
iQ;%h‛ wl=i,rdis iq;%h‛ .kl fud.a.,a,dk iQ;%h‛ mßùuxik
iQ;%h‛ L–ckSh iQ;%h‛ Wmdodk iQ;%h‛ k<l,dmS iQ;%h‛ iuqoh iQ;%h‛
ÿ;sh yd,soaoldks iQ;%h‛ fidaK iQ;%h‛ kLisld iQ;%h‛ f.da;u iQ;%h‛
b;sjq;a;l wú–cdkSjrK iQ;%h‛ mßùuxik iQ;%h‛ mdßf,hHsl
iQ;%h‛ urKOïï iQ;%h‛ ;Kaydcd<sKs iQ;%h‛ wksÉp iQ;%h‛ rfyda.;
iQ;%h‛ i;a;ÜGdk iQ;%h‛ wiaiq;jka;= iQ;%h‛ Wmamdo iQ;%h‛ iïfndaO
iQ;%h‛ N=ñc iQ;%h‛ wF:srd. iQ;%h‛ fj¨oajdr iQ;%h‛ §>kL iQ;%h‛
MmamuQ,l iQ;%h‛ wkqiai;sÜGdk iQ;%h‛ boaêmdo Ndjkd iq;%h‛
WoaoïNd.sh iQ;%h‛ iy úiqoaê ud¾.h hkdÈhhs’ Ndjkdj
iïnJOfhka W;aidy .kakd whg fï iQ;% ms<sn| wjfndaOhla
,ndf.k ;j ;j;a ;ukaf.a ±kqu ÈhqKQ lr .e; yelsh’

Ndjkdj wjYH lrkafka ljr fyhskao @

Ndjkdfõ uQ,slu wruqK iy wfmaCIdj ÿl ke;s lr ksjk ,nd
.ekSuhs’ nqÿoyfï mru wfmaCIdj thhs’ th ,Õdlr .; yelafla
wfma is; ¥IHlrK ls<sá njg m;a lrK flf,ia wfma is; ;=<ska
ÿrel< úgh’ flf<ia hkq is; flf<ik krl .;sh’ ta krl .;s
ke;slr .ekSug we;s tlu uÕ is; oukh lsÍuh’ is; fkd±uqKq
l=¿yrfll=g yd iudkh’ l=¿yrld oukh lr .ekSug Yla;su;a
lUhlska iúh we;s ;ekl lUh È.g ;nd nekao hq;=h’ fï i|yd
l%u folla Ndú;d lr .; yelsh’ tlla kï ±Õ,Sug we;s ksoyi
wvq lsÍug lUh Èfkka Èk fldg lsÍuh’ wfkl kï Èkm;d
fok lEu wvq l< hq;=h’ ál Èklg miq .ilg ;nd nekao
yelsh’ túg ±Õ,Sug yelshdjla mKla ke;’ oCI ;eke;a;d
l=¿yrld fj; ,xù weÕ w;Õd lEu§ ;udg Wjukd f,i ys,Elr
.KS’
fï Ñ;a;h keue;s l=¿yrld n¢k lUh i;shhs’ n¢k .i kï
Ndjkdjhs’ Tn Ndjkdj mgka .;aúg th b;d wmyiq whqrla ±fka’
is; keu;s l=¿yrldg lEu wvqlsÍu kï is; l<Uk rEm YíodÈh
wvq lsÍuhs’ tfiau Ndjkdjg fhdok ld,iSudj áflka ál jeä
l, hq;=h’ Ndjkdj l%uj;aj mqyqKq lsÍu ;=<ska isf;a we;s udkisl
m%Yak ish,a, ksrdlrKh fldg udkisl iqjhla ,o yelsh’
tfiau mgdpdrd f;rKshf.a l:dfjka fujeks woyia m%ldY fjhs’
Èkla mgdpdrd f;rKsh fufia is;=jdh’ oCI wiaf.dõjl=g
fkd±uqKq wYajfhl= oukh lr md,kh lrkakg yels jkafka kï
;ukag ;ukaf.a is; oukh lrkakg fkdyelsjkafka uka±hs
l,amkd lrñka ffO¾h jvjdf.k myk w;ska f.k ihkfhys ys|
myk ksjoa§u if;ys ;snQ flf,ia ksù.sh nj f:Aß.d:dj,§ olajd
 243

we;’ oka;N+ñ iQ;%hg wkqj is; oukh l< hq;af;a jkfhka w,a,d
.;a w,sfhl= oukh lrkakdla fuks’ f:ar.d:dj, úð;fiak
ysñhka m%ldY lrkafka fkd±uqKq jkfhka w,a,d .;a wef;l= oCI
we;af.dõfjl= úiska oukh lrkakdla fuka ;uka is; oukh
lr.;a njh’ ¥ú,s iys; jQ uyu.Zl Odrdksmd; j¾Idjlska fidaod
oukakdla fuka fidaod msßisÿ jQ is; Ydka;h’ tuÕska Tng l<yels
fohla fkdue;’ WiiajQ ukila we;s ñksid fï f,dalh b;d
ÈhqKQfjka ÈhqKqjg m;alr f.k we;af;a uki j¾Okh lr úúO
wxY flfrys fhdod .ekSfuks’ fï i|yd nqoaO ld,fha l:djla
WodyrKhla f,i oelaÈh yelsh’
ießhq;a uyry;ka jykafia fj; meúÈj isá i;a yeúßÈ
idufkarhka jykafiaf.a;a ixjdoh b;d jeo.;ah’
ießhq;a f;reka jykafia iuÕ msvqisÕd jäk úg l=Uqrg Èh f.k
hk we,la oel fï l=ula±hs úpdrd we,la hehs lS l, fuhska
l=ula flf¾ ±hs úpdf<ah’ fuhska l=Uqre jevg Èh f.khk nj
mejiQ úg idufKarhka jykafia úuikafka fï c,hg is;la
;sfíoeÈ hkqfjks’ ke;ehs lS l, fï is;a ke;s c,h mjd is;a we;s
ñksiqka ;uka leu;s ;eklg c,h f.kf.dia l=Uqre lr;s’ tfia
kï ñksidf.a is; tfia ;uka leu;s f,i oukh lrkakg
fkdyelafla uka±hs úuid bÈßhg hkúg yS jvqjka ySovq yok yeá
ÿgq w;r fï ñksiqka l=ula lrkafka±hs úuid B;, ido;shs
ms<sjoka ÿka úg fï ySovq j,;a is;a w;a±hs úpdrd ke;ehs jod<
;ek is;a ke;s ySovq mjd weo yer .kakd l, is;a we;a;jqkag
isf;ys weo yer .; fkdyelafla ukaoehs is;ñka bÈßhg jeähy’
túg ,Sjvqjka lr;a; j,g frdao yokjd ±l fï ,S ±vqj,;a is;a
we;a±hs úpdrd ke;ehs lSl, is;a ke;s ,S ovq mjd fufia lmd
weoyer ukd f,i ilia lr.kafka kï ;udf.a is; muKla
weoyer kïujd .; fkdyels jkafka ljr fyhska±hs wêIaGdk
iy.;j is;df.k wdkd.dó njg m;a jQy’ fï lreK ksid nqÿka
jykafia fufia foaYkd l<y’
“ Èhd¨fjda ;uka leu;s ;eklg Èh muqKqj;s’ yS jvqjka leu;s
f,i yS ovq kud .ks;s’ ,S jvqfjda ,S ovq leu;s f,i kud .ks;s’
kqjKe;af;da ;ukaj ukdf,i oukh lr.ks;s’ hkqfjks’”(2)
Ndjkd wjYH lrkafka l=ula ksido hk m%Yakhg b;d is;a
weo.kakd iq¿ úia;rhla uäfya m[a[diSy uykdñhka úiska rÑ;
iS, Ndjkd^3& keu;s fmdf;ys olajd we;’ th b;du ir< úêhg
Ndjkdfõ w.Zh fmkaùug Èh yels fyd|u úia;rhls’
“W;a;dk i;aFjfhdah he .yK i;aFjfhdahehs f,dj we;s ;dla
×YHudk i;aFjfhda fofldgilg fnfo;s’ W;a;dk i;aFjfhda kï
fkdieÕjqKQ‛ m%lgjQ‛ t<sorõ jQ flf<ia we;af;dah’ tkï
;sßikakqh’ .yK i;aFjfhda kï ieÕjqKQ‛ jeiqKQ‛ wm%lg jq
flf,ia we;af;dah’ tkï ukqIHfhdah’ ;sßikakq ldu-fldamdosh
 244

bjikafkda- iÕjkafkda fkdfj;s’ wd wd úg ;ek fõ,dj‛ mqoa.,hd

fkdn,d tajd my< lrkafkdah’ ñksia rElvfhdao tn÷u fj;s’
kshu ñksid ldufldamdÈh wdúg ;ek n,hs‛ fõ,dj n,hs‛
mqoa.,hd n,hs‛ bjihs‛ i.Zjd .kshs‛ fun÷ W;=ï ñksia .=K we;s
lr .; yelafla ys; ÈhqKQ lsÍfukah’ tkï Ndjkdfjkah’ tfyhska
Ndjkdj wjYHh’
pm,fhdahe iaÓrfhdahehso ñksiaiq fofldgilg fnfo;s’ pm,fhda
kï weia‛ lka‛ keye wE bÿrka uÕska ief,kafkdah’
le<efUkafkdah’ ia:srfhda kï tfia fkdief,kafkdah‛
fkdle<efUkafkah‛ pm,fhda m%sh rEmfhys wef,;s’ wm%sh .efg;s’
wm%sh rEmhla ÿgqúg fkdi;=gq fj;s’ wfkla b÷rka uÕsksÿ tfiauh’
ia:srfhda m%sh rEmfhys we,Sï we;;a wm%sh rEmfhys .eàï we;;a
l,n, fkdfj;s‛ fkdle<efU;s‛ we,Sï .eàï t<sorõ fkdfldg
bji;s’ ta iaÓr .=Kh we;s lr .; yelafla;a Ndjkdjlska bkaøshka
oukh lr .ekSfuks’ tfyhska o Ndjkdj wjYHh’
Y=rfhdahe ùrfhdahehs ërfhdahehso ñksiaiq f;fldgilg fnfo;s’
Y+rfhda hïhï ld¾hhkays oCIfhdah‛ yqre jQfjdah‛ ùrfhda kï ndOd
fkdn,d mgka .;a ld¾h uqÿkam;a jk;=reu lrkafkdah’
nqyqáfhdah‛ ërfhda kï iem;a úm;a wd§ f,da oyïys fkdief,k -
fkd fmrf<k fkd;efjk Èß we;af;dah’ fulS .=K;%h we;sfhdau
W;=ï ukqIHfhda fj;s’ thskqÿ ër .=Kh yeug W;=ï fõ’ ta
w;Hq;a;u .=Kh we;slr .; yelafla;a Ndjkdfjkauh’ tfyhskao
Ndjkdj wjYHh’
Ndú; mqoa.,fhdahe wNdú; mqoa.,fhdahehso ñksiaiq fofldgilg
fnfo;s’ Ndú; mqoa.,fhda kï jvk ,o‛ ÈhqKQ lrK ,o is;a
we;af;dah’ wNdú; mqoa.,fhda kï fkdjvk ,o‛ is;a we;s wh fj;s’
Tjqyq ks;ru l,n,jQ uqjka fukqÿ‛ ;e;s .ekqKQ l=vd orejka
fukqÿ‛ weúiaiqKq l,n,jQ iajNdj we;af;dah’ Tjqkaf.a lereï-
lshqï-is;=ï ish,a,u f.dfrdaiqh’ o<ovqh’ Ndú;fhda tfia fkdfj;s’
;ekam;ajQ Ydka; lereï-lshqï yd is;=ï we;af;dah’ tfyhska
Ndú;fhdau W;=ï fj;s’ ta Ndú; .=Kh we;s lr .; yelafla;a
Ndjkdfjkauh’ tfyhska o Ndjkdj wjYHh’
jrojd msysgqjk ,o is;a we;af;dahe‛ ukd fldg msysgqjk ,o is;a
we;af;dahehso ñksiaiq fofldgilg fnfo;s’ .,a fonE l<yels hyq,
^hlv W,& jqj;a jrojd msysgqùfuka irig ±ófuka .,la ;nd
u,la j;a ì| fkdyels fõ’ tfuka jrojd msysgqjk ,o is;skq;a
lsisÿ flf,ia ì÷ula fkdl< yelsh’ tfy;a ukdfldg msysgqjk
,o‛ fl,ska ;nk ,o ù kxvqjo w;a md isÿre lsÍug me,Sug
iu¾: fõ’ tfuka u ukd fldg msysgqjk ,o is;o wúµdj
ì£ug;a‛ úµdj ^kqjK& my< lsÍug;a‛ ksjka ±lSug;a iu¾: fõ’
tneúka ukd fldg msysgqjk ,o is;u W;=ï fõ’ th ,nd.;
yelafla;a Ndjkdfjkauh’ tfyhskao Ndjkdj wjYHh’
 245

Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;a woyila j,afmd, rdyq, ysñhka

nqÿka jod< O¾uh kï fmdf;ys fuf,i i|yka lr we;’ nqÿka
jykafiaf.a Ndjkd l%uh iïmQ¾K udkisl fi!LHh;a iduh;a
Ydka;sh;a ,ndfohs’ Ndjkdj jpkh lshkq ,n;au wm l,amkd
lrkafka cSú;fha ojfia jev j,ska fjkaù iudcfhka fjkaj
úydrj, olakg ,efnk bßhõjlska .+V f,i lrK lghq;a;la
f,isks’ ienE fn!oaO Ndjkd lsisf,ilsksÿ tjeks m,dhdula
fkdfõ’ i;smÜGdk iQ;%h Ndjkd iïnJO b;d jeo.;a iQ;%hls’ tys
Ndjkd l%uh cSú;hg iïnJOh’ wm Èkm;d lrk fmdÿ jev
j,g;a i;=gqùï yd wiykj,g;a l:dj,g;a is;sú,s j,g;a
nqoaêuh ld¾hj,g;a iïnJOh’ ;jÿrg;a Wka jykafia Ndjkd hk
jpkfha kshu f;areu kï is; ls<sá lrk flf<iaj,ska uqod msßisÿ
lr tald.%;dj‛ iauD;sh‛ nqoaêh‛ wêIaGdkh‛ ùßh‛ úfõpk‛ Yla;sh‛
Y%oaOdj‛ m%S;sh‛ Ydka;sh‛ wdÈ .=K ÈhqKqfldg m%{dj ,nd§ ks¾jdK
wjfndaOh tys wruqKhs’

uvj, Wmd,s ysñhkaf.a Ndjkd w;afmd;g fmrjokla imhk

uydpd¾h iqukmd, .,auxf.dv fufia Ndjkdj .ek m%ldY lrhs’
nqÿoyfuys m%dfhda.sl yrh .eíù we;af;a Ndjkdfjysh’ fn!oaO
O¾u ud¾.h flfrys foaYSh úfoAYSh fndfyda fofkl=f.a oeä
wjOdkh fhduqù we;af;a o fuu wdOHd;añl ixj¾Ok l%shdoduh
ksidh’ nqÿka jykafia úiska fmkajd fokq ,enQ csú;fha W;a;u
h:d¾:hka mila l< yelafla o m%Oka ù¾hh yd ne÷Kq fuu
l%shdud¾.h ;=<skah’ tfy;a kQ;kfha Ndjkdj ;rï jerÈ yd
wmyeÈ,s w¾: l:khkag ,lajQ ;j;a fn!oaO ud;Dldjla ke;s
;rïh’ Bg fya;= rdYshls’ meyeÈ<s w;a±lSïla fkdue;s yqÿ nqoaê
f.dapr o;a; wdY%fhka Ndjkdj .ek ú.%y lsÍu yd udkisl
l%shdlßFjh ms<sn| újrK lsisfjl=f.a wNsfhda.hg ,lafkdùu Bg
m%Odk jYfhka n,md we;s nj fmfka’
Ndjkdfõ we;s ufkdaúµd;aul jeo.;alu .eko fndfyda wh
wjOdkh fhduq lrñka m¾fhaIK lghq;= lrf.k hkq ,efí’
ufkdaffjoH uydpd¾h úch Èidkdhl Ndjkdfõ we;s
ufkdaúoHd;aul w.hka fufia olajd we;’ fmrÈ. f,dalh ;=<
Ndjkd ixl,amhg b;du;a §¾> b;dydihla we;s uq;a hqfrdamd
wefußld jeks ngysr f,dalhg kï Ndjkdj hkak b;d uE;l§
Ndú;hg meñKs ixl,amhlah’ fï ms<sn| Tjqka ;=< w¨;a
Woafhda.hla iy wjOdkhla úfYAIfhkau ufkdaúµ fCIa;%j, lghq;=
lrk ufkdaffjµjreka‛ ufkdaÑls;ailhska‛ ufkdaúµd{hska w;r
olakg we;’ Tjqkaf.a WkJÿùu wkqj Ndjkdfõ ufkdaúµd;aul iy
ufkdaÑls;aiuh jákdlula we;snj fmkS .sfhah’ Ndjkdj we;eï
udkisl wdndOhkg fhda.H m%;sldrhla jYfhka o Tjqka fhdackd
lr;s’
 246

ud;r YS% {Kdrdu ysñhka ;ukaf.a iu: úmiaikd Ndjkd ud¾.h

kï lD;sfhys fujeks m%;dYhla Ndjkdjkaf.a m%;sM, .ek olajd
we;’
fï ld,fha Ndjkdjlska OHdkhla ud¾.hla ,efnkafka ke; hk
l:dj o bÈßhg ths’ Ndjkd lrK mCIfhka fuhg fyd|ska
ms<s;=re imhd we;s nj wms oksuq’ ful, M, ,eìh fkdyels hehs
m%isoaO m%ldYkhka lrK W.;a;= we;a;dy’ fï W.;a fõYfhka
bkakd kQ.;=kaf.a fud<od;=j mEfokafka ljodo@ iajlSh flf,ia
fõ.h ksid fun÷ woyia is;g my<jqj;a ;=Kqrejkaf.a kdufhka
m%ldY fkdlr isákjd kï tal;a f,djg f,dl= iykhls’
bJøsh Ndjkd iQ;%fha§ nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lrwe;af;a i;H
jYfhkau Ndjkdj l< hq;af;a iudcfha Ôj;afjñka wka;¾
l%shdoduhkag m%;sl%shd olajñks’ tfia fkdue;sj iudcfha m,df.dia
jk.;ù lrkakla fkdfõ’

Ndjkdfjka ,eìh yels m%;sM,

Ndjkdj hkq is; tlÕ lr lghq;= lsrSuhs’ tys m%Odku wfmaCId
ÿla ke;s lr ksjk wjfndaO lr.ekSuhs’ kuq;a Ndjkdfjka wmf.a
tÈfkod Ôú;hg .; yels m%fhdack fndfydah’ b;d l%uj;aj
ms<sfj<g jev lr .ekSug Ndjkdj b;d m%dfhda.sl úêl%uhls’
tosfkod Ôú;fha we;sjk udkisl wjq,a úhjq,a ÿr,d udkisl
iqjfhka hq;=j mjq,a Ôú;hla .; lrf.k hdug;a tfiau
kshudldrfhka ;ukaf.a tÈfkod jevlghq;= lsÍug;a th fnfyúka
WmldÍ fõ’
lsßkafoa Oïudkkao kdhl ysñhka úiska Ndjkdfjka ,eìh yels
jdis ke;fyd;a m%fhdack fï wdldrhg olajd we;’
 Tn b;d jev wêl mqoa.,fhl= kï Ndjkdj uÕska Tng
fjyfika ñ§ uki Ydka;sfhka hq;=j lghq;= lsÍfï uÜgug
<Õd lrjkq ,efí’
 Tn ÿlg m;ajQ mqoa.,fhl= kï thska ñ§ is; iykh lrd
/f.k hdug;a isysfhka hq;=j lghq;= lsÍug;a W.kajkq
,efí’
 Tn m%Yak f.dvl isák mqoa.,fhl= kï thska ñ§ug;a tajdg
Yla;sfhka ffO¾fhka hq;=j uqyqK §ug;a Ndjkdj iyh fõ’
 Ôú;hl id¾:lFjh kï wd;au Yla;sfhka hq;=j lghq;=
lsÍuhs’ Tn wd;au Yla;sfhka f;dr mqoa.,fhl= kï th
jvjd .ekSug;a Ndjkdj Wmfhda.s lr.; yelsh’
 Tng ìhla ±fka kï tys kshu iajrEmh oek ye|sk .ekSug
Ndjkdj Wmfhda.s jk w;r tuÕska m%Yakh úi|d .ekSug
yelsfõ’
 247

 Tn ksrka;rfhkau w;Dma;su;aj cSj;ajkafka kï Ndjkdj

uÕska tu yeÕSï hgm;a lr yojf;ys i;=g we;s lr.k
Ôj;aùug wjldYh i,id fokq ,efí’
 Tn hï hï foa ms<sn| iel iys;j cSj;a jkafka kï thska
w;añ§ kshu Ôjk ud¾.hla fidhd hdug Ndjkdj Wmldß
flf¾’
 Tn bÉPdNx.Fjhg m;aj yoj; ì|S isák úg cSú;h fukau
tys h:d iajrEmh ms<sn| kshu ;;aFjh wjfndaO lr.ekSug
Ndjkdj WmldÍ fõ’
 Tn fmdfydi;a mqoa.,fhl= kï Tnf.a Okh ms<sn| meyeÈ<s
wjfndaOhla ,ndf.k Tng fukau wka whg tys m%fhdack
,efnk wdldrhg th yiqrejd .ekSug Ndjkdfjka Woõ
,efí’
 Tn ÿmam;a mqoa.,fhl= kï Tnf.a ;;aFjh ukdj f;areï
.ekSug;a wka whg B¾IHd fkdlsÍug;a Ndjkdj Wmfhda.s
lr.; yelsh’
 Tn ;reK úh .;lrK flfkla kï ;reK Ôú;fha we;s
wNsfhda. ch .ekSug;a bÈß wfmaCId ms<sn| meyeÈ<s
wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug;a Ndjkdj Wmfhda.S fõ’
 Tn uy¿ úfha wfhl= kï cSj;h ms<sn| wfmaCId Nx.Fjhg
m;aj isàkï Ndjkdj uÕska Ôú;fha h:d iajrEmh ye|sk
jeä uy¿ úfha i;=g úÈh yelsh’
 Tn b;d blaukska ;ryj we;s lr.kakd mqoa.,fhl= kï
thska w;añ§ isf;ys Ydka;sh we;s lr.ekSug Ndjkdj Woõ
fõ’
 Tn ksrka;rfhka u;ameka iy u;al=vq j,g weíneysù isàkï
thska w;añ§ug;a Ndjkdj Wmfhda.s fõ’
 Tn ye.Sï j,g jy,a ù lghq;= lrk flfkl=kï thska
w;añ§ lghq;= lsÍug;a Ndjkdj Wmfhda.S fõ’
 Tn hï hï udkisl wjmSvk j,ska mSvd ú¢kafka kï thska
w;añ§ug;a Ndjkdfjka yelsh’
 Tn ÿ¾j, is;la we;af;l= kï tu ySkudk .;sh ÿr,Sug;a
uki Yla;su;a lsÍug;a Ndjkdj Wmldrsfõ’
 Tn nqoaêu;a mqoa.,fhl= kï Tnf.a ±kqu ;j ;j;a ÈhqKq
lr.ekSug;a f,dalfhys fmfkk wdldrh fkdj tys ienE
iajrEmh yeÈka .ekSug;a Ndjkdj Wmfhda.s fõ’
nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lf<A fï f,dalfhys frda. j¾. folla
we;s njh’ tkï ldhsl iy udkisl frda.hs’ tu fohdldrjq
frda. keiSug we;s fyd|u T!IOhls Ndjkdj’ Ndjkdfjka .;
 248

yels m%fhdack fndfydah’ l<hq;af;a th kshudldrfhka m%.=K

lsÍuh’

lugyka

´kEu ld¾hhla lsÍug l,ska ta ms<sn|j wmg wruqKla ;sîu

jeo.;ah’ Ndjkdj i|yd wruqKq jkakdjQ foa l¾uia:dk f,i
±laúh yelsh’ ― lïuÜGdkdkS;s wdrïuK Ndfõk fhda.lïuiai
mj;sÜGkd;s‖ hkqfjks’ Ndjkdfõ kej; kej; fh§u wkqfhda.
kïfõ’ th wksjd¾fhkau l<hq;= fyhska l¾u kïfõ’ Ndjkdfõ
ksrka;rfhkau kej; kej; fh§u kï jQ Ndjkd l¾uhg iqÿiq
úIh fyj;a wruqK l¾uia:dk kïfõ’
― fhda.iai Ndjkdh wkqhq[ackx wkqfhdf.d ;foj lrKShÜfÜk
lïux ;iai fhd.dkqfhd. lïuiai Gdkx lïuÜGdkx‖

f:arjdo iïm%odhg wkqj uydúydrSh wdpd¾h mrïmrdj úiska

Ndú;d lrkakg fhoqkdjQ lugyka i;,syla nqoaOf>daI ysñhkaf.a
úiqoaê ud¾.h kï fmdf;ys olajd we;’ tfiau iu: iy úmiaikd
Ndjkdjg fhdod.; yels wruqKq y;,sia kjhla we;s nj wx.=;a;r
ksldfha tall ksmd;fhaoS i|yka lr we;’ uyd il=¿odhs iQ;%hg
wkqj Ndjkdjg wruqKQ jk lreKQ m%udKh ye;a;Emyls’ iu:
Ndjkdjg wruqKq jkakdjQ lreKq y;,sy fufia my; olajd we;’
oi lisK- 1’mGú lisK‛ 2’ wdfmda lisK‛ 3’ f;afcdaa lisK‛ 4’
jdfhda lisK‛ 5’ kS, lisK‛ 6’ mS; lisK‛ 7’ f,days; lisK‛ 8’
´od; lisK‛ 9’ wdf,dal lisK‛ 10’ wdldi lisK’

oi wiqN-1’WoaOqud;l‛ 2’ úkS,l‛ 3’ úmqínl‛ 4’ úÉcsoaÈl‛ 5’

úCLdhs;l‛ 6’ úlaÅ;a;l‛ 7’ y; úlaÅ;a;l‛ 8’ f,days;l‛ 9’
mQ,jl‛ 10’ wÜÀl

oi wkqiai;s- 1’ nqoaOdkqiai;s‛ 2’ Oïudkqiai;s‛ 3’ ix>dkqiai;s‛ 4’

iS,dkqiai;s‛ 5’ pd.dkqiai;s‛ 6’ foaj;dkqiai;s‛ 7’ Wm iudkqiai;s‛
8’ urKdkqiai;s‛ 9’ ldh.;di;s‛ 10’ wdkdmdk i;s

i;r n%yau úyrK- 1’ fu;a;d‛ 2’ lreKd‛ 3’ uqÈ;d‛ 4’ WfmCLd

i;r wdremam- 1’ wdldidk[apdh;kh‛ 2’ ú[a[dK[apdh;kh‛ 3’
wdls[ap[a[dh;kh‛ 4’ fkji[a[dkdi[a[dh;kh’
wdydr málal+,i[a[d iy p;=Od;=jjF:dk hk lreKq y;<syhs’
 249

Ndjkdfõ§ pß; y÷kd.eksu

Ndjkdjka jeãfï§ ;udf.a pß;hg .e,fmk Ndjkdjla f;dard
.ekSuo b;d jeo.;ah’ ´kEu cd;shlg wd.ulg wh;a jqj;a nqÿka
jykafia úiska foaYkd lrkakg fhÿk pß; w;rg ta wh .Kka
.efka’ iu: Ndjkdj hkq is; tlÕ lr.Eksuhs’ ta i|yd lugyka
jYfhka y;,syla nqÿka jykafia úiska olajd we;’ iu:
Ndjkdfjka jvkd ,o is; kshu wdldrfhka wks;H‛ ÿCL‛ wkd;au
hk wdldrhg f,dalfhys kshu h:d iajrEmh wjfndaO lr.kafka
úmiaikd Ndjkdfjks’ f,dj fjfik iEu wfhl=u nqÿka jykafia
úiska foaYkd lrkakg fhÿk fï pß; yhg we;=,;afõ’ tfiau
fïjd iïñY%Kh ùu ;=<ska ;j;a pß; 63la we;sjk nj;a tfiau
fu;a; iQ;% Ndjkd wgqjdjg wkqj mqoa.,hkaf.a pß; ,CIK wkqj
wiQydr oyila we;s nj fufia olajd we;’
―;;%iqox N.jd p;=rdis;s iyiaimamfNao pß;dkql+,dks
lïuÜGdkdks lf:;s‖ fï wdldrhg b;d ixlS¾K prs; rdYshla
nqÿka jykafia úiska fmkajd§ we;’ fuhska wm úia;r lrkafka
m%Odk pß; yhlah’ tajd kï
1’ rd.
2’ oafõI
3’ fuday
4’ Y%oaOd
5’ nqoaê
6’ ú;¾l hkqfjks

fï pß;j,g .e,fmk Ndjkd ;ud kqjKska juid n,d fyda meúÈ

W.;a Ndjkdj ms<sn| meyeÈ< ±kqula we;s l,HdK ñ;%fhl=f.ka
±k.;hq;=h’

rd. pß;
mqoa.,hd tÈfkod Ôú;fha§ .;lrK ms<sfj< wkqj Tyqf.a ÔÑ;h
yªkd.; yelsh’ Tyq b;d ikiqkaj .uka lrK w;r lEu lk
úg b;d ms<sfj<ska .Eu .kshs’ tfiau Tyqf.a ldurh f.or iy
wjg b;d msßisÿj ;nd .ekSug Wkkaÿ jk Tyq ms<sfj<g ysiflia
lmd mSrd ms<sfj,g we÷ï weo isàuo Tyqf.a ,CIKhls’ Tyq
isgf.k isák úg ms<sfj<g meyeÈ<sj msßisÿ f,i lghq;= lsÍu
rd. pß;hdf.a ,CIKhls’ uia mßfNdackhg t;rï leue;a;la
fkdolajkq Tyq ld,h jevodhs f,i f.ùug ms%h lrhs’ ,iaik
m%shYS,s msßñ iy .eyeKQ weiqrg leu;s w;r Wµdk iy u,a
jeùug b;d leu;sh’ ksrka;rfhkau oka§ug leue;sh’ fndfyda
rd. pß; ,CIK ysñ wh tla újdyhlska ;Dma;su;a fkdfj;s’
´kEu ;eklg .shúg lemSfmfkk f,i isàug;a ;u YÍrh
msßisÿj ,iaikg ;nd.ekSug;a ;ud mßfNdackh lrK iEu
 250

WmrlKhlau ,iaikg msßisÿ f,i mdúÉÑ lsÍu fuu ,CIK

we;a;kaf.a isß;h’
nqÿka jykafiaf.a ld,fha cdkqiafidaks kï nuqfKl= fuu rd.h
,CIKj,ska fmkakqï lrwe;s w;r Tyqg pq,a,yFÓ mfodamu iQ;%h
foaYkd lrK ,È’ fudyq ;udf.a ;;a;ajh rgg fmkaùug jirlg
jrla k.rfhys fmryerla iuÕ ixpdrh lf<ah’
rd.h pß; ,CIK we;s mqoa.,hkag wkq±k jodrd we;s Ndjkd l%u
oi wiqN Ndjkd iy ldh.;d i;s
rd. pß;hdf.a we;s wvqmdvq
1’ udhd - ;udf.a wvqmdvq ieÕùu
2’ idfghH- ;ud ;=< ke;s .=KlSu
3’ udk - Wv.=lu
4’ mdmsÉP;d -ke;s .=K fmkaùu
5’ wikaÈÜÀ;d- ,o fohska i;=gq fkdùu
6’ isx.- i;=kaf.ka yg.;a wÕla fuka ldud§ flf<iaj,ska Nß;j
isàu
7’ pdm,H- ish¨ foa ms<sn| we;s wdYdj
rd. pß; ,CIK we;a;d fyd| isys nqoaêfhka lghq;= lrK w;r
by; ÿ¾,;d y÷kd f.k ta ;=<ska hym;la ilia lr .; yelsh’

oafõI pß;
oafõIh hkq ;ryhs’ isf;ys we;sjqk fkd±uqKq ier mreI nj
oafõIhhs’ fodfid wdrïufKa pKaä ,CLfkd- lshQ wdldrhg is;
wmsßisÿ f,i pKav jk ksid oafõIhhs m%ldYflf¾’ oafõIh ksid
mqoa.,hdf.a Ôú;h w.dOhlg weo ouqkq ,efí’ oafõIh iys; pß;
,CIK we;s mqoa.,hdf.a udxi NCIKhlg reÑ flf¾’ lgql iy
ier wdydr j¾.j,g leu;sh’ rd. pß;h fuka msßisÿ njg fuys§
jeä leue;a;la ke;s w;r ksok úg f.rùï wdosho lrK jevj,
ms<sfj<la fkdue;sh’ nqoaêh we;s ksid ±kqu ÈhqKq lr.; yelsh’
fï wh fndfyda blauKska hula flfrys mej;=ko b;d blauKska
l<lsf¾’ tfiau b;du lgql ;ekaj, úiSug;a lgql Ôú;hla
m%shflf¾’ kmqre i;=ka isák ia:dkj,o lsisÿ ìhlska f;drj
Ôj;aùug leu;sh’ ;udf.a ld¾h lr.ekSu m%Odk wruqK lr.;a
fï oafõI pß; we;s mqoa.,fhda lsisÿ ìhlska f;drj ks¾Ns;j
lghq;= lsÍug fm<fU’ fï whf.a ,CIK my; fõ’ jyd ìhg
m;afõ’ iq¿ fohlgo l,n, jkafkah’
fl%daO - jyd lsfmk iq¿h
Wmkdy- noaO ffjrh
uCL - wfkl=f.a .=K fkd±lSu
m,di - wka whg jvd ;udf.a .=Kj;alï we;ehs is;Su
biaid - ;j flfkl=f.a ÈhqKqj B¾IHd lsÍu
uÉPßh - ;ud mrs;Hd. fkdlrK w;r ;udo mßfNdackh
fkdlrhs’
 251

fï i|yd WodyrK l:djla Oïïmofhys iy Wodk md,sfhys we;’

fï>sh f;rekaf.a l:dj uÕska flfkl= ;=< we;s oafõI iy.; nj
olajd we;’ oafõI iy.; mqoa.,hdg Ndjkdjka jYfhka ffu;%S
Ndjkdj;a ta jf.au i;r nU úyrK m%.=K lsÍu;a lisk
Ndjkdjkaf.a kS,‛ mS;‛ f,days;‛ ´od; hk lisk;a b;d jákafkah’
tfiau fï>sh f;rekag nqÿka jyakfia Wmfoia fokq ,enqfõ rd.h
kikq msKsi wiqN Ndjkdj;a jHdmdoh kikq msKsi ffu;%S
Ndjkdj;a wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj ;=<ska ú;¾lh;a‛ udkh kiqkq
msKsi wks;H ix{dj;a jeãu ;=<ska kshu Ydka;sh ,nd.; yels
nj nqÿka jykafia fï>sh f;rekag fmkajd ÿkay’

fuday pß;h
kshu f,i lreKq f;areï .ekSug fkdyels jQ mqoa.,hd fuday
pß;hhs’ ks;ru wk whf.a l:djg /jfgk .eUqre foa f;areï .;
fkdyels w,inj iy ksrka;rfhkau isf;a fkdikaiqka nj we;s
mqoa.,hd fuday ,CIK fmkakqï lrhs’ msßisÿ iqÿmdg jeks
w÷ïj,g wlue;s w;r tajdfha ms,sfj,la o ke;’ tfiau .uka
ìuka hkúgo ixiqka nj;a ke;sh’ weúÈk jg ú¨U fmdf<djg
wefkk fia ;nd .uka lrhs’ lsisÿ jevl l%uhla ms<sfj,la ke;s
w;r msÕdfka ;ekska ;ek weÕ,s ;=vq j,ska f.k lEu lk w;r
kSri r¿ lEuj,g leu;sh’ ÿïîu nq,;alEug leu;s w;r w÷re
iys; we÷ï m%shlrh’ uykais jeä myiqlï wvq m<d;aj, nr jevg
fuday pß;hd leu;sh’ fjk;a whg wlghq;a;la lsÍug Tyq leu;s
ke;’ hym;a foa ms<sn| is; fhdojd .ekSugo tfiau ;ukag
wdfõKsl f,i ir, Ôú;hla f.jk fï wh iudcfha fndfyda
fihska ±lsh yelsh’ fï whg lugyka w;=frka wdkdmdki;s
Ndjkdj;a tfiau t<suyka ia:dkj, lrKq ,nk ilauka Ndjkd
b;d jeo.;ah’

Y%oaOd pß;h
Y%oaOd pß;ho rd. pß;hg álla iudkh’ w,xldrj msßisÿj ;u
wjg ;nd .ekSug;a tfiau u,a jeùu » Whkaj;= ieliSu »
fmdl=Kq ;ekSu úfkdaodxY fõ’ ri msß lEu j,go ms<sfj<g w÷ï
we§ugo leu;sh’ ;ekg .e,fmk f,i lghq;= lrK w;r iEu
fohlgu ms<sfj<la we;’ ffu;%S » lreKd » bjiSu wd§ .=Kdx.
we ;s fï mqoa.,hd ´kEu flfkl=g Woõ lsÍug;a » ;ud okakd
foa lshd§ug;a ;ud Wmldr fldg thska m%S;shla N=la;s ú§’ ;u
mjq,g b;d iñmj lghq;= lrKq we;’ wd.udkQl+,j lghq;=;a
tajf.au fyd| ´kEu lghq;a;lÈ iyNd.S odhl ùug;a Ndjkd
wd§ ye÷Kq b;d iduldñ mßirh w.hk uOHia: ;SrK .kakd
O¾udkQl+,j fmd;m; lshjd ;u ±kqu ÈhqKq lr.akafkah’
 252

nqoaO Ydikfhys Y%oaOd núka w.;eka m;ajqfha jlal,s ysñhka nj

nqÿka jykafia foaYkd l<y’ ta;o.a.x NsCLfõ uu idjldkx
NsCLQKx ioaOd§ uq;a;dkx hÈox jlal,S- n%dyuK l=,hg whs;s
fudyq b;du fyd|g n%dyauK O¾uho bf.k meúÈ jQfjls’ kuq;a
nqÿka jykafiaf.a rEmldh foi n,df.k isàu .ek Wkajykafia
fufia foaYkd lrwe;’
hfula ud olskafkakï Tyq uf.a O¾uh ±lsh hq;=h’ hfula O¾uh
olskï tyq ud olskafkah’ fï m%ldYh;a iuÕ is;d nqÿka
jykafiaf.ka ÿriaj .sþcl+g m¾j;fha isg ishÈú kid .ekSug
iqodkï jQ w;r nqÿka jykafiaf.a uÕ fmkaùu hgf;a ry;a Ndjhg
m;aúh’ nqÿ.=K ksrka;rfhka fufkys lsÍu » fndaêiFj
.=K ;ud ;=< we;slr .ekSu fï whf.a m%Odk ,CIKhhs’ fï pß;
,CIKhka we;s whg nqoaOdkqiai;s » Oïudkqiai;s » ix>dkqiai;s »
iS,dkqiai;s » pd.dkqiai;s jvd;a .e<fmkafkah’

nqoaê pß;h
b;du l,amkdldÍj lghq;= lrk Wm;skau ukdjQ isyskqjKska hq;=
mqoa.,hka nqoaAê pß;h f,i ±laúh yelsh’ Wiia wOHdmkh
,eîug;a tfiau l<K ñ;=rkaf.a weiqr;a ,ndf.k ms<sfj<g
Ôú;h f.khdu;a l%udKql+,j ish¨u lghq;= ixúOdkh lr.kakd
w;r ;ekg iqÿiq kqjKska hq;=j l%shdlrhs’ ´kEu wjia:djl
wka;.dó fkdù uOHia: f,i ;SrK .kakd w;r nqoaêh iy u;l
Yla;sh w;ska b;d by<h’ ´kEu ia:dkhl l,lsÍulska f;drj
úiSug yelsh’ tfiau fyd| hym;a weiqr iy úuid fidhdn,d
lghq;= lsÍu ;=<ska fudjqka Èfkka Èk O¾uh wjfndaOlr .KS’
fn!oaO idys;Hfhys i|yka wdldrhg fldKav[a[wd§ miaj.
uyKqka jykafia,d iy ießhq;a mq.,ka fï pß;j,g lÈu
ksoiqkah’ fï pß;hg urKdkqiai;s Wmiudkqiai;s » p;=Odk
jjF:dk wdydr málal+, ix{dj jeks .eUqre Ndjkd b;d jeo.;a
jkafkah’

ú;¾l pß;
fuu pß; ,CIK we;a;d fuday pß;hg iudkh’ msßfiys
wjOdkh ,nd.ekSu i|yd ks;r jeäs Yíofhka hq;=j l:d lrñka
iy wfmaCId l< fkdyels foa .eko l:dlrhs’ ks;r woyia
fjkiajk fudyq fndfyda úg ufkdaf,dalhl Ôj;afõ’ is; tlÕ
lrf.k lghq;= l< fkdyels Tyqg wka whf.a ni ms<sf.k
ksrka;rfhka woyia fjkia lrkafkah’ fyd| lghq;= j,g jeä
leue;a;la ke;s w;r ia:djr woyiao fkdue;sh’ fudyqg meúÈ Èúh
fyd .sys Èúho id¾:lj lrf.khd fkdyelsh’
 253

fudyq Ndjkdjo t;rï leue;s fohla fkdjk w;r .=ydj, wÿre

jeä ;ek m%shlrhs’
wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj lisK Ndjkdj;a fudyqg .e,fmkafkah’
by; i|yka lrK ,o pß; wo iudcfha wmg olakg mq¿jka w;r
;ud fudk pß;hlg wh;a jkafka±hs b;d ;SCIKj ne,sh hq;=h’
bkmiqj ;udf.a pß;hg .e,fmk Ndjkdj f;dard.;hq;=h’ iu:
Ndjkdfõ§ ,nd§ we;s lugyka ;ukag .e,fmk Ndjkd l%uh;a
f;dard .;hq;=h’
Ndjkd lrk wjia:dj,§ isf;ys we;s ne£ï ÿrel<hq;=h’ wdYdj
leue;af;ka ÿrelrf.k isf;ys msßiqÿ nj we;s lrf.k Ndjkdjg
uq,a msßh hq;=h’ ldhsl udkisl ksfrda.S Ndjh fuys§ b;d
jeo.;ah’ YÍrfha fkdfhla frda.dndO we;akï Ndjkd wrïN
fkdl< hq;=h’ tfiau uq,sl jYfhka ffu;%S iy.; is;ska
mdßY=oaOFjhg m;aù Ndjkdjka jeäh hq;=h’ tu Ndjkdjka jeãug
iqÿiq ia:dkhla o f;dard .;hq;=h’ fm< fmdf;ys i|yka jk
wdldrhg wdrKHhlg le,En| ksyv mßirhlg fyda Yío wvq
ksi, mßirhla f;dardf.k Ndjkd jeãu wdrïN l<hq;=h’ fuh
b;d blauKska m%;sM, ,ndfokakla fkdjk w;r b;d l%ufhka
ukfiys j¾Okh ,nd.;hq;=h’

iu: Ndjkd
“ldu mÉpksl Oïfï ifu;S;s iuf:d” lduÉPkaodos kSjrK
O¾uhka fyj;a hym;a fyd| ld¾hhkag wl=,a fy<k l=i,hkg
úreoaO Ñ;a; iudêhg ndOd muqKqjk O¾uhka ixiqka lrK
Ndjkdj iu: Ndjkdj kïfõ’ iu: hk jpkfhys woyi
ixlS¾K nj ke;fyd;a wjq,aù .sh is; iukh lsÍu hkqhs’
úo¾Ykd Ndjkdjg miqìu ilia lrkafka iu: Ndjkdjhs’ iu:
Ndjkdj jevQ ;ek;a;dg úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj jeãu wmyiq fkdjkq
we;’ tla wjia:djl nqÿka jykafia Ndjkdj ms<sn| fufia
úia;rhla lr we;’ “iuf:d NsCLfõ Ndúf;d l:uF:ukqfyd;s”
uyfKks‛ iu: Ndjkdj jeãfuka l=ula isÿfõo @ Ñ;a;x Ndùh;s
is; ÈhqKqfjhs’
Ñ;a;x Ndú;x l:uF:ukqfyd;s” is; ÈhqKqjQ úg l=ula isÿfõo@
fhd rdf.da fid mySh;s hï rd.hla hï we,Sula ;sfíkï th
ÿrefjhs’
iu: Ndjkdj ÈhqKq lr .ekSfuka f,!lsl OHdk Wmojd .ekSug
Yla;sh we;’ wIAg iudm;a;s mxpdNs[a[d wd§ OHdk Wmojd.;
yelsh’ nqoaO ld,hg fmro fï OHdk,dNSka isánjg wis;
;dmi;=ud WodyrKhlah’ iu: Ndjkdju Ñ;a; Ndjkdj f,io
kï lr we;’
úúOdldr wruqKq lrd wefok wfma is; tla wruqKl ;ndf.k
lghq;= lsÍu iu: Ndjkdj ;=<ska isÿfõ’ is; tla wruqKl r|jd
 254

;nd.ekSu w;s ÿIalrh’ ixlS¾K f,dalhl ixlS¾K m%Yak ueo

Ôj;ajk wmf.a is; ksrka;rfhkau úúO wruqKQ lrd Èjhdu
iajNdúlh’ tfia úúO wruqKQ lrd Èjhdu ;=<ska wm lrK
ld¾hfhys is; r|jd .; fkdyels neúka úúO wmyiq;djhkag
,lafõ’ úfYAIfhka wefußldfõ l¾udka; Yd,dj,g udkisl
wd;;sh ksid Èkm;d meñKSu wvqh’ tfiau tfia meñKsho
udkislj Ñ;a; tald.%;djh fkdue;sj jevj, fh§u ksid isÿjk
wK;=re ixLHdj o Èfkka Èk jeäfõ’ fï ksid iu: Ndjkdj
jeãu is; iudêhg m;alr .ekSfuys,d úYd, m%fhdackhla imhhs’
iu: Ndjkdj uÕska laf,ai O¾u tkï kSjrK O¾u úkdY lr
is; iudê.; lrjhs’ tkuqÿ hgm;a l< wl=i, O¾u fyda kSjrK
´kEu fudfyd;l kej; meñKsh yelsh’ iu: Ndjkdj uÕska
;djld,slj hgm;a lrK kSj¾K O¾u ´kEu wjia:djl kej;
u;=úh yelsh’ th kSj¾K O¾uj,o iajNdjhhs’
iu: Ndjkdj wo ld,hg b;du WÑ;h’ isf;ys weúiaiqKq
iajNdjhg fkdbjis,sjka; lug tfiau udkisl wiykh ÿrefldg
isf;ys Ydka;sh fuuÕska we;slr .; yelsh’ is; wmsßisÿ ls<sánjg
m;a lrK O¾u;d mxp kSjrK f,i olajd we;’ h:d¾:h
h:d¾:hla f,i ±lSug j,lajk ksid fïjd kSjrK O¾u f,i
olajd we;’ we;a; we;s ieáfhka ±lSug fkdyelsjk jk úg úúO
udkisl frda.o yg.ekSu iajNdúlh’
mxp kSjrK kï -
 lduÉPkao ldu wdYdjkays we,Su‛ rd.h‛ wdorh‛ we,Su‛
ne,Su
 jHdmdo ;ry fl%daO yd ffjr is;ays we,S meg,S isàu
wiykh‛ .eàu‛ fldamh
 Òk ñoaOh isf;a ksÈu; .;sfhka meje;au w,ilu WodiSk
.;sh’
 WoaOÉp l=lal=ÉP úisreKq is;ska lghq;= lsÍu yd ksrka;r
fkdikaiqkalu yd miq;eú,sù lghq;= lsÍu
 úÑlsÉPdj - is; ielfhka fj,S isàu úu;sh wúYajdih
lduÉPkao - ldu wdYdjkays we,Su ne£u rd.h wdorh hkdÈhhs’
mxp bJøshka yd .efgk mia wruqKq yd ±ä wdYdjla mqoa.,hd ;=<
Wm§’ tu ±ä ne§u ksid wdYdjo we;sfõ’ fï ±ä ne£u ksid is;
tl wruqKl ;nd f.k lghq;= lsÍu myiq ke;’
jHdmdo - wiykh‛ NS;sh‛ .eàu‛ ;ry‛ fldamh hkdÈhhs’ ;ry
iy fl%daO is;=ú,s l%shdjkays nyq, f,i fh§u ksid o is;
iudê.; lr .ekSu wmyiqh’ ksrka;rfhkau ;ryfjka fl%daOfhka
isák úg Tyqf.a is; ¥IH njg m;afõ’ wfma ck jHjydrfha
fujeks lshukla we;’ TÉpr ;ry .kak tmd blaukgu
kdlsfjhs’ tkï ;ry ;=<ska ldhsljo jhig hk f,isks’ lreKQ
 255

oyhla uq,alrf.k oafõIh WmÈk nj olajd we;’ tajd oi w>d;

jia;= f,i kï flf¾’
 fudyq ug w;S;fha§ wk¾:hla isÿlf<ah
 fudyq ug j¾;udkfha§ wk¾:hla isÿ lrhs’
 fudyq ug wkd.;fha§ wk¾:hla isÿl< yelsh’
 fudyq uf.a ys;j;dg w;S;fha§ wk¾:hla isÿlf<ah’
 fudyq uf.a ys;j;sg j¾;dukfha§ wk¾:hla isÿlrhs’
 fudyq uf.a ys;j;dg wkd.;fha§ wk¾:hla isÿl< yelsh’
 fudyq uf.a i;=rdg w;S;fha§ Woõ lr we;’
 fudyq uf.a i;=rdg j¾;udkfha§ Woõ lrhs’
 fudyq uf.a i;=rd wkd.;fhys§ Woõ lrKq we;’
 tfiau iajNdúl mßirfha fjkiaùu .eko ;ry we;slr
.Ks’ jeiai‛ iS;,‛ WIAK wd§ foa .eko ;ry we;s lr.KS’
fï uyd uQi, jeiails hkd§ f,i mßNj lrhs’ tfiau
yÈisfha .,l uq,l mdohla je§u .eko ;ry we;s lr .KS’
lsisu jQ idOdrK fya;=jla ke;sj ;ry Wmojd .KS’
Òk ñoaOh - ksÈu; w,ilu‛ iy WodiSk nj Òk ñoaOh fõ’
l%shdldÍ f,i lghq;= lsÍug we;s fkdyelshdj fuhska woyia
flf¾’ Òk hkq isf;ys WmÈkakdjq w,i .;shhs’ WkJÿj uo njo
fõ’ ffp;islhkaf.a w,i nj Wlg,S iajrEmh ñoaO hk jpkfhka
ye¢kafõ’ fï Òk ñoaO fol ;=< wka;¾ iïnJO;djhla we;s ksid
tljr fuh Wm§’ Ñ;a; iy ffp;islhkaf.a tljr we;sjk w,i
nj fuhska woyia flf¾’
WoaOÉp l=lal=Ép- fkdikaiqkalu‛ l,n,ùu‛ miq;eùu hkd§
jpkd¾:hs’ is; ks;ru l,n,ùulg fkdikaiqkaù ief,k
iajrEmh WoaOÉp hkafkka woyiafõ’ ks;ru weúiaiqKq iy tfiau
miq;eú,s iy.; yeÕSï j,ska l%shdlrK nj WoaOÉp l=lal=Ép fõ’
l=lal=Ép hkq ks;ru iEu fohlau flfrysu miq;eú,s jk
iajrEmhhs’ ish¨u l=i,hkg fuh ndOd muqKQj;s’
úÑlsÉPd -ielh úu;sh iy wúYAjdihhs’ ksrka;rfhkau ielfhka
wúYajdifhka lghq;= lsÍu fuys§ woyia flf¾’ ´kEu lrEKla
iïnJOj ;SrKhla .ekSug fkdyels nj;a tfiau iEu fohla
flfrysu iel iys;j ne,Su fuys uQ,slu ,CIKhhs’
fï kSjrK O¾uhka úiska is; ls<sá njg m;a lrK w;r tuÕska
l=i, is;=ú,s yg.ekSu j,lajhs’ wjqf,ka wjq,g m;aù we;s isf;ys
oafõI iy.; yeÕSï bj;a lr fkdikaiqkalu l,n,ùu miq;eùu
wdÈh bj;alr ielhla úu;shla wúYajdifhka fkdue;sj is;
tald.%j ;ndf.k is; m%S;sfhka isàug iu: Ndjkdj moku
,ndfohs’

iu: Ndjkdfjka ,eìh yels m%;sM,

 256

iu: Ndjkdj jeãfuka fï f,dalfha§ úúOdldr jQ OHdk ,nd.;

yelsh’ tajd w;r mxpdNs[a[d iy wIag iudm;a;s uQ,slh’
mxpwNs[a[d kï
 boaêúO - úúOdldrjQ m%d;syd¾hhka mEfï we;s yelshdj
 Èínfida; - ÈjHuh jQ lka tkï ´kEu fohla weiSug we;s
yelshdj
 mrÑ;a; úcdkkh - wkqkaf.a is;a oek ye¢k .ekSfï we;s
yelshdj
 mqífíksjdidkqiai;s {dKh - fmr Njhka ms<sn| lSfï we;s
yelshdj
 Èín pCLq - Èjeia tkï ´kEu fohla fkdn,d lSfï we;s
yelshdj
wIag iudm;a;s kï my; ±lafõ’
 m%:u OHdkh
 oaú;Sh OHdkh
 ;D;Sh OHdkh
 p;=¾: OHdkh kï jQ rEmdjpr OHdk i;ro
 wdldidk[apdh;kh
 ú[a[dK[apdh;kh
 wdls[ap[a[dh;kh
 fkji[a[dkdi[a[dh;kh kï jQ wrEmdjpr OHdkhkah’

fuhg wu;rj
 wl=i,a is;a hgm;aù isf;a Ydka;sh isf;a iykh uÕska fï
wd;aufha§u iem ,eîu
 f,daN‛ fodai‛ fuday wd§ wl=i,a is;a ;djld,slj
hgm;aùfuka úo¾Ykd Ndjkdjg moku jeàu’
 tfiau úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj jeãu ;=<ska iir ÿla fl<jr lr
.ekSu
 mdvï lsÍug we;s wmyiqj ke;sù f.dia fyd| u;l
Yla;shla we;sùu
 udkisl wiykh ksid we;s jkakdjq kskao fkdhdu u.ZyeÍu
 ysfia lelal=u o iukh ùu
 w;S; w;aoelSu wdÈh ksid we;sjkakdjQ NS;sldjka iukh ù
isf;a Ydka;sh we;sùSu
 kshqfrdaishdfjka fm<Su wdÈh wvqùu’

úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj
 257

iu: Ndjkdj uÕska flfrKQfha is; tl wruqKl msysgqjd iudêh

,nd .ekSuhs’ úo¾Ykdfõ wruqK iudêh fkdjk w;r tys M,h
m%{djhs’ úo¾Ykd Ndjkdjg l,ska iu: Ndjkdj jeãu b;du
jeo.;ah’ úiqoaê ud¾. m%%lrKfha Ndjkdfõ we;s jeo.;alu fufia
olajd we;’ “úiqoaëh iínu, úrys;x wúpka; mrsiqoaêx ksíndkx
fõ§;ínx” ish¨ u< ÿre l< w;sYhska msrsiqÿ jQ ksjk úY=oaêhhs’
th CId;a id;a lsÍug kï odk iS, Ndjkd hk ;%súOdldr mska
lsrsh j; iïmQ¾K l<hq;=h’
“wksÉpd§ jfik úúfOys wdldfrys Oïfï miai;S;s úmiaikd”
wks;HdoS jYfhka úúOdldrdfhka m[apialJOd§ O¾uhka ne,Su
úo¾Ykd kïfõ’
úfYAIfhkau úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj .ek meyeÈ<s úia;rhla my;
i|yka .d:d ;=k ú.%y lsÍfuka ,nd .; yelsh’ f,dalfhys we;s
wks;H‛ ÿlaL iy wkd;au hk ;%s,CIKh .ek ukd isysfhka ±lSu
iy ±kSu úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj fõ’

ish¨ ixialdrfhda wks;Hh hs hfula hï lf,lays úo¾Ykd

{dkfhka olSo fyj;a okSo tl,ays fï mxpialkaO mßyrKh kï
jQ ÿflys l,lsfrkafkah’ thska ÿlska ñ§ug Wkkaÿ jk fyhska ta
l,lsÍu úY=oaêhg ksjkg ud¾.h fõ’ fï wks;H ,CIKhhs’

“iífí ixLdrd wksÉpd;s- hod m[a[dh miai;s

w: ksíìkao;s ÿlafL - ti u.af.da úiqoaêhd”
ish¨ ixialdrfhda ÿlaLhehs hfula hï lf,lays úo¾Ykd
{dkfhka olSo fyj;a okSo tl,ays fï mxpialkaO mßyrKh kï
jQ ÿflys l,lsfrkafkah’ thska ÿlska ñ§ug Wkkaÿ jk fyhska ta
l,lsÍu úY=oaêhg ksjkg ud¾.h fõ’ fï ÿlaL ,CIKhhs’
“iífí ixLdrd ÿlaLd;s - hod m[a[dh miai;s
w: ksíìkao;s ÿlafL - ti u.af.da úiqoaêhd”
ish¨ ixialdrfhda wkd;auhehs hfula hï lf,lays úo¾Ykd
{dkfhka olSo fyj;a okSo tl,ays fï mxpialkaO mßyrKh kï
jQ ÿflys l,lsfrkafkah’ thska ÿlska ñ§ug Wkkaÿ jk fyhska ta
l,lsÍu úY=oaêhg ksjkg ud¾.h fõ’ fï wkd;au ,CIKhhs’
“iífí ixLdrd wk;a;d;s- hod m[a[dh miai;s
w: ksíìkao;s ÿlafL - ti u.af.da úiqoaêhd”

j,afmd, rdyq, ysñhka úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj .ek i|yka lrkafka

fufiah’ úmiaikdj kï is; ms<sn| iïmQ¾K ksoyi ,eîug;a
mru ;:h fyj;a ks¾jdKh wjfndaO lr .ekSug;a bjy,a jk
m%;sfõOhhs’ fuh iyuq,skau fn!oaO Ndjkdjls’ fï jkdys isysh;a
wm%udoh;a ksÍCIKh;a uq,a fldg we;s úYaf,AIK l%uhls^4&
 258

miai hk jpkfhys f;areu ±lSu hkqhs’ th weia foflka olskq

,nk idudkH ±lSuhs’ úmiaikd hkq úfYaIs; jQ ±lSuls’ tkï ;ud
;=< we;s h:d¾:h ksÍCIKh lsÍuhs’ ;udf.a YÍrfhys ye.Zsï
jia;=jla f,i f.k ta .ek wjOdkfhka hq;=j lghq;= lrKq ,efí’
w.;sfhka f;drjQ fï úêl%uh l%uj;ah’ th ;=<ska ukdj
ixfõokh ksÍCIKh l< yelsh’ uki iy YÍrfha fkdfnÿKq
h:d¾:h fuys § wjOdkfhka ksÍCIKh lrKQ ,efí’
“ The word “passna” means “seeing” the ordinary sort of vision that
we have with open eyes. Vipassna means a special kind of vision:
observation of the reality withine oneself. This is achieved by taking
as the object of attention one‟s own physical sensations. The
technique is the systematic and dispassionatte observation of
sensations withine oneself. This bservation unfolds the entire reality
of mind and body” (5)
úmiaikd Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka meje;ajQ iïka;%KhlÈ úmiaikd
Ndjkdj ms<sn| ±lajd we;s woyila fuys olajkafkuq’
úmiaikd Ndjkdj hkq bkaÈhdfõ merKq Ndjkd l%uhls’ th uki
msßisÿ njg m;a lrK m%dfhda.sl l%uhls tfiau ish¨ ÿla
uq,skqmqgd ±óug ud¾.h o mdokq ,efí’
Vipassna is one of India‟s most ancient meditation techniques. It is a
practical method which purifies the mind, eventually leading to the
eradication of all suffering‟(6)
úmiaikd Ndjkdfõ m%isoaO wdpd¾hjrfhl= jk tia’ tka
f.dfhkald mjik wdldrhg iudch hkq ;ks mqoa.,hkaf.a
tl;=jls’ th fYdaOkh lsÍug kï iEu ;ks mqoa.,fhl=f.au
mdßY=oaOFjh wjYH fõ’ tksid fuys§ mqoa.,hd jeo.;ah’ udkj
ixy;sfha úYsIaGFjh kï Tyqg ;ud j¾Okh lr.ekSug;a h:d
iajrEmh wjfndaO lr.ekSug;a we;s wiSñ; yelshdjhs’ th i;H
{dKh iy úmiaikd ;=<ska l< yelsh’
“Society is made up of individual human beings. To reform it each
member of soceity had to be reformed. Hence, the individual is the
key. Human beings have a unique capacity to observe the reality
within to develop true wisdom, true insight. the saints and sages of
Inida and of other countries discovered a way to purify the mind.
Every individual must practise this path of purification. If the
individual can‟t come out of misery?(7)

úmiaikd Ndjkdj yqfola ldhsl frda. iqj lsÍug muKla Ndú;d

fkdl< hq;=hs’ tfia jqjfyd;a tys w.h wvqjk w;r tys uqLH
wruqK iEu flfkl=u mSvd ú¢k udkisl f,v j,ska uqod f.k
is;a i;ka laf,aIhkaf.ka msßisÿ lr hy uÕg .ekSuhs’
 259

“Vipassna should not be used merely for curing physical disease,

otherwise it will lose its value. Everybody is sick at the mental level-
the impurities from the mind should be removed, and Vipassna is for
that purpose.”(8)

f¾reldfka jkaoúu, uykdysñhkaf.a úo¾Ykd Ndjkd l%uh^9&

hk fmdf;ys fï wdldrhg úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj .ek y÷kajd È we;s
w;r tys§ b;d meyeÈ<s w¾: l:khla imhhs’
úo¾Ykd hkq ±lSug;a ±kSug;a kuls’ iaLJOhka i;aFj’ mqoa.,
.Dy mDÓú m¾j; jDCI hkd§ jYfhka olakd jQ idudkH ±lSu
o¾y kñ’ ta ialJO m[aplhg wh;a kdu rEm O¾uhkaf.a fjkajQ
{dKh idudkH o¾Ykhg jvd úYsIaG neúka úo¾Ykd kñ’ ;j;a
l%uhlska lsh;fyd;a ia;%S mqreI i;aFj mqoa.,d§ jYfhka idudkH
f,dalhd úiska olakd foaj,a wNHka;rh úksúo olakdjq ienE
;;aFjh olakd jQ {dKh úo¾Ykd kñ’ úo¾Ykd {dK we;s lr
.ekSug i|yd lrK jev ms<sfj< úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj kñ’
uki ms<sn| fn!oaO ú.%yh kï fmdf;ys úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj
fuf,i úia;r lr we;’
wmf.a wei lK Èj kdih yd isrer hk misÿrkag f.dÿre jk
wruqKq fï ñksfilah‛ fï .jfhlah‛ fï .,lah‛ wd§ jYfhka
mqoa.,hska i;=ka øjHhka f,i ±lSu tfia ie,lSu wmf.a idudkH
isß;hs’ jHjydr f,dalfha§ bJøshdkqN+;sh fyj;a b÷rkag f.dapr
jk wruqK ie,flkafka im%dKs fyda wm%dKS jia;=jla f,igh’
bJøsh f.dapr wruqKq j, h:dN+;sl jYfhka iEnE f,iska we;af;a
rEm fõokd i[a[d ixLdr hk ialkaO myg wh;a kdu rEm
O¾uhkaf.a ,CIK muKla u ñi bka tyd i;aFj mqoa., jYfhka
hula fkdue;s nj;a tu ,CIKo wk;H ÿlaL wkd;au hk
;;aFjhka Wreu lr.;a O¾uhka nj;a oelSu‛ f;areua .ekSu‛
úo¾Ykd kïfõ’ fï ±lau idudkH jHjydr f,dalfha wm olsk
±laug jvd .eUqrejQo úYsIaG jQo tlla fyhska úo¾Ykd hk ku
fhfohs’ ;j;a meyeÈ<sj lsh;fyd;a .eyeKqka ñksiqka i;=ka hï hï
foaj,a wd§ jYfhka idudkH ñksid olajk foaj,a wdNHka;ßl
ienE ;;aFjh yß yeá olakd kqjK úo¾Ykd kñka yeÈkafjhs’
úo¾Ykd Ndjkd l%uh hk fmd;g m%ia;djkdjla ,shk n,xf.dv
wdkkao ffu;%S kdysñhka fufia mjid we;’
“ish,a, ;;=jQ mßÈ o;a i¾j{ YdlH uqkSkaøhka jykafiaf.a i¾j
m%ldr mrsmQ¾K O¾uh wkqj is;d n,kakyqg ndysr iuhd.; ta
ish,q Ndjkd l%u iu: mCIfhka jqjo wiïmQ¾K nj ±lal yelsh’
úo¾Ykdj Ndjkdjla ndysrlhkg fldhskao@ f,dj ish¨ ixialdr
wk;H‛ ÿCL jYfhkq;a ish¨ O¾u wkd;au jYfhkq;a b.ekafjk
fn!oaO úo¾Ykd Ndjkd l%uh tlS ish¨u mrojd fY%aIaG ia:dk
 260

.KS’ thg fkdyiqjk lsisÿ oyfulao lsisÿ Njfhl ke;’

mriuhjdoSka fkdfhla ieáfhka jKk Tjqkaf.a mßl,ams;
wd;auho Ysj úIaKQ fcfydajd wdÈ mod¾:o ;%s,CIK Ndjkdjg
yiqj ksYafYdNj jeà fhhs’ ta wd;au fkdj wkd;auu fjhs’
fudaCIdjfndaOh i|yd jeäh hq;= tlu Ndjkd l%uh nqÿrcdKka
jykafia my<ùfuka f,dj yuqjg meñKs fï úo¾Ykd Ndjkd
l%uhuh’”
î’ã’ isrsmd, úiska rÑ; is;ska is; yiqrejk yeá hk fmdf;ys
úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj fï wdldrhg úia;r lr we;’
úo¾Ykd hkq úfYAI ±lSuh’ kdurEm O¾uhkaf.a úfYAI ,CIK
fukau fmdÿ ,CIKo úYsIAG {dKfhka oelSuhs’ rEmd§
mxpialkaOh fldgiaj,g fnod ne,Sug;a tuÕska wks;H ÿCL
wkd;au hk ;%s,CIKhg kÕd Ndjkd lsÍfuka ilaldhÈÜÀh
fyj;a uuh uf.ah hk yeÕSu ke;s fldg ud¾.M,djfndaOh
,nd.ekSug fuuÕska yelsfjhs’

fï úYsIaG jQ oelSu we;slr .ekSu i|yd lh wkqj is;d ne,Su kï

jQ ldhdkqmiaikd i;smÜGdk Ndjkdjo fõokdj wkqj is;d ne,Su
kï jq fjokdkqmiaikd i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj is;a wkqj is;d
ne,Sug kïjQ Ñ;a;dkqmiaikd i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj kSjrK O¾u
wkqj is;d ne,Su kïjQ Oïudkqmiaikd i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj jeäh
hq;=h’
frda.sfhl=g ffjµjrfhl= fnfy;la kshu l< miq frda.shd úiska
tu fnfy; ffjµ WmfoaYkhg wkql+,ju ilialrf.k mdkh
lsÍfuka iqjh ,nkakla fuka fuu Ndjkd l%uho yrsyeá bf.k
f.k Ndjkdj ms<sn| ±kQue;shkaf.a ^lugyka .=rejrhdf.a&
Wmfoiao ,ndf.ku Ndú;d l< hq;=h’ ffjµjrhd ÿka fnfy;a
jÜfgdarej lgmdvï lrf.k fyda n,df.k lshj lshjd isàfuka
frda.h iqj fkdjkakla fuka Ndjkdjo lgmdvï lrf.k fyda
fmd; n,df.k lshj lshkjd isàfuka muKla m%;sM,hla
fkd,efí’
i;smÜGdk iQ;%h
nqÿka jykafiaf.a O¾uh ú.%y fldg n,k l, úúO úIh
fCIa;%hka ukdj úksúo hk wdldrfhka O¾uh foaYkd lrwe;’
tÈfkod Ôú;h‛ o¾Ykh‛ wNsO¾uh‛ ufkdaúµdj úµdj hk fï iEu
wdldrhlu wod< úIhka ms<sn|j nqÿoyu ;=<ska wod< lreKq
±k.; yelsh’ Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka úúO iQ;% foaYkd lr ;snqKo
tys idrh b;d meyeÈ<sj l%uj;aj foaYkd lrK ,o iq;%h
i;smÜGdk iQ;%hhs’ §> ksldfha 22 fjks iQ;%ho uþCêu ksldfha
10 jeks iQ;%ho fõ’ i;smÜGdk iq;%h hkq tla w;lska neÆ l,
nqÿoyfï uQ,slu b.ekaùuls’ Ôú;fha h:d¾:h ±ln,d .ekSug
b;d WmldrSjk od¾Yksl ,CIK iy ufkdaúµd;aul ,CIK /ila
wvx.= jk nqÿoyfuys Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka we;s jeo.;au iQ;%hls’
 261

fï iQ;%h foaYkd lrkakg fhÿk m%foaYh jQfha tl, bkaÈhdfõ

l=rerg lïudiaioïu kï kshï .uh’ wo th bkaÈhdfõ w.k.rh
jk È,a,shhs’ woo tu iQ;% foaYkdj meje;ajQ ;ek wfYdal rc;=ud
úiska ia:dmkh lrK ,o fi,a,smshla we;’ th È,a,sfhys ika;
k.¾ kñka y÷kajhs’ tl, fuu k.rfhys b;d nqoaêu;a ñksiqka
isá ksid;a fuu jeo.;a iQ;%h foaYkd lrkakg tu ia:dkh
f;drd.;a njg u;hla mj;S’ È,a,sh k.rfha kfuys f;areu;a fï
yd iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;ah’ yskaÈfhka È,a hkq yoj;hs’ fyd|
yoj;a we;s ñksiqka jik ia:dkh È,a,sh f,i olajd we;’ tod
l=rerg ye¢kajQfha nqoaêu;=ka jik ;ekla f,ih’ wo th
y÷kajkafka fyd| yoj;a we;s ñksiqka jik ;ekla f,ih’
i;smÜGdk iq;% foaYkdj .ek iqux., ú,diskS wgqjdfõ fï
wdldrhg i|yka úia;rhla olajd we;’ NsCIq‛ NsCIqKS‛ Wmdil‛
Wmdisld hk msßiaj,g fï iQ;%h foaYkd l< w;r ta wh W.;a‛
fyd| fi!LHfhka fyì wd¾Ólfhka o Yla;su;a m%S;sfhka Èú
f.jkafkda jQy’ .Dym;shka iy Tjqkaf.a fiajl fiaúldjka iEu
;ekl§u i;smÜGdk iQ;%h m%.=K l<y’ iuyr úg i;smÜGdkh
m%.=K fkdlrk wfhl= uqK .eiqK úg fï wdldrhg m%ldY l<
nj i|yka fõ’ Tn i;smÜGdk iq;%h m%.=K fkdlrkafka kï
uereKQ flfkl= yd iudkh’ Tnf.a ukqIH wd;auh m%fhdckhla
ke;s tlla nj is;kak’ tfiau ±kau f.dia i;smÜGdk iq;%h m%.=K
lrkak hehs Wmfoia ,efí’ tfiau .uka uÕ§ ljqre fyda uqK
.eiqKq úgo mjikafka nqÿka jykafia bmso we;af;a wm fjkqfjka
nj;a Wkajykafia foiQ i;smÜGdk iq;%h fufkys lsÍu wm ,o
Nd.Hhla nj;ah’
i;smÜGdk iq;%h foaYkdj wdrïN lrñka fmkajd fokafka
tldhfkd whx NsCLfõ u.af.da i;a;dkx úiqoaêh- tldhk ud._h
hkq l=ula±hs fuys§ meyeÈ<sj olajd we;’ nqÿka jykafia úiska
foaYkd lrkakg fhÿk ud¾.h wkq.ukh lrkafkakï
ksrka;rfhkau Ôú;fha msrsisÿnj ,nd.; yels nj fmkajd§ we;’
úiqoaêh ;=<ska Ôú;fha id¾:lFjh ,nd .ekSug yelsjk whqre fï
wdldrhg fmkaù § we;’
 i;a;dkx úiqoaêhd- iFjhkaf.a msßisÿnj fuys§ b;d
jeo.;ah’ flf<ia O¾uhkaf.ka .yK ù isák wm thska ñ§
isf;a Ydka;sh ,nd.;hq;=h’
 fidlmßoaojdkx iu;slaludh-fYdalh blauùu-fuuÕska is;g
we;sjk ±ä lk.dgqodhl wjia:djka ms,sn| fufkys lr
lghq;= lsÍu’
 yeãu úúO fya;= ksid is;g we;sjk ÿla ke;s lr .ekSug
isÿlrK l%shdjla jk yeãu k;r lr .ekSu’
 ÿlaL fodaukiai wF:xudh- YdÍßl ÿla fõokd udkisl
fodaukiai;d ke;s lr .ekSu
 262

 {dhiai wê.udh- wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu msKsi

 ksíndkiai- ksjka wjfndaOh msKsi-
fï lshk ,o lreKqj,ska uq,a lSmhu ldhsl udkisl ksfrda.s;djh
msKsi;a wjidk lreK Ôú;fha wjidk úuqla;sh;a .ek i|yka
lr we;’
i;s hkq isysh mÜGdk fyda ke;skï WmÜGdk hkq jeãuhs’ wms
j¾;udkfha lrK lshk foa fj; is; fhduqlr lghq;= lsÍu
i;smÜGdk jeãu fõ’ tÈfkod lghq;= j,ska neyerù lrK
Ndjkdjla fuys i|yka fkdfõ’
Oïuix.ksfhys i;sh ms<sn| fujeks ks¾jpkhla ,nd§ we;’ ―i;sh
hkq wkqiaurKh lsÍu‛ uki kej; wjÈlsÍu‛ iaurKh‛ is;ska ord
.ekSu hkqhs’ isysh hkq yqfola u;lh muKla fkdfõ’ th w;S;
j¾;udk hk foflys Yla;su;a OdrKhhs’ th is; we;=f<ys isák
WmfoaYlfhl= f,i lghq;= lrK w;r tys§ fyd| krl fjkalr
iaÓr ;SrKhla ,ndfokq ,efí’ th j;=frys mdfjk ysia l,hka
fyda ysia jÜglald f.ä fuka fkdjk njh’
―Sati is recollecting, calling back to mind, remembering, bearing
in mind. Sati is not mearly memory, but a lucid retention of both
the past and present. it is compared to an inward mentor, or
advisor, discriminating between good nad bad, and prompting
choice. Not floating on the surface like empty pumkins or pots,
on water.‖(10)

uydpd¾h ßia fâúâ ixhq;a; ksldfhka fufia Wmqgd olajd we;’

i;r i;smÜGdkh m%.+K lsÍu w;miq lrK ´kEu wfh;= ;u
ud¾.h ke;s lr.kakjd we;’ th m%.=K lrkakd kshu ud¾.h
fidhdf.k tys .uka lrkafkah’
―Whosoever neglects the practice of mindfulness in the fourfold
way, he misses the Path. Whosoever practises mindfulness in
the fourfold way has found the Path‖

i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha§ i;r i;smÜGdkh .ek fufkys lrKq ,efí’

tajd i;r fudkjdo@
1’ ldhdkqmiaikd
2’ fõokdkqmiaikd
3’ Ñ;a;dkqmiaikd
4’ Oïudkqmiaikd hkqhs’

1’ ldhdkqmiaikd
ldfha ldhdkqmiaiS úyr;s- hkqfjka lfhys we;s kshu iajrEmh
wruqKq jk wdldrhg wkql+,j is;ska lh ms<sn|j fufkys lsÍu
 263

fuys§ woyia flf¾’ lh hkq YÍrhhs’ wkqmiaikd hkq is; ta

flfrys ksrka;rfhkau r|jd ;nd .ekSuhs’
ldhdkqmiaikd Ndjkdj fldgia lSmhla hgf;a ú.%y l, yelsh’
tlla kï YÍrh l%shdlrK wdldrh wdkdmdk i;sh‛ bßhdm:
i;s Ndjkdj iy iïm[a[ i;s Ndjkdj uÕsZkq;a úia;r flf¾’
fojkqj Yßrfha we;s bkaøshka ms<sn|j fldgia folla hgf;a;a
úia;r lrKQ ,efí’ tkï málal+, iy Od;= ms<sn|j;ah’ wjidk
wjia:dfjka YÍrfha we;s wks;HNdjh;a úkdYh;a úia;r lrK kj
iSjÓl tkï uD; YÍrhla wruqKq fldg jvk Ndjkd l%uhhs’

fï ldhdkqmiaikd Ndjkdfõ tÈfkod Ôú;hg m%dfhda.slj we;s

jeo.;au fldgi f,i ug isf;kafka wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdjhs’
fndfyda wh wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj lshQ muKskau is;kafka
ms<sfj<g b|f.k yqiau by< my< .eKsuhs’ wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj
hkq ―wdkdmdkx wdríN mj;a;d i;s‛ wdkdmdfk jd i;s‛
wdkdmdi;s‖ hkq wdk- wdYajdi‛ wdmdk-m%Yajdi fï fol uq,a
fldg isysh msysgqjd .ekSu wdkdmdki;sh fõ’ wdkdmdki;s
Ndjkdj .ek iQ;% foaYkd rdYshla nqÿka jykafia úiska foaYkd lr
we; w;r ixhqlal ksldfha wdkdmdk ixhq;a;fha fï Ndjkdj .ek
iQ;% 20 lg jeä .Kkla foaYkd lr we;s w;r tajd wdkkao‛ uyd
ldYHm‛ uydkdu hk ysñjrekag fukau ieje;a kqjr úYd,d
uykqjr bÉPdkka., hk m%foaYj, /iajQ NsCIQkago tfiau
lms,jia;=fõ /iajQ YdlHhkago foaYkd lrK ,o tajdh’

tfiau ;j;a wjia:djl Wkajykafia ±lajQfha ;uka jykafia

wdkdmdki;sh jevQ wdldrh;a th ishÆu flf,ia keiSug WmldÍ
jQ wdldrh;ah’
―uyfKks‛ uuo nqÿùug fmr fndaêiFj jQ fha fï wdkdmdki;s
úyrKh nyq,fldg úiSñ’ tfia jikakdjQ udf.a lhgo fõokd
fkdùh‛ weigo msvd fkdùh‛ udf.a ys;o flf,iqkaf.kao ñÿfKah’
―wyïms iqox NsCLfj‛ mqífíj iïfndOd wkNs iïnqoafO
fndêi;af;da j iudfkd bñkd úydfrk nyq,x úydrdñ‛ ;iai
uhayx NsCLfj bñkd úydfrk nyq,x úyrf;d fkj ldfhd ls,ñ‛
k plaLqks‛ wkqmdodh p fï wdifjys Ñ;a;x úuqÉÑ’‖
tfyhska uyfKks‛ NsCIQyqo udf.a lh la,dka; fkdjkafkah’ weia
la,dka; fkdjkafkah’ udf.a is; flfliqkaf.ka usfokafkahhs leu;s
jkakdyqo tfia kï wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj ukdfldg fufkys
lrkafkah‖
―;iaud;sy NsCLfj‛ NslaLfj‛ NslaLqms wdlxfLhH fkj fu ldfhd
ls,fuhH‛ k plaLqks‛ wkqmodhp fu wdifjys Ñ;a;x úuqÉfphH‛
whfuj wdkdmdki;s iudê idOqlx ukisld;ífnd’‖
 264

;j;a wjia:djl nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lf<a wka wd.ñl

Ydia;DDka úuiqjfyd;a nqÿka jykafia jia ld,h ljr úyrKhlska
jiakafkao lshd túg Wkjykafia jia ld,h wdkdmdki;s
iudêfhka nyq,j jik nj lsj hq;=hehs olajd we;’
―wdkdmdki;siudêfkd fLd wdjqfid N.jd jiaidjdix nyq,x
úydis‖
isysfhka hqla;j yqiau by< my< .ekSu wo f,dalhg b;d jeo.;a
Ndjkdjla ù we;’ fuu.Zska ldhsl udkisl fi!LHh jvd j¾Okh
lrf.k Ôú;fha tÈfkod lghq;= b;d id¾:lj l<yels jkafkah’
fï Ndjkdj u.Zska wm YÍrfha iakdhq moaO;sh ;=< ukd
l%shdldßFjhla we;s lrjhs’ ish¨u wjhjhka tlfklg iïnJO
lr we;af;a iakdhq moaO;sh uÕsks’ wka Ndjkdjla jeãfï§ isáh
hq;= ms<sfj, .ek olajd ke;;a wdkdmdki;sh jeãfï§ thg
wdfõKsl noaO m¾hH_lfhka tkï jõmh Wv ol=Kq mho jï w;a,
Wv ol=Kq w;a,o ;ndf.k trñKs f.d;df.k (Lotus posture)
ys| lh fl<ska ;ndf.k isysfhka hq;=j ^ksiSo;s m,a,xlx wdN=csFjd
Wcqx ldhx msksOdh mrsuqLx i;sx WmÜGfmFjd& yqiau by< my<
.ekSu l< hq;=h’ weia mshdf.k fyda kdifha w.Zg th wruqKq
lr.; yelsh’ wmf.a cSú;h mj;skafka wdYajdi m%Yajdi uÕsks’
kuq;a wms tÈfkod Ôú;fha§ isysfhka hq;=j ta .ek wjOdkh
fhduqlsÍula ke;s w;r fï NdjkdfõoS isÿ lsÍug W;aidy .kafka
ksrka;rfhkau ta ms<sn| isysfhka hq;=j wdYajdi m%Yajdi foi is;ska
n,d is; tlÕ lr.ekSuhs’ hï úgl §¾> yqiaula wm .kakd w;r
;j;a úgl flá fjhs’ tys§ jeo.;a jkafka ta ms<sn| isysfhka
hq;=j lghq;= lsrSuhs’ Wfoa iji iq¿ fõ,djla fuh jeãug yqre
mqreÿ ùu ;=<ska ;ukaf.a lghq;= ukdj lsÍug;a YdÍßl fi!LHh
mj;ajd .eksug;a is; udkisl wd;;sfhka úYdofhka msrS ;sfnk
úg thska uqojd .ekSug;a yelsnj wdkdmdk iQ;%fha§ olajd we;’
tÈfkod Ôú;fha t<fUk lghq;= j, fukau Ndjkdj lrK úg
hï hï ndOl we;sfõ’ tajd kï miq;eùu‛ le<öu‛ ne£u‛ tmdùu‛
lïue,slu fïjd uevmj;ajd .;hq;=h’ tfiau wdkdmdki;s
Ndjkdj ksrka;rfhkau jvkúg isf;ys we;s miqnEu wE;alrjk
w;r wjfndaOh we;sjk w;r fkdßiaiqu ke;sfldg iudcfha iEu
flfkl=gu m%sh Wmojk f,i lghq;= l<yelsh’ is;
ksrka;rfhkau iudê.; jk w;r ´kEu m%Yakhlg fkdìhj
uqyqKÈh yels ;;a;ajh Wodfjhs’ ks;ru is; m%s;Sfhka isysfhka
hqla;j lghq;= lsÍug yelsùu ;=<ska ish¨u lghq;= id¾:l lr.;
yelsfõ’
wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdfjka ,nd.; yels m%;sM,
wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj .ek nqÿka jykafia tla wjia:djl fufia
foaYkd lr we;’ ―whïms fLd NsCLfõ wdkdmdki;s iudñ Ndúf;d
nyq,Slf;d ikaf;d fpj mKSf;dp wfijkfld p iqfLd p úydfrd
 265

Wmamkakqmamfkk mdmfl wl=if, Oïfï Gdkfid wka;rOdfm;s‛

jQmifu;s’‖ ― uyfKks‛ fï wdkdmdki;s iudêh jvk ,oafoa‛ kej;
kej;;a m%.+K lrk ,oafoa Ydka;o fjhs’ iajNdjfhkau ñysßo fjhs’
Wmkqmka wl=Y, O¾uhka weis,af,lska w;=reoyka jkafkah’
ixisfokafkahhs nqÿka jykafia foaYdk lr we;’‖
ixhq;a; ksldfha tla ;ekl wdkdmdki;sfhys we;s jeo.;alu fï
wdldrhg olajd we;’ hful= fuh j¾Okh lrkafka kï isf;a
iduh Ydka;sh jvd Wiia ;;aFjhlg m;aùug uÕmdok w;r
wmf.a Ôjk ud¾.h fydÈka id¾:lj lrf.k hdug w;aje,la
imhhs’ th ñksia ukfiys jQ flf<ia fukau wl=i,hkao is;ska
Wÿrd oeóug Yla;sh we;s w;r th WodyrKhlska olajkafka kï
uyd jeiailska miqj ish¨ l=Kq fidaod yßkakdla fuks’
―The Buddha himself recommended this application of
mindfulness of breathing as follows: If cultivated and developed
it is peaceful, excellent and unique, a delightful way of living. it
conquers all evil and unwholesome mental states that have
arisen in the mind and makes them vanish in a moment, as a
shower of rain lays down all dust.‖(11)
wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdfjka ,eìh yels m%;sM, fï wdldrhg lreKq
jYfhka fláfhka olajuq’
 lfhys iy ukfiys iunr;djh /l .ekSug yelsùu
 ldhsl udkisl fi!LHh kshudldrj r|dmj;ajd .ekSu
 tÈfkod ixlS¾K m%Yak j,ska úfõl .ekSug
 fyd| kskaola ,nd .ekSug
 wmf.a YÍrfha we;s ish¨u iakdhq ukdj ls%hdldrS ùu ;=<ska
isysh we;sùu
 ish¨u bkao%shkag jHdhduhla ,eîu
 reêr Odjkh md,kh ùu ;=<ska YdÍßl frda.dndO wvqùu
 isf;a tlÕnj ,eîu ;=<ska ish¨ lghq;= id¾:lj ksulsÍu
 isf;ys ksrka;r msßisÿ nj we;sùu ksid cSú;h i;=áka
f.ùug yelsùu
 fyd| kskaolska miqj úfõlfhka hq;=j wjÈù Wkkaÿfjka
ojfia lghq;= weröu
 tfiau wfkl=;a ixlS¾K Ndjkdjka i|yd wjYH miqìu
ilia lrkafkah’
wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj jvk whqre
wdkdmdk iQ;%fha i|yka jk wdldrhg fï Ndjkdj mshjr 16 ^
oyihla& hgf;a m%.=K l<yelsh’ fï mshjrj,a oyihu lsÍug
wmyiq kï thska m%dfhda.sl Ôú;fha iekiSug WmldÍjk mshjr
lSmhla wkq.ukh l< yelsh’ ―if;dj wiaii;s‛ if;d miaii;s ‖
 266

isysfhka wdYajdi lrhs’ isysfhka m%Yajdi lrhs’ fuysoS b;du

jeo.;a foh jkafka ljr l%uhlska fyda isysfhka hq;=j yqiau .ekSu
iy fy,Suh’ kuq;a ±ä ù¾hlska hq;=j wdYajdi m%Yajdi lsÍu wjYH
jkafka ke;’ tfia lsrSug hdfuka isÿjkafka lhg mSvdjla
isÿùulah’ tuksid iajNdúlj wdYajdi m%Yajdi lrK úg ukd
isysfhka hq;=j th lsÍug j. n,d.; hq;=h’ kuq;a wms fï i|yd
mqreÿ mqyqKQ úhhq;=h’ fndfydA úg wmg Ndjkdj jvkúg isf;a
fkdikaiqkalu we;súh yelsh’ W;aidyfhka hq;=j ;u is; wdYajdi
m%Yajdi flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h’
wdYajdi m%Yajdi lrK úg jd;h iam¾Yh jk ;ek wms úiska
±k.; hq;=h’ th iuyr whf.a kdia mqvqfõ Wv me;af;yso
iuyrekaf.a Wvq f;df,a u;=msgo jÈhs’ Ndjkdfõ fhfok úg fï
jd;h jÈk ;ek isysh msysg úhhq;=h’ t;eka isg wdYajdi m%Yajdi
m%.=K lrK úg uu yqiau we;=<g .ksñ hk yeÕSfuka isysfhka
hq;=j th l< hq;=h’ tfiau m%Yajdi lrK úg uu yqiau msglrñ
hk isysfhka l< hq;=h’ fuh iq¿ fõ,djla m%.+K l<hq;=h’
bka wK;=rej Ndjkdfõ uq,au mshjr fj; .uka lrKQ ,efí’
isysfhka hq;=j wdYajdi m%Yajdi lsÍu wrUd bÈß mshjr olajd
.uka l< yelsh’ wdkdmdki;s iQ;%fha th mshjr oyihla hgf;a
olajd we;’ wm b;du fláfha tlska tl úuid n,uq’
 ―§>x jd wiaiikaf;d §>x wiaiidó;s mcdkd;s‛ §>x jd
miaiikaf;d È>x miaiidó;s mcdkd;s‖ §¾>j wdYajdi
lrKqfha oS¾>j wdYAjdi lrñhs okS’ §¾>j m%Yajdi m%Yajdi
lrKQfha §¾>j m%Yajdi lrKQfha okS’ iuyrekaf.a wdYajdi
m%Yajdi È.h’ túg th È. nj isysfhka hq;=j o;hq;=h’
 ―riaix jd wiaiikaf;d riaix wiaiidó;s mcdkd;s‛ riaix jd
miaiikaf;d miaiidñ;s mcdkd;s‖ yqiau fláfhka fyj;a
blauKska .ksñhs lshd isysfhka okSo tfiau yqiau fláfhka
m%Yajdi lrhs lshd okSo th isysfhka hq;=j lrf.k
hdhq;=h’
 ―iínldhmáixfõoS wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’ iííldhmáixfõo
miaiisiaidñ;s islaL;ss‖ wdYajdihdf.a uq,‛ ueo‛ w. hk
ish,a,u meyeÈ<sj okakdiq¿ jQfha wdYajdi lrñhs yslafuhs’
m%Yajdihdf.a uq,‛ ueo‛ w. hk ish,a,u meyeÈ<sj okakdiq¿
jQfha m%Yajdi lrñhs yslafuhs’
 ―miaiïNhx ldh ixLdrx wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’ miaiïNhx
ldh ixLdrx miaiisiaidñ;s islaL;ss‖ wdYajdi hhs lshk ,o
ldh ixiaaldrh ms<sfj,ska ixisÿjñka wdYajdi lrñhs
yslafuhs’ m%Yajdi hhs lshk ,o ldh ixiaaldrh ms<sfj,ska
ixisÿjñka m%Yajdi lrñhs yslafuhs’
 267

 ―mS;smáixfõÈ wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’ mS;smáixfõÈ

miaiisiaidñ;s islaL;ss‖ m%S;sh fyd|ska okafka wdYajdi
flfrñhs yslafuhs’ m%S;sh fyd¢ka okafka m%Yajdi flfrñhs
yslafuhs’
 ―iqLmáixfõÈ wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’ iqLmáixfõÈ
miaiisiaidñ;s islaL;ss‖ iqLh fyd|ska okafka wdYajdi
flfrñhs yslafuhs’ iqLh fyd¢ka okafka m%Yajdi flfrñhs
yslafuhs’
 ―Ñ;a;ixLdrmáixfõÈ wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’ Ñ;a;ixLdr
máixfõÈ miaiisiaidñ;s islaL;s‖s Ñ;a; ixialdrh fyd|ska
okafka wdYajdi flfrñhs yslafuhs’ Ñ;a; ixialdrh fyd¢ka
okafka m%Yajdi flfrñhs yslafuhs’
 ―miaiïNhx Ñ;a; ixLdrx wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’ miaiïNhx
Ñ;a; ixLdrx miaiisiaidñ;s islaL;ss‖ T!odßl Ñ;a;
ixialdrh ixisÿjñka wdYajdi lrñhs yslafuhs’ T!odßl
Ñ;a; ixialdrh ixisÿjñka m%Yajdi lrñhs yslafuhs’
 ―Ñ;a;máixfõÈ wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’ Ñ;a;máixfõÈ
miaiisiaidñ;s islaL;ss‖ is; fyd|ska okafka wdYajdi flfrñhs
yslafuhs’ is; fyd¢ka okafka m%Yajdi flfrñhs yslafuhs’
 ―wNsmamfudaohx Ñ;a;x wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’ wNsmamfudaohx
Ñ;a;x miaiisiaidñ;s islaL;ss‖ is; myka lrjñka wdYajdi
flfrñhs yslafuhs’ is; myka lrjñka m%Yajdi flfrñhs
yslafuhs’
 ―iudoyx Ñ;a;x wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’ iudoyx Ñ;a;x
miaiisiaidñ;s islaL;ss‖ is; wruqfKys ;nd.ksñka wdYajdi
flfrñhs yslafuhs’ is; wruqfKys ;nd.ksñka m%Yajdi
flfrñhs yslafuhs’
 ―úfudphx Ñ;a;x wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’ úfudphx Ñ;a;x
miaisiaidñ;s islaL;ss‖ kSjrKfhka is; uqoñka wdYajdi
flfrñhs yslafuhs’ ksjrKfhka is; uqoñka m%Yajdi flfrñhs
yslafuhs’
 ―wksÉpdkqmiaiS wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’ wkqÉpdkqmiaiS
miaiisiaidñ;s islaL;ss‖ wks;Hdkqo¾YS jqfhï wdYajdi flfrñhs
yslafuhs’ wks;Hdkqo¾YS jqfhï m%Yajdi flfrñhs yslafuhs’
 ―úrd.dkqmiaiS wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’ úrd.dkqmiaiS
miaiisiaidñ;s islaL;ss‖ úrd.dkqo¾YS jqfhï wdYajdi flfrñhs
yslafuhs’ úrd.dkqo¾YS jqfhï m%Yajdi flfrñhs yslafuhs’
 ―ksfrdaOdkqmiaiS wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’ ksfrdaOdkqmiaiS
miaiisiaidñ;s islaL;ss‖ ksfrdaOdkqo¾YS jqfhï wdYajdi
 268

flfrñhs yslafuhs’ ksfrdaOdkqo¾YS jqfhï m%Yajdi flfrñhs

yslafuhs’
 ―máksiai.a.dkqmiaiS wiaiisiaidó;s islaL;s’
máksiai.a.dkqmiaiS miaiisiaidñ;s islaL;ss‖ m%;sksi¾.dkqo¾YS
jqfhï wdYajdi flfrñhs yslafuhs’ m%;sksi¾.dkqo¾YS jqfhï
m%Yajdi flfrñhs yslafuhs’

2’ fõokdkqmiaikdj’
fõokdj úúO f,i oelsh yelsh’ th iqL‛ ÿCL‛ WfmCLd‛ hk
wdldrfhka olajd ;sfnk w;r ta ms<sn|j is; fhduqlr ne,sh
hq;=h’ fõokdjka ÿlla we;sjQ úg th kshudldrfhka f;areï .;
hq;=h’ tfiau tajd we;sùug we;s fya;= fudkjd±hs úuid ne,sh
hq;=h’ wmsg tu fõokdj h:diajrEmfhka ne,sh yelskï tys
wdrïNh l=ulao@ tys iajrEmh l=ulao@ th ke;s lr .; yelafla
flfiao@ wd§ jYfhka isysfhka hq;=j n,k l< tys wjfndaOh wmg
,efí’ isf;a mj;sk fï úkaokhka ms<Sn|j wks;H iïm%hqla; núka
hq;=j fufkys lsÍfuka fï fõokdkqmiaikdj jeäh yelsh’ fuh
isf;ys fï úkaokhka we;s lrK wdldr is;a kï jYfhka my;
olajd we;’
 iqL fõokd- iem ú£ï
 ÿlaL fõokd- ÿla ú£ï
 wÿlaLuiqL fõokd-iem yd ÿla hkafkys uOHia: ú£ï
 idñi fõokd- wfmaCId iys; ú£ï
 ksrdñi iqL fõokd- wfmaCId ke;s ú£ï
 idñi ÿlaL fõokd-wfmaCId iysl ÿla ú£ï
 ksrdñi ÿlaL fõokd - wfmaCId ke;s ÿla ú£ï
 idñi wÿlaL uiqLfõokd- wfmaCId iys; uOHia: ú£ï
 ksrdñi wÿlaL uiqLfõokd-wfmaCId ke;s uOHia: ú£ï

3’ Ñ;a;dkqmiaikdj
is; ;rï ixlS¾K jia;=jla ;j;a fï f,dalfhys ke;’ fuys§ wfma
is; ;=< we;sjkakdjq ,l+Kq 16 .ek fufkys lsÍu jeo.;ah’
1’ ird. Ñ;a; ^rd. iys; is;&
2’ ú;rd. Ñ;a; ^ù;rd. is;&
3’ ifodai Ñ;a; ^oafõI iy.; is;&
4’ ù;fodai Ñ;a; ^oafõI úrys; is;&
5’ ifudy Ñ;a; ^fuday iy.; is;&
6’ ù;fudy Ñ;a; ^fuday úrys; is;&
7’ ixÅ;a; Ñ;a; ^yels¿Kq is;&
8’ úlaÅ;a; Ñ;a; ^fkdikaiqka is;&
9’ uy.a.; Ñ;a; ^rEmdjpr yd wrEmdjpr is;&
 269

10’ wu.a.; Ñ;a; ^ldudjpr is;&

11’ i W;a;r Ñ;a; ^rEmdjpr is;&
12’ wkq;a;r Ñ;a; ^wrEmdjpr is;&
13’ iudys; Ñ;a; ^Wmpdr w¾mKd iudê iys; is;&
14’ wiudys; Ñ;a; ^iudê úrys; is;&
15’ úuq;a; Ñ;a; ^flf,iqkaf.ka ñÿKq is;&
16’ wúuq;a; Ñ;a; ^flf,iqkaf.ka fkdñÿK is;&

by; i|yka lreKQ j,ska is; msÍ ;sfnk úg thska w;aó§ tys
kshu iajrEmh ±l .ekSug wjYHh’ yßhg lKakdählska uqyqK
n,kakdla fuka isf;a iajremh úksjo ±lsh hq;=h’ ne,sh hq;=h’
WodyrKhla f,i wms tÈfkod Ôú;fha úúO wjia:d .; lrK
úg ;ry we;s jkafkah’ wmsg we;sjk ;ry wmg kshudldrfhka
±l .ekSug yelskï thska wmg isÿjk fndfyda foa kj;d.;
yelsh’ tksid ;udf.a is; ksrka;rfhka úksúo ±lSug mqreÿ jkak’
tfiau iEu wjia:djlu ;SrK .kakd úg tla j;djla fkdj lSm
ierhla ta .ek is;d lghq;= lrkak mqreÿ mqyqKqùu ;=<ska Ôú;hg
iykhla ,nd .; yelsh’

4’ Oïudkqmiaikdj
fuys§ úfYaIfhkau isÿjkafka idlÉPdjka bf.kSu lshùu
úfõpkho fï Ndjkdjg we;=,;ah’ úúO iQ;%j,g wkqj NsCIQka
w;r idlÉPd Ndjkdjla jQ whqreo thskau ish¨ ÿla ke;s lr
f.k ksjka uÕg ms<smka nj o olajd we;’ fuys§ lreKQ lSmhla
hgf;a Oïudkqmiaikdj jeäh yelsh’ mxp kSjrK thska tlls’
mxpkSjrK O¾uhkag f.dÿre isák;dla tajd úksúo ±lsh
fkdyels w;r tajd ÈhqKqjg uÕ wyqrjkq ,efí’ kSjrK O¾u hkq
´kEu fohl ÈhqKqjg uÕ whqrjkq ,nk O¾uhka mylgh’ tajd
ukdj m¾fhAIKh lr ne,Su;a fï Ndjkdjg wh;ah’ kSjrK O¾u
kï lduÉPkao‛ jHdmdo‛ ÒkñoaO‛ WoaOÉp l=lal=Ép‛ úÑlsÉPd
hkqhs’ ^fï ms<sn| úia;rhla iu: Ndjkdj hgf;a n,kak& fofjks
ldrKh jkafka iaLkaO m[aplh .ek flfrk Ndjkdjhs’ rEm
fõokd ix{d ixLdr iy ú[a[dK hk mxplfhys iajNdjh;a
iuqoh kï jQ tys yg.ekSu;a ksfrdaOh;a .ek flfrk Ndjkdjhs’
;=kajk lreK jkafka wdh;k Ndjkdjhs’ tyÈ plaLq‛ fida;‛ >dK‛
ðõyd ldh uk hk bkaøsh yhg wruqKq jk rEm‛ Yío‛ .JO‛ ri‛
iam¾Y‛ O¾u hk úIh yh;a .el isysfhka hq;=j fufkys lsÍu;a
b;d jeo.;ah’
y;rjk lreKQ jkafka fnd–COx. O¾u y; hgf;ao flfrk
Ndjkdjkaf.a jeãuh’ tajd kï -
 i;s iïfnd–COx.h- ish¨u ldhsl udkisl ld¾hhkays
isysfhka hqla;j lghq;= lsÍu fuhska woyia flf¾’
 270

 Oïuúph iïfnd–COx.h-O¾uh ms<sn| bf.kSu‛ ta .ek

úúO idlÉPd isÿlsÍu‛ iy fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha o¾Ykhka
.ek yeoEÍu O¾uh Y%jKh lsÍu wdÈho fuhg we;=,;ah’
 úßh iïfnd–COx.h- ´kEu lghq;a;la wdrïN lr th
wjidkh olajd lrf.k hdu ù¾h kïfõ’
 mS;s iïfnd–COx.h- RKd;aul woyia bj;,d Wkkaÿfjka
hqla;j lghq;= lsÍu mS;s kï fõ’
 miaioaë iïfnd–COx.h- isf;a Ydka;shfka hq;=j lghq;=
lsÍfï we; yelshdj’ fuys§ úfYaIfhka wjYH lrkafka
ldhsl udkisl úfõlhhs’
 iudê iïfnd–COx.h - is; tlÕ lrf.k ´kEu
lghq;a;la lrf.khdfï we;s Yla;sh fuh fõ’
 WfmCLd iïfnd–COx.h- Ôú;fha t<fUk ÿl iem wd§
úúO fjkialï j,§ wlïms;j uqyqK§fï we;s yelshdj fuh
fõ’
Oïudkqmiaikdj hgf;a b.ekafjk miafjks lreK jkafka
p;=rd¾h i;Hhhs’ tkï ÿlaL‛ iuqoh‛ ksfrdaO‛ ud¾. hk i;H
y;r uq,a lrf.k jvkq ,nk Ndjkdj;ah’
fï wdldrhg b;du meyeÈ<s f,i i;r i;smÜGdkh jeãu ;=<ska
wms wfmaCId lrK wruqK lrd ,Õdùug wmg wjYH lrK ukd
yeÈhdj ,efnkafkah’
ffu;%S Ndjkdj
ffu;%S Ndjkdj iEu wdldrhlu Ndjkdjlg mokï oud .;yels
Ndjkdjls’ ieu wd.ï Nla;slfhl=gu myiqfjka m%.=K l< yels
úYaùh Ndjkdjla jk fuh ir< ldrKd rdYshla ukdj meyeÈ<s
lr fokq ,efí’ fï f,dalfha jik iEu flfkl=gu wdorh‛
lreKdj‛ ffu;%Sh WfmaCIdj‛ wúysxidj‛ .ek wjOdkh fhduqlr
we;’ tfiau tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh jeks f,dal m%isoaO
ixúOdkj,o uQ,slu yrh ishÆu ñksiqkag ;u whs;Ska iqrCIs;
f,i ;nd.ksñka fï f,dalfha i;=áka Ôj;aúug wjldYh
,nd§uh’ hqoaOh iy iduh .ek l:d lrK iEu úglu ffu;%S
Ndjkdj .ek f,dalhg y÷kajd§ug wm l%shdl< hq;=h’ nqÿka
jykafia foaYkd l,dla fuka O¾uh weiSu‛ u;l ;nd.ekSu‛ ta
wkqj yeisÍu‛ b;d jeo.;ah’ yqfola isoaOdka; jYfhka muKla tys
±kqu iy w.h fkdjákafkah’ fï iEu wdldrhlu hqoaOhlgu
wdrjq,lgu uq, mqoa., Ñ;a; ika;dkh ¥IKh ùuh’ tu ksid th
uq,skqmqgd ouk ;=re hqoaOhkaf.a wjidkhla ±lsh fkdyel’ ñksid
;u ifydaor ñksid foi ielfhka f;drj ne,sh hq;=h’ tfia n,k
w;r ffu;%S iy.; ifydaor yeÕSï m;=rejd ,shhq;=h’ th
fkdjkf;la ´kEu wdldrhl ixúOdk j,ska wfmaCId lrK
m%;sM, ,eìh fkdyel’ ishÆu ixúOdk f.dv keÕsh hq;af;a
ñksidf.a yoj; ;=<h’ ta i|yd moku oud .ekSug jeo.;au
 271

ixl,amhla f,i nqÿoyfuys we;s ffu;%S Ndjkd ixl,amh fhdod

.; yelsh’ fuys§ wms ffu;%S Ndjkd hkq l=ula±hs fláfhka úuid
n,uq’ ;%smsglfhys fï yd iïnJO iQ;% rdYshla we;s w;r thska
lSmhla my; i|yka fõ’ lrKSh fu;a; iQ;%h‛ ñ;a;dksixi iQ;%h‛
Wÿïnßl iSykdo iQ;%h‛ f;aúþc iQ;%h‛ plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%h‛
uydiqoiaiak iQ;%h‛ ud> iQ;%h‛ fõ,du iQ;%h iy L.a. úidk
iQ;%h‛ Wmâv iQ;%h‛ iy úiqoaê ud¾.h keu;s fmd;o b;du
jeo.;ah’
ffu;%S hk jpkfhys w¾:h l=ulao@ Y%S ,xld rcfha uqøKd,fha
uqøs; fn!oaO úYaj fldaIfha fï wdldrhg tys w¾: olajd we;’
fu;a;d hk jpkh ñâ uQ,fhka ie§ we;s w;r tys w¾:h wdorh
f,io ñ;% hk jpkh ffjÈl fmd;a j, fh§ o fh§ we;s w;r
ñ;a; hkak md,s fmd;a j,o we;’ tys woyi kï wdorh‛
ñ;%;a;ajh$ iuÕsh‛ wkqlïmdj‛ ñ;=re nj iy wka wh ms<sn|
iómNdjh ±laúh yelsh’ (Metta is derived from the root „Mid” to
love and then the word „Mitra” (vdic) or Mitta (Pali) fired. it deotes
love, amity, sympathy, friedliness and active interest in others”(12)
ñ;% hk jpkh yd iudk jk fndfyda jpk fn!oaO idys;Hfhys
i|ykaj we;’ tajd kï iLd‛ jhiah‛ iaksoaO‛ m%sh lD;a‛ ys;ldÍ‛
m%khs‛ iafkays‛ iqyD;a hk jpkhkah’
ixhq;a; ksldfha Wmâv iQ;%fha§ wdkkao ysñhka yd nqÿka jykafia
w;r we;s jQ ixjdoh ffu;%sh ñ;%;aJjh ms,sn| jeo.;a nj
meyeÈ<sj olajd we;’ wkkao ysñhka mejiqfõ W;=ï Ôú;fha ishhg
mKylau tkï Nd.hlau l,HdK ñ;%Fjh u; mokï ú we;s
njh’ tfy;a nqÿka jykafia mejiqfõ iïmQ¾K ðj;hu l,HdK
ñ;%Fjh u; hehs foaYkd l< fial’
WmâVñox Nkaf;a n%yaupßhiai hÈox l,HdK ñ;a;;d l,HdK
iydhld l,HdK iïmjxl;d
tu woyi ;j;a wdldrhlska f;dg.uqfõ rdyq, ysñhka ie<,sysKs
ixfoaYfha§ fïfia olajd we;’
ñ;=re ;=fud ÿl iem foflysu mej;s
ì;= is;=jï rE fuka msgq fkdmdú;s
nqÿka jykafia L.a.úidk iq;%fha È foaYkd lrkafka iudcfha
fndfyda wh lsishï fya;=jla ksid ;j;a flfkl= wdY%h lrK nj;a
lsisÿ m%;sM,hla wfmaCIdfjka f;drj we;s jkakdjq l,HdK ñ;%Fjh
b;d ÿ¾,N nj;ah’
Ncka;s fiajka;s ldrk;a;d
kslaLdrkd ÿ,a,Nd wþPñ;a;d
tfiau ñ;a;dksixi iQ;%fha§ foaYkd lr we;af;a úYd, kq. .ila
ìu fmr,kakg myiq fkdjkakdla fuka ñ;=rkag oafõI fkdlrK
ñ;=rd lsisu i;=frl=g ìu fy<Sug wmyiq jk nj fufia olajd
we;’
 272

“úre,ay uQ, ika;dkx ks.af.%daO ñj ud¿f;da

wñ;a;d kmamiyka;s fhda ñ;a;dkx k¥N;s”

nqÿoyfuys fndfyda ;eka j, fï ffu;%S hk jpkh fhdodf.k we;’

“fu;a;d iy.f;k fÉ;id” hk ;ek ffu;%S iy.; is;=ú<s j,ska
hqla;úh hq;= njo‛ fu;a;x lfrda;s hk ;ek ffu;%sh l<hq;= njo‛
“fu;a;d Ñ;a;x” hk ;ek ffu;%S iy.; is;=ú,s .eko‛ tfiau
lrKSh fu;a; iQ;%fha§ i|yka lrkafka ujl ;u tlu orejdg
hï fia wdof¾o tfia ffu;%Sh l<hq;= njh’ iq;a; ksmd;fhays
wÜGl:dfjys ffu;%sh .ek fufia olajd we;’ “ys; iqL Wmkhk
ldu;d” wka whf.a hym; fjkqfjka l%Shd lsÍu hk wdldrhg
olajd we;’ “fuþc;S;s fu;a;d iskshay;S;s w;af:da ” ishÆu iFjhka
fj; ffu;%S iy.; is;=ú,s we;s nj lreKdj wdorh ohdj jeks
.=Kdx. ÈhqKqj fuhska woyia flf¾’ úiqoaê ud¾.fhys ffu;%S
Ndjkdj jvk whqre ukdj fmkajd § we;’ “iínx mGux mk whx
iqÅf;da fydañ ksoaÿlafLda;s jd wfjfrda‛ wjHm–fCOda‛ wkSf.da iqÇ
w;a;dkx mrsyrdó;s tjx mqkmamqkx w;;ksfhaj Ndfõ;índ” iEu
fohlgu m%:ufhka ;ud .ek wjOdkh fhduql< hq;=h’ uu
iqjm;a fjñ‛ uu ksÿla fjñ‛ ffjr ke;a;fla fjñ‛ fodïkia
ke;af;la fjñ hkd§ jYfhka kej; kej; jeãu l<hq;=h’ i;r
nU úyrKhkaf.ao m<uq jekak ffu;%sh fõ’ lreKd uqÈ;d iy
WfmlaLd hk lrEKq iuÕ ksrka;rfhka mqreÿ mqyqKq lsÍug
wkq±k jodrd we;s fuu .=K O¾u iudc iqN isoaêh wksjd¾fhkau
Wmldr jkafkah’ nqÿka jykafia iEu flfkl=gu tlu wdldrhg
ffu;%S jvk ,o nj úúO l:d j,ska ±l.; yelsh’ fkdfhla
wjia:dj,oS nqÿka jykafiaj urKhg mjd m;alsrSug W;aidy .;a
foajo;a; f;reka ygo‛ wx.=,sud, kï oreKqu mqoa.,hdg o rdyq,
l=urekago Okmd, kd,d.sß jeks we;=kgo‛ mgdpdrd lsidf.da;ó
jeks wirK ldka;djkgo tlu wdldrhg ffu;%Sh ±lajQy’ ffu;%S
iy.;j isàfï n,h úoyd ±lafjk cd;l l:djla we;’ nqÿka
jykafia tla wd;auhl ;jqiaoï rlsñka tla .ila hg isá w;r tu
rfgys rc;=ud ;ukaa rg lrjk wdlrh .ek úuiñka .uka lrK
w;r wr ;jqid isg .i wi,g meñKs Tyqf.ka o f;dr;=re
úuihs’ tu wjia:dfõ§ rc;=udg wkqNj lsrSug tu .fika
m<;=re f.ähla ,nd ÿkak;a tu m<;=re b;d ;s;a; rihlska hq;=
ksid rc;=ud lEug ue,snjla olajk ,È’ kuq;a ;jqidf.a b,a,Su
u; th riúÈ w;r th b;du ñysß rihlska hq;= jQ w;r tys
ryi kï ;jqidf.a ffu;%S iy.; is;=j,s j, n,mEu ksid tu
.fiys ;s;a; ri m<;=re ñysrs njg meñK we;’ t;rïu n,.;=
Ñ;a; n,hla ffu;%S Ndjkdjg we;’ wm ;=< we;s ffu;%S iy.;
îch jvd j¾Okh lr.; hq;=h’ úfYaIfhkau ;ud uq,alrf.k
wdrïN lrK ffu;%S Ndjkdj ;udf.a foudmshka‛ kEoEhka‛
 273

.=rejreka‛ ñ;=rka‛ iy i;=rka iy ishÆu iFjhska ygu ffu;%Sh

m;=rejkq ,efí’ tys§ i;=rekag ffu;%sh me;sÍu .ek ielhla we;s
úh yel’ fuysoS wmg b;d jeo.;a jkafka wmf.a isf;a msßisÿ nj
we;s lr.ekSuh’ ta i|yd jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka wmf.a is; ¥IKh
lrK lreKQ j,ska uqojd .ekSuh’ hï wdldrhlska ;udf.a
i;=rkao ksÿla ksfrda.S njg m;ajkafka kï th b;d fyd| fohls’
túg ta mqoa.,hdo i;=frl= fkdjkq we;’ Tyqf.a ta ish¨ krl
.;s.=K ke;Sù fyd| ffu;%S iy.; is;=ú,s Wmoskafkah’ th fyd|
keUqrejls’
fufia we;sjk ffu;%S iy.; iudchl Tjqfkdjqka w;r we;sjk
m%;súreoaO;djhg bvla fkd,efnk w;r tÈfkod Ôú;fhys we;sjk
fjokd wdÈh iqj w;g yef¾’ ñ;%YS,S Ndjh jeä ÈhqKqfõ’ wu;lj
f.dia we;s n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;sjk w;r ñksid ;u ifydaor ñksid
foi ifydaorFjfhka hq;=j ne,Sug yqre mqreÿfõ’
lrKSh fu;a; iQ;%fhys i|yka jk wdldrhg bof.k isák úg‛
weúÈk úg‛ iy ksok úg fï .=K O¾u ms<sn| isysfhka hqla;=j
isáh hq;=h’ fï wdldrhg ffu;%S iy.; is;=ú,s j,ska lghq;=
lrK úg tÈfkod cSú;fha we;s jk fndfyda udkisl wjq,a úhjq,a‛
lsfmk iq¿nj‛ wdos krl .;.=Ko wvq jkafkah’
oS> ksldfha f;aúþc iQ;%fha§ ffu;%s jeãu .ek fufia olajd we;’
uyfKks‛ fuys tla Èidjla flfrys ffu;%s is; jvñka uyKf;fï
jdih lrhs’ tfiau fyf;u fojk‛ f;jk‛ i;rjk Èidjkays iy
Wv hg wjg hk iEu Èidjlau flfrysu fu;a is; m;=rejhs’
fyf;fï m%udKhla fkdfldg‛ iSud fkd;nd uq¿ f,djgu
ffjrfhka is;a ;ejqf,ka ñÿKq is;a we;sj yo;=< fu;a jvhs’-
ffu;%S Ndjkdj jeãfuka ksÈu;nj ke;sù Woafhd.fhka lghq;=
lsÍugo ielh úYajdifhka‛ ffjrh ffu;%sfhkao wúfõlSnj
m%S;sfhkao we;s lr.; yelsh’
ffu;%sh jeãu ms<sn|j úúO ú.%yhka wmsg ol.; yelsh’ ta w;r
hï NsCIqjla ffu;%S iy.; is; jvjd Ôj;ajkafkao j;ska yd
ms<sfj;ska hq;=j nqÿiiqfkys m%idohg m;ajQfhao ta NsCIqj fya;= m%;H
n,fhka yg.;a ish¨ ixialdrhka ixis÷jkakdjq ksjk
,nd.kafkah’ “fu;a;d úydÍ fhd NsCLq mikafkd nqoaO idifk
wê.Éfþ mox ika;x ixLdrEfm iux iq:x”
bkaÈhdfõ isá n,j;au rcflfkl= jk O¾udfYdal uyrc;=ud
úúO fi,a,sms j, ishÆu rgjeishka udf.a orefjdah hehs i|yka
lr we;af;a nqÿoyfuys i|yka ffu;%S iy.; is;sú,s uq,alrf.kh’
ixialD; idys;Hfhys ysf;dmfoaY kï .%J:fhys ñ;=frl=f.a ,CIK
fï wdldrhg olajd we;’ ñ;%fhl= iuÕ l:d lsÍu‛ weiqre lsÍu‛
fyda Tyq yd flfrk ms<si|r fï ish,a, ,nk ;ek;a;dg jvd
mskajka;fhl= fï f,dalfha ke;ehs tys l;=jrhd olajd we;’
“hiH ñf;%K iïNdfId
 274

hiH ñf;%K ixiaÓ;sx

hiH ñf;%K ix,dmx
;f;d kdia;Sy mqKHjdka ”
tfiay tu fmdf;ys ñ;=rkaf.a ,CIK fï wdldrhg olajd we;’
“ uqLx m%ikakx úu,dj ØiaÀ
L;dkqrdf.da uOqrdp pdkS
iafkaydêlx iun%u o¾Ykxp
iodkqr;a;IH ckiH ,CIu”
m%shukdm uqyqK ks¾u, ne,au l:dfjys we,au ñysß joka ±ä
wdorh hk fï lreKq l,HdK ñ;%fhl=f.a ,CIKhkah’

ffu;%S iy.; is;=j,s jeãu wdrïN l< hq;af;a ;udf.kauh’ ta

neõ i;r lugyka ú.%yfjk .d:djkaf.ka b;d meyeÈ<sj olajd
we;’
“w;a;=mudh iífíix i;a;dkx iq: ldu;x miaisFjd luf;d
fu;a;x iín i;af;aiq Ndjfha ”

;uka wdo¾Yhg f.k wka iFjfhdao iem leu;s nj is;d ta wkqj

ffu;%sh jeãu wdrïN l<hq;=h’
ñ;a;dksixi iQ;%hg wkqj ñ;=renj fyj;a fu;a is; flfkl= ;=<
Wmojd .ekSfuka fu;a is;=ú,s j¾Okh lr thg úreoaO
fkdùfukao ,nd.; yels wkqiia /ila tys olajd we;’
ñ;=renjg i;=re fkdjQ hï rdcHhkg fyda .%duhlg fyda
k.rhlg meñfKao ta iEu ;ekl§u ffu;%S iy.; nj mqokq
,efí’
“ hxhx ckmox hd;S ks.fï rdcOdksfhd
iínF: mQðf;da fyd;s fhd ñ;a;dkx k¥N;s”

wx.=;a;r ksldfha kjl ksmd;fha fõ,du iQ;%hg wkqj u,l iqjola

tlajrla isôk;rï fj,djla fu;a is; jvkafka kï th b;d Wiia
W;=ï uy;aM, uydksixi we;s lrjhs’
“fhdp w;;ufhd .JOQyk u;a;ums fu;a;x Ñ;a;x NdfjhH” krl
.;s w;yer uqÿ fudf,dla njg meñKsu ffu;%sh nj olajd we;’
tys§ ish¨u iFjhka fj; we;s ohdj ffu;%sh lreKdj iy
wkqlïmdj jeks .=KO¾u uQ,sl fõ’
wx.=;a;r ksldfha ;j;a ;ekl i|ykafjk wdldrhg fn!oaaO
Ndjkd l%ufha fu;a jeãu iEu ld¾hlgu uq,a jkafkah’ iq¿
fõ,djla fyda ffu;%s iy.; is;=ú,s j,ska mßmQ¾Kj isàu l=i,a
/ialsÍug yelsnj nqÿka jykafia olajd we;’
uyfKks‛ ffu;%sfhys uQ,sl wjia:d jqjo wkqkaf.a hym;
uq,alrf.k wka wh .ek fufkys lsÍu ;=<ska mjd mqoa.,hdf.a
Yajikh myiq jk wdldrh .ek meyeÈ<s lrwe;’
 275

Ndjkdj ms<sn| jeo.;au .%J:hla jkafka úiqoaê ud¾.hhs’ tys fï

wdldrhg ffu;%S Ndjkdj .ek olajd we;’
“iínx mGux mk wyx iqÅfkda fydañ ksoaÿlafLda;s jd wfjfrda‛
wjHmþfCOda‛ wkSf>da iqÇ w;a;dkx mßyrdó;s tjx mqkmamqkx
w;a;ksfhaj Ndfõ;índ” fï f,dalfhys ;udg jvd fjkia wfhl=
fkdue;’ ish,a,gu m<uqfjka uu iqjm;afjñ$ uu ksÿla fjñ$ uu
ffjr ke;af;lafjñ$ fodïkia ke;af;la fjñ lshd iqjfia Ôj;afjñ
hk wdldrhg kej; kej; ;ud .ek fufkys l<hq;= w;r
ffu;%sh ta wdldrfhka j¾Okh l< hq;=h’
,dNh‛ iem;‛ hym;‛ jeä ÈhqKqj‛ ys;j;anj‛ isf;ys yd isrefrys
ÿla ke;s nj yd ;uka fukau yeu fokd flfrysu ±ä leue;a;
ffu;%sh kï fõ’ “iíni;af;iq w;a; ys;x iqLx w;sÉPkx fu;a;d”
hkqfjka th olajd we;’
wNsO¾u msglfhys úNx. m%lrKfhys fï wdldrhg ffu;%sh .ek
úia;r olajd we;’
“fihH:dms kdu tlx mq.a.,x mshx ukdmx Èiajd fu;a;dfhhH
tjfuj iífí i;af;a fu;a;dh Mr;s”’ tkï hïfia tl m%sh ukdm
mqoa.,fhl= ±l=fuka fu;a lrkafkao tmßÈ ish¨ i;=ka flfrys
ffu;%sh m;=rejhs’

“fuþP;S;s fu;a;d iskshay;S;s wfF:d” r¿ mreI núka ;¾lh

fjkaj ;ud .ek;a wka wh .ek;a iudk is;ska is;Su ie,lSu
ffu;%sh f,i oelaúh yel’
“ñþP;s ;dh ;spd;s ñ;af;d ys;þCOdih;dh iskshay;s‛
wys;dm.uf;d rCL;s pd;s wfF:d‚ ñ;a;iai Ndfjd fu;a;d ñ;af;aiq
^iqyfoiq& Ndjd jd fu;a; ” hk wgqjd mohg wkqj is; msßisÿ
núka iafkay lrkakdjQ o wys;fhka bj;a lsÍï jYfhka wdrCId
lrkakdjq mqoa.,hd ñ;% kïfõ’ tn÷ ñ;%hl=f.a iajNdjh fyda tn÷
fuf,la is;a we;s fofokl=ka w;rfys my< úhhq;= ys;j;a nj fyda
ffu;%Sh f,i kïl< yelsh’
“id fu;a;d i;af;aiq ys;iqLqmixydr,laLKd” hkqfjka olajd
we;af;a ish¨u i;=ka ys;iqj msKsi t<ùu ,CIK fldg we;af;a
ffu;%s kïfõ’ ish¨u iFjhska ys;la fõjdhs m%d¾:kd lsÍu fukau
wjevla ÿlla úm;la fkdfõjdhs me;Suo ffu;%S kïfõ’
“iqmamnqoaOx mnqPCOka;s-iod f.d;uidjld
fhix Èjdp r;af;dp- Ndjkdh rf;d ufkd”
Èjd ? foflysu ks;ru ffu;%S Ndjkdfjys we¨Kq f.!;u
Y%djlfhda fu;a is;ska u ksok neúka iqjfia ksod .ks;s’ iqjfia
mqnqo;s’
 276

lrKsh fu;a; iQ;%fha i|yka jk wdldrhg wfkflla wfkla

flfkl=ka lsisfia;a fkdrjgdjd‛ udkfhka blaujd fkdis;djd‛ r¿
l%shdfjka fyda jpkfhka fyda fkdi;=gq is;ska fyda wfkflla
wfkll=yg ÿlla fkdleue;s jkafka kï th b;d fhfyls’
“k mfrd mrx ksl=ífí:
kd;su[af[a: lF: Ñkx l[aÑ
nHdfrdaikd má>i[a[d
kd[a[u[a[iai ÿlaLñÉfPhH”
wka whf.a ÿl .ek yeÕsula we;sùu b;d jákafkah’ tfiau
nqÿiiqfkys meyeÿKq hï flfkla ffu;%s Ndjkdfjka hqla;j jdih
lr;a kï Tjqyq ish¨ ÿla j,ska ñ§u jQ ixialdrhkaf.a ixis£u jQ
Ydka; jq ksjka iqj ,nkakdyhs hkqfjka nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lr
we;’
uþCêu ksldfha pQ, f.daisxy iQ;%hg wkqj tla wjia:djl nqÿka
jykafia iuÕ wkqreoaO kkaÈh iy lsïì, ysñjreka nqÿka jykafia
iuÕ idlÉPdjla isÿjqk wjia:dfõ§ wkqreoaO ysñhka fï
wdldrhg ffu;%sh .eko i|yka ú we;’
iajóks‛ ug fun÷ is;la we;sù we;’ fujeks in%yaupdÍka yd tlaj
jikakg ,eîu kï ug uy;au ,dNfhlauh’ iajdóks‛ uu tlaj
jik fï in%yaupdÍka w;s ;ek fukau ke;s ;eko lhska fu;a
jvñ’ jokska fu;a jvñ’ is;skao fu;a jvñ’ iajdóks‛ uu uf.a is;
wkqj fkdj fï ysñjrekaf.a is;ska jiï kï uekjhs woyia fjhs’
iajdóks’ uu tfia jiñ’ iajdóks‛ wms lhska wiudk fjuq’ tfy;a
is;ska iudk fjuq’
ffu;%S Ndjkdj jeãu ;=<ska m%;sM, jYfhka lreKq 11 ,nd.;
yels nj olajd we;s w;r thska lreKq oyhlau fuf,dj Ôú;hg
jeo.;a jkafkah’
 iqLx iqm;s- iqjfia ksod.kshs’ b;du Ydka;j fyd| iem
kskaola ,nd.kshs’
 iqLx mánqþCO;s- iqjfia wjÈ fjhs’ b;d Woafhd.fhka hq;=j
WoEik wjÈù ojfia jev wdrïN lrKQ ,efí’
 k mdmlx iqmskx miai;s- kmqre isysk olsñka r;%sfhys wjÈ
fkdjk w;r iem myiq kskaola ,nd.kshs’
 ukqiaidkx msfhda fyda;s- ñksiqkag m%sh Wmojk w;r yuqfjk
iEu flfklau iskd uqiqj l:d lrKq ,efí’
 wukqiaidkx msfhda fyda;s- ñksiqkag muKla fkdj wmg
fkdfmfkk iFjhskag o m%sh Wmojhs’
 foaj;d rCLka;s- ish¨u foúfhda wdor f.!rjfhka hqla;j
/ln,d .ks;s’
 kdiai w.a.s jd úixjd iF:x jd lu;s- .skafka úfika fyda
wú wdhqO j,ska lsisÈkl wK;=rla isÿfkdfõ’
 277

 ;=jgx Ñ;a;x iudêh;s- ´kEu wjia:djl§ is; b;d

blauKska iudê.; fõ’
 uqL jKfKda úmmaiSo;s- uqyqK b;d meyem;ah’ iEu
flfkl=f.au is;a weo.kakd iq¿ njla we;sfõ
 wiïuQ,afyda ld,x lfrda;s- kshu ld,hla Ôj;aj isg ikaiqka
is;ska hq;=j ñh mrf,dj hhs’
 W;a;ßx wmamgs úþCOkaf;da n%yauf,dl+mf.da fyda;s -urKska
miq ksod msìÈhdla fuka n%yau f,dlfhys WmÈkq ,efí’ fuh
urKfhka miq mrf,dj§ ,efnk m%;sM,hls

ffu;%S Ndjkdj m%.+K lrK wdldrh-

ffu;%S Ndjkdj Ndjkdjka w;r b;d jeo.;a jk w;r f,dalfha

Ôj;ajk lsisÿ fNaohlska f;drj th m%.=K l< yelsh’ ÿ,skau
;udf.a ÈhqKQj wNsjDoaêh ,nd.ekSug ;ud wruqKq lr Ndjkd l<
hq;=h’ bka miqj ;udf.a foudmshka‛ .=rejreka‛ {d;Ska‛ ys;j;=ka‛
úúO mqoa.,hska‛ i;=rka‛ ishÆu iFjhska wd§ jYfhka ms<sfj,ska
fï Ndjkdj jeäh hq;=h’ ta i|yd lshúh yels l%uj;a mdG
lsmhla my;ska olajd we;’ úiqoaê ud¾.fhao úúO fmd;a iq¿ iq¿
fjkia lï j,ska hq;=j jpk ud,djka olajd we;’ fuys§ wmg b;d
jeo.;a jkafka jpk fkdj l%ufhka ffu;%S iy.; is;=j,s wm;=<;a
wka wh ;=<;a j¾Okh lsÍuh’
fï wdldrhg Tng th m%.=K l< yelsh’
uu ksÿla fjïjd‛ uu ksfrda.s fjïjd‛ uu iqjm;a fjïjd‛ uu
ÿlska ñfoïjd‛ uu ffjr ke;af;la fjïjd‛ ud yg lror
fkdmeñfKajd‛ ud yg bjiSu we;s fõjd‛ ud yg i;H wjfndaOh
,efíjd‛ ud yg ffO¾h we;s fõïjd‛ ud yg Ôú;fha t<fUk
ish¨u ndOl ch.ekSug yelsfjïjd‛ uu ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKqjg
m;afjïjd‛ uf.a isf;a i;=g Ydka;sh ksrka;rfhkau we;sfjïjd‛ !
ud fukau udf.a foudmsfhdao ksÿla fj;ajd‛ ksfrda.S fj;ajd‛ iqjm;a
fj;ajd‛ ÿlska ñfo;ajd‛ ffjr ke;af;d fj;ajd‛ lror
fkdmeñfKajd‛ bjiSu we;s fj;ajd‛ i;H wjfndaO fj;ajd‛ ffO¾h
,efn;ajd‛ Ôú;fha t<fUk ish¨ ndOl ch.ekSug yelsfj;ajd‛
ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKqjg m;afj;ajd‛ isf;a i;=g Ydka;sh ksrka;rfhkau
we;s fj;ajd!
ud fukau udf.a .=rejrekao ksÿla fj;ajd‛ ksfrda.S fj;ajd‛ iqjm;a
fj;ajd‛ ÿlska ñfo;ajd‛ ffjr ke;af;d fj;ajd‛ lror
fkdmeñfKajd‛ bjiSu we;s fj;ajd‛ i;H wjfndaO fj;ajd‛ ffO¾h
,efn;ajd‛ Ôú;fha t<fUk ish¨ ndOl ch.ekSug yelsfj;ajd‛
ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKqjg m;afj;ajd‛ isf;a i;=g Ydka;sh ksrka;rfhkau
we;s fj;ajd!
 278

ud fukau {d;Skao ksÿla fj;ajd‛ ksfrda.S fj;ajd‛ iqjm;a fj;ajd‛

ÿlska ñfo;ajd‛ ffjr ke;af;d fj;ajd‛ lror fkdmeñfKajd‛ bjiSu
we;s fj;ajd‛ i;H wjfndaO fj;ajd‛ ffO¾h ,efn;ajd‛ Ôú;fha
t<fUk ish¨ ndOl ch.ekSug yelsfj;ajd‛ ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKqjg
m;afj;ajd‛ isf;a i;=g Ydka;sh ksrka;rfhkau we;s fj;ajd!
ud fukau ys;j;=kao ksÿla fj;ajd‛ ksfrda.S fj;ajd‛ iqjm;a fj;ajd‛
ÿlska ñfo;ajd‛ ffjr ke;af;d fj;ajd‛ lror fkdmeñfKajd‛ bjiSu
we;s fj;ajd‛ i;H wjfndaO fj;ajd‛ ffO¾h ,efn;ajd‛ Ôú;fha
t<fUk ish¨ ndOl ch.ekSug yelsfj;ajd‛ ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKqjg
m;afj;ajd‛ isf;a i;=g Ydka;sh ksrka;rfhkau we;s fj;ajd!
ud fukau úúO mqoa.,hskao ksÿla fj;ajd‛ ksfrda.S fj;ajd‛ iqjm;a
fj;ajd‛ ÿlska ñfo;ajd‛ ffjr ke;af;d fj;ajd‛ lror
fkdmeñfKajd‛ bjiSu we;s fj;ajd‛ i;H wjfndaO fj;ajd‛ ffO¾h
,efn;ajd‛ Ôú;fha t<fUk ish¨ ndOl ch.ekSug yelsfj;ajd‛
ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKqjg m;afj;ajd‛ isf;a i;=g Ydka;sh ksrka;rfhkau
we;s fj;ajd!
ud fukau i;=rkao ksÿla fj;ajd‛ ksfrda.S fj;ajd‛ iqjm;a fj;ajd‛
ÿlska ñfo;ajd‛ ffjr ke;af;d fj;ajd‛ lror fkdmeñfKajd‛ bjiSu
we;s fj;ajd‛ i;H wjfndaO fj;ajd‛ ffO¾h ,efn;ajd‛ Ôú;fha
t<fUk ish¨ ndOl ch.ekSug yelsfj;ajd‛ ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKqjg
m;afj;ajd‛ isf;a i;=g Ydka;sh ksrka;rfhkau we;s fj;ajd!
ud fukau ish¨ i;ajfhda ksÿla fj;ajd‛ ksfrda.S fj;ajd‛ iqjm;a
fj;ajd‛ ÿlska ñfo;ajd‛ ffjr ke;af;d fj;ajd‛ lror
fkdmeñfKajd‛ bjiSu we;s fj;ajd‛ i;H wjfndaO fj;ajd‛ ffO¾h
,efn;ajd‛ Ôú;fha t<fUk ish¨ ndOl ch.ekSug yelsfj;ajd‛
ÈhqKqfjka ÈhqKqjg m;afj;ajd‛ isf;a i;=g Ydka;sh ksrka;rfhkau
we;s fj;ajd’

ilauka Ndjkdj
wo f,dalfha úúO ixlS¾K m%Yakj,g fyd|u úi÷ula f,i
Ndjkdj .ek fndfyda fokd wjOdkh fhduqlrñka isák w;r ta
Ndjkdjka w;r tla jeo.;a úêl%uhla f,i ilauka Ndjkdj
fhdod .efka’ tys we;s m%dfhda.sl wod,Fjh kï ldhsl udkisl
hk fowxYfhau l%shdldÍ ùuhs’ bkaÈhdfõ ieje;a kqjr f–
jkdrdufhys kgnqka w;r wo;a ilauka u,qjla ;snQ ;ek ±l.;
yelsh’ tla wjia:djl nqÿka jykafia rdyq wiqf¾kaøhd kï jQ
mqoa.,fhl= uqK.eiS wka whf.a Wia ñálï fidhkjdg jvd
;ukaf.a ;ru n,d.kakg hehs lSfõ o ilauka lrñka isák
úg§h’ ilauka Ndjkdj uÕska is; lh folu ixjrlrf.k isysh
msysgqjd .ekSug wjia:dj Wodfõ’
b|f.k tlÈ.gu Ndjkdfõ fhfok úg th wmyiq ksid;a tu
bßhõj fjkia l< yelsh’ tys§ ilauka Ndjkdj b;d jeo.;ah’
 279

fuys§ ilauka Ndjkdj fow;a bosßmi ;ndf.k fyda msgqmig lr

tlafldg ;ndf.k fomd ,xfldg ysi iy fldkao fl<ska isákfia
isg.ekSu m<uq mshjrh’ ;ud isák ia:dkfha isg ;ud ilauka
Ndjkdj wjika lrK ia:dkfha iSudj ;SrKh lr.ekSu wjYHh’
tys mshjrj,a Tng ;SrKh l<yelsh’ isgf.k isák nj isys
;ndf.k ilauka Ndjkdj wdrïN lsÍug yelsh’ ilauka Ndjkdj
wdrïN lsÍfï§ ;u ol=Kq mh jï mh hk wdldrhg isys lrf.k
mdoh tiùu kej; ;eîu wd§ jYfhka isysfhka hq;=j th l<
hq;=h’ tfiau .ufka fl<jrg f.dia kej; wdmiq yeÍ kej;
ilaufkys fhÈh hq;=h’ ta ta wjia:dj,§ ysi Tijd wka wh foi
fkdne,sh hq;=h’ oEia wvjka lr wä 5-6 ÿrla ne,Su m%udKj;a
fõ’ ilauka Ndjkdfõ§ is; lh foflysu iïnJOh úoyd ±lafjk
w;r tys§ tlu wruqKla fj; is; lh fh§u fuys§ isÿfõ’ ks;r
mh ;nk ;ekg wjOdkh fhduqlsÍu ;=<ska wfma is;g wkqj YÍrh
fufyhúh yelsh’
ilauka Ndjkdfõ ,efnk m%;sM,
 ldhsl udkisl iunr;djh .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu
 úúO ;ekaj,g ÿjk is; l%u l%ufhka Ydka;njg m;afõ’
 §¾> jYfhka weúÈk .uka bjiSfï we;s yelshdj
 Ndjkdjka fjkqfjka È.=ld,hla .;lsÍug yelsùu
 fkdfhla wdldrfha ldhsl udkisl frda. ÿreùu
 wdydr ÔrKh myiqjk w;r .eiaj%áia jeks WordndO we;s
fkdfõ’
 iakdhq moaO;sh kshudldrfhka l%shdldÍfõ’
 iqj kskaola ,eîu iy miqÈk myiqfjka wjÈùu iy
Wkkaÿfjka ish¨ lghq;= isÿlr .ekSfï we;s yelshdj
 isf;a Ydka;sh ld,hla mj;ajd .ekSug we;s yelshdj
 wOHdmk lghq;= lrK isiqkag ;u is; iudê.; lr
.ekSugo tuÕska wOHdmk lghq;= fyd¢ka lrf.k hdugo
fuh WmldÍ fõ’

Ndjkdjka jeãfuka ;j;j;a th ÈhqKq lrf.k f,dafld;a;r

{dKh ,nd .ekSug kï úúO jQ lreKQ rdYshla ±k.; hq;=j
we;’ fuu .%J:fhys§ wm W;aidy .kafka tÈfk× m%dfhda.sl Ôú;h
id¾:lj mj;ajd .ekSug Ndjkdfõ wod,Fjhhs’ tkuqÿ ta ms<sn|j
Wkkaÿjkakka fï my; i|yka lreKq .eko wjOdkh fh§u
uekú’
ima; úY=oaêh-iEu ld¾hhlgu fukau Ndjkdjgo msrsisÿ ùu
wjYHh’ tys§ ;udf.a msßissÿ nj wka whg we;s l< fkdyels w;r
th lr .;hq;af;a ;ud úiskauh’ lreKq y;lska tu úiqoaêh we;s
lr .; yels nj olajd we;’ th kï jYfhka fuys i|yka lruq’
 280

iS, úiqoaêh‛ Ñ;a; úiqoaêh‛ oDIaá úiqoaêh‛ ldxCId ú;rK

úiqoaêh‛ ud¾.dud¾. {dk o¾Yk úiqoaêh‛ m%;smod{dko¾Yk
úiqoaêh‛ {dk o¾Yk úiqoaêh‛
nqÿoyfuys wjidk wruqK lrd hdug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk
fhd.djprhka úiska ukdj o;hq;= wjfndaO lr.; hq;= O¾u
fndaêmdCIsl O¾u f,iska olajd we;’ b;du fláfhka kï jYfhka
fndaê mdCIsl y÷kd.ekSu b;d jeo.;ah’
i;smÜGdk i;r- 1’ ldhdkqmiaikd‛ 2’ fõokdkqmiaikd‛ 3’
Ñ;a;dkqmiaikd‛ 4’ Oïudkqmiaikd hkqhs’
iuHla m%Odk i;r- 1’ Wmka l=i,a m%ydKh lsÍug ù¾h lsÍuh‛
2’ kQmka mdmhka kQm§ug ù¾h lsÍuh‛ 3’ kQmka l=i,a bmeoùug
ù¾h lsÍuh‛ 4’ Wmka l=i,a jeäÿhqKQ lsÍug ù¾h lSÍu hkqhs’
i;r Roaê mdo- ,eîug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ hï lsis fohla ,eîu‛
Wmojd .ekSug wfmaCId lrK fohl jeä ÈhqKqj hk fïjd
Roaêyqh’ 1’ PkaÈoaëmdo‛ 2’ úrshsoaêmdoh‛ 3’Ñ;a;soaêmdoh‛ 4’
ùuxisoaëmdoh hkqhs’
bkaøsh mi- f,daflda;a;r ud¾.hg .uka lsÍfï§ n, jYfhka
mj;ajk bkaøsfhda mia fofkls’ tajd kï - 1’ ioaêkao%sh‛ 2’
úßhskaøsh‛ 3’ i;skaøsh‛ 4’ iudêkaøsh‛ 5’ m[a[skao%sh hkqhs’
n,mi- wjidk wruqK jQ ksjk lrd .uka lrK úg thg
úreoaOj isákakdjq O¾uhkag tfrysj isákakdjq Y;alsu;a n, myla
we;’ tajd kï- 1’ ioAOd n,h‛ 2’ úßh n,h‛ 3’ i;s n,h‛ 4’
iudê n,h‛ 5’ m[a[d n,h hkqhs’
fnd–COx. y;- 1’ i;s iïfnd–COx.h‛ 2’ Oïuúph iïfnd–
COx.h‛ 3’ úßh iïfnd–COx.h‛ 4’ mS;s iïfnd–COx.h‛ 5’
miaioaê iïfnd–COx.h‛ 6’ iudê iïfnd–COx.h‛ 7’WfmCLd
iïfnd–COx.h‛ hkqhs’
wmf.a tÈfkod Ôú;h fukau ksjk wjfndaO lr.ekSug o
bjy,afjk fn!oaO o¾Ykfhys b;d jeo.;a jk ixl,amhla jk
wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.ho fuys§ i|yka lruq’ - 1' hym;a ±lSu‛ 2’
hym;a ixl,amh‛ 3’ hym;a jpkh‛ 4’hym;a jev‛ 5’ hym;a
Èúfmfj;‛ 6’ hym;a jEhu‛ 7’ hym;a isysh‛ 8’ hym;a iudêh
hkqhs’
by; i|yka lrK ,o fndaê mdCIsl lreKq o Ndjkdj jeãfï§
oek.ekSu b;d jeo.;ah’

Ndjkdj ms<sn| we;s Wkkaÿ iy ta iïnJO we;s b;du jeo.;a

m¾fhaIK iy .%J:
úmiaikd Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka j¾;udkfhys f,dj mqrd me;sr
we;s uOHia:dkhkaa f,i f.dfhkld;=udf.a úmiaikd Ndjkd
uOHia:dk i|yka l<yelsh’ úmiaikd fyda fjk ´kEu
Ndjkdjla wo ojfia ñksiqkaf.a udkisl ldhsl m%Yakj,g úi÷ula
fkd,efnkafka kï thska we;s M,h l=ulao@ úmaiikd iy tys
 281

j¾;udk f,dalhg we;s Wmfhda.S;djh ms<sn|j úmiaikd m¾fhaIK

wdh;kh uÕska m%ldYs; fmd;a m;ays ta yd iïnFO §¾> úia;r
olajd we;’
tia’ woh úhmamd úika rÑ; <uqka i|yd wdkdmdki;s i;s
Ndjkdj() (Anapana Meditation for Children) ^13& hk ,smsfhys
<uqkag lskï wdldrhlska wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj n,mdkafka±hs
fmkajd§ we;’ ty§ lsisÿ wd.ï fNaohlska f;drj wdkdmdki;s
Ndjkdj m%.=K l< yelsh’ th m%.=K lsÍu ;=,ska is; iudê.;
lr .ekSug‛ u;lh‛ wd;au ixhuho tfiau ixjrNdjh‛ wjxllu‛
iyfhda.S;djh‛ msrsisÿlu‛ we;slrjhs’ tfiau wmyiq;djhka onrlr
.ekSu krl jpk Ndú;h wvqlr .;yelsh’
tfiau rdï isx úiska ,shk ,o ;sydß isrueÈßfha úmiaikd
Ndjkdj: ft;sydisl ú.%hla (Vipassana in Jails-A Historical
Review) ^14& hk ,smsho úmiaikd Ndjkdj iïnFOfhka
m%dfhda.slj lrK ,o w;ayod ne,Su iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;ah’
;sydß isr lojqf¾ m%Odkshd f,i lghq;= l< lsrka fíä
uy;añhf.a uÕfmkaùu iy iyfhda.h we;sj rdï isx úiska lrK
,o úmiaikd mdGud,dfjka fndfyda isrlrejka iykhla ,enQ nj
m¾fhaIK o;a; Tmamqlr we;’
wdpd¾h lsfida¾,d,a pkaÈrdukS úiska lrK ,o ;sydß isrueosßfha
isrlrejkag úmiaikd Ndjkdfõ ufkdaúµd;aul n,mEu (
Psychological Effects of Vipassna on tihar Jail Inmates)(15)
keu;s m¾fhaIKfhkao fy<sjkafka úmiaikd Ndjkdj ;=<ska
wmrdOlrejkaf.a udkisl uÜgu by< ;,hlg f.k taug;a
tfiau iudc iqNidOkh i|ydo ;sydß nFOkd.drfha jik
isrlrejkaf.a udkisl fi!LHh i|yd úmiaikd Ndjkdj lskï
wdldrhg n,mdkafkao hkak .ek úmiaikd m¾fhaIK wdh;kh
lrK ,o mßCIKho úmiaikd Ndjkdfõ m%dfhda.sl w.h uekúka
meyeÈ,j olajd we;’ bÉPdNx.Jjh‛ wiykh‛ ;uka ;ksù isák
nj hk yeÕSï wd§ foa isrlrejka ;=< we;sjk ye.Sïh’ tajd ukdj
md,kh lr iukh lsÍug úmiaikd Ndjkd l%uh iu;aù we;’
fuys we;s m%Odku úfYaIJjh jkafka th lsisÿ wd.ï fNaohlska
f;drj wkq.ukh l<yelsùuh’ my; i|yka m%ldYfhka th jvd;a
;yjqre jkafkah’
úmiaikd Ndjkdj wjxlj bf.kSug leu;s ´kEu wfhl= i|yd
újD; jkafkah’ th cd;s wd.ï l=, fNaohlska f;drj wkq.ukh
l<yelsh’ yskaÿ‛ ffck‛ uqia,sï‛ iSla‛ fn!oaO ls%ia;shdks hqfoõ fyda
´kEu flfkl=g id¾:lj fuu l%uh m%.=K l< yelsh’ jHdëka
uq¿ f,dalhgu fmdÿh’ tu ksid m%;sldro f,dalfhys we;’
WodyrKhla f,i wms ;ryj w;aolsk úg th yskaÿ ;ry fyda
l%sia;shdkq ;ryla fkdjk w;r wefußlka fyda Ök ;ryla o
fkdfõ’ tfiau wdorho iy lreKdjo thu jkafkha’ th tla
 282

m%foaYhlg fyda iudchlg isudjqjla fkdfõ’ th úYaùh udkj

.=Kd.=Khkah’ ukfiys msßisÿnj ;=<ska fyd| .=KO¾u we;s
lr.; yelsh’ úúO mßir ;=<ska úmiaikd Ndjkdj m%.=K lsÍu
;=<ska hym;a ñksiqka ìysúh yel’

úmiaikd Ndjkdj yqfola is; msßisÿ lr.ekSug muKla fkdj

tÈfkod Ôú;fha lrk lshk yeufohlgu n,meula we;s lrK
nj Tmamq lsÍug úúO m¾fhaIK isÿlr we;’ chka;s ,d,a Iy
úiska ,shk ,o úmiaikd iy jHdmdr l<uKdlrKh (Vipassna
and business Management) (16) hk ,smsh o b;d jeo.;ah’
l¾udka; Yd,djla kshudldrfhka f.khdug tys mßmd,k
ks<OdÍka iy fiajlhska i;=áka ;u j.lsï fkdmsßfy<d bgql<
hq;=h’ wd;;sh‛ úYdoh‛ ke;s lrf.k b;d l%uj;aj lghq;= lsÍu
;=<ska wdh;khla ,dNodhl f,i mj;ajdf.k hdyelsh’
úmiaikd Ndjkdj uki ms<sn| Y,Hl¾uhla lrkakls’ th kshu
f,i m%.=K lsÍfuka uki ms<sn| msßisÿ njg m;ajk w;r ±ä
wdYdjkaf.ka úks¾uqla;fjhs’ ksfrda.su;a ukiska lghq;= lf<d;a
wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk m%;sM, ,eìh yelsh’
ã’î’ .=ma;d úiska rÑ; úmiaikd iy jHdmdr (Vipassna and
Business)(17) hk ,smsho Ndjkdfõ m%fhda.sl w.h jgyd
.ekSug bjy,afõ’
tfiau hym;a wOHdmkh i|yd úmiaikd Ndjkdj (Vipassana for
Better Education) ^18& hk ,sms fm<o b;d jeo.;ah’ tys§ <uqka
fldhs wdldrhg wOHdmkh i|yd ud¾.h ilid .;hq;=o tfiau
<uqka i|yd wdkdmdki;s hk ,smsho uÕska meyeÈ<s f,i olajd
;sfnkafka wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj fldhs wdldrhg wOhdmkh
fyd¢ka lrf.k hdug bjy,a jkafkao hkakhs’ tfiau wOHdmkh
iy <uqkaf.a mdGud,dj hkako wOHdmkh iy Ndjkdj
iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;ah’ m%dfhda.slj Ndjkdj fldhs wdldrhg
tÈfkod Ôú;hg n,mdkafk±hs ±k.ekSug fï ,smsh b;d jeo.;ah’
Ndjkd iïnJOfhka wo f,dalfha b;d Wkkaÿjla olajk w;r
fhda. Ndjkd o tfiau m%p,s;h’ fn!oaO Ndjkdjka iïnJOfhka
ngysr rgj,o úfYaI wjOdkh fhduqlrñka fkdfhl=;a m¾fhaIK
lrwe;’ hdf,a úYaj úµd,fha ufkdaúµdj ms<sn|j iydh uydpd¾h
fcrñ f.%a fï ms<sn| m¾fhaIK mj;ajd we;’ úmiaikd Ndjkdj
ojig ñks;a;= 40 la m%.=K l< idudkH /lshd lrK whf.a fyd|
udkisl uÜgula we;sjk nj fidhdf.k we;’ Tyq Ndjkdfõ we;s
m%dfhda.sl wod,Fjh .ek §¾> jYfhka m¾fhaIK mj;ajñka kj
fidh.ekSï f,dalhg fy<s lrñka isáhs’
Ndjkdj uÕska yDo frda.‛ fldf,iagfrda,a wd;rhsáia jeks foa
wvqlr.; yels njo tfiau wd;;sh‛ wvqlr u;l Yla;sh iy
bf.kSu ÈhqKq lr.ekSugo Ndjkdfõ wod,Fjh .ek úúO
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m¾fhaIK uekúka Tmamq lrwe;’ fndiagka úµd{dhska i|yka

lrkafka fud<fhys we;s fN!;sl ieleiauo Ndjkdj uÕska fjkia
l<yels njhs’
uiqfpfiÜ frdayf,ys iakdhq iïnJO ffjµ idrd ;id¾ f.a
m¾fhaIKj,ska fy<slrkafka fn!oaO úmiaikd Ndjkdj uÕska
iïmQ¾K f,i isysh msysgqjd lghq;= lsÍfuka fud<fhys
l%shdldßJjh fukau ldhsl udkisl iqj iykho WodlrK njh’
tßla ,kav¾ Ôjúµd{hd mjik wdldrhg ;j wjqreÿ 20 lska
wefußldkq ffjµjreka wdfrda.HYd,dj, ojig meh .Kfka i;shg
miaj;djla fn!oaO Ndjkdjkao kshu lreKq we;’ fujeks
lshuklska wmg yefÕkafka nqÿoyu ms<sn| úµdfõ we;s n,mEu iy
is;a weo.ekSuh’
ngysr rgj,o nqÿoyu iy ufkdaúµdj .ek ixikaokd;aul
wOHhkhka wdrïN lr we;s ld,jljdkqjla f,i fï ld,h
oelaúh yel’ wefußldfõ ueäikays úiafldkaiska úYajúµd,fha
ufkdaúoHd uydpd¾h ßpâ fvúâika fï .ek m¾fhaIK wdrïN
lrñka fufia mjid we;’ ―There is a lot we can learn from these
traditions. The time is right for collaboration‖(19) wmg fuu
iïm%odhkaf.ka fndfyda foa bf.k .ekSug we;s w;r ufkdaúµdj
iy nqÿoyu w;r we;s iïnJOh jvd;a jeä ÈhQKq lsÍug fuu
ld,h b;d WÑ; nj Tyq mjihs’ tfiau uki .ek wOHhkfha§
nqÿoyu iy p¾hd;aul yeisÍï ms<sn| úµdjka iuÕ
ixikaokd;aul wOHhkhka b;d jeo.;a nj Tyqf.a wdl,amh nj
olajd we;’
ta ms<sn| ;jÿrg;a Tyq m¾fhaIKj, fhfok w;r 1992 § o<hs
,dud Tyqg bkaÈhdfõ O¾uYd,dj,g meñKsug wdrdOkd lr we;’
fâúâikaf.a úµd.drhg o<hs ,dud;=udo ojia folla meñK we;s
w;r tfiau Tyqf.a m¾fhaIK lrf.k hdug Ndjkdfhda.S
yduqÿrejre 8 fofkla ,nd§ug lghq;= lr we;’ Tyq tu
ysñjrekao Wmfhda.S lrf.k fud<h yd Ndjkdj iïnFO úúO
úêl%u uÕska m¾fhaIK lrf.k hkq ,efí’ tu fidhd.;a lreKq
j,ska Ndjkdj yqfola fláld,Sk f,i fud<fha fjkila fkdj
§¾>ld,Sk f,io fjkila isÿjk nj olajd we;’ fï wdldrfhka
ngysr rgj, Ndjkdj ms<sn| úúO m¾fhaIK lrñka kj f,djg
wjYH iduh‛ i;=g m%S;sh udkisl iqj iykh ,nd§ug lghq;=
lrKq ,efí’
Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka ,shù we;s fmd;a fndfydah’ ;%smsglh weiqre
lrñka md,s NdIdj ms<sn|j ±kqulska o hq;=j ,shk fmd;a fmd;am;a
iSñ;h’ fndfyda fokd fmd;a ,shd ;sfnkafka uq,a fmd;a m;a
mßyrKh lsÍfuka fkdjk w;r iuyr úg tys§ uq,a woyi
kshudldrfhka ms<sônq fkdúh yelsj we;’ tksid Ndjkdj ms<sn|
meyeÈ<s ksrjq,a wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug kï ta ms<sn|j ,shù we;s
 284

fyd| fmd;a mßYS,kh l<hq;=h’ tuksid md,s NdIdfõ mrf;rg

meñKs W.;=ka úiska ,shk ,o fmd;a lsmhla .eko‛ tfiau
Ndjkdj m%dfhda.slj mqyqKq lrK ,o wh úiska ,shk ,o fmd;a
lSmhla .eko Ndjkdj isoaOdka; jYfhka yd m%dfhda.slj
yeoEÍfuka ,o ±kqu Wmfhda.S lrf.k ,shk ,o fmd;a m;a .eko
ir< f,i m%dfhda.slj ±kqula ,nd§ug ,shk ,o fmd;a lSmhla
.ek fuys§ i|yka lr ;nkafka fï fmd; lshkakdf.a myiqj
msKsih’ kuq;a nqÿka jykafia ld,du iQ;%fha foaYkd l< wkaoug
fï iEu fohlau fyd|g lshjd ;ukag wjidk ;SrKhlg t<ôh
yelsh’
nqÿoyu iy tys we;s uQ,sl ixl,am ms<sn| meyeÈ<s ksrjq,a
wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug we;s fyd|u .%J:hla f,i j,afmd, rdyq,
ysñhkaf.a nqÿka jod< O¾uh ^20&i|yka l< yelsh’

fyfkafmd, .=Kr;k ysñhka úiska ,shk ,o “Mindfulness In Plain

English” ^21&fmd;o Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka we;s fndfyda ÿ¾u;
j,g w¾:j;a ms<s;=re imhd we;s w;r th Ndjkdfõ uq,sl
wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug o b;d WmldÍ fõ’
Ndjkdfõ m%dfhda.sl w.h Ôú;fha iekiqu i;=g ,nd.; yels u.Z
iy úúO OHdk .eko i|yka jk .=Kr;k ysñhkaf.a fï my;
i|yka fmd;a o b;d jeo.;ah ‗Eight Mindful Steps to Happiness
Walking the Buddha‘s Path ^22& The Jhanas in Theravada
Buddhist Meditation(23)

tfiau Ndjkdj hkq l=ulao@ th m%.=K lsÍug wjYH mqiìu

flfiao@ ffu;%s Ndjkdj wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj úmiaikd Ndjkdj‛
OHdk ,nd.kakd wdldrh‛ iy Ndjkdfõ m%dfhda.sl wod<Fjh
.ek meyeÈ<s f,i olajd we;s .%J:hla f,i ueo.u jðr{dK
ysñhkaf.a Life of a Lay Buddhist Meditation=Awarreness ^24&hk
fmd; i|yka l< yelsh’
lsßkafoa Y%S Oïudkkao ysñhkaf.a Meditation The Only Way ^25&hk
fmd;o Ndjkdj ms<sn| meyeÈ<s ye¢kaùula fukau tys we;s n,h‛
jákdlu fn!oaO Ndjkdj‛ úmiaikd Ndjkdj‛ tajdf.ka ,nd.;
yels m%;sM, iy Ndjkdj ir< f,i lrkafka flfiao hk ish¨u
wdldrfha m%Yakj,g b;d meyeÈ<s ms<s;=re ,nd§ we;’ tÈfkod
Ôú;fha we;s m%Yakj,g m%dfhda.slj úi÷ï ,nd.ekSug we;s
yelshdj fuhska olajd we;’
lrf.dv Whkaf.dv ffu;%S uQ¾;s ysñhka úiska rÑ; uki ms<sn|
fn!oaO ú.%yh ^26&hk fmd; uÕska o Ndjkdjl§ ±k.; hq;=
ish¨u lreKq b;d meyeÈ<j olajd we;’ úfYaIfhkau pß;
,CIK‛ úúO lugyka j¾.‛ Ndjkdj ms<sn| kj;u m¾fhaIK
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ms<sno f;dr;=re fukau Ndjkdfõ m%;sM, .eko ±k.; yels

lreKq fndfyduhla tys olajd we;’
NsCLqKS l=iqud úiska rÑ; A Mental Therapy The Development of
the Four Foundation of Mindfulness or Sati Satipattana in Therevada
Buddhsit Meidtation (vipassana) ^27&hk fmd; i;smÜGdk iQ;%h
uq,alrf.k wÜGl:d ukdj weiqr lrf.k ;%smsgld.; lreKq b;d
meyeÈ<sj wjfndaO jk wdldrhg olajñka Ndjkdj iy tys§ wm
úiska ±k.;hq;= lreKq úúO WodyrK olajñka meyeÈ<s lrwe;s
wdldrh m%YxikShh’
tfiau wNsO¾uh ms<sn| b;d .eUqre wjfndaOhlska isá f¾reldfka
pkaoúu, uykdysñhka úiska rÑ; úo¾Ykd Ndjkd l%uh ^28&hk
fmdf;yso b;d meyeÈ<sj Ndjkdjka fukau úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj
ms<sno b;d È.= úia;rhla we;s w;r tu fmd; w;a±lSï nyq, md,s
NdIdj fukau wNsO¾uh ms<sn| yi, ±kqula we;s ysñkula úiska
rÑ; .%J:hla neúka th Ndjkdj ms<sn| lreKQ fidhk ´kEu
flfkl=g jeo.;a jkafkah’
m%d wcka ,S OïuOfrda ysñhka úiska rÑ; Keeping the Breath In
Mind ^29&hk fmdf;ys ta ysñhka úiska lrK ,o foaYk ud,djl
tl;=jlah’ tysÈ Ndjkdj ms<sn| kj;u lreKq rdYshla t<s olajd
we;’
nqoaOodi NssCIqj úiska rÑ; Anapanasati Mindfulness With
Breathing :Unveiling the Secrets of Life ^30&hk fmdf;ys
i;smÜGdk iQ;%h uq,a lrf.k Ndjkdj jvkd wdldrh;a thska ,o
yels m%;sM,;a olajd we;’
mshoiais ysñhka úiska rÑ; Buddhist Meditation ^31&hk fmd;
Ndjkdj ms<sn| m%.=K lrkakkag uQ,sl f:arjdo ixl,am weiqre
lrñka §¾> úia;rhla imhd we;’
tÉ’tia’tia’ ksYaYxl úiska m¾fhaIKh lr ,shk ,o Buddhist
Psychotherapy^32& ^fn!oaO ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj& hk fmd;
fndfyda W.;=kaf.a wjOdkhg ,lajQ m¾fhaIK .%J:hla jk w;r
tuÕska ngysr ufkdaúµd{hska mjd fn!oaO ixl,am iïnJOfhka
w¨;a Woafhda.hla we;s lrf.k we;’ tys§ l;=jrhd ngysr
ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj iuÕ ixikaokd;aul wOHhkhl fhfok
w;r tys§ fn!oaO Ndjkd l%u b;d ÈhqKq wdldrhg wdfoaY
lrf.k Nskafkdkaudoh‛ úidoh jeks nrm;, udkisl frda.
j,go m%;sldr lr tys we;s jákdlu fmkajd § we;’

Buddhism in Psychotherapy (33) hk fmdf;ys fojk mrsÉfþoh

jk Mindfulness as Psychotherapy i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj
ufkdam%;sldrhla jYfhka hkafkys Olaf G. Deatherage úiska
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ufkdam%;sldrhla jYfhka Ndjkdj fl;rï jeo.;a jkafka±hs olajd

we;’ úfYAIfhkau ufkdam%;sldr .ek j¾;udkfhys b;d Wkkaÿjla
olajk w;r fn!oaO ufkdaúµd ixl,amhka tys§ jeo.;a fõ’ wo
ld,fha b;du nrm;,u m%Yakhla kï wd;;shhs’ tu wd;;sfhka
uqojd f.k f,dalfhys iajNdúl f,i cSj;a ùug wjldYh
ie,iSug nqÿoyfuys i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj b;d jeo.;a nj by;
,smsfhka wjOdrKh lrwe;’

tfiau Douglas M.Burns f.a Buddhist Meditation and Depth

Psychology (34) hk fmdf;ys o i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj .ek
úfYAIfhkau ufkdam%;sldrhla jYfhka olajd we;’

fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;a f;dr;=re imhk

.%J:hla f,i khkfmdksl(Nyanaponika) ysñhkaf.a “The Heart of
Buddhist Meditation”(35) i|yka l< yelsh’ th NdId oyhlg
jeä .Kklg mßj¾;kh lr we;s w;r tysoS úfYaIfhkau l:d
lrkafka udkisl iunr;djh we;s lr.kafka flfiao hkqfjks’
nqÿka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï uÕska udkisl j¾Okh we;s lr.kakd
l%u rdYshla foaYkd lr we;s w;r tajd ta ta mqoa.,hdf.a
wjYH;djh‛ m%lD;s iajNdjh‛ iy yelshdj wkqj úúO f,i
fjkia njo olajd we;’
Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka meyeÈ<s wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug my;
i|yka fmd;a b;d jeo.;a jkafkah’
wdpd¾h fmda, wd¾’ma,siauEkaf.a The Therapeutic Action Of
Vipassana ^36&uydIs ihdvõ ysñhkaf.a Dhamma therapy :Cases of
Healing through Vipassana^37&hk fmd;o iq.;uqKs {dKisßf.a
isf;a wreu mqÿu n,h ^w;SkaøSh ixcdkkh yd wêudkisl
m¾fhaIK&^38& hk .%J:ho uydIs ihdvõ ysñhkaf.a Practical
Insight Meditation :Basic and Progressive Stages^39& hk fmd;
úmiaikd Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;ah’ m%d wcka uqka
N+rso;a; ysñhkaf.a A Heart Released ^40&hk fmdf;ys m%Yak iy
ms<s;=re f,i Ndjkdfõ jeo.;a f;dr;=re rdYshla f.kyer olajkq
,efí’ tfiau Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka b;d jákd f;dr;=re rdYshla
imhk wdpd¾h f¾j; Oïu ysñhkaf.a Emptying The Rose –Apple
Seat (A day today guide to Buddhist meidtation methods as taught by
a nenouned meditation master) ^41&hk fmd;o w.h l< yelsh’
Ndjkdjka w;r b;d jeo.;a Ndjkdjla jk wdkdmdki;sh .ek hQ
úu,isß ysñshka úiska ,shd we;s The Anapanasati Sutta ( A
practical Guide to mindfulness of Breathing and Tanquil wisdom
meidtation)^42&hk fmd;;a m%dfhda.sl f,i wdkdmdki;sh jeãfï§
lshjd meyeÈ<s ±kqula .;yels jákd .%J:hls’ ;dhs iïm%odfhys
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Ndjkdjka .ek m%.=K l, wcka iqfïO ysñhka úiska rÑ;

Mindfulness: the Path to the Deathless hk ^43&fmd;o b;d ir<j
Ndjkdj .ek iy tys wo iudchg we;s wod,Fjh .ek meyeÈ<s
lsÍula lrhs’
uvj, mqKaKÔ ysñhkaf.a Awakening Meditation Sambodhi
Bhavana ^44& hk fmd; m%dfhda.slj Ndjkdj b;d §¾> ld,hla
m%.=K lsÍu ;=<ska ,;a w;aoelSï uqiq ±kqu Wmfhda.s lrf.k ngysr
rgj, Ndjkdj b.ekaùu u.ska ;uka ,;a ±kqu mdGlhdf.a
wjfndaOh msKsi b;d meyeÈ<s l%uj;aj rEm igyka wdÈh mjd
fhdod .ksñka rpkd lrwe;’
Ndjkdj ms<sn| b;d È.= ld,hla mqyqKq lr thska ,;a ±kqu o
Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;%smsGlfhys i;smÜGdk iQ;%h fhdof.k tys
jpk j, w¾:ho olajñka kdWhf,a wßhOïu iajdñka jykafia
úiska rÑ; i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj ^45&keu;s fmd;o m%dfhda.slj
Ndjkdfõ fhfokakka ;=< ;sìh hq;= w;afmd;ls’
iskafo,a ù fia.,a (Zindel V.Segal) ud¾l Ô ú,shïia (Mark g.
Williamas)) iy fcdaka ã àiafv,a (John D.Teasdale) úiska rÑ;
Mindfulness- Based Cognitive therapy for Depression(46) hk fmd;o
Ndjkdj iy ufkdaÑls;aidj iunJOfhka b;d jeo.;ah’ fldgia
;=kla hgfÜ ukdj rÑ; fï .%J:h uÕska isysh uÕska úYdoh
flfia ke;s lr.; yelafla o hkak ukdj olajd we;’
leÍ uidka v%mamka (Carrie Mason Draffen) úiska (Newsday) hk
iÕrdjg ,shk ,o Finding meditation, Losing Stress(47) hk ,smsho
wd;;sfha iy Ndjkdj w;r we;s iïnJOh ±laùug;a Ndjkdj
lskï wdldrhlska ufkdaÑls;aidjla jYfhka .; yels±hs meyeÈ<sj
olajd we;’
udla Wkafkda (Mark Unno) úiska ixialrKh lrK ,o Buddhsim
and Psychotherapy Across Cutures (Essays on theories and Practices)
(48) fmdf;ys ufkdaÑla;idj iy nqÿoyu w;r we;s iunJOh iy
úúO ixialD;Ska w;r we;s iu úIu;d .ek;a m%dfhda.sl m%Yak
úi|d .ekSug wod< lr.kakd wdldrho tys meyeos<sj olajd we;’
f;dauia ìfhka (Thomas Bien) úiska rÑ; Mindful Therapy: A
Guide for Therapists and Helping Professionals (49)hk .%J:h
Ndjkdj iy ufkdaÑls;aidfõ we;s wfkHdakH iïnJOh ukdj
olajd we;’ ffjµ úµdj iy lreKdj hk ud;Dldj hgf;a olajd
we;s lreKQo úúO ufkdaldhsl frda.j,g úiÿï jYfhka jeo.;a
w;r Ndjkdj b;d ÈhqKQ ufkdaÑls;ail l%uhla nj o fmkajd §
we;’
frdnÜ ,eka.ka (Robert Langan) úiska úiska rpkd lrK ,o
Minding What Matters ; Psychotherapy and the Buddha within (50)
hk fmd;o fï úIh iïnJOfhka lshúhhq;= fmd;ls’ tyÈ
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ufkdaÑla;ilhd iy frda.shd w;r we;s lr .; hq;= iïnJOh

.eko tfiau f,vdf.a udkisl uÜgu f;areï .ekSuo .ek lreKq
rdYshla olajd we;’
.Sia ;Is áißka (Geshe Tashi Tsering) úiska rÑ; fn!oaO
ufkdaúµdj Buddhsit Psychology ; The Foundation of buddhsit
thought Vol 3 (51) hk fmd; uki iy tys we;s iajNdjh ukdj
±laùug .;a W;aidyhls’ fuys l;=jrhd áfnÜ úydrhl <ud
ld,h .;fldg miqj ,kavka j,§ ngysr ñksiqka iu.Z wdY%h
lsÍfuka ,nd.;a w;aoelSïo m%fhdackhg f.k ufkdaÑls;aidj
ms<sn| fn!oaO t<Uqu ukdj olajd we;’ Vipassana: Its Relevance to
the Present World. An Interantional Seminar”(52) hk .%J:fhys
úmiaikd Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;a ,sms rdYshla m%ldYhg
m;a lr we;’ úmiaikd Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;a
m¾fhaIK lr tys we;s m%dfhda.sl wod,Fjh .ek my; i|yka
m¾fhaIK jd¾;dfjka jeo.;a f;dr;=re rdYshla wmg ±k.ekSug
wjia:dk ,eî we;’ “Effect of Vipassana Meditation on Quality of
Life, Subjective Well- being, and Criminal Propensity among Inmates
of tihar Jail, Delhi,(53)
bkaoshdfõ È,a,sfhys we;s ;sydß isrueÈrsfha isrlrejkaf.a úmiaikd
Ndjkdfõ we;s ufkdaúµd;aul n,mEu ms<sn|j lrK ,o
m¾fhaIKho b;d jeo.;ah’ tysoS b;d l%uj;aj m%dfhda.sl o;a;
uÕska Ndjkdfõ we;s wod,Fjh meyeÈ<sj olajd we;’
Psychological Effects of Vipassana On Tihar Jail Inmates, Reserch
Report.,(54)
tia’ tka f.dfhkald úiska rÑ; The Gracious Flow of Dharma.(55)
hk fmd;o Ndjkdfjka tÈfkod Ôú;hg we;s jeo.;alu ukdj
meyeÈ<sj olajd we;’ ukfiys msrsisÿnj ms<sn| mqyqKqj hk
mßÉfþofha§ is; iy th fldhs wdldrfhka yiqrejd .kafka o
hkak;a .ek úia;r olajd we;’ Nkaf;a fhda.djpr rdyq, ysñhka
úiska rÑ; i;smÜGdk iQ;%h iy ufkdaÑ;aidj The Satipattana
Sutra & Psychotherapy(56) hk ,smsfhka wjOdrkh lrkafka ngysr
ufkdaÑls;ailhska úiska ufkdafrda. i|yd ms<shï fhÿjo th
;djld,sl f,i n,mdk w;r nqÿka jykafiaf.a l%ufõoh jkafka
tys uQ,h Wÿrd tu m%Yakh iyuq,skau ke;s lsÍu uÕska njh’
tysoS i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha we;s lreKq;a tfiau ngysr
ufkdaÑls;aidj;a iuÕ ixikaokd;aulj lreKq ldrKd olajd we;’
ú,shï ydÜ úiska rÑ; The Art of Living Vipassana Meditation ;
As taught by S.N.Goenka.(57) hk fmd;o úmiaikd Ndjkdj ±kqu
fidhkakkag b;d jákd .%J:hls’ úúO Wmud l:d‛ úúO iQ;%j,
jeo.;a fldgia Wmqgd olajñka Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka f;dr;=re
oek.ekSug;a ta jf.au Ndjkdj .ek we;s mdßNdIsl jpko olajd
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;sîfuka jeo.;a f;dr;=re rdYshla ±k .ekSug wjia:dj Wod lr§

we;’ wdpd¾h fmda,a wd¾’ fmahsiauEka úiska rÑ; Vipassana
Meditation: Healing the Healer; The experience of
Impermanence.(58) hk .%J:h fï ud;Dldj iïnJOfhka b;d
jeo.a;h’ fmda,a wd¾’ fmahsiauEka wefußldfõ hdf,a úYaj úoHdd,fha
wd.u iy ufkdaÑls;aidj ms<sno wdpd¾h jrfhl= f,io fiajh
lrwe;’ ;udf.a jD;a;sh jk ufkdaÑls;ail ld¾hhka lrf.k
hdug úmiaikd Ndjkd w;a±lSï b;d m%fhdackj;a jQ nj ;u
fmdf;ys olajd we;’ Tyq úmiaikd Ndjkdj .ek lrK fï
m%ldYh b;d jeo.;ah’ úmiaikd Ndjkdj yqfola úfYaIs;
mßirhl lrK úfYAI jHdhdula fkdjk w;r uQ,sl ojia oyfha
mdGud,dj wjik Ndjkdjg iïnJOjQjka ;ud bf.k.;a Wmfoiao
;u ;ukaf.a f.or f.k hkafkah’ úmiaikd ud._h È.gu mj;sk
w;r th uq¿ Ôúf;au f,dafld;a;r {dKh ,nd.ekSu i|yd jk
YsCIdjla jkafkah’ “Vipassna is not merely an exercise to be
perfomed in the special environment of a meditation retreat. When a
ten-day course is over, meditators take the tool home with them. The
path of Vipassan is a continous, disciplined pursuit of this experintial
gnosis throughout life”(59)
Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka wo f,dalh ;=< úúO W.;=ka m%dfhda.slj
Ndjkd jvkakka úiska fmd;a rdYshla ,shd we;’ fuys§ by;ska
i|yka lrK ,oafoa Ndjkdj iïnJOfhka uQ,sl oekqula ,nd
.eksug WmldÍ jk fmd;a iuyrla jk w;r tajd ;+< Ndjkdj
ufkdaÑls;ail l%uhla jkafka flfiao hk m%Yakhg;a ms<s;=re
imhd we;’
Ndjkdj ufkdaÑls;aidjla f,i hk fï mßÉfþofha§ uQ,sl jYfhka
meyeÈ<s lsÍug W;aidy .kakd ,oafoa Ndjkd ms<sn| wjfndaOhla
,nd§ugh’ tys§ úúO úêl%u Ndú;d lf<uq’ Ndjkd ms<sn|
;%smsglfhys we;s m%Odk iQ;% fukau tajd yodrd iïm%odhdkql+,j
Ndjkdjka m%.=K lrK wh úiska ,shk ,o fmd;am;a j, lreKqo
úúO m¾fhaIK o;a;hkao tys§ olajd we;af;uq’ Ndjkdj;a
ufkdaÑls;aidj;a w;r we;s iïnJOho wod< wjia:dj,§ úia;r
lrK ,È’ Ndjkdj ufkdaÑls;aidjla jk whqre wm fuys§
fláfhka úuid n,d fuu mßÉfþoh wjika lrkafkuq’ fcr,av
vHq m%S úiska rÑ; nqÿoyu iu ufkdaÑls;aidj hk ,smsh fï
iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;a lrKq rdYshla wKdjrKh lrwe;’ tys§
nqÿoyu úµdjla nj l;=jrhd m%ldY lrkafka tys we;s ksÍCIKh‛
w;ayod ne,Sï‛ isoaOdka; iy ksoyia Ñka;kh hk lreKQ uq,a
lrf.kh’ fn!oaO ufkdaÑls;aidj ngysr ufkdaÑls;aidj iuÕ
ixikaokh lrK úg fmkS hkafka ta fol w;r meyeÈ<s iudk
njla we;s njh’ ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdofha§ idlÉPduh iy iïuqL
mßCIK úêl%u wkq.ukh lrK w;r fn!oaO Ñls;aidfõ th
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.=rejrhd iy YsIHhd w;r we;s fmr iqodkï idlÉPdjka yd

iudkh’ p¾hd;aul .=rel=,fha úêl%uhka iy Ndjkd w;r we;s
iudk;d fndfydah’ kuq;a Ndjkdfõ thgu wdfõKsl jQ .;
,CIK we;s w;r th yqfola nqÿoyug muKla úfYAIs; jqjls’
― When Buddhist therapy is compared with Western
psychotherapy, rather close parallels can be seen. It seems
that interview and discussion therapy such as psychoanalysis,
parallels the preparatory discussions which usually occur
between the guru and the pupil in Buddhist therapy. Meditation
itself seems to parallel very closely the msot common technique
of behavious therapy. There are some vital aspects of
meditation, however which remain unique to Buddhism‖(60)
Ndjkdj iy ngysr ufkdaÑl;aidj ms<sn| meyeÈ<s újrKhka
,ndfoñka b;d jeo.;a ,smshla ,shd we;s l;=jrhd tys wjik
fufia i|yka lrwe;’ ngysr ufkdaÑls;aidj úiska fn!oaO
ufkdaÑls;aidj ms<sn| ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla ,nd.;hq;=h’ fn!oaO
Ñls;aidjg úµd;aul ms<s.ekSula wjYHh’ th isÿjqjfyd;a udkisl
wms<sfj,j,a i|yd f,dal jHdma; m%;sldr l%uhla njg th b;d
fõ.fhka m;ajkafkah’ ― There is a pressing need for Western
psychotherapy to gain an accurate understanding of Buddhist
therapy, and for Buddhsit therapy to acquire scientific
recognition. If it did so, it could reapidly become the major
worldwide treatment for common mental disorder.‖(61)
yd¾fõ î’ wfrdkaika (Harvey.B.Aronson)úiska rÑ; ―buddhist
practice on western ground‖ ―RECONCILING EASTERN
IDEALS AND WESTERN PSYCHOLOGY‘(62)hk fmd;o fn!oaO
Ndjkdj ufkdaÑls;aidjla f,i hk u;h ;yjqre lsÍug jeo.;a
idOl rdYshla f.k yer olajkq ,efí’ tys we;s hk mßÉfþofha§
ta .ek úúO ufkdaÑls;ailhskaf.ao woyia f.kyer mdñka
ufkdaÑls;aidfõ iy Ndjkdfõ we;s iu úiu;d .ek
ixikaokd;aul ú.%hla fh§ug l;=jrhd iu;aj we;’ tfiau
fjk;a ufkdaúµd{hska iy ufkdaÑls;ailhskaf.a woyiao f.k tajd
fldhs wdldrfhka fn!oaO Ndjkdj yd iudk jkafka±hso i,ld
n,d we;’
tfiau udla tmsiaghskaf.a(Mark Episton) Thought Without a
Thinker:(63) hk fmd;o fcmaß î’ reìkaf.a (Jeffrey B.Rubin)
Psychotherapy and Buddhism: Toward an Integration (64) hk
fmd;o fï úIh iïnJOfhka b;d jeo.;a fmd; jk w;r tajdfha
we;s lreKQ ;=<ska Ndjkdj ufkdaÑls;aidjla f,i ms<s.; yels
lreKQ idOl WodyrK iy fm!oa.,sl w;a±lSï ;=<ska úia;r lr
we;’ yd¾fõ î’ wfrdkaika b;d È.= ld,hla f.dfhkald;=udf.a
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úmiaikd Ndjkd uOHia:dk wdY%fhka o áfnÜ rfgys úúO

Ndjkd .=rejrkaf.kao tfiau Ndjkdfjka Wiia ;;aFjhg m;a
ßïmqÑjrekaf.kao Wmfoia ,nd Ndjkdj m%dfhda.sl f,i bka miqj
wefursldfõ§ th ufkdaÑls;aidjõ iuÕ tlg uqiqlr th f,vqka
iqjm;a lsÍug fhdodf.k we;’
―ufkdaÑls;aidj ke;fyd;a ufkdam%;sldr úµdj hkq udkisl
wl%u;djkag fyda ÿiaiudfhda.hkag m%;sldr lsÍfuys,d hïhï
ufkdaúµd;aaul Ys,amSh l%u Ndú;d lsÍuh‖’^65& Ndjkdjo
ufkdaÑls;ail l%uhls’ Ndjkdj ;=<ska wfmaCId lrkafka ukfiys
we;s ish¨u krl.;s wiyk;d ÿrelr is;g Ydka;sh <Õdlr§ug
Wmldrùuh’ tys§ ;ks mqoa.,hdf.a pß; ,CIK udkisl wdndOh
wkqj úúO úê;%u Wmfhda.s flf¾’ isysfhka hq;=j lghq;= lr
uki iy YÍrh hk foflys ksrka;r wjÈh fuys§ m%Odk fõ’ hï
m%Yakhla foi Rcqj ±l ta .ek lghq;= lsÍu b;d jeo.;ah’
ihsfldaIshdj‛ kshqfrdaishdj‛ Nskafkdakudoh‛ úYdoh jeks udkisl
frda. i|yd nqÿka jykafia fmkajd fokq ,enqfõ l%uj;a wdldrfhka
wd;au .fõIKhl fh§ug ud¾.h Ndjkdj njh’ tfiau f,vl
m%Yakhl yg.ekSu wdrïNh .ek fidhd thg ms<shï lsÍuo b;d
jeo.;a nj nqÿoyu wjOdrKh lrKq ,efí’ ngysr
ufkdaÑls;ailhska m%Odk jYfhka wjOdkhg fhduqlrkafka hïlsis
frda.hl frda. ,CIK foih’ kuq;a nqÿka jykafia tu m%Yakfhys
wdrïNh‛ frda. yg.ekSfï fya;=jo fidhd th uq,skqmqgd ±óug
wjjdo ,nd§ we;’ iEu ÿllgu fya;=j fidhd ta .ek fufkys
lsÍu ;=<ska wka;rdjf,dalkh lsÍu ;=<ska udkisl iqjhla ,eìh
yels nj nqoaO O¾ufha m%Odku wruqKla jk w;r ta i|yd fn!oaO
Ndjkdj ufkdaÑls;aidjla f,i fhdod.; yels nj by;
mßÉfþofha§ ukdj idOl iys;j Tmamq lr we;’
mdol igyka -
1.Oïumoh 372
2.Oïumoh mKaä; j¾.h 5 jk .d:dj
3.m[a[diSy kdysñ’ uäfya’ iS, Ndjkd’ oïila 13$14 fn!oaO
.%J:m%ldYk iñ;sh’ uykqjr f;jk uqøKh 1996
4.rdyq,’ysñ’ j,afmd, nqÿka jod< O¾uh fn!oaO ixialD;sl
uOHia:dkh keÈud, foysj, 1997 kujeks uqøKh msgqj 100’
5. Hart.William., The Art of Living Vipassana Meditation ; As taught
by S.N.Goenka. Published by Vipassana Research Institute.,
Igatpuri.1998 indian edition. page 91
6.Vipassana Reaserch Institute., Vipassana: Its Relevance to
the Present World. An Interantional Seminar New Delhi 1994.
Published by Vipassana reaserch institute, Igatpuri, 2002 2nd
Print. page 94
 292

7. Vipassana Reaserch Institute., Vipassana: Its Relevance to

the Present World. An Interantional Seminar New Delhi 1994.
Published by Vipassana reaserch institute, Igatpuri, 2002 2nd
Print. page 3
8. Vipassana Reaserch Institute., Vipassana: Its Relevance to
the Present World. An Interantional Seminar New Delhi 1994.
Published by Vipassana reaserch institute, Igatpuri, 2002 2nd
Print. page 97
9. pkaoúu,’ f¾reldfka’ úo¾Ykd Ndjkd l%uh Y%S pkaoúu,
O¾u mqia;l ixrCIK uKav,h fmdl=Kqúg 2002 15 fjks uqo%Kh
10. Translation of Dhamma Sangani by Mrs. Rhys Davids-
Buddhsit Psychology(Abhidhamma) P 16-1975- Books reprint
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11 S.V. 32
12. Encyclopedia of Buddhism- Volume VI page-668
13. Anapanasati meditation- Written by S.Adaviyappa page 23-
Vipassana Reaserch Institute., Vipassana: Its Relevance to the
Present World. An Interantional Seminar New Delhi 1994.
Published by Vipassana reaserch institute, Igatpuri, 2002 2nd
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14. Vipassana in Jails- A historiacla Review Written by Ram
Singh-page 33- Vipassana Reaserch Institute., Vipassana: Its
Relevance to the Present World. An Interantional Seminar New
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2002 2nd Print.
15. Psychological Effects of Vipassana on Tihar Jail- written by
Dr.Kishore chandiramani page 44. Vipassana Reaserch
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reaserch institute, Igatpuri, 2002 2nd Print.
16. Vipassana and Bsiness Management- written by Jayantilal
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Delhi 1994. Published by Vipassana reaserch institute, Igatpuri,
2002 2nd Print.
17. Vipassana and Business-Written by D.B.Gupta page 67-
Vipassana Reaserch Institute., Vipassana: Its Relevance to the
Present World. An Interantional Seminar New Delhi 1994.
Published by Vipassana reaserch institute, Igatpuri, 2002 2nd
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 293

18.Vipassana for Better Education –page 11-27, Vipassana

Reaserch Institute., Vipassana: Its Relevance to the Present
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Vipassana reaserch institute, Igatpuri, 2002 2nd Print.
19. Spirituality and Mental Health Article Monitor on Psychology
published by APA, December 2003 Vol 34 No11 page – 47
20. rdyq,’ysñ’ j,afmd, nqÿka jod< O¾uh fn!oaO ixialD;sl
uOHia:dkh keÈud, foysj, 1997 kujeks uqøKh’
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22. Gunararatana.H., Eight Mindful Steps to Happiness :
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23 Gunararatana.H., The Jhanas in Theravada Buddhist
Meditation
Wheel Publication No: 351/353, Buddhist Publication Society,
1998
24. Vajiragnana., M. Life of a Lay Buddhist
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25.Dhammananada. K.Sri Meditation the Only Way: The
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26. ffu;%S uQ¾;s’ lrf.dv Whkaf.dv’ uki ms<n| fn!oaO ú.%yh
iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay, fld<U’ fojk uqøKh’ 2002
27.’ Kusuma Bhikkhuni., A Mental Therapy The Development of
the Four Foundation of Mindfulness or Sati Satipattana in
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Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation Taipei. Taiwan.
1985.
28. pkaoúu,’ f¾reldfka’ úo¾Ykd Ndjkd l%uh Y%S pkaoúu,
O¾u mqia;l ixrCIK uKav,h fmdl=Kqúg 2002 15 fjks uqo%Kh
29.Dhammadhara.Lee Phra Ajaan., Keeping the breath in Mind;
The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation
Taipei. Taiwan. 1990 3rd Edition.
30.Buddhadasa Bhikku., Ananpanasati Mindfulness with
Breathing :Unveiling The Secrets of Life, (A manual for serious
beginners) The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational
Foundation Taipei. Taiwan. 1989. 2nd Edition
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31.Piyadassi thera., Buddhist Meditation, The Corporate Body

of the Buddha Educational Foundation Taipei. Taiwan. 1979.
32. Nissanka.H.S.S., Buddhist Psychotherapy. Buddhist
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33.’Boorstein.S.,Deatherege.G.O., Buddhism in Psychotherapy
Buddhist Publication Society. Kandy 1982
34.Burns.D.M., Buddhist Meditation and Depth Psychology.
Buddhist Publication Society. Kandy 1994
35.Nyanaponika Thera, The Heart of Buddhist Meidtation,
Buddhist publication Society, kandy Sri lanka. reprint 1996
36.Fleischman. Paul.R., The Therapeutic Action of vipassana.,
The Wheel Publication No 329/330 ., Buddhist Publication
Society., Kandy 1986.
37.Sayadaw. Mahasi., Dhamma therapy. Cases of healing
through vipassana, Buddhist cultural Center., Dehiwala, 2000
38.Sayadaw. Mahasi., Practical Insight Meditation : Basic and
Progressive Stages. Buddhist Publication Society. Kandy 1991-
reprint.
39. Mun bhuridatta thera. Phra Ajaan., A Heart Released., The
Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation Taipei.
Taiwan. 200.
40.Rewata Dhamma Dhaddhanta., Emptying The Rose-Apple
Sear(A day today guide to Buddhsit meditation methods as
taught by a renowned meditation master) The Corporate Body
of the Buddha Educational Foundation Taipei. Taiwan. 2003
41.Vimalaramsi. U., The anapanasati Sutta( A practical Guide
to Mindfulness of breathing and Tranqual Wisdom meditation)
The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation
Taipei. Taiwan. 2004
42.Punnaji. Madawela ., Awakening Meditation Sambodhi
Bhavana. Puremind Publishers Edmonton. 2001
43. Sumdho. Ajaan., Mindfulness: The Path to the Deathless.,
The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation
Taipei. Taiwan. 1994
44.wßhOïu’kdWhfka’‛ i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj úmiaikd Ndjkd
uOHia:dkh oslafyak fmd,a.ia´úg’ 2004
45. Segal V.Zindel., Williams. V.Mark., Teasdale D.John.,
Mindfulness-based Cognitive therapy for Depression, Guikford Press ,
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 295

46. Draffen. Carrie Mason., Finding meditation, losing Stress.,

Newsday, Janaury 2006. New York
47. Unno.Mark., Buddhism and Psychotherapy Across Cultures, New
York 2003
48. Bien.Thomas., Mindful Therapy; A guide for therapists and
Helping ProfessionalsNew York 2003
49. Langan.Robert., Minding What Matters : Psychotherapy and the
Buddhsa Within., New York 2004
50.Tsering.Tashi Geshe., Buddhsit Psychology: The Foundation of
Buddhsit thought vol 3., London, 2003
51.Vipassana Reaserch Institute., Vipassana: Its Relevance to
the Present World. An Interantional Seminar New Delhi 1994.
Published by Vipassana reaserch institute, Igatpuri, 2002 2nd
Print
52. Vipassana Reaserch Institute ―Effect of Vipassana
Meditation on Quality of Life, Subjective Well- being, and
Criminal Propensity among Inmates of tihar Jail, Delhi,
Reaserch Report, Published by Vipassana reaserch institute,
Igatpuri, 2002
53. Vipassana Reaserch Institute., Psychological Effects of
Vipassana On Tihar Jail Inmates, Reserch Report., Published
by Vipassana reaserch institute, Igatpuri, 2nd print 1998
54. Goenka.S.N., The Gracious Flow of Dharma. Published by
Vipassana Research Institute., Igatpuri.3rd reprint 2002.
55. Bhante Yogavacara Rahula, The Satipattana Sutra &
Psychotherapy. Samadhi Journel of the London Buddhsit
vihara- Issu No –6 May 2002. London Buddhsit vihara
56. Hart.William., The Art of Living Vipassana Meditation ; As
taught by S.N.Goenka. Published by Vipassana Research
Institute., Igatpuri.1998 indian edition.
57.Fleischnman.R.Paul Dr. Vipassana Meditation: Healing the
Healer; The experience of Impermanence. Published by
Vipassana Research Institute., Igatpuri. 1991
58. Fleischnman.R.Paul Dr.The Healing Spirit; Exploration in
Religion and Psychotherapy. Paragon House Publishers, New
York 1990.
59.Ibid-page 9
60. Gerald Du Pre- Buddhism and Psychotherapy- Buddhism
and Science-Motilal Banarsidass Pulisheres PVT.LTD .Delhi
India 1984 .page 99
 296

61.Gerald Du Pre- Buddhism and Psychotherapy- Buddhism

and Science-Motilal Banarsidass Pulisheres PVT.LTD .Delhi
India 1984 .page 102
62. Aronson.Harvey. B., buddhist practice on western ground:
RECONCILING EASTERN IDEALS AND WESTERN
PSYCHOLOGY: Shambhala Publication Boston- 2004
63. Epistein. Mark., Thought Wihtout a Thinker: Psychotherapy
from a Buddhist Perspective ( New York Basic Books 1995
64. Rubin B.Jeffrey. Psychotherapy and buddhism : Toward an
intergration, New York, Plenum Press. 1996
65. uq¾;s’ bx.%Sis- isxy, ufkdaúµd YíofldaIh- iSudiys;
lreKdr;ak iy mq;%fhda fld<U’ 1991 fojk uqøKh’ msgqj 163

“;iaud mshx k lhsrd: - mshdmdfhd ys mdmfld

.J:d f;ix k ú–cka;s - fhix kJÓ mshdmamshx”
Oïumo-ms%sh j¾.h ^211&
^mq;%odrdÈ& lsis flfkl= fyda ^rkaߧ wd§& lsis fohla fyda m%sh
fldg fkd.; hq;=h’ m%shhkaf.ka fjkaùu oeßh fkdyels
lreKls’ hï flfkl=kag m%sh‛ wm%sh hk folu keoao Tjqkag
flf,ia .ego ke;’

;uka .eku;a‛ ;u Ôjk ;;aFjh .ek;a l<lsreK tla .,a

jvqfjla isáfhah’ Èkla Tyq Okj;a ñksfil=f.a ksji wi,ska
hk úg‛ yer ;snqK f.aÜgqj, ;=<ska jeo.;a‛ Wiia fmf<a
wuq;a;ka iuÕ isák Okj;d ÿgqfõh’ .,a jvqjd B¾Id iy.;
f,iska ;ukag;a Okjf;l= ùug we;akï hhs is;=fõh’ mqÿuhg
fuka túgu Tyq Okjf;l= njg m;aúh’ Tyqg lsisodla fkdjQ
úrE iem iïm;a yd ±is oiaika ,eìK’
 297

fï w;r tyq foda,djlska hk rdcH ks<Odßfhl=j ÿgqfõh’

fl;rï Okj;a jqj;a rdcH ks<OdÍkag ysi keóug ldg;a
isÿjkq ÿgq Tyq ;udg;a tfia ùug ,efí kï fyd| hhs is;Sh’ ta
iekska Tyq rdcH ks<Odßfhl= njg m;aúh’
fiajlfhda tyqj foda<djlska f.k hk w;r ±ä ysre /iska tyq
mSvdjg m;aúh’ Tyq ysre foi ne¨fõh’ ;udg jvd fndfyda
n,j;a ysre ùug we;alï fyd| hehs Tyqg is;=fKah’
±ka Tyq ysre njg m;aúh’ wyfia ieufokdgu by<ska nn<k
úg f.dúfhda‛ lïlrefjda fjfyig m;ajk nj olsñka Tyq
i;=gq úh’ tfy;a tla jru úYd, l¿ j<djla mdù weú;a
ysref.a n,h ì| ±ïfïh’ l¿ j<dfõ n,h yuqfõ ;udg;a
l¿ j<djla ùug we;akï fyd|hehs is;=fõh’
l¿ j<djla ù Tyq .ï okõ w;ßka mdù hk úg .ïuqka
lE.ikq Tyqg weiqfKah’ yÈisfhau ;ud md lr yßk hï
n,j;a hula we;s nj;a th iq<Õ nj;a Tyqg jegysK’ Tyq ;ud
iq<Õ fõ kï fyd| hehs is;=fõh’
pkav udre;hla njg m;aú ksfjia lvd ì| ouñka‛ .ia
fld<ka fmr<d ouñka Tyq ñksiqka NS;shg m;a lf<ah’ ál
fõ,djlska ;udg fi<úh fkdyels hula miq lr hdug Tyqg
isÿúh’ th úYd, m¾j;hla ùug yels kï fyd| hehs is;k
úgu Tyq m¾j;hla njg m;aúh’
uy fmdf<dfõ yla;su;au m¾j;h njg yeÍ úrdcudkj isá
Tyqg ;ud fi<ù ;u iajNdjh mjd fjkia jk nj fmksK’
;udg jvd Yla;su;a ljq±hs mqÿufhka is;=fõh’ my; neÆ Tyqg
fmkqfKq l,ska ;ud jeksu jQ .,a jvqfjls’
fika l:djla

nqÿoyu ;=<ska wd;;s l<ukdlrKh

Stress Management Through Buddhism

Stress hk jpkh ,;ska jpkhla jk Stricuts j,ska ì|S wdjls’

tys woyi mSvdj‛ (hardship) wfya;=j‛ úm;‛ wdmodj‛ (adversity)
ix;dmh‛ úm;‛ (affliction) hkdÈhhs’ bx.%Sisfhka th Stress f,io‛
merKs m%xY NdIdfõ ‗estresse‘ f,io‛ fh§ we;’ fuu jpkh
fN!;sl úµdfõo ffjµ úµdj,o‛ ufkdaúoHdfõo p¾hdj yd iïnJO
úµdj,o fh§ we;’
fuu jpkhg ufkdaúoHdj mdßNdIsl Yío ud,dfõ fhdod we;s
jpkh jkafka m%;Hdn,hhs’(1) uQ¾;sf.a ufkdaúµd Yío fldaIfha
fok jpk jkafka nr‛ la,u:h‛ yd wd;;shhs’(2) mdf;a.u
{dKdrdu ysñhka fï i|yd fhdok jpkh jkafka
 298

úl%Sh;djhhs’(3) ulaksidoh;a mSvkhkaf.ka uki wl¾ukH lrjk

fyhsks’ tfiau u,,fialr uy;d bx.%Sis isxy, Yío fldaIfha§
Stress hk jpkhg oS ;sfnkafka fjfyi‛ mSvdj‛ nr
nrm;,lu(4) wd§ jpkhkah’ fufia úúO isxy, jpkhka ta
i|yd Ndú;d jqjo ldg;a f;areï .; yels ir, NdIdfjka
fhdod.;fyd;a udkisl mSvkh‛ udkisl wiykh‛ hk jpk
.e,fma’ wmg iudcfha yuqjk fndfyda fofkl= mjikafka ;uka
udkisl wiykfhka fmf<k njh’ idudkH jHjydrfha§ isxy,
jpk fjkqjg Stress iy tension hk jpku Ndú;d lrñka
;ukaf.a udkisl uÜgfï iajrEmh fmkakqï lrkafka ta i|yd
iqÿiqu jpkh bx.%Sis jpkhuhehs yefÕk ksidh’ isxy, NdIdfjka
m%;Hdn,h‛ la,u:h‛ wd;;sh hehs lSúg idudkH ckhdg th
f;areï .ekSug Yío fldaI fiùu wjYHh’ kuq;a bx.%Sisfhka th
lshQ úg f;areï .ekSu myiq nj fndfyda fofkl= mjihs’ fuu
fmdf;ys bÈßhg Stress hkakg wd;;sh hk jpkh Ndú;d lrhs’
fvksia l+ka (Dennis Cook ) wd;;sh fï wdldrhg ks¾jpkh
lrwe;’ ―wd;;sh hkq mqoa.,fhl=g wNsfhda.hla fyda ;¾cKhla
isÿjqKq úg mßirhg wkq.;ùu fyda ilialr .ekSu ms<sn|
;;aJjhls‖’(6) tfiau ―mqoa.,fhl= wNsfhda.hlg fyda ;¾ckhlg
uqyqK§ug isÿjqKq úg tys§ we;sjk ldhsl udkisl wjia:dj
wd;;sh f,i olajhs‖(7) áï yskavf,a wd;;sh úia;r lrkafka
fufiah’ ―wd;;sh hkq wmg fkdfmfkk frda.hla jk w;r tu
frda.fhka Tn Tnf.a wdh;kh iy tys iEu idudðlfhlau thg
whs;sfõ’ Tng tu frda.h fkdi,ld yeßh fkdyel’‖(8) úfYaIfhka
cmdkfha jeämqr jevlsÍu ksid udkisl wd;;sfhka urKhg
m;aùu ―Karosi‖ hkqfjka kïlr we;’ tuÕska wmg yefÕkafka uq¿
f,dalhu ixlSrKJjfhka msÍ wd;;sfhka fj,S we;s njls’ tuÕska
isoqjk ishÈú kid .ekSï osfkka Èku by< hk w;r wd;;sh
ksid l¾udka;Yd,d isáho udkislj tys fkdisàu ksid isÿjk
wK;=rejo Èfkka Èku by< hk nj m¾fhaIK jd¾;d fmkakqï
lr we;’ (8) izjdñ iqLfndaodkkaof.a ks¾jpkh jkafka wd;;sh
hkq rEmjdyskS fj<| oekaùula jeks njh’ th b;d flá kuqoq È.=
ld,hla n,mEï lrKq we;’ (9) wd;;sh .ek m¾fhaIK rdYshla
l< iy thska ñoSu i|yd úYd, fiajhla l< yekais is,S(Hans
Selye) fï whqßka wd;;sh ks¾jpkh lrwe;’ úfYaI fkdjQ YÍrfha
m%;spdrhg tuÕska wjYH lrK foh iemhSu wd;;shhs’(10)
1936 § wd;;s ixl,amh yekais is,S úiska y÷kajd fok ,È’
tu ixl,amh iajNdúl úµdjkaf.ka Khg b,a,d.;a
w;r tuÕska ta ms<sn| fjkau jQ úoHdjla ìysù we;’
uq,skau fuu jpkh cSj úµd;aul wxYfha fhÿko miqj
 299

th ufkdaúµfõ iudÔh úoHdjkaf.ao fh§ we;’ miq.sh

wjqreÿ 15 we;=<;oS fuu jpkh fndfyda fihska
l¾udka; Yd,d iïnJOj fh§ we;’ tfiau wd;;sh
yqfola Èkm;d cSú;fha§ Ndú;hg .efKkjd muKla
fkdj ldf.a;a wjOdkhg ,lajQ fmdÿ isoaOdka;hla njg
m;aj we;’ ckikaksfõok udOHhka uÕska fuh ksrka;r
idlÉPdjg Ndckh jk ud;Dldjls’ úúO mqoa.,hska
úúO f,i wd;;shg ks¾jpk imhd we;’ Tn w;r
isák mia fofkl=f.ka wd;;sh hkq l=ula±hs úuiqjfyd;a
th mia wdldrfhka olajkq ,efí’ fj<odu iïnFO wh
mjikafka bÉPdNx.Jjh iy Ñ;a;fõ.Sh fkdßiaiqu
f,i;a cSj úoHd{hd th olskafka yqfola ridhksl
wjia:djla f,ih’ wmf.a wd;;sh ms<sn| ks¾jpkhka
úuiqjfyd;a thg iqÿiqu jpkhla fidhd.ekSuo wmyiq
jqjo my; i|yka jpkj,ska thg ir, woyila imhd
.;yelsh’
 Pressure
 Being down
 Anger
 Anxiety
 Nervousness
 Strain
 Energetic
 Stimulative
 Being upset

fïyd iïnJO fmrÈ. úpdrlhkaf.a u;ho úuid n,uq’ rsþ‛ hcq¾‛

idu‛ w;¾j hk fõoo tfiau 108 la jQ WmksIoa‛ YS%u;a N.j;ï
iy n%yau iQ;%o‛ ;ka;%o ukqiauD;sho‛ N.j;a .s;djo tfiau
Ndr;hg wdfõKsljQ wdhq¾fõo ffjoH l%uh .ek i|yka prl
iïys;dj iy iqiaiD; iïys;dj o wd;;sh .ek i|yka lr we;’
wd;;sh i|yd ÿl hk jpkh fhdodf.k we;’ tys woyi kua
fõokdj‛ wjdikdj‛ fyda oqlska fm<Su hkqhs’ laf,ai f,io
^ix;dmh& ldu fyda ;DIaKd tkï wdYdjo wd;auka iy wyxldrho
(Self and ego) f,io ‗wÈ‘ udkisl uxuq,dùu fkduÕhdu
‗m%ckamod‘ iú[a{dKfha wiu;anj wdÈh kï jYfhka ,nd§ we;’
bkaÈhdkq o¾Ykfha§ ldh- Ñ;a; hk iïnJOh u; mqoa.,hd foi
n,kq ,efí’
fï iïnJOj m¾fhaIK lrñka rdfjda mjikafka bkaÈhdkq
o¾Ykfha wd;;sh f,i ixialD; NdIdfjka laf,ai iy ÿlaL hk
jpk fol thg iudk njh’ Ôú;fha hy meje;aug ndOd
 300

we;slrKq ,eîu wd;;sh f,i olajd we;’ ixlHd iy fhda.

o¾Ykhg mjik wdldrhg wúoHdj wd;;shg uQ,slu fya;=jhs’
wúoHdj ^wiañ;& wd;aud¾:hgo ^rd.&we,Sugo ^oafõI& úl¾Ykh‛
cq.=iamdjgo ^wNsfõok& ;DIAKdj wdYdj fj;o f.khkq ,efí’
ixLHd fhda. o¾Yk mjik wdldrhg wm ÿlg m;ajkafka wm
wjg we;s f,dalh iuÕ isÿlrK wka;¾ l%shdldrsFjho iuÕh’ tu
o¾Ykh ta iïnJOj lreKQ ;=kla m%Odk jk nj olajd we;’
1.wdOHd;añl (personal)
ldhsl fyda ufkdaúoHd;aul ix;dmhka jk B¾Idj Nh‛ ;ry‛
wdYdj‛ ms<s;=,‛ uiqrelu úidoh‛ jeks lreKqo wd;;shg n,mEï
lrKQ we;’
2.wêfnda;sla (situational)
wdrjq,a ;ry‛ pKavNdjh‛ iy hqouh l%shd ksido wd;;sh we;sfõ’
3. wêfoaßla (environment)
iajNdúl úm;a ksid isÿjk N+ñ lïmd‛ WIAKFjh WmÍuhg hdu‛
.sKs l÷ lvd jeàu‛ wdoS lreKQo wd;;shg fya;=fõ’

y;r wdldrhlska wd;;sh l%shd;aul jk nj o olajd we;’

m%iqma;
´kEu udkisl l%shdj,shla n,j;a f,i mSvd ú£ug o tfia
îchlska me,hla yg.kakd fia udkisl mSvkho we;súh yel’
WodyrKhla f,i YsIHfhl= mx;shg m%udo ù meñKshfyd;a
wksjd¾fhkau ;rjgq lrKq ,nk nj is;k is;=ú,a, m%iqma;
kïfõ’
f;dakq
n,j;a wd;;shla u.Zska ;j;a tjeksu wd;;shla ;nKq ,eîu f;dakq
f,i oelaúh yel’ WodyrKhla f,i mx;shlg hdug YsIHfhl=g
m%udojk w;r Tyqg l=i.skako ta yd iudkj we;’
úÑkak
fuu wd;;s wjia:dj kï WodiSk nj iy WkJÿj w;r we;s
mshjrh’ WodyrKhla f,i mx;shg m%udo ù meñfKk YsIHfhl=g
;rjgq lrK ksid ks;ru yß fj,djg meñKSug W;aidy lsÍu
jeksh’
Wodr
fuu wd;;s wjia:dj uÕska p¾hdfõ mQ¾K yeÕSï m%ldYh
t<solajhs’ WodyrKhla f,i YsIHfhl= mx;shg fj,djg meñKSh
hq;= w;r th YsIHhdf.a p¾hdj ;=<ska fmkakqï lrhs’
wdhq¾fõofha i|yka jk wdldrhg ;%sfoaI yd ;%s.=K w;r we;s jk
iunr;djh idudkH Ôú;hl wä;d,u fõ’ YÍrfha we;s jd‛ ms;a‛
fiï hk ;%sfoaIj, iunr;djho tfiau tu.Zska we;sjk ;%s.=K
tkï iFj‛ ;uia‛ rcia j, iunr;djho idudkH Ôú;hlg
wjYHh’
 301

idudkH nj we;af;a ;%sfoaI iy ;%s.=K w;r we;s iunr;djhhs’

jYsIaG fhda.dprhka mjikafka udkisl wiyk;djhka ldhsl
ndOdjka we;s lrK njh’ udkisl wiyk;djh úúO frda.
,CIK we;s lrK w;r tu.Zska ;s%foaI ;=< wiunr;djhka we;slr
tuÕska frda. we;s lrhs’
bkaÈhka o¾Ykhg wkqj wdfrda.H hkq yqfola frda. ksjdrKhhs’
kuq;a iajia; hkq hful=f.a iunr;djh /l.ekSuhs’ fi!LHh fyda
ksfrda.s lu hkq yqfola YdrSßl fkdjk w;r ta i|yd udkisl iqj
iykh o wjYHh’ wd;;sh úúO f,i ks¾jpkh lrwe;’ th iEu
úgu wmf.ka b,a,k foh iy iemhqu w;r we;s wiunr;djh
f,i oelaúh yel’ ndysr fya;+ka iy wmf.a yelshdj fuu b,a¨ug
uqK.efik w;r tu wiunr;djh ldhsl‛ cSjúµd;aul‛
ufkdaúµd;aul ndOl we;s lrK w;r Ôú;fha i;=g ke;s lrKq
,nhs’ úúO ldhsl frda.o yg.Kq ,efí’ wêl reêr mSvkh‛ yDoh
jia;=j iïnJO frda.o wdudYh wdY%s; frda.o fufia yg.kakd
tajdh’ wd;;sh wksjd¾h fohls’ th iEu wjia:djlu mj;sk w;r
th cd;s l=, wd.ï jhi iy /lshdj hk tajd fNaohla ke;’
wd;;sh iEu úgu wK;=reodhl fkdjk w;r th mj;skafka
bjish yels iSudjka olajd muKs’ wd;;sh u.Zska úúO ldhsl frda.
we;s lrKq ,nk w;r th wmg wksjd¾fhkau ú£ug isÿfõ’ th
ÿre l< fkdyels w;r tys§ jeo.;a jkafka iudcfha idudðlhska
th flfia kï md,kh lrkafkao hkak u;h’ wd;;sh .ek
Dr.Andrew Galizzek mjikafka th úisfjks ishjfia frda.h
jYfhks’ iEu ffjµjrfhl=gu mdfya fuhg úúO m%;sldr fnfy;a
j¾. fiùug W;aiql ù we;’ wm ;=< wd;;sh ;sfío keoao hkq
fkdj th wksjd¾fhkau wmg meñfKkq we;’
wjqreÿ .Kkdjla isg ffjµjreka wjjdo lrkafka fuys we;s
Nhdkl nj .ekh’ yoj;a frda. iy wdudY.; frda. fukau
udkisl frda. iEu tllgu uq,a wdrïNh wd;;sfhka mgkaf.k
we;’
j¾;udkfha wd;;sh hkq Tn fndfyda mSvdjkaf.ka mSvd ú¢k
njls’ cSú;fha we;sjk ;rÕldßFjhka ch.ekSug hï ;rul
mSvkhla wjYHh’ kuq;a tu mSvkh uÕska wm%ikak jQ fN!;sl
YdÍßl iy Ñ;a;fõ.Sh frda. ,CIK we;s lrKQ ,efí’
úúO mqoa.,hska úúOdldr jQ mSvkhkaf.ka mSvd ú¢k w;r iuyre
th ord .; yels wdldrhg l%u ilia lr .KS’ tfiau Ôú;h
mj;ajd f.k hdug hï ;rula jQ mSvkhla wjYH w;r th
fkd,enQ úgo m%Yak u;=fõ’ wruqKq .Kkdjla lrdhdug wjYH
ld,h ke;sjQ úgo YdÍßl‛ udkisl‛ Ñ;a;fõ.Sh‛ iy p¾hd;aul
,CIK we;súh yel’ mshjrj,a jYfhka mSvkfhka WmÍuhg hk
wjia:d my; i|yka f,i oelaúh ±l’
wd;;sfha wdrïNl wjia:dj
 302

ufkdaúµd;aul frda. ,CIK

Ñ;a;fõ.Sh frda. ,CIK

YdÍßl frda. ,CIK

p¾hd;aul frda. ,CIK

ord .ekSug fkdyels wjia:dj

tfiau fï wdldrhg wd;;sh ;=<ska udkisl frda.S ;;aFjhka

olajd .uka .kakd mshjrj,a ±laúh yel’

wd;;sh iïnJO jk wjia:dj

ldhsl‛ udkisl‛ Ñ;a;fõ.d;au frda. ,CIK ;=<ska wd;;sh

j¾Okhùu

wd;;s m%;spdrh u; tu wjia:djka iukh lr.ekSug

fkdyelsùu

w;;sh È.= ld,Sk f,i n,mEu

ldhsl udkisl frda. j, j¾Okh we;sùu

iudcfha Tn Ôj;a jk úg úúO m%Yak wdrjq,a iy wjia:djkag

Tng uqyqK §ug isÿjkq we;’ ta ta wjia:djkag wkqj m%Yak
Tng n,mdk wdldrfhka wd;;sfha j¾Okh isÿfõ’ Tng
 303

wd;;sh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ;sfíkï thska w;ñ§fï ud¾.h b;d

fyd|ska o; yelsh’ wd;;sh úúO mqoa.,hskag úúO f,i n,mEu
lrKq we;’ iuyfrl=g ldhsl jYfhka ±fkk wd;;sh
;fjfll= w;aolskafka ufkdaúµd;aul iy Ñ;a;fõ.d;ul
f,ih’ tfiau ;j;a wh p¾hd;aul fjkialï .ek fnfyúka
lK.dgqjg m;afõ’ my; i|yka wdldrhg mshjfrka mshjr tys
j¾Okfha WmÍu wjia:djg .uka .kakd whqre úuid n,uq’

wd;;sfha uQ,sl wdrïNl wjia:dj

wm wjg mßirh iy wka;¾ l%shdldßFjfhka hq;=j cSj;a jk
wmg ;ksj Ôú;h f.khd fkdyel’ iudcfha wfkl=;a
idudðlhska iuÕ Ôj;a jk úg fkd.e,mSu‛ wkjfndaOh iy
kQ.;alu ksid úúO jerÈ ixcdkk we;sù m%Yak u;=jk w;r
tuÕska iq¿ udkisl m%Yako we;sfõ’ tajd CIKslj we;sù ke;sj
hk tajdh’ tjeks uQ,sl jQ wd;;sfha frda. ,CIK lSmhla y÷kd
.ksuq’
 wyiq;djh
 ldxidj
 ks;r mSvkfhka isàu
 jev wêl nj ±kSu
 úfõlhla fkdue;snj
 iskyùfï yelshdj .s,syShdu
 l,n, .;sh
 wu;lùu
 iel we;s nj
 RKd;aul is;=ú,s we;sùu
 ks;r Nfhka isàu

ufkdaúµd;aul frda. ,CIK

§¾> ld,hla wd;;sh ;snQúg m%Yak úi£fï iy tajdg fkdìhj
uqyqK§ug ;snQ yelshdj l%ufhka wvqfõ’ Tng ufkdaúµd;aul
frda. ,CIK we;snj w;aolsk úg tajdg uqyqK§ug we;s
yelshdjo ;¾ckhlg Ndckh fõ’ fï my; i|yka frda.
,CIK fndfyduhla flfkl=g ;sfíkï th ;rul md,khla
lr.; hq;=h’ §¾> ld,Sk wd;;sh u.Zska udkisl fukau ldhsl
Yla;sho .s,syShdug yelsh’
 is; iudê.; lr .ekSug we;s fkdyelshdj
 ir, ;SrK .ekSug we;s fkdyelshdj
 úksYaphla §ug fkdyelshdj
 ±ä ;SrK .ekSu
 304

 ks;r RKd;aul l:dj

 udkisl ùvdj
 wu;lùu
 bÉPdNx.Fjh
 ;ukag wka whf.a Woõ ke;snj ±kSu
 úYdoh
 iskyj ms<sn| yeÕSula ke;sùu
 ,sx.sl wdYdj yskùu

Ñ;a;fõ.d;aul frda. ,CIK

Tn Ñ;a;fõ.d;aul frda. ,CIK w;aolsk úg Tn tajdg uqyqK
fok iSudj blau f.dia ;sfnk w;r th Tng ;¾ckhla fõ’
fïjk úg;a ldhsl frda. ,CIKo u;=úh yels w;r tfiaù Tfí
§¾> ld,Sk fi!LHhg th n,mEu we;s lrhs’ fï ,CIK Tn ;=<
u;=jk úg wd;;sfha WmÍuhg ,Õjk ;;aJjhla fmkakqï lrKq
we;’
 ldxidj iy ix;%dih
 ;ksnj ±kSu
 wka whf.a Woõ ke;s nj ±kSu
 pKavNdjh
 úido.;sh
 iudcfhka m%;sfCIAm jk nj
 hy¿jkaf.ka fldkaùfï ìh
 wiu;aùfï ìh
 ks;r jrola l,d hk ìh
 n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqkanj
 rd;%shg Nhùu
 yÈis ìh
 ks;r fldamùu
fuu frda. ,CIK j,ska ;=klg jvd ;sfíkï iy tajd b;d
n,j;a f,i l%shd;aul fjhs kï mßiaiï úh hq;=h’

ldhsl frda. ,CIK

wd;;sfha ldhsl frda. ,CIK È.ska È.gu mej;=kfyd;a th È.=
ld,Skj whym;a f,i fi!LHhg n,mdkq we;’ os.= ld,Sk Wmßu
wd;;sfhka b;d Nhdkl frda. Yg.ekSug fya;= úh yel’ yoj;a
iïnJOj we;s frda. ms<sld jeks frda.o we;s úh yel’ fï
wjia:dj jkúg m%n, wd;;s l<ukdlrK úêl%u wkq.ukh l<
hq;=h’ tys frda. ,CIK my; ±lafõ’
 305

 oyäfhka f;;ajQ w;a, iy weÕs,s

 úh,s f;d,a
 uiamsvq fmr,Su
 w;a fjõ,Su
 lgyv fjkiaùu
 wdydr .s,Sfï wmyiqj
 fõ.j;a kdä we;snj
 l,ka;.;sh
 wdYajdi m%iajdi wmyiqj
 yÈis ix;%dmuh isoaëka
 ldhsl fjfyi
 ksod.ekSfï wmyiqj
 ysiroh
 mmqfõ fõokdj
 wdydr Èrùfï wmyiqj
 wdudY.; m%Yak
 hánfvys fõokdj
 Tlaldrh
 oyäh ±óu
 lerls,a,
 W.=f¾ fõokdj
 ks;r lgg fl< bkSu
 ks;r ks;r uq;%d lsÍfï wjYH;djh
 ,sxÕsl wmyiq;djh

p¾hd;aul frda. ,CIK

wd;;sfhka WmÍuhg .sh úg p¾hdj fjkia lsÍug hkafka ;u
udkisl uÜgu wka whg fmfkaú hk ìfhks’ tys§ wjYHfhkau
th ndysr whg p¾hdfõ m%n, fjkia lï f,i meyeÈ,sj fmfkhs’
p¾hd;aul ,CIK we;sjQ úg tajdg wu;r ;j ;j;a frda. ldrl
tl;= jQ úg th iukh lsÍu fnfyúkau wmyiqh’ Tn tu ,CIK
p¾hdfjka fmkakqï lsÍug wdrïN l< miq iukh lsÍfï úêl%u
j,ska m%;sM, ,eîu wmyiqfõ’ túg Tnf.a fi!LHhg §¾> ld,Sk
f,i n,mEï we;s lrKQ we;’
 u;ameka‛ u;al=vq iy ÿïjeáj,g nrm;, f,i weíneysùu
 wdydr .ekSfï ld, igyk fjkia lrK w;r tuÕska
wdydr .ekSu wvql, úg th fi!LHhg n,mdhs’
 ksYaÑs; ia:dk iy mqoa.,hska jdrKh lsÍu
 306

 iudc ksYAl%uKh
 NS;sld ksid ksYaÑ; ia:dk iy mqoa.,hska w;ayeÍu
 jevg rdcldßhg weíneysùu ksid i;=gqùfï wjia:djka ,nd
fkd.ekSu
 iudcfha iEu fohlgu fkdmeñKSu
 ks;r flia ilia lsÍu
 ks;r ks;r w;a fia§u‛ førla jeiQnj fyda úÿ,s n,anhla oud
;sfío hkak ms<sn| kej; kej; mÍCIdlr ne,Su
 ks;r fya;=jla fkdue;sj fldamùu
by; i|yka lrK ,o wd;;s mshjrj,aj, WmÍuhg m;ajQ úg
§¾> ld,Sk udkisl ldhsl frda. yg .efkkq we;’ fuu w;;sh
we;sùug n,mdk fya;= idOlo kï jYfhka fláfhka olajkafkuq’
tajd kï -
 <ud wjêfha whym;a w;a±lSu
 mjq,a ixialD;sh iy meje;au
 mjq,a miqìu iy mqreÿ
 fkd.e,fmk újdy iy tla wfhl= hgm;a lrf.k isàu
 ,sx.sl fn,ySk;djh
 os.=ld,Sk ldhsl frda.
 Ôú;fha wd;;suh wjia:djka iy úY%du .ekSu
 iudcfha ;ksùu iy wka;¾ l%shdldßFjh wvqùu
 l:dfõ wms<sfj,
 p¾hd;aul wms<sfj,
 N%dka;sh
 m%cdkk l%shdldßFjh weKysàu
 wiajdNdúl yeÕSï
 wd.ñl pdß;% jdß;%
 /lshdj iïnJO m%Yak
 wd¾Óluh ì|jeàu iy CIKSl úhoï
 NS;sldjka
 u;ameka iy CIKslj thska ñ§u
 u;al=vq Ndú;h
 ks;r ke; hk ixl,amfhka Ôú;h foi ne,Su
tfiau my; i|yka Ôú;fha wjëkaj,§ wd;;sh idudkH fohla
f,i oelaúh yel’
 <ud wjêh
 .egjr wjêh
 307

 u,ajr wjêh
 újdyh‛ m%udo újdy iy fkd.e,fmk iylre iyldßhla
,eîu
 uy¿ jhi
my; i|yka wjia:djka ksido wd;;sh we;súh yel
 foudmshkaf.a wvq wdorh ie,ls,a, iy ud¾f.damfoaYlFjh
wvqùu
 wOHdmkh w;ruÕ kej;Su iy kQ.;alu
 ief,k újdy Ôú;h iy ,sx.sl fn,ySk;djh
 /lshdj ke;sùu iy m%udKj;a wdodhula fkd;sîu
 ldhsl frda.
 iajNdúl úm;a hqoaO wdÈh’
 oslalido
 ndOl iys; újdy Èúh
 uy¿ jhi iy ldhsl frda.
udkisl iqj iykh <Õdlr .ekSug iy wd;;sh ke;s lr
.eksug ufkdaúµd{hska úiska wd;;s l<ukdlrK l%u rdYshla
olajd we;’ tajd w;r fhda. Ndjkd‛ (Yoga Meditation) udxi fmaYS
,sys,a lsÍfï l%u‛ (Progressive Muscle Relaxation) ksod .ekSu‛
(Sleep) iajhx ^iajckl& mqyqKQj (Autogenic Training) ±lSu
ms<sn| Ñka;dj,sh‛ (Visual Imegery)
wd§ l%u kQ;k ufkdaúµd{hsk úiska Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,efí’
tfiau l%uj;a ikaksfõokho (Effective Communication) iunr
wdydr fukau kshñ; fõ,dfõ§ lEu .ekSuo( Balanced diet and
appropriate eating) YdÍßl jHdhdu (Regular exercise ) ld,h
md,kh lr.ekSu( Efficient time management) wdÈh b;d
jeo.;ah’

wd;;sh ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amh

wd;;sh ms<sn| fn!oaO fmd;mf;ys fhdod we;af;a „wdij‟ hk
jpkhhs’ fn!oaO ufkdaúµdfõ ta yd iunJO ishÆu jpk i|yka
lrkafka flf,ia f,ih’ f,daN fodai‛ fuday wd§ fldg we;s
flf,ia ksid we;sjk wdij ksid fn!oaO úuqla;s ud¾.h m%udo jk
nj o olajd we;’ ixialD; NdIdfjka th „wdY%j‟ hk jpkfhkao
md,s NdIdfõoS th wdij jYfhka fhdod f.k we;’ fuu jpkfhys
woyi kï je.sfrk iq¿nj me;sfrk iq¿nj yd iqrd fuka m,afjk
nj yd u;alrjk iq¿nj hk w¾:hkah’ ñksid ldu‛ Nj‛ ×IaÀ yd
wúµdj keu;s wJOldrfhys we,S .e,S wdY%h lrK;dla l,a Tyqg
 308

;u flf,ia olakg fyda ±kSug bv fkd,efí’^11& flauì%þ úYaj

úµd,fha m%isoaO ufkdaúµd{ frdnÜ tÉ’ f;!,ia wd;;sh ms<sn|
m%ldY lr we;s fï woyio fuys§ jeo.;ah’
ñksia is; wrlaf.k we;s úYdoh (Depression) jHj¾;kh
(aversion) wjj¾;kh (Perversion) wd§ ufkdaúµd;aul ixl,am
/ila wdij ms<sn| fn!oaO ixl,amh ;=< .eíj we;snj mjik Tyq
wdij hkak i|yd iqÿiqu bx.%Sis jpkhla kQ;k ufkdaúoHdfjka
fidhd.ekSu ÿIalr fkdjk nj mjid ta i|yd b;du iqÿiq jpkh
(mental stress)(12) wd;;sh hehso mjihs’
wdij i|yd Ndú;d jk bx.%Sis jpk rdYshla ±laúh yel’
Defilments, taints, cankers, corruptions, inflexes, influence, outflows,
effluents, mental intoxicants, mental stress, or stress, tension,
pressure.
wdij ms<sn| flf,ia O¾u iy tajd ke;slr .;yels l%u ms<sn|
iQ;% foaYkd rdYshla ;%smsglh ;=<ska wmf.a wOHhkhg fhdod.;
yelsh’
iíndij iQ;%h‛ i;smÜGdk iQ;%h‛ ú;lal ikaGdk iQ;%h‛ wkqudk
iQ;%h‛ r:úkS; iQ;%h‛ Nh fNarj iQ;%h wd§ iQ;% O¾u fï
iunJOfhka b;d jeo.;ah’

úfYAIfhka fï úIh iïnJOfhka jeo.;a úia;rhla iíndij

iQ;%fha§^13& olajd we;’ tys wdij i|yd ú>d; mß,dy hk
úfYAIKh fhdod we;’ bka woyia jkafka yd;amiskau ±ùula f,ih’
ufkdaúµdfõ úia;r flfrk úúO udkisl .;s ,CIK fuu wdij
;=< we;=,;afõ’ mqoa.,fhl= udkisl jYfhka frda.S ;;aFjhg
^kshqfrdaisl ;;aFjhg& m;ajQ úg Tyq flfrys oelsh yelshehs
ufkdaúµdfõ ie,flk ielh yd wúksYaÑ; Ndjh‛ ú>Gkh‛
ldxidj‛ ufkda.%ia;sh‛ wdNHka;rsl l,lsÍu‛ wd§ whym;a .;s
,CIK fuu wdij ;=< ±lal yelsh’ ^14&
iíndij iQ;%fha§ wdij ke;s lr.kakd l%u y;la olajd we;’
 oiaikd - (By seeing) kshu f,i oelSfuka flf,ia mylr
.ekSu
 ixjrd - (By restraining) wmf.a mxp bJøshka md,kh lr
ixjr lr .ekSfuka flf,ia mylr .ekSu
 máfiajkd - (By using) jia;%‛ jdiia:dk‛ wdydr iy
fnfy;a ;udg wjYH m%udKhg mßyrKh lsÍu ;=<ska
flf,ia mylr .ekSu
 wêjikd - (By enduring) wmg t<fUk ÿla tkï iS;‛
WIAK‛ ueis uÿre wd§ Wjÿre bjiSfuka flf,ia mylr
.ekSu
 309

 mßj–ckd - (By avoiding) flf,ia j,g uQ,sl jk lrKq

j,ska uÕyer oud hdu ;=<ska flf,ia mylr md,kh lsÍu
 úfkdaokd - (By removing) wmg flf,ia we;sjk lreKQ
uq,skqmqgd oeófuka flf,ia mylr oeóu
 Ndjkd - (By developing) kshudldrfhka isysh msysgqjd
f.k i;r i;smÜGdkh iy ima; fnd–COx. Ndjkd
jeãfuka is; ÈhqKq lr tuÕska flf,fia mylr ±óu
wdij keiSu i|yd wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h^15& jeäh hq;= nj
nqÿka jykafia olajd we;’ ixhq;a; ksldfha^16& ;j;a ;ekl olajd
we;af;a uyd i;smgGdk iQ;%fh i|yka wdkdmdki;sh jeãfuka
th iukh l< yelsnjls’ wx.=;a;r ksldfha^17& wdij ke;s lr
.ekSug WmldÍjk lreKq oyhla fmkajd§ we;’ tajdkï wd¾h
wIagdx.sl ud¾.fha lreKq wg;a iïud {dK iy iïud
úuqla;sh;ah’
wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h yßhdldrj ms<sme§fuka wdij ÿrelr .;
yelsh’ wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h fyj;a uOHu m%;smodj uÕska
iifrys ish¨ ÿla ke;s lr ksjk wruqKq fldg mj;sk fuh
wkqmQ¾j l%shd ud¾.hla iy wkqmQ¾j m%;smodjlao fõ’ wd¾h
wIagdx.sl ud¾.h iS,fhka mgkaf.k iudêfhka Tmj;aj
m%{dfjka fl<jr jk iekis,sodhl m%;smodjls’ kqjKei
yod.ekSug {dKh Wmojd .ekSug .eUqre ±kqu ,nd .ekSug
iïfndaOh Wmojd .ekSug ksjka mila lr .ekSug tu ud¾.h
wkq.ukh lsÍu jeo.;afõ’^18&

hym;a l,amkdj jkafka fklaLïu ^lïiem yer±óu& wjHdmdo ^

ffu;%S iy.; l,amkd we;sùu& wúysxid ^ ysxidfjka fldrùu&
wd§ hym;a ixl,amkdjkah’ ksjerÈj lghq;= lsÍug;a l,amkd lr
n,d ;srK .ekSug;a iïud ixl,amh b;d jeo.;afõ’ lïiem
yeroud wkqka jOhg ysxidjg muqKqjk oafõIh w;yer oud
ffu;%sh Wmojd .ekSu ;=<ska lreKdj fmr±ß lrf.k m%Yak foi
ne,sh yelsh’ ffu;%sfhka hq;=j lghq;= l< yelsh’
iïud jdpd hkq hym;a jpkhhs’ fndrelSu‛ fla,dï lSu‛ mreI
jpk lSu yd ysiajpk lSfuka je,lS isák úg iudchg fiajhla
fukau ;udgo is;g Ydka;sh Wodfõ’
hym;a l¾udka;h f,i olajd we;af;a mrmK keiSu fidrlu‛
ldufhys jrojd yeiSÍu hk jerÈ j,ska ñ§ lghq;= lsÍuh’
mrmK fkdkeiSu ;=<ska iFj whs;sjdislï iq/flk w;r fidrlï
fkdlsÍu ;=<ska ñksiqkag Nhla iella ke;sj Ôj;aúh yelsh’
fïksid wkjYH ìh kQm§’ tfiau wo f,dalfha fi!LHhg
;¾ckhla ù we;s taâia jeks frda. j,lajd .ekSfï fyd|u iy
tlu u.Z jkafka ldufhys jrÈjd fkdyeisÍuh’
 310

hym;a Èú meje;au ;=<skao wdidj ÿrelr .; yelsh’ udkisl

wd;;shg fya;=jk krl fj<odï ;=<ska wE;aù Od¾ñl f,i Okh
yß yïn lr .ekSu ;=<ska o ksfrda.S ukila ;nd.; yelsh’ jy,a
fiajh‛ wdhqO‛ uia msKsi i;=ka‛ u;ameka‛ jiúi hkd§ wOd¾ñl
l%shdj,ska je<lS Èú meje;au /l.; hq;=h’
iïud jdhdu hkq hym;a W;aidyhhs’ ‗úßfhak ÿlaLx wÉfÉ;s‘ hk
lshukg wkqj wm ù¾fhka lghq;= lr ÿl ke;s lr.ekSfï
ud¾.hg wj;S¾K úhhq;=h’ isf;ys msßisoq nj /l .ekSuo is;
¥IH lrjk laf,aIhka ÿre lrf.k udkisl iqjh ,Õdlr fok
ù¾h jeãu ;=<ska wdij ÿre lr .; yelsh’
hym;a iauD;sh ;=<ska lh‛ fõokdj‛ Ñ;a; iy Oïu hkq lreKq
j,ska is; fjk;l hdfkd§ /l .kakd nj fuys§ jeo.;afõ’
isf;ys tald.%;djh ksid ´kEu m%Yakhla foi uOHia:j ne,Su
;=<ska udkisl frda.j,g f.dÿre fkdù wdij ÿre lrf.k hym;a
Ôú;hla .;l< yelsh’
iïud iudêh ;=<ska mxpldu jia;+ka ms<sn| wdYdj‛ fl%daOh‛
w,ilu‛ wl=i,a iy fkdl< l=i,a .ek ;eùu‛ ielh hk wl=i,a
hgm;a lrf.k ukdjQ Ñ;a; iudêhla ;=<ska hym;a isysfhka hq;=j
m%Yak foi ne,sh yelsh’
fuu wd¾h ud¾.h jvk mqoa.,hd ;=< ukdjQ iodpdrhla wdpdr
l=i,;djhl=;a tuÕska yg,;a m%S;s m%fudohl=;a we;sjk nj
Oïumofha§^19& olajd we;’
‗ksíndkx mrux iqLx‘lshQ wdldrhg nqÿoyfï mru wfmACIdj ksjk
wjfndaO lr .ekSuhs’ fuuÕska kQ;k wOHdmk ufkdaúµdfõ
idlÉPdjg .efkk ±kqu‛ wdl,am iy l=i,;d hk ixl,amhka
iuÕo ixikaokh l< yels fï wd¾h ud¾.h hym;a f,i mqyqKq
lsÍu ;=<ska wo ld,fha n,j;a fi!LHhuh m%Yakhlaj we;s wd;;sh
ÿre lr ksfrda.su;a iudchla ìyslr .; yelsh’
fu;a;d‛ lreKd‛ uqÈ;d iy WfmaCId hk i;r nU úyrKhka
j¾Okh lsÍfuka wdij ÿre lr .; yelsh’ ffu;%sfhka hq;=j
lghq;= lrK úg ´kEu wfhl=g i;=rka fkdisák w;r ish¨u
idudcslfhda ta whf.a ñ;=rka njg m;ajkq we;’ wka whf.a ÿl
fõokdj y÷kd.; yels njo wka whf.a jdikdj iy ch.%yK
yuqfõ i;=gq úh yels njo tfiau ðú;fha RK iy Ok
wjia:djkays uOHia: isàug yels njo Ôú;hlg fjfiiskau
wjYHh’
ima; fndcCOx. ÈhqKqlÍu ;=<skqÿ udkisl ÈhqKqjla we;slr .;
ye;sh’
fuu lreKq tÈfkod Ôú;hg b;du;a jeo.;a jk w;r m%dfhda.sl
f,i mqyqKq lsÍfuka ksfrda.S ukisl iqjhla ,o yelsh’
 i;sh- wm lrK lshk iEu lghq;a;l§u isysfhka hq;=j
lghq;= lsÍu fuys§ woyia flf¾’
 311

 Oïuúph- ksrka;r jQ úuis,af,ka lghq;= lsÍu

 úßh- w;miq fkdlrf.k jerÈ meje;ag fhduqfkdù kej;
kej; WkJÿfjka ù¾h jvd udkisl iqjh <Õdlr .ekSu
 m%S;sh- ;ud ;=< we;sjk wdOHd;añl j¾Okh ±l i;=gqùfï
we;s yelshdj
 miaioaë - l,n,ldÍ .;sj,ska ñ§ ;u Ôú;h ixjrj
ikaiqkaj lfhq;= lsÍfï we;s yelshdj
 iudê - úúO Ndjkd l%u ud¾.fhka is; iudê .; lr
.ekSu
 WfmaCId - uOHia:j ;ekam;aj isàu’ lsisu whqrlska
ie,Sulg m;a fkdù hym;a whqrska m%Yak foi uOHia:j
ne,Sug yqreùu

ffu;%S Ndjkdj ;=<skqÿ isf;a Ydka;sh we;s lr.; yels w;r wdij
ÿre lr .; yelsh’ ffu;%S Ndjkdj jeãfuka wd;;sfha uQ,slu
frda. ,CIK je<flk whqre fmkajd Èh yelsh’ ys; woyiska
fifky lrkakdjQo wys;fhka bj;aùï jYfhka wdrCId lrkakdjQo
;ek;a;d ñ;% kïfõ’ tnª ñ;%fhl=f.a iajNdjh fyda tn÷ fuf,la
is;a we;s fofofkl= w;r my< úhhq;= ys;j;a nj ffu;%S kïfõ’
i;aFjhka fj; ys; iqj msKsi ,Cik fldg we;af;a ffu;%S kïfõ’
ish¨ i;aJjhkag ys;la hym;la fõjdhs fukau wjevla ÿlla
úm;la fkdfõjdhs me;Suo ffu;%S kïfõ’ wfkflla wfkla
flfkl=ka lsisfia;a fkdrjgdjd‛ udkfhka blaujd fkdis;djd‛ r¿
l%shdjka fyda jpkfhka fyda fkdi;=gq is;ska fyda wfkflla
wfkfll=g ÿlla fkdleu;s jkafka kï uekú’ fndfyda ld,hla
ksfrda.Sj isàug;a YdÍßl f,i yevg isàugo leu;s kï ffu;%S
jeãu fhfyls’ tfiau wd;;sh ke;s lr .ekSugo ffu;%S Ndjkdj
fnfyúkau WmldÍ fõ’ ffu;%S Ndjkdj jeãfuka wkqiia tlf<dyla
,efnk nj olajd we;’ tajdkï
iqLx iqm;s‛ iqLx mánqcCO;s‛ k mdmlx iqmskx miai;s‛ ukqiaidkx msfhd
fyd;s‛ wukqiaidkx msfhd fyd;s‛ foj;d rCLka;s‛ kdiai w.a.s jd‛ úix
jd‛ iJ:x jd lu;s’ ;=jgx Ñ;a;x iudêh;s‛ uqLjKAfKd úmamiSo;s’
wiïuq<afydld,x lfrd;s‛ W;a;ßka wmamáúþCOkaf;d n%yauf,dl+mf.d
fyd;s’ ^ 20&

 iqjfia kskaohdu‛
 iqjfia wjêùu‛
 kmqre isysk fkdfmkSu‛
 ukqIHhkag m%shùu‛
 wukqIHhkag m%shùu‛
 312

 foúhka wdrCId lrKq ,efí‛

 .skafkka jiúij,ska wdhqOhlska lrorhlaa fkdùu‛
 is; tlÕlr .ekSug we;s yelshdj‛
 meyem;a uqyqKla we;sùu‛
 isysfhka hq;=j l¿ßh lsÍu‛
 fjk;a OHdkhla fkdt<Uqfkd;a urKska miq nUf,dj bm§u‛
hkdÈh ffu;%S Ndjkdfõ wdksYxihkah’

i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj jeãfukao ,efnk wdksYxi yf;ka yhlau udkisl

ldhsl ksfrda.S Ndjh ÈhqKQ lr .ekSug WmldÍ jk whqre tys§ olajd
we;’ i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha§ o th jeãfuka wdksYxihka y;la ,efnk nj
olajd we;’
i;a;dkx úiqoaêhd‛ fidl mßoaojdkx iu;slaludh‛ ÿCL fodukiaidkx
wJ:x.udh‛ [dhiai wê.udh‛ ksíndkiai iÉýlsßhdh’ ^21&
iJjhkaf.a msßisÿnj‛ fYdalh blauùu‛ mrfoajh blauùu‛ YdÍrsl ÿla
ke;sslsÍu‛ udkisl ÿla ke;sslsÍu‛ wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu‛ ksjka iqj ,nd
.ekSu hkdÈh i;smÜGdkh jeãfuka ,efnk wdksYxihka f,i olajd
we;’
ñksidf.a is; úúO ndysr idol we;=¿ùfuka ls<sá njg m;afõ’
tuksid tu ls<sáùu;a iudc udkisl jYfhka úúO
wmyiq;djhkago m;afõ’ tuÕska we;sjk udkisl wjmd;hka ksid
ldhsl frda.j,go f.dÿrefõ’ fï wiajdNdúl ufkdaNdjhka iy
tajdhska ñfok wdldrh b;d meyeÈ,sj wkqudk iQ;%fha§^22&olajd
we;’ th ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidjla jYfhkao wmg Wmfhda.S lr .;
yelsh’ mdmldÍ yeisÍïj,g ±ä leue;a;la olajk mqoa.,hd tjeks
yeisÍï j, fh§fuka wkHhkaf.a wm%idohg wjudkhg Ndckh
jkafka hehs is;d ;ukag;a wkqkag;a wys;lrjQ tn÷ yeisÍï j,
fh§fuka je,lsh hq;=h’ Wmudjla jYfhka olajkafka kï iqkaor
hqj;shla Èkm;d levm;lska n,ñka le<e,a we;akï tajd bj;a
lrñka ;u iqkaorFjh /l .ekSug WkJÿ jkakdla fuka ;u
uki ;=< le<e,a we;s lrk wm%ikak .;s ,CIK ;sfíkï tajd
bj;a lr .ekSug W;aidy l<hq;=h’
tfiau wdij j,ska ñ§ Ôj;a ùu i|yd wjYH lrK ;j;a jeo.;a
ufkdafrda. Ñls;ail l%uhla nqÿka jykafia úiska uydÿlaLJO
iQ;%fha§^23& fmkajd § we;’ fï f,dalfha Ôj;ajk úg úúOdldrjQ
wiykldÍ udkisl mSvdjkag ,luau je,elaúh fkdyelsh’ kuq;a
tajd ms<sn| h:d¾:jd§ wjfndaOhla ,ndf.k tys we;s wdiajdoh‛
wd§kjh iy ksiairKh hk lreKq ms<sn| meyeÈ,s f,i ±lSu
;=<ska udkisl iqjhla ,o yelsh’
 313

udkisl wd;;sh u¾Okh lr .ekSfuka hym;a f,i pß;

ixj¾Okhla we;s lr .; yels njo ;reK m%Yak j,g úiÿï
fiùugo yels nj ñßiafia Oïñl ysñhka ;ukaf.a m¾fhaIK
.%J:hla jk ‖Stress Resuction for Youth through mindfulness
and loving kindness Meditation‖(24) ys olajd we;’ ;reK m%Yak
foi b;d WfmaCIdfjka n,d ffu;%S iy i;smÜGdk Ndjkd uÕskao
tu m%Yak ksrdlrKh lr wd;;sh wvq lr .ekSug úêl%u rdYshla
tu .%J:fha olajd we;’
nqÿoyu ;=<ska wd;;s l<ukdldrKh hk ud;Dldj uÕska
y÷kajd§ug W;aidy .kafka tÈfkod Ôú;fha we;s jkakdjq wd;;sh
ke;s lr.; yels l%uj;a úêl%uhka .ekh’ ngysr ufkdaúµd{hska
úiska Ndú;d lrK iEu wdldrhlu wd;;s l<ukdlrK
úêl%uhka fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj ;=<o we;’ kuqÿ ta ms<sn|j isÿlr
we;s m¾fhaIKhka b;d úr,h’ j¾;udkfha ngysr fndfyda
ufkdaúµ{hska fn!oaO Ndjkd l%u .ek m¾fhaIK lrñka tajd
wd;;sh ke;s lr .ekSug fhdod .ekSug Wkkaÿfjñka isá;s’ th
fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj me;af;ka .;al, iqN ,l=Kls’ nqÿoyu ms<sn|
.eUqre wjfndaOhla we;s W.;=ka úiska fï fCIA;% .ek wjOdkh
fhduql< hq;= ld,h t<U we;’ tfiau m%dfhda.s Ôú;fha we;s jk
m%Yak j,g nqÿoyñka fl;rï msgqjy,la ,nd.; yels ±hs f,dalhg
y÷kajd Èhhq;=h’ udkisl m%Yak wju lr.ekSug fndfyda fn!oaO
l%u Wmfhda.S lr .; yelsh’ ta i|yd iqÿiqu ld,h t<U we;’
tu ksid úúO m¾fhaIK lrñka wd;;sh ke;s lr .ekSug fn!oaO
l%u úµdjla we;s lsÍug Wkkaÿfjuq’

mdol igyka -
1. mdßNdIsl Yío ud,dj- ufkdaúµdj’ wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=j 1993’ msg 144
2. uQ¾;s ufkdaúµd Yío fldaIh isudiys; lreKdr;ak iy
m%;%fhda fld<U’ 1991 msg 194
3. {dKdrdu’mdf;a.u’‛ uq,a nqÿiuh yd újrK .eg¿’
isx.mamQre fn!oaO Ndjkd uOHia:dkh’ msg 127
4. u,,fialr’Ô’mS’‛ bx.%Sis isxy, Yío fldaIh’ .=Kfiak
iud.u’ 15 jk uqøKh 1989 msg 902
5. Coon.D., Essentials of Psychology. Wardsworth 1994 8th
edition p.423
6. Ibid-p 423
7. Hindle.T., Reducing Stress. Dorline Kindersley 1998 p 09
8. Ibid-09
 314

9. Swami Sukhabodhananda –Stress Management-

Prasanna Trust- 2002, p.34
10. Pestanjee.D.M., Stress and Coping- Sage
Publication 1992-p.27
11. ksYaYxl’tÉ’tia’tia’‛ fn!oaO ufkdaÑls;aidj’ .=Kfiak
iy iud.u fld<U 2003 msg 20
12. Buddhism and Cristinity- World of Buddhism Vol-7
No I 1990/91
13. iíndij iQ;%h u’ks’ I
14. ffu;%S uQ¾;s’ lrf.dv Whkaf.dv’‛ uki ms,sn| fn!oaO
ú.%yh’ iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay, fld<U’ 2002 msg 64
15. ixhq;a; ksldh V msg 236
16. Ibid V msg 340
17. w’ks’ V msg 237
18. p;=NdKjr md,s m<uq nKjr msg 20
19. Oïumo’ NsCLq j¾.h 17 jk .d:dj
20. w’ks’ V fu;a;dksixi iq;a; msg 342
21. u’ks’ i;smÜGdk iQ;%h
22. u’ks’uQ,mkakdil’ wkqudk iq;a;
23. u’ks’ uyd ÿlaLLJO iQ;a;
24. Dhammika.M., Stress Reduction for youth through
mindfulness and loving Kindness Meditaiton- Buddhist
Cultural Center, 2001 2nd edition-

ks.ukh
oyfjks mßÉfþofha§ fuu fmdf;ys “ks.ukh” olajd we;’ fï
.%J:h ;=<ska tÈfkod Ôú;fha we;s m%dfhda.sl m%Yakj,g fn!oaO
ufkdaúµdkql+,j ,nd§ we;’ iEu ldhsl udkisl frda.hlgu
fya;=jk uki msßisÿ ;nd.kakd wdldrh;a‛ ta i|yd wkq.ukh
l,hq;= ls%hdud¾.h;a olajd we;s w;r ksfrda.SNdjh mj;ajd f.k
hdfï§ Wmldr jkakdjq jevms<sfj,o ta .ek wm ;=< ;sìh hq;=
leue;a;o jvd jeo.;a jk w;r mßir ixrCIKh iy tys
Okd;alu w.hka Ôú;fha hymeje;aug iïnJO lr .ekSu;a wo
ojfia m%Odk jk w;r iduh f.dvkÕd .ekSug iEu
mqrejeisfhlau l%shd lrkafkakï tys ;Dma;sh ú§ug o wmg
yelsjk w;r iduldñ ksoyia Ô;hla .; l< yelsh’ fï fndfyda
m%Yak úi|d .ekSug fn!oaO ufkdafrda. Ñls;aidj iy WmfoaYkho
m%dfhda.slj fhdod .; yeks úêl%uhka jk w;r fn!oaO Ndjkdj
 315

^úfYaIfhkau úmiaikd& wo f,dalfha wd.ï fNaohlska f;dr

udkisl ldhsl m%Yak úi|d .ekSug Ndú;d lrK w;r th iEu
mqoa.,fhl=f.au m%Yak úi|k ir< ufkdaÑls;ail úêl%uh jk
Èkh wE;l fkdjk nj iaÓr igyka l< yelsh’ wd;;sh ke;skï
ir< w¾:fhka .;al, udkisl wiykhg fya;= tajdg ms<s;=re o
nqÿka jykafia wjqreÿ 2250 lg l,ska ,nd§ we;s nj we;eï
ufkdaúµd{hska mqÿuhg m;alrjk iq¿h’ fï iEu wdldrhlu
fn!oaO ufkdaúµdkql+ úêl%hka wkq.ukh lsÍu ;=<ska m%dfhda.sl
Ôú;fha we;s m%Yak úi|d f.k kj f,djla foi i;=áka ne,Sug
wm m%dfhda.sl l%shdoduhka fhÈh hq;=h’ thg m%dfhda.sl fn!oaO
ufkdaúµdj keu;s fï fmd; fnfyúkau WmldÍ jkafkah’

wdY%S; .%J: kdudj,sh

isxy,
m%d:ñl uQ,dY%
wmodk md,s- nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%J:ud,d 36’ fld<U’ 1961
Wodk- nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%J:ud,d’ fld<U’ 1960
pq,a, j.a. md,S- nqoaO chk;sa ;s%msgl .%J:ud,d’ fld<U’ 1960
cd;l md,s- nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%J:ud,d’ fld<U’ 1983
f:r.d:d - nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%J:ud,d’ fld<U’ 1972’
f:ß.d:d- nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%J:ud,d’ fld<U’ 1972
f:r.d:ÜG l:d- ihsuka fyajdú;drK uqøKh fld<U’ 1918
f:r.d:ÜG l:d ta’mS’o’ fidhsid’ isxy, mßj¾;kh’
§> ksldh- nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%J:ud,d’ fld<U’ 1976
 316

§>ksldhÜG l:d- 1’ ihsuka fyajdú;rK uqøKh’2’ta’ms’ o

fidhsid mßj¾;kh 1961
Lqoaol ksldh - nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%J:ud,d’ fld<U’ 1977
mßjdr md,s - nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%J:ud,d’ fld<U’
mdrdðld md,s- nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%J:ud,d’ fld<U’
mdÑ;a;sh md,s- nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%J:ud,d’ fld<U’
mm[ap iqokS - u–Cêu ksldhÜG l:d ihsuka fyajdú;drK
uqøKh 1976
mruF: §mkS- ihsuka fyajdú;drK uqøKh 1921’
u–Cêu ksldh - nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%J:ud,d’ fld<U’ 1960
ufkdar: mQrKS - 1' wx.=;a;r ksldhÜG l:d ihsuka fyajdú;rK
uqøKh’ 2’ wx.=;a;r ksldhÜG l:d isxy, mßj¾;kh’
ta’mS’o’fidhsid ‘
ufkdarxckS- wÜGl:d isxy, mßj¾;kh’ rhs.u bkaøfcda;s kdysñ’
1951’
úiqoaê ud¾.h isxy, - ta’ms’o’ fidhsid mßj¾;kh’ 1959’
ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh - fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh’ 1993’
ixhq;a; ksldh - nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%J:ud,d’ fld<U’
ixhq;a; ksldh isxy, - ta’ms’o’ fidhsid’ mßj¾;kh’
wx.=;a;r ksldh - 1’ nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%J:ud,dj
2’ ta’mS’o’ fidhsid isxy, mßj¾;kh’
3’ tu wgqjdj’
4’ fn,a,kaj, úu,r;k ysñ’ iy lS¾;s
kdrïmkdj ixialrKh’ m%cd ixj¾Ok uqøKd,h m%ldYh’ 1990’
wudj;=r je,súáfha fidar; ^ixia& wNdh m%ldYlfhda 1960’
ioaORaud,xldrh l¨;r idrkkao ys ^ixi& .%J: m%ldYk fld<U’
mQcdj,sh’ j,dfka isoaOd¾: kdysñ^ixia& ðkd,xldr uqøKd,h 1932

oaù;shsl uQ,dY%hka
wcka n%yaujxfida uyf;rekaf.a Tn yojf;a fodr újr lsÍu’ yd
iqjh f.fkk ;j;a fn!oaO l;d’ mßj¾;kh t,a’ î’ví,sõ’
fifkúr;ak’ fn!oaO .%J: m%ldYk iñ;sh’ 2006’
wßhOïu ysñ‛ kdWhfka’‛ i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj’ úmiaikd Ndjkd
uOHia:dkh’ fmd,a.ia´úg’ 2004’
wßhOïu ysñ‛ kdWhfka’‛Ydka;s m%d¾:kd iys; i;r lugyka
Ndjkd’ fcdaka úodkms;rK uy;d iy tu uy;añh’ 2004’
wßhfiak ysñ‛ lUqre.uqfõ’‛nqÿiuh yd rdcHh‛ nqoaOYdik
wud;HxYH’ fld<U’
 317

wßhúu, ysñ‛ fldiaj;af;a’‛ Tn mjq, yd iudch‛ nqoaOYdik

wud;HxYh fld<U’ 1998’
Wmd,s’ ysñ’ uvj,‛ wêudkisl úµdj’ r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda
fld<U 2002
iqukrxis ysñ‛ lekaof.d,af,a’‛ ffjµ úµdj yd nqÿoyu’ iriaj;S
m%ldYk’ Èjq,msáh’ 1999’
.uf.a tia’whs’ ―ñksia is; iir .uk iy mqkre;am;a;sh‖ wdßh
m%ldYlfhda’ jrlfmd,’ 1999
.,auxf.dv‛ iqukmd,‛ wdÈ fn!oaO o¾Ykh‛ wNh m%ldYlfhda
lvj; 1994’
pkaÈu‛ fndaod.u’‛ ixialdrl’ uyd msrejdkd fmd;a jykafia’ tlai;a iuQy
fn!oaO wOHdmk moku ;dhsjdkh’ 2002’
pkaoúu, ysñ‛ f¾reldfka’ flf,ia tla oyia mkaishh’ Y%S
pkaoúu, O¾umqia;l ixrCIK uKav,h’ fmdl=Kqúg
pkaoúu, ysñ‛ f¾reldfka’ j[apl Ou_ yd Ñ;a;f;amlaf,aI O¾u’ Y%S
pkaoúu, O¾umqia;l ixrCIK uKav,h’ fmdl=Kqúg
pkaoúu, ysñ‛ f¾reldfka’ úo¾Ykd Ndjkd l%uh’ Y%S pkaoúu,
O¾umqia;l ixrCIK uKav,h’ fmdl=Kqúg myf,diajeks uqøKh
2002
pkaoúu, ysñ‛ f¾reldfka’ ks¾jdk úksiaph’ Y%S pkaoúu,
O¾umqia;l ixrCIK uKav,h’ fmdl=Kqúg 1998’
pkaoúu, ysñ‛ f¾reldfka’ wNsO¾ufha uQ,sl lreKq’ Y%S pkaoúu,
O¾umqia;l ixrCIK uKav,h’ fmdl=Kqúg’ 1997’
pkaoúu, ysñ‛ f¾reldfka’ fn!oaOhf.a w;afmd;’ Y%S pkaoúu,
O¾umqia;l ixrCIK uKav,h’ 1996’
pkaoúu, ysñ‛ f¾reldfka’ p;a;d,sidldr uyd úmiaikd Ndjkdj’
Y%S pkaoúu, O¾umqia;l ixrCIK uKav,h’ 1996’
pkaoúu, ysñ‛ f¾reldfka’ fndaê mCIsl O¾u úia;rh’ Y%S
pkaoúu, O¾umqia;l ixrCIK uKav,h’ fmdl=Kqúg 1997’
[dK;s,l ysñ’ ;siai’ ñksia .eg¿ ms<sn| fn!oaO ú.%yh’ f.dvf.a
iy ifydaorfhda’ fld<U’ 1984’
je,s.u {dKr;k ysñs iïmodl f,dajev i.Zrdj’ fn!oaO .%J:
m%ldYk iñ;sh uykqjr 1989’
[dKúu, ysñ‛ fn,a,k‛‛ Ôjk rgdj yd iir meje;au‛ ohdjxY
chfldä iud.u‛ fld<U 1998
{dKdrdu ysñ‛ mdf;a.u’‛ uq,a nqÿiuh yd újrK .eg¿‛ 1994’
{dKdrdu’ mS’ uq,a nqoqiuh yd újrK .eg,q isx.mamQre fn!oaO
Ndjkd uOHia:dkh
[dKisß‛ iq.;uqks’‛ isf;a wreu mqÿu n,h-w;skaøSh ixcdkkh yd
wêudkisl m¾fhaIK’ iQßh m%dlYlfhda’ fld<U’ 2002’
[dKisß ysñ‛ fmdrj.u’‛ ;%smsgl idys;Hfhka nqÿyduqÿrejkaf.a
Wmud l;d’ fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh’ keÈud,’ 1996’
 318

ksYaYxl‛ tÉ’tia’tia’‛ fn!oaO ufkdaÑls;aidj‛ .=Kfiak fld<U

2001’
fkdief,k uki’ fcdaka fjda,g¾ia’ mßj¾;kh’ fn,a,kaú,
úu,r;k ia:úr’ 1994’
Oïumoh’ isxy,$bx.%Sis$fou< hk NdId ;=kskau uqøKh jQ fuu
fmdl wdpd¾h fndaod.u jkaÈu ysñhkaf.a wkqYdikd mßÈ
;dhsjdkfha tlai;a fn!oaO wOHdmk moku uÕska uqøKh lrK
,È’ 2002.
O¾ulS¾;s ksjkaou Y%S isxy, iQ;% ix.%yh fn!oaO ixilD;sl
uOHia:dkh 2000
O¾uisß‛ .+Kmd,’‛od¾Yksl m%Yak’ wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=j
m[a[diSy kdysñ‛ uäfya’‛ iS, Ndjkd’ fn!oaO .%J: m%ldYk
iñ;sh’ oïila 13$14’ uykqjr’ 1996’
m[a[df,dal ysñ’ óf.dv’‛ lÀk úksPh’ Ou_.fõIK m¾Ioh
m%ldYkh’ 1997’
m[a[df,dal’ ñ’‛ nqÿoyu mßirh yd wdOHd;au iqkaorFjh
i§md fmd;ay,’ fld<U 1999
mshr;k ysñ‛ ul=¿¥fõ’‛ ixialdrl’ ioaO¾ud,xldrh’ weï’ ã’
.=Kfiak iy iud.u’ fld<U’ 1971’
nqoaOo;a; ysñ‛ fmd,aj;af;a’‛ Ndr;Sh fn!oaOpd¾hjrfhda’ .=Kfiak
iy iud.u’ 1963’
nqoaOo;a; ysñ‛ fmd,aj;af;a’‛ wgqjd mÍCIKh ms’weÉ’ ví,sõ’
mshr;k m%ldYkh 1995’
nqÿoyfï wdOHd;auh ^uyd i;smÜGdk iQ;%h& ieliqu yd
m%ldYkh Y%S l,HdKO¾u .%J:ldr uKav,h’ 2000’
uy;ka;%Sf.a‛ .=Kfiak’‛ f:¾jdÈ nqoaOO¾ufha uQ,sl b.ekaùï’
fn!oaO lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j’ fld<U 1996’
udksxf.dv‛ fm%auisß’‛ ud ls;=kqjl= fkdjQfha wehs@ mßj¾;khls’
ohdjxY iy chfldä iud.u’ fld<U’ 2003’
uyskao ysñ‛ È.,af,a‛ ks¾jdKh yd iodpdrh‛ §mdks‛ kqf.af.dv
1986’
fïOdkkao ysñ‛ foajdf,a.u’‛ nqÿoyu yd mßirh‛ nqoaO Ydik
wud;HxYh‛ fld<U’ 1997
fïOdkkao ysñ‛ foajdf,a.u’‛nqÿnK‛ nqÿrcdKka jykafia iy
ikaksfõokh’ ohdjxY chfldä iy iud.u‛ fld<U‛ 2003
fïOdkkao ysñ‛ foajdf,a.u’‛ nqÿ iuh o¾Ykh iy ixialD;sh’
wdßh m%ldYlfhda’ jrldfmd,’ 1984’
ffu;%SuQ¾;s ysñ‛ lrf.dv Whkaf.dv’‛ uki ms<sn| fn!oaO ú.%%yh’
iuhj¾Ok’ fld<U’ 2001’
rdyq, ysñ‛ j,afmd,’‛ nqÿka jod< O¾uh’ fn!oaO ixialD;sl
uOHia:dkh keÈud,’ 1995’
 319

r;akmd,’ kkaofiak ― nqÿoyu iudc úoHdj yd ck Ôú;h‖ msgqj

wdßh m%ldYlfhda’ jrlfmd,’ 1999
f,dajev i.Zrdj’ iïmodl je,s.u {dKr;k ysñs fn!oaO .%J:
m%ldYk iñ;sh uykqjr 1989
úmiais‛ we?fmd,’‛ fndÿ is;g iem t,jk m, iuj;’ iq.;
idik is,Ndjkd mskalï ixúOdkh’ 1988’
úmiais‛ we?fmd,’‛iem;g uÕ’ iq.; idik iS, Ndjkd mskalï
ixúOdkh’ fldÜfÜ’ 1990’
úiqoaOdpdr ysñ’ mQcH’‛ fu;a isis, jmqrd fldam .sks ksjd,uq’
mßj¾;kh iduka; ;ekakf.a’ fn!oaO .%J: m%ldYk iñ;sh’
uykqjr’ 2003’
úsiqoaê ud¾.h nqoaOf>daI ysñ ixialrKh ud;r Y%s {dKdNsjxY
udysñ isudiys; ud;r fjf,kafoda 1959
úfþnKavdr‛pkaÈu’‛fn!oaO iudc o¾Ykh‛ fn!oaO lghq;=
fomd¾;fïka;=j’ fld<U’ 1996’
iduka; ;ekakf.a’ is; úksúo olskakg’ fn!oaO ixialD;sl
uOHia:dkh’ keÈud, foysj,’ 2002’
irKmd, ysñ‛ udjrf,a’‛ m%cd md,kh ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amh’
l;_D m%ldYkhls’ 2005’
idikr;k kdysñ’ fudrgqfõ’‛ ,laÈj uydhdk woyia’ úis÷kq
m%ldYkh’ 1999’
iqux.,‛ lkaksuyr’‛ ixidr ukaÈr’ r;ak fmd;a m%ldylfhda
fld<U’
iqux.,‛ ;,x.,af,a’‛ mßir .eg¨j iy mßir ixrCIKh ms<sn|
fn!oaO wdl,amh’ fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh’ fld<U’ 2001’
iquKfcda;s‛ jdßhfmd,’‛ udkisl iqjh ms<sn| fn!oaO yd ngysr
ufkdaúµd;aul wdl,amh’ l;_D m%ldYkhls’ 2003’
iqukfialr nKavd‛ i'c’‛ nqÿka ÿgq rÿka’ weia’f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda’ urodk’ 2001
isßiquk ysñ’ yE’ nqÿrÿkaf.a b.ekaùfï l%u Ys,am’ mshisrs m%skag¾ia
2001
fiakdër‛ .=Kmd,’‛ wfidal isß;’ .=Kfiak iy iud.u’ fld<U’
fyÜáwdrÉÑ‛ O¾ufiak’‛ rdcH md,khg fn!oaO Wmfoia’ ohdjxY
iy chfldä iy iud.u’ fld<U’ 2005’
fyÜáwdrÉÑ‛ O¾ufiak’‛ uq,a nqÿiufhka fy<sjk fn!oaO wd¾Ól
o¾Ykh’ wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïk;=j’ fld<U’ 1994’
fyÜáwdrÉÑ‛ O¾ufiak’‛ fn!oaO iudc úµd m%fõYh’ weia’f.dvf.a
iy ifydaorfhda’ urodk’ 2001’

Yío fldaI
mdßNdIsl Yío ud,dj- ufkdaúµdj’ wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=j 1993’ msg 144
 320

uQ¾;s ufkdaúµd Yío fldaIh isudiys; lreKdr;ak iy m%;%fhda

fld<U’ 1991 msg 194
u,,fialr’Ô’mS’‛ bx.%Sis isxy, Yío fldaIh’ .=Kfiak iud.u’
15 jk uqøKh 1989
isxy, fn!oaO úYaj fldaIh’ m<uq jeks ldKavh’ ^w-wß& O¾u
.fõIk m¾Ioh’óf.dv m[a[df,dal ysñ’ 2002’
isxy, fn!oaO úYaj fldaIh’fojekss ldKavh’ ^wß-´>& O¾u
.fõIk m¾Ioh’óf.dv m[a[df,dal ysñ’ 2002’

iÕrd
oyï wud fn!oaO lghq;= fomd¾;fïk;=j 1994
ÈkñK fjila l,dmh 1996
.=Kfiak fjila l,dmh 2512 ^1968&
iïNdId‛ wOHdmk wud;HxYfha msßfjka YdLdj 11 fj¿u 2000’
fjila yv iÕrdj jd¾Isl fn!oaO ifydaor ix.uh mdkÿr 2002
m%nqoAO’ w;smQcH Wvq.u Y%S nqoaOrCÅ; wkqkdysñ wNskkaok Ydia;%Sh
ix.%yh -
ixialdrl- wdKuvqfõ Oïuoiais ysñ’ 1999’
m%nqoaO’ -2 w;smQcH Wvq.u Y%S nqoaOrCÅ; uykdysñ wNskkaok
Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh -
ixialdrl- wdKuvqfõ Oïuoiais ysñ’ 2000’

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 337

Sambhasha- An Educational Magazine. Published thrice a year by

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Ethics and Peace Psychology: A Dialogue. Volume 11, Number 1, 2005.
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The Students Sanskrit English Dictionary- V.S. Apte. Motilal Banarasidas .
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Encyclopedia of Buddhism (Vol-1 to Vol VI)– Editor in chief, W.G.
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 338

Websites
http://www.apa.org
http://www.webmaster/edu/peacepsychology

mo újrKh

wlafldaO - fl%daO ke;s nj’

w.dO ufkdaúµdj - wú{dkljQ fõ.j;a ffp;kH l%shdldßJjh‛
ms<s.;a uQ, i;Hhla f,ii ks.ukh lrkakdjQ ´kEu
ufkdaúµdjla’
w–cj - RcqNdjh‛ wjxlj lghq;= lsÍfï we;s yelshdj
 339

w;a;§m- ;ud ;udg msysgla fldg úiSu

w;a; irK - ;ud ;ug irKla fldg úiSu
w;laldjpr - ;¾lhg f.dÿre fkdjk foa
wkd.dñ- fmr< fkdtk‛ ksjka ±lSfï ;=kajk wjia:dfõ isákakd’
ldu Nhkays fï ;ek;a;d h,s fkdWm§’
wka;rd Njh- wka;rd Njh pq;sh;a m%;sikaêh;a w;r mj;akd
njhla f,i ie,fla’
wkqfhdacl yeisÍu- ;u mßirfha yuqjk wjYH;djhkag Wmldr
jkfia hï Ôúfhla olajkq ,nk m%;spdrd;aul yeisÍï
wkqj¾;kh - fofofkl= fyda fomsßila w;r mj;akd is;=ú,s‛ ye.zSï
yd ufkdaNdjhkaf.a <Õ in|;dj’ iajdmkh lrkakd;a iajdmkhg
m;ajk ;eke;a;d;a w;r we;s b;d ±ä in|;dj’ frda.shd;a
ffjµjrhd;a w;r we;s ino;dj
wmi¾ckh - Ñ;a; fõ.h we;s l< W;amdol wjia:dj .ek
fufkys lr Ñ;a;fõ.
wmrdO ufkdaúµdj - wmrdO iy wmrdOlrejka ms<sn|
ufkdaúµd;aul lreKq wOHhkh lrK ufkdaúµdxYh’
wNsjdys - msg;ska fud,h lrd mKsúv f.k hkakdhq ixfõol‛
iakdhq moaO;sfha uOh fldgi foig iïfm%aIKh jk iakdhq
wdfõ.h ms<sn|jQ
wd;;sfhka ñ§u‛ fuh ufkdaúYaf,aIKjd§ka wkq.ukh l< m%;sldr
ms<Sfj<ls’
wjm%udK ufkdaúµdj- iajNdúlFjfhka fjkajQ – udkisl
iajNdhkays yd yeisÍfuys m%;súreoaO yd wijia: l%shdldßFjhka
mÍCId lrK ufkdaúµdxYh’
wú–cd - wúµdj fkd±kSu‛ i;H jgyd fkd.ekSu
wix{;dj - ixfõ§h yeÕSï .ekSfuys fkdyels lu’ hula m%;HCI
lr .ekafuys fkdyelslu
wx.k NS;sldj - újD; ia:dkhla flfrys we;s Ns;sldj
wdkdmdki;s - wdk - wdmdk - wdkdmdk‛ yqiau .ekSu fy,Su
ms<sn| mj;ajk i;shhs’
wdfmda - wef,k nef|k je.sfrk .;sh’
wdh;k - wei" lk‛ kdih‛ Èj‛ uki hk fm!oa.,sl‛ ^w–c;a;sl&
wdh;k iho‛ rEm‛ Yío‛ .FO‛ ri‛ iam¾Y‛ is;=ú,s hk ndysr
wdh;k yho fuhska woyia lrKQ ,efí’
wj{dkh -hgis;’ wj{dksl ffp;kH l%shdj,sh i|yd jQ iduQysl
kduhla’ Wvq is;g tl t,af,a fkd±kS l%shd lrK ffp;kH wxYh’
wdfõok- woyilg fyda woyia iuQyhlg iïnFO ´kEu j¾.hl
fõokhla’
wiudfhda.h -mqoa.,hd uqyqK foñka isák úi|d .; fkdyels
ÿIalr ;;aFjhka’
bâ ixialdrh -uQ,sl ldhsl udkuisl wjYH;djh ms<sn| Ñ;a;
wxY=j’ wdÈl,ams; wjYH;djkaf.a yÈis mskùu flfrys
 340

fhduqjkakdjq‛ f;areula ke;s wl;Dl‛ ffki¾.sl wdfõ.hla mek

keÕS tkakdjq ffp;kH wxYh’ fuh o< is; hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ’
bämia - iqm%lg .%Sl mqrdK l:Djla yuqjk tkï pß;h’
uõmshkaf.a f;dr;=re lsisjla fkdokakd bämia frlaia keu;s rc
l=urd fkd±k mshd urd uj irK mjd .;af;ah’ fm%dhsâ fuh
y÷kajkafka <ud úfha úYaj jHdma; w;a±lSuls’ uj iuÕ ,sx.sl
iïnFOhla we;slr .ekSu iïnFOfhka orefjl= ;=< we;s wjfrdaê;
wdYdj’ fuh úfYaI fldg olajd we;af;a msßñ <ufhal= tyqf.a uj
flfrys we;s we,u iïnFOfhks’
taldhk - folg fkdfn§ hk ud¾.h’ i¾j{hka
jykafia úiskau fidhd .;a O¾u ud¾.h’ nqoaO Ydikfha muKla
,efnk ud¾.h’ tl,du hdhq;= ud¾.h’ tlu ksjkg jefjk
ud¾.h takdhk fõ’
tald.%;dj - tlÕ lsÍu » iSudiys ; wruqKla flfrys fyda
wruqKla ms<Sn| wxYhla flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlsÍu’
taysmiaisl - weú;a n,kak, újD;j ;sfnkakd nqoaO O¾uh ´keu
wfhl=g weú;a úuid ne,sh yels njh’
WÉf–ojdoh - iFjhd fï Njfhka u jefiahhso‛ bkau;= bm§ula
ke;ehs hk woyi
WoÉp l=lal=Ép - fkdikaiqka nj iy ielh
Wmlalsf,ai- is; miqmi .uka fldg is; ¥Is; njg ls,sá njg
m;a lrKq ,nkafka Wmlsf,aihka úisks’ is; fkdfhla wdldrfhka
ls,sgg m;a lrKq ,nkafka Wmlsf,aihka úisks’
Wmdodk - ±ä fldg .ekSu
Wmd¾ckh- ,nd .ekSu » tl;= lr .ekSu » ufkdaúµdfjys fuu
jpkh fhfokqfha bf.k .ekSug fyda mßK; Ndjhg fyda ta
folgu iïnFOjh’
WfmlaLd - ueoy;anj » iem fyda ÿla fyda fkdjk fõokdj
WNhdj¾;kh - wka;¾j¾;kh yd nysrj¾;kh w;r iunr;djh
ms<Sn| m%jK;dj- fï pß; .ek cqkaf.a ufkdaúµdfjys ths’
ld¾ñl ufkdaúµdj - ufkdaúµd;aul l%u ixl,am yd m%;s m;a;s
uÕska yd ldrñl .eg¿ ms<sn| jq úµd;aul mßCIKh’
l=re rg - W;=re bkaÈhdfõ oekg È,a,s m%foaYfha hkq
mreKs l=re
rgh’
f.Iagd,ag ufkdaúµdj - udkisl l%shd ika;;Ska iy p¾hdj
uQ,Od;= tallhka jYfhka lsisÿ b;sßhla ke;sj úYaf,aIKh
fkdl< yelsh hk u;h uQ,sla fldg.;a ufkdaúµd úIh fCIa;%h’
p¾hdjdoh - Ôùkaf.a yeisÍu mÍCIdfldg ta wkjq ufkdaúµd;aul
kHdhhka f.dv keÕSu wkq.ukh lrk ufkdaúµd úIh’
fÉ;kd - is;=ú,a, woyi
 341

ck ufkdaúµdj - ÈhqKqfjka wvq ck;djka ms<sn| fyda lshúh

fkdyels ck;djka ms<sn| ufkdaúµdj$ úfYaIfhka ñksia j¾.hl
fyda iuQyhl p¾hdj ms<sn| úia;rd;aul wOHhkhla’
[dK oiaik - kqjKska ±lSu
;:d.; - i;Hhg (;:hg) meñKs ^wd.;& ;ek;a;d‛ i;Hh
fidhd .;a ;ek;a;d‛ nqÿka jykafia ;uka ±laùfï§ fï jpkh
fh¥ fial’
;m - ;mi‛ flf,ia ;jk wdldrh -
f;afcda - iS;, WKqiqï nj
oyr ufkdaúµdj - Wm;;a tla wjqreÿ úh;a w;r jQ orejd ms<sn|
lreKQ yodrK ufkdaúµd fCIA;%h’
ÿiaiudOdkh - Èkm;d mßirh uÕska tk .g¿ ksrdlrKh lr
.ekSug wiu;anj’
Oïuúph - O¾uh fiùu
O¾u úch - O¾ufhka ,nk ch.%yKhka
kSjrK - ndOd muqKQjk
kshqfrdaIshdj - iakdhq moaO;sh iïnFO frda.hla-
máfida;.dó - Wvq.x n,d hkakd- fmdÿ ms<sfj;g fjkiaj hkfoa’
mGú- ;o nj - l¾lI njh’
mruF: - mru i;Hh
m¾fhaIK ufkdaúµdj - m¾fhaIK l%u uÕska ufkdaúµd;aul
O¾u;djka mÍCId lsÍu- l%udKQl+,j fhdokq ,enQ ufkdaúµd
m¾fhaIKhla l%u yd m%;sM,’
mrdfrdamkh - yqre mqreÿ mqoa.,hka wjia:djka kqmqreÿ fia yeÕShu
fyda Tjqka jrojd yªkd .ekSu-
miaioaê- úY%duh
mqoa., ufkdaúµdj - pß; jd¾;d yd pß; iajNdjhkays j¾.hka‛
m%udKhka fya;= yd m%;sM, ms<sn| l%u ie,ls,a,g .ksñka mqoa.,hd
iïnFOfhka lrKq ,nk iúia;r ufkdaúµd;aul wOHhkh’ fuu
ufkdaúµd iïm%odh wdrïN fldg jeä ÈhqKQ lrK ,oafoa fm%dhsâg
iuld,Sk we,am%â weâ,¾ keu;s ufkdaúµd{hd úisks’
m%cdkkh - ;¾lkh‛ úksYaph‛ f;areï .ekSu‛ jegySu‛ hk ±kSu
úúO wdldrfhka ish,a, i|yd fmdÿfõ fhfok mohla’
m%%cdkk ufkdaúµdj hkq fï by; i|yka lreKQ .ek wOHhkh
lsÍuh’
m%;s l%shd ufkdaúµdj- Ôúkaf.a pd,l l%shdldßFjh wjODrKh
lrkakdjQ ufkdaúµdxYh’
m%fõKs ufkdaúµdj - Ôùkaf.a W;am;a;sh j¾Okh iy b;sydih
ms<sn|j yodrkakdjq ufkdaúµd fCIa;%h’
fm%arKh- hï wruqKla uqÿkam;a lr.ekSu yd iïnFOjQ úúO
ud¾.hka ms<sn| wkql+,;d olajk iy tla;dr fldgil
W;af;ackhka flfrys ixfõ§h njla olajk mßÈ udksil
iunr;djh fjkia lsÍu úiska we;s lrk ,o m%jK;djla’
 342

fn!oaO ufkdaúµdj- wNsO¾ufhys tk Ñ;a;‛ ffp;isl‛ rEm‛

ksíndk hk lreKQ .ek wOHhkh fukau uki iy ta ms<sn|
fn!oaO ú.%yh fõ’
NsCLQ - iir ìh olakd fyhska fhda.djprhd NsClQ kïfõ’
ukisldr - is;g .ekSu‛ fufkys lsÍu wruqKq lsÍu
uydN+; rEm - mGú‛ wdfmda‛ f;afcda‛ jdfhda hk i;r
udk - Wv.=lu
uydhdk- uy ßh‛ uy uÕ‛ miql,l we;sù cmdkh‛ fldßhdj‛
áfnÜ hk rgj, wkq.ukh lrK fn!oaO iïm%odh
uyd i;smÜGdk iQ;%h - §> kskdfha uyd j¾.fhys 22 fjks
iQ;%hhs’
uqÈ;d - wkqkaf.a oshqKQj ±l i;=gqùu’
fudapkh - wmyiq;djhkag wjxlj uqyqKQ§fuka yd w;S; isoaëka
h<s fufkys lr .ekSfuka‛ ldudYdjkaf.ka yd wd;;sfhka ñ§u’
fuh ufkdaúYaf,aIKjd§kaf.a m%;sldr l%uhls’ m%;sldr l%uh
wmi¾ckh hkqfjka ye¢kajqk w;r ta l%ufha m%;sM,h f,i
±lajQfha fudapkhhs’
fuday - fudavlu
jdfhda - msïufnk nj ief<k nj
ú>gkh - lsishï wdldrhl iïnFO;djhla ì|jeàu isysh
fjkiaùu’
úÑlsÉPd - ielh
ú[a[dK - is;
úmßKdu - fjkiaùu
úmiaikd - kqjKska úuid h:d¾:h ±lSu-
úNj - Njhkaf.a úkdYh
úrd. - we,afuka f;dr nj‛ ;DIAKdfjka ksoyia nj‛
úiu;dj - wiudklu
úYdoh - wªre is;=ú,s ms<sn| jQ fyda is£.sh wNs,dIhka ms<Sn|jQ
fyda hï úFYaI j¾.hl W;af;achkag fyda hï W;af;ckhlg
,xúh fkdyelslu ms<sn| jq fyda udkisl ;;aJjhka‛ fuh fndfyda
udkisl wl%u;djkaysS olakg ,efnk frda. ,CIKhls’ tfy;a lsisÿ
udkisl wms<sfj,la ke;s mqoa.,hka ;=<o úYdoh we;súh yelsh’
úiauD;sh - u;l wvqlu‛ isysl< hq;= ;ekl§ w;S; w;a±lSï
isyshg kÕd .ekSfuys we;s fkdyelshdj’
úYaf,aIKh - hï úIhla ms<sn| j¾.SlrKh fldg is;Sfuka fyda
fN!;sl jYfhka fldgia j,g lvd fyda úIh ms<sn| wOHhkh
l=vd tallhkag fnod lrf.k hkq ,nk wOHhkh’
jHjydßl ufkdaúµdj - úúO ufkdaúµdxYhkays l%u yd m%;sM,
tÈfkod Ôú;fha jHjydßl .eg¨j,g iïnFO lsÍug mÍCId lsÍu
ms<sn|j ufkdaúµdj’
 343

jHqy ufkdaúµdj - w;ayod ne,Sï yd w;a±lSï wdOdr lrf.k

wka;rdjf,dalk l%uh uÕska udkisl ;;aFjhka yd tys wvx.=oE
uQ,sl jia;= ud;%hkag fnod úYaf,aIkh lsÍfï ium%odh’
il%sh Ñls;aidj - úfrdaO;d uev meje;aùug we;eï úg fhdokq
,nk ufkdaúYaf,aIKd;aul úê;%uhls’
i;a;dkx úiqoaêh - i;aj ika;dk.; 1500 la muK jQ flf,ia
u, fidod yer mú;%ùu
iïm%cdkkh - hula ms<sn| iú{dkl nj‛ hï wruqKla fyda
l%shdjla yeÕSfuka hq;=j lsÍu’
ixfCIamKh- isyskfha tla isoaêhla wvq lsÍu fyda jeä lsÍu‛
wú{dKfha l%shdj,ska folla fyda Bg jeä.Kkla ksfhdackh lrkq
msKsi w¨;au udkisl ls%hdj,shla ieliSu’
ixúcdkh - ixcdkkh ms<sn| wjidk wjia:dj‛ meyeÈ<s
ixcdkkh’
ixidr - kej; kej; bm§u
ilaldhÈÜÀ - ;udh ke;fyd;a wd;auh hk jerÈ ±lSu
i[a[d - ye¢kSu‛ ixcdkkh
idxØIaál ufkdaúoHdj - ufkdaikaOdrh ms<sn|‛ w;a±lSï úIh
m%udKh fyda mj;sk lreKq ms<sn| ú.%y lsÍu yd wmg olskakg
mq¿jka lrrKQ j,g muKla ufkdaúoHdfõ ld¾hh iSudjkafkah
hk u;h’
iajmak ú.%yh- isysk ú.%y lsÍu ms<sn|j ufkdaúYaf,aIkjd§ka
wkq.ukh l< uq,sl Ys,amS O¾uh‛ m%Odk jYfhka ksoyia
ix>gkh uÕska isyskfha úúO wxYhka ú.%y lsÍu’
iajhx úf¾pkh - iajlSh w;a±lSï fyda idudkH yeÕSï ,sùu uÕska
wú{dKl Ñ;a; mSvdjka úf¾pkh lsÍug mqoa.,hd Wkkaÿ lrjkq
,nk ufkdam%;sdlr l%uhla’
i;s - isysh
i;smÜGdk - isysh tla wruqKl ;nd .ekSu’
iuÔú;ld - wh fkdblaudj jeh lrñka iu f,i Ôj;aùu‛
iú{dkl - mßirhg wjYh mßÈ m%;sl%shd ±laùug yelsjQ‛
wjOdkfhka hqla;‛ ±kqï f;areï we;s‛ udkisl fyda ffp;isl‛
ufkdaúYaf,aIKjd§kaf.a fn§u wkqj ukfia iú{dkl ;,h
ms<sn|jQ’
iiai;jdo - fkdkefikiq¨ wd;auhla we;s hk jrÈ is;=ú,a,’
idfmaCI - ;j fohlg fyda foaj,g iïnFO’
idfmaCI;djdoh - ksrfmaCI wjldYhla fyda ld,hla fyda úYajfha
ke;af;ah hk jdoh’
idudkH ufkdaúµdj - idudkH jYfhka mqoa.,hka ms<sn| lreKQ
yodrK ufkdaúµd fCIA;%h’
fidal mßoaojkdx - fodaI uQ, foisf;È yg.kakd jQ fYdalh yd
yeãu
 344

p;a;dfrda i;smÜGdkd ldh‛ fõokd‛ Ñ;a;‛ Oïu‛ hk wruqKq

i;frys tlaúis whqrlska isysh meje;aùfï ud¾. i;rls’
fida;dmkak - fidajdka ksjka ±lSfï m<uq mshjrg meñKsu
iudfhda.h - yß .eiaiSu‛ iliaùu‛ ms<sj,g isàu’
ySkhdk - iq¿ ßh » iq¿ u.Z » nqoaOO¾ufha wd§u iïm%odhhka
±laùug uydksldhlhka fhdok kuls’
ysiaàßhdj - udhd frda.h » w>d ;h » Nardka ;sh » wdfõ.Sh
wkql%u ;d wd§ ,CIK /ila t<solajk udkisl wms<sfj,’

Glossary

 Abhidhamma higher dhamma third division of the Theravada and

Mahayana schools. It is largely a commentary on the sermons or
sutras and subjects them to analysis. Philosophical and
psychological, it contains an entire system of mind training
 345

 Achievement motive the need to attain some standard of

excellence
 Action therapy Any therapy designed to bring about direct
changes in troublesome thoughts, habits, feelings, or behavior,
without seeking insight into their origins or meanings
 Adamma evil, wrong, unjust, immoral
 Adaptation a change in sensitivity in response to a constant
unchanging level of stimulation
 Adinava evil consequence, danger, un satisfactoriness
 Adhisila-sikkha Training in higher morality
 Adjustment the psychological processes through which people
manage or cope with the demands and challenge of everyday life
 Affliction The six major afflictions are greed, hatred, ignorance,
conceit, opinion atedness, and suspicion.
 Aggression any act intended to cause pain, damage or suffering to
another person
 Ahimsa (no harming) abstention from harmful action, thoughts and
words. An important discipline (yama) in Yoga, Buddhism and
Jainism.
 Ajahn this pronunciation for the Sanskrit acharya (teacher) in the
Thai Buddhist order a meditation master
 Akusala ―Unwholesome ―are all those karmical volitions
(kammacetana)and the conscious and mental concomitants
associated therewith, which are accompanied either by greed
(lobha) or hate (dosa) or merely Delusion (moha) and all these
phenomena are causes of unfavourable Karma results and contain
the sees of unhappy destiny or rebirth.
 Alcoholism a chronic progressive disorder marked by a growing
compulsion to drink and impaired control over drinking that
eventually interfere with health and social behavior
 All or-nothing thinking classifying objects or events as absolutely right
or wrong, good or bad, acceptance or un acceptance and so forth.
 Alms –giving -dana
 Amnesia the partial or total loss of memory serious enough to be
considered abnormal
 Anagami ―non returner, the third stage in the realization of nirvana
 Anagarika homeless one who enters the homeless (monastic) life
without formally being ordained as a monk
 Anal stage from about 18 months to three years psychosexual
stage when the anus is the primary source of sensual pleasure.
 Ananda a cousin of the Buddha, the brother of Devadatta one of
the ten great disciples of the Buddha, Ananda accompanied the
Buddha for more than twenty years and was the masters favorite
disciple. He attaned arhanthood after the demise of the Buddha
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under the guidance of Mahakasyapa, he was famed for his

excellent memory and recited the sutra pitaka
 Anapanasati mindfulness of in and out breathing, a form of
meditation
 Anathapindika another name for sudatta who lived at Sravasti,
India during the time of the Buddha, he was wealthy and often
denoted food and clothing to orphans and old people, hence he
was called anathapindika or one who takes care of widows and
orphans, he presented Buddha with the Jetavana vihara (jeta grove
or garden and Buddha stay 19 rainy seasons at jetha temple
 Anatta no soul , no self
 Angulimala there are many stories about angulimala, some stories
says that his teacher ask him to killed a hundred people (some
sources says one thousand) and cut off his religious practice. He
had killed ninety nine people and was about kill his mother for the
hundredth when he met the Buddha who instructed him and
converted him to Buddhism, Angulimala Paritta is very famous and
chant in the occasion or before the child birth in Buddhist worlds
 Anicca impermanent
 Anima according to Jung the archetype representing feminine side
of male
 Animus in Jung‘s theory the archetype representing the masculine
side of females
 Anxiety (1) Freud‘s theory the fear or apprehension that alerts the
ego to danger (2) a feeling of dread, apprehension or fear
accompanied by heightened physiological arousal
 Anxiety Disorder any disorder in which anxiety becomes so
severe that it interferes with daily life
 Anusaya- The unconscious mind, latent, underlying conditioning,
dormanant mental impurity.
 Aphasia A disruption in the ability to produce or understand
languages
 Aranya a small Buddhist temple or retreat place usually located in
a forest or on a mountain
 Archetypes Jung‘s term for myths, dreams symbols and other
ideas and images that are common to all human beings and that
form the collective unconscious
 Arhat a Buddhist saint one who has attained enlightenment and is
no longer subject to death and rebirth and one who is free from all
fetters, defilements and impurities through the realization of Nirvana
in the fourth and final stage, and who is free from rebirth
 Arousal physical excitement the physiological changes that are
part of the emotion
 Asana (seat, posture) the seat on which the Yogin or Yogini is
seated posture which is the third limb (anga) of Patanjali‘s eight fold
path Yoga
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 Asava Fluxes, taints of mind , cankers, corruption, biases. There

are four taints, the taint of sense desire(kamasava) of desire for
continued existence(bhavasava) of wrong views(ditthasave) and
ignorance(avijjasava), A saint is frequently called one who has
eradicated the taints(khinasava)
 Asita- A hermit-sage of Kapilavastu, india. According to the
scriptures, when Prince Siddharatha born kind Suddhodana asked
Asita to examine the new born child‘s physiognomy.
 Asoka india‘s foremost royal; patron of Buddhism and first monarch
to rule over a united India, Emperor of India founder of the Maurya
Dynasty, a great Buddhist ruler who was converted to Buddhism
from Hinduism after a long period of wars of conquest. He
abolished wars in his empire restricted hunting and killing for food,
built hospitals for man and beast and engraved on rocks and pillars
throughout the empire his famous edicts, setting forth the moral
precepts of Buddhism. He sent his son mahinda and daughter
sangamittra to Sri Lankan where they converted the ruler and
people to Buddhism. He held the third Buddhist council and spread
Buddhism throughout India and Southeast Asia and into some area
of western Asia.
 Atmosphere Effect is deducting reasoning an error in which the
presence of ― some versus all‖ words in the premises suggests
accepting invalid conclusions containing the same words
 Attachments the emotional bond that develops between infant and
caregivers providing the infant with emotional security
 Atta-kilamatha ‗Self mortification is one of the two extremes to be
avoided, the other extreme being addiction to sensual pleasure
(kama-sukha) Whilst the noble 8 fold path constitutes the Middle
path(majjima patipada)
 Attanga Sila The eight precepts‘ observed by Buddhist devotees in
Theravada countries on full moon days, and during periods of strict
meditation.
 Attitude an evaluative response to a particular objects idea person
or group of people
 Authenticity in Carl Roger‘s term, the ability of a therapist to be
genuine and honest about his or her own feelings
 Auto-Genic Training techniques that induces relaxation by self
suggestion and imagery
 Aversion therapy a behavioral therapy techniques that relies on
punishment and negative reinforcement
 Aversive conditioning the form of learning based on aversive
stimuli, including escape learning avoidance learning and
punishment learning
 Avidya (ignorance) spiritual nescience, which is the root of all
human suffering and the cause of one‘s bondage to egoic state of
consciousness
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 Ayatana- “sphere‘ six internal sphere: eye, ear, nose, tongu, body,
and mind, Six external spheres: visible form, sound, odour, taste,
tangible things and mind-object ( ideas, thoughts, conceptions)
 Basic anxiety Horney‘s term for the anxiety that arises out of a
child‘s sense of helplessness and isolation
 Basic needs the physiological needs in Maslow‘s hierarchy
 Behavior Therapy an approach to psychotherapy in which
psychological problems are regarded as learned response and the
primary target of therapy is the problem behavior itself
 Behaviorism a psychological school that focuses on observable
measurable behavior and assets that learning is the key factor in
human psychology
 Behavior modification the application of learning principles to change
human behavior especially maladaptive behavior.
 Bhavana Meditation, mental culture, Mental development, meditation, the
two division of bhavana are the development of tranquility ( samatha –
Bhavana) corresponding to concentration of mind (Samadhi) and the
development of wisdom (panna) development of Samatha will lead to the
states of mental absorption; development of vipassana will lead to
liberation.
 Bhikku Buddhist monk,
 Bibliotherapy Therapy based on information presented in a book.
 Bimbisara- King of Magadha at the time of the Buddha, built the
city of Rajagraha, Bihar, India.
 Bio feedback a techniques for gaining control over physiological
function by monitoring a continues flow of information about the
function
 Bio-genic theory. theory that all abnormal behavior has a physical
cause
 Bio psychosocial Model the idea that physical illness is caused by
a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and socio cultural
factors.
 Birth Cohort Theory the theory that crowded birth groups
increases the social and economic stress on their members leading
to an increase in stress related disorders
 Bodh Gaya a place near the bank of the Niranjana River in Central
India (Bihar) where the Buddha attained enlightenment. It came to
be regarded as a holy place by Hindus in later days. Bodh Gaya is
located near the town of Gaya, which can be easily reached by
overnight express train from Calcutta. The Maha Bodhi temple
(located on the very spot where the Buddha achieved
enlightenment) and the Bodhi Tree are today under Buddhist Hindu
management, There is a train named Maha Bodhi Express daily
goes from Delhi to Gaya.
 Bodhi Enlightenment the state of enlightenment or liberation
(moksha)
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 Bodhi sattva enlightenment being in Mahayana Buddhism the

spiritual practitioner who has vowed to commit himself or herself to
the liberation of all beings
 Bojjhanga The 7 factors if enlightenment are minduflness(sati
sambojjhanga) Investigation of the law (dhammavicaya)Energy
(Viriya , padana) Rapture (piti) tranquility (passaddhi) Concentration
(Samadhi) Equanimity (upekkha)Because they lead to
Enlightenment, therefore they are called Factors of enlightenment
 Brahma the Creator God of the famous medieval Hindu tried if
deities, which is known as Trimurti the other two are Vishnu (as
preserver) and Siva (as destroyer) Brahma must be carefully
distinguished from Brahman which is the eternal impersonal
foundation of existence transcending all deities
 Brahmacarya (brahmic conduct) the practice of chastity in
thought word and deed, which is regarded as one of the
fundamental moral discipline (yama)of Yoga
 Brahma Vihara the 4 sublime or Divine Abodes also called 4
boundless states (appamanna) are loving kindness(metta)
Compassion (karuna) Altruistic (or sympathetic joy (mudita)
Equanimity (upekkha)
 Brahmana (1) a member of the priestly class of Hindu society, a
Brahmin (ii) a type of ritual text explaining the hymns of the Vedas
as they are relevant to the sacrificial ritualism of the Brahmins
 Brain the master control center for all human activities
 Brief Psychodynamic therapy a modern therapy based on psychoanalytic
theory but designed to produce insights more quickly.
 Buddha (awakened, Wisdom) title of Gautama founder of Buddhism
 Buddhaghosa a great Buddhist scholar born in India early fifth century
A.D., who translated Sinhalese commentaries into Pali and wrote Visuddhi
Magga (path of purification)
 Case Study a method of collecting data in which researchers
conduct an intensive investigation of an individual or small group
sometimes over a period of time
 Buddhi (awareness, wisdom) the higher, intuitive mind, or faculty
of wisdom, this term is also used to denote ―thought‖ or ―cognition‖
 Catharsis the release of emotional tension
 Central Nervous system the brain and spinal cord
 Cerebellum the part of the brain that is involved with posture
movements balance and fine motor control
 Cetana Volition will, is one of the seven mental factors –(cetasika) (
inseparably bound up with all consciousness, namely sensorial or
mental impression(phassa) feeling (vedana) perception (sanna)
volition (cetana) concentration (Samadhi) vitality (jivita) advertence
(manasikara)
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 Citta (consciousness, mind) the finite mind, psyche or

consciousness, which is dependent on the play of attention
 Cittanupassana – ‗the contemplation of (the state of mind)
 Clang Association an illogical speech pattern characteristics of
schizophrenics in which words are used together simply because
they rhyme or sound similar
 Classical conditioning a type of learning in which a neutral
stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was
originally evoked by another stimulus
 Client Centered Therapy a non-directive humanistic therapy that
encourage people to clarify their feelings and value their experience
and based on insights gained from conscious thoughts and feelings
emphasizes accepting one‘s true self.
 Clinical Psychologist a mental health professional who has
completed a doctorate (PhD) or Psy.D) in clinical psychology and a
one year clinical internship
 Clinical Psychology the branch of psychology involving the study
diagnose and treatment of mental and behavior disorders
 Cognition all the ways of using one‘s store of knowledge in order
to plan something in the imagination, usually in the hope of solving
a problem
 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy an approach to behavioral therapy
that place emphasis on the role of cognition in changing
maladaptive behavior an attempt to change the way people think
about themselves and the world
 Cognitive dissonance an unpleasant state of arousal created
when a person becomes aware of inconsistency among his or her
beliefs or between his or her attitude and behavior motivates
person to reestablish consistency by changing either attitude or
behavior
 Cognitive Perspective a psychological school that focuses on the
process of thinking and knowing - cognition
 Cognitive Resources Theory a contingency theory of leadership
that examines the interaction of situation traits and leadership style
 Cognitive Theory a method of cognitive restructuring that helps
people discover for themselves how inappropriate their thoughts
have been
 Cognitive therapy a therapy directed at changing the maladaptive
thoughts, believes, and feelings that underlie emotional and behavioral
problems.
 Compassion active sympathy, the outstanding quality of all Bodhisattvas
and Buddha‟s. Compassion extends itself without distinction of all sentient
beings. Compassion (karuna) must be accompanied by wisdom (prajna) in
order to have the right effect.
 Concepts the ideas underlying categories for grouping items
according to their shared properties
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 Conditioned aversion a learned dislike or conditioned negative emotional

responses to particular stimulus.
 Conditional Positive Regard Rogers term for the withholding of
love and praise when a child fails to meet parental or social
standards
 Conditional Response (CR) a response that through asociation is
evoked by the conditioned stimulus in clasical
conditioning
 Conditional Stimulus (CS) a formerly neutral stimulus that are
through association, evokes a response normally evoke a
responsive normally evoked by the unconditional stimulus in
classical conditioning
 Confrontation in existential therapy, the process of confronting
clients with their own values and with the need to take responsibility
for the quality of their existence
 Consciousness all mental experience whether or not we are
aware of them
 Consulting the providing of expert advice usually for a fee
 Consumer Psychology the branch of psychology that studies
consumer ‗s preferences buying habits and response to
advertisements
 Control Group the group of subjects in an experiments who are
exposed to all the same factors as the experimental subjects
excepts the experimental condition
 Convert reinforcement Using positive imagery to reinforce desired
behavior
 Coping the process of managing external and internal pressure in
a way that diminishes stress
 Counseling Psychology the sub fields of clinical psychology that
deals with less severe behavioral disorders and emotional
problems
 Cross-sectional Study a study in which subjects are divided into
subgroups on the basis of some variable then each subgroup is
assessed regarding one or more other variables
 Crowding the psychological experience of distress that arises from
the perception of restricted space
 Cultural skilled therapists a therapist who has the awareness,
knowledge, and skills necessary to treat client‟s from diverse cultural
backgrounds.
 Dana charity-alms giving, liberality, offering “he who gives alms, bestows
a four fold blessing, he helps to long life, good appearance, happiness and
strength, therefore long life, good appearance, happiness and strength will
be his share,
 Death Anxiety fear and apprehension about one‘s own death
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 Death, Freedom, Isolation, Meaninglessness the universal

challenges of existence, an awareness that each of us will die, the
responsibility that comes with freedom to choose, the fact that each
person is ultimately isolated and alone in his or her private and the
reality that meaning must be created in life.
 Defense Mechanism irrational techniques used by the ego to
reduce anxiety – excluding the source from consciousness or
distorting it
 Delusion an irrational belief that is maintained despite
overwhelming evidence that is has no basis in reality
 Demonology- In medieval Europe, the study of demons and the
treatment of persons ―possesses‖ by demon
 Dependent Origination fundamental Buddhist doctrine of the
interdependence of things. It teaches that all beings and
phenomena exist or occur only because of their relationship with
other beings or phenomena the doctrine of twelve linked chain of
causation is a well known illustration.
 Depressive Realism the pattern of thought linked to depression in
which self serving positive biases are absent
 Depth Perception the ability to recognize distances between
objects (relative distance) and from the observer to objects
(absolute distance)
 Developmental Psychology the study of psychological change
throughout life
 Dhammapada the path or way of the Buddha‘s dhamma or
teaching. The most famous scripture in the Pali canon. It is one of
the fifteen books of the khuddaka Nikaya and it is made up of some
423 verses arranged by topic into 26 chapters. These verses are
description of the way to live, the life of meditation and the practice
of reason and intelligence.
 Dhyana (meditation) Meditative absorption, or contemplation, the
seventh limb (anga) of Patanjali‘s eight fold Yoga, which is
understood as a deepening of concentration
 Diagnose distinguishing one illness from another
 Directive therapy Any approach in which the therapist provides
strong guidance.
 Displacement (1) newly arriving information displace or bumps out
of short term memory traces of previous information (2) the ability
to refer to anything not actually present like past and future
 Dosa anger, hatred, ill-will
 Dream analysis A psychotherapeutic techniques in which the
therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client‘s dreams
 Dream symbols images in dream whose personal or emotional
meaning differ from their literal meanings
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 Drive a motivate state resulting from physiological deficits or needs

that instigate behaviors to reduce those needs
 Dukkha term used in Buddhist tradition for one of the three
characteristic marks of existence. Variously translate into English
as ‗ suffering‘ ‗ill‘ ‗evil‘ ‗un satisfactoriness and ‗unrest‘ the term
covers all these meanings. The affirmation that all human existence
is characterized by dukkha (suffering) is the first of the Buddhist
Four Noble truths. Suffering a central concept in Buddhism, which
lies at the root of four Noble Truths. The characteristic of suffering
is one of the three marks of existence 9three Dharma seals)
Dukkha arises because of desire and craving and can be overcome
by the elimination of desires. The means to bring about the
extinction of suffering is shown by the Eightfold Path. The nature of
suffering is described in the first of the Four Noble Truths as follows
― Birth is suffering, aging is suffering, sickness is suffering, dying is
suffering, care, distress, pain, affliction and despair are suffering,
the non-attainment of what one desires is suffering, in short, the
five aggregates connected with attachment are suffering‖
 Ecological Validity a characteristic possessed by studies in which
the subjects behave as they would in real life environments
 Educational Psychology the study of all psychological aspects of
the learning process
 Ego the rational part of the personality that develop to mediate
between the id and reality
 Ego Integrity a sense of the wholeness and meaningfulness of
one‘s life in Eriksson‘s theory, the development of ego integrity is
the major task of later adulthood
 Egocentrism the belief that everyone sees the world and respond
to it exactly as you do
 Ehi passika come and see, a phrase used to describe the teaching
of the Buddha
 Eight Fold Path the fundamental teaching of the Buddha the path
to liberation, 1.Right view, 2.Right thought, 3.Right speech, 4.Right
action, 5.right livelihoods, Right effort, 7 Right mindfulness, 8.Right
concentration‖ the eight items of the path may be classifies under
three headings, the first two under the heading of wisdom and
understanding, the next three under ethical conduct, the last three
under mental discipline. The eight fold path as a basic Buddhist
teaching is emphasizes in the Theravada school, the Mahayana
tradition puts emphasize on the teachings of the Paramitas.
 Ekayano maggo- the sole or only way, the direct or straight path. A
designation of Stipatthana.
 Empathy adopting another‘s frame of reference to understand his
or her point of view
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 Emotion the pattern of responses to an even relevant to needs or

goals including bodily changes impulses to act, thoughts, and
expression
 Encounter group- A group experience that emphasizes intensely honest
interchange among participants regarding feelings and reactions to one
another.
 Environmental Psychology the study of relationship between
people and their physical settings
 Ergotism- A pattern of psychotic like symptoms that accompanies
poisoning by ergot fungus.
 Euthanasia Like almost all other major religions, Buddhism does not
condone any act that results in the deprivation of life of any living beings,
according to Buddhism the whole existence is suffering, of which illness is
only one aspect. Death is only a violent break in the continuous process,
and brings about only a temporary end to suffering which is bound to
recur with the next birth.
 Evolutionary Psychology a field of psychology that examines
behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for member of
a species over the course of many generations
 Existential therapy an insight therapy that focuses on the
elemental problems of existence, such as death, meaning, choice,
and responsibility, emphasizes making courageous life choices
 Expectancy Theory the cognitive theory that sees work motivation
as the result of how attainable workers believe their goals are
 Experimental Psychology the laboratory study sensation,
perception learning memory problem solving communication
emotion and motivation
 Experimenter Effect the phenomenon whereby repeated neutral
encounter with an object produce positive feelings toward that
object
 Expressive Aphasia a condition in which the ability to produce
coherent speech is impaired
 Family system the family as an entire unit, including all its
members, their relationships, and their typical patterns of behavior
 Family therapy Technique in which all family members
participate, both individually and as a group to change destructive
relationships and communication patterns
 Feedback information about the most recent performance that is
used to adjust succeeding performance
 Five Precepts five basic prohibitions binding on all Buddhists,
Traditionally, laymen should observe five precepts 1.not to take life,
2. Not to take what is not given to one, 3. Not to engage in improper
sexual conduct, 4. Not to lie and 5. Not to take intoxicants.
 Fixation the tendency to apply automatically an inappropriate
strategy to a new problem, then rigidly cling to that approach
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 Flooding a behavioral therapy techniques that involves extinction

of a conditional response through continues intense exposure to
the anxiety provoking situation
 Four Noble Truths a fundamental doctrine of Buddhism which
clarifies the cause of suffering and the way to emancipation,
Buddha said to have expounded the Four noble truths in the Deer
Park in Saranath during his first sermon after attaining
Buddhahood, A basic teaching which explains the suffering and the
cause of suffering and the, the means of deliverance there from.
This was one of the first doctrine taught by the Buddha after his
enlightenment. The truths are that 1. All existence entails suffering,
2 suffering is caused by ignorance, which gives rise to desire and
illusion, 3 there is an end to suffering and this state of no suffering
is so called Nirvana and 4. The way to end suffering is thought the
practice of eight fold path.
 Free Association a psychodynamic technique of tapping
unconscious thought by having a person say anything that comes
to mind, with no losses from a presumed reference point
 Free will the presumed ability of humans to freely make choice, and
responsibility, emphasizes making courageous life choices.
 Frequency the number of sound waves or compression and
expression thought by having a person say anything that comes to
mind with no attempts to produce logical coherent explanation
 Frustration interference with nay goal directed activity
 Frustration Aggression hypothesis the proposal that aggression
is always a consequences of frustration and that frustration always
leads to aggression
 Fully functioning the psychological adjustment that results when
people assimilate all their experience into their self concept
 Functional Fixedness the inability to use a familiar object for an
unfamiliar function
 Functionalism a school of thought associated with William James
that emphasis the adaptive ness of human thought and behavior
 Gastric Pertaining to the stomach.
 Gender Identity the inner experience of gender the unchanging
sense of self as male or females
 General Adaptation syndrome a model of the body‘s stress
response consisting of three stages alarm, resistance and
exhaustion
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder a chronic state of diffuse,
unfocused anxiety
 Gestalt School psychologists who believe that a meaningful
overall pattern (gestalt) is perceived before its parts are recognized
 Gestalt Therapy a humanistic therapy that blends humanistic
philosophy and Freudian concepts using therapeutic techniques
that are ruddily different from those of process of rapid cell
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development and focus on immediate experience and awareness to

help clients rebuild thinking, feeling, and acting into connected
wholes, emphasizes the integration of fragmented experience.
 Goal Setting Theory the cognitive theory that sees workers as
motivated by conscious intentions to attain specific goals
 Group therapy A therapy session in which several clients
participate at the same time
 Habituation a simple form of learning in which the response to a
stimulus decrease after lengthy or repeated presentation similar to
―boredom‖
 Hallucination a distortion of sensory perceptions
 Health Psychology the branch of psychology that aims at
understanding the relationship between the mind and the
individual‘s physical condition
 Hierarchy a rank-ordered series of higher and lower amounts, levels,
degrees, or steps.
 Hinayana(small vehicle) the minority school of Buddhism, which
revolves around the ideal of the arhat as opposed to the Bodhisattva in
mayhayana
 Human Factor Psychology the branch of psychology that helps
create designs for machinery and work environmental that are
comfortable, efficient, and appropriate for people
 Humanistic Perspective a psychological school that emphasizes
subjectivity experience and the total human being the individual‘s
freedom of choice and an inherent potential for growth
 Humanistic Theory an approach to psychotherapy in which the
goal is to help clients fulfill their individual human potential
 Hypnosis a social interaction in which a person‘s responses to the
suggestions of another result in altered perceptions memories and
voluntary actions
 Hypothesis a testable prediction –or propositions that attempts to
explain some observed phenomenon
 Hysteria Wild emotional excitability sometimes associated with the
development of apparent physical disabilities [numbness,
blindness, and the like] without known physical cause
 Id the primitive instinctual animal like part of the personality that is
present at birth
 Identity a coherent sense of individuality in Eriksson‘s theory its
development is the major task of adolescence
 Incentives external stimuli that serve as anticipated rewards for
certain behavior
 Incongruence the disparately between one‘s self one‘s self and
one‘s actual experience
 Independent Variable the factor in a research study that is
manipulated by the experimenter to determine its effect
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 Individual therapy A therapy involving only one client and one

therapist.
 Individual Traits Allport ‗s term for unique individual ways of
responding to the world that cannot be measured by tests but only
discerned by studying the person
 Indriya- faculty: here applied to the five faculties of Faith, energy,
mindfulness, concentration and wisdom.
 Industrial Psychology the application of psychological principles
to the performance of organization and of the people who work in
them
 Insanity a legal status indicating that a person cannot be held
responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness
 Insight therapy Any psychotherapy whose goal is to lead clients to
a deeper understanding of their thoughts, emotions, and behavior
 Insomnia the inability to sleep chronic sleeplessness
 Instrumental Conditioning the form of learning in which a
voluntary response is strengthened or diminished by its
consequences also called operant conditioning
 Intelligence general abilities that help people achieve their goals
 Intelligence Quotient (IQ) the ratio of mental age to chronological
age multiple by 100
 Intimacy the ability to commit the self to a close relationship that
demands sacrifice and compromise in Eriksson‘s theory, the
development of intimacy is the major task of young adulthood
 Introspection a technique in which subjects report their own
conscious experience in response to various stimuli
 Introverts people who tend to be preoccupied with the internal
world of their own thoughts, feelings and experience
 Iriyapatha –manasikara- attention directed to the postures; one of
the exercises in Satipatthana Practise.
 Jaina relating to Jainism, the religio-spiritual tradition founded by
Mahavira a contemporary of Gautama the Buddha
 Jhana- : meditative absorption of the mind
 Job Satisfaction the result of the match between what workers
want from a job and what they actually get
 Kalyana-mitta a good friend, who leads you along the right path
 Kama sense-pleasure, desire for sense pleasures
 Kayanupassana- the Contemplation of the body,
 Kaya-sankhara- bodily functions
 Khandha- Component parts of sensory perception: rupa ( physical
phenomena) Vedana ( feelings of pleasure, pain or indifference)
Sanna ( concepts, labels, allusions) sankhara (mental fashionings,
formations, processes), and vinnana( cognizance, consciousness)
 Khanti patience, forbearance, tolerance
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 Kinesthesis the sense that provides information about body

movement and position
 Kisa Gotami Kisa gotami was married to a banker‘s son of
considerable wealth, as a young wife, Kisa gotami was mistreated
by her in laws as a new brides who moved into their husband‘s
home sometimes were. When she gave birth to a son, she finally
received an honorable place among her husband‘s relatives. But
her child dies while still a toddler, and kisagotami, who had never
seen death before, went mad, in her state of insanity kisagotami
took up the dead child and carried him on her hip from house to
house begging for medicine, one kind old man directed her to
Buddha, the Buddha said ‗ Go and bring a mustard seed from a
house where no one had dies‘ hearing his word she immediately
rushed off in the innocent faith that if she brought mustard see to
this enlightened sage, it would be the medicine that could
miraculously bring her child back to life. Kisagotami went from
house to house at each house asking and at each house learning
that there too, son one had died. The truth struck home, her sanity
returned. ‗Little son, she said ‗I thought that death happened to you
alone, but it is not to you alone, then still holding the body of her
child in her arms, she carried him gently to the forest and left him
their and became Buddhist nun.
 Kshatriya a member of the warrior class of Hindu society
 Kundalani The coiled power at the base of the spine, shakti;
cosmic energy
 Kusala wholesome, merit, good karmically wholesome‟ „profitable‟
salutary, morally good, (skillful) connotations of the term, according to the
commentaries good health , blameless, productive of favorable karma-
result, skillful. it should be noted that commentary excludes the meaning
„skilful” when the term is applied
 Large-group awareness training – Any of a number of programs (many
of them commercialized) that claim to increase self-awareness and
facilitate constructive personal change.
 Latency Stage (six to eleven years) Psychosexual stage when
children repress their sexual feelings
 Latent dream content the hidden or symbolic meaning of a dream
as revealed by dream interpretation and analysis.
 Logo therapy- A forms of existential therapy that emphasizes the need to
find and maintain meaning in one‟s life.
 Love a feeling of deep affection for and attachment to another
person
 Lucid Dream a dream in which a person aware that he or she is
dreaming
 Mahayana (great vehicle) the majority branch of Buddhism, which
has its doctrinal core the bodhisattva ideal and the teachings about
emptiness (shunyata)
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 Majjima patipada middle path

 Major Depressive Disorder psychological disorder characterized
by persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest
in previous sources of pleasure
 Manasikara attention
 Manifest dream content- The surface “visible content of a dream, dream
image as they are remembered by the dreamer.
 Marriage the legally and socially sanctioned union of sexually
intimate adults
 Meditation a family of mental exercise in which a conscious
attempt is made focus attention in a no analytical way
 Metta- loving kindness
 Mirror techniques- Observing another person re-enact one‟s own
behavior, like a character in a play designed to help persons to see
themselves more clearly.
 Model a person ( either live or firmed who serves as an example fore
observational leaning or vicarious conditioning
 Modeling a cognitive behavioral techniques in which a person
learns new behavior by watching another person
 Moha ignorance, delusion, illusion
 Mood Disorders a mood swing so intense that it disrupts normal
functioning and causes severe and prolonged distress
 Motivation the process that taken together energize, maintain, and
direct behavior toward goal
 Multiple Personality a rare dissociate disorder in which a person‘s
identity splits into two or more distinctive personalities
 Mudita, sympathetic joy, joy for others‘ success, welfare and
happiness
 Need for Self Actualization the need to fulfill one‘s potential the
highest need in Maslow‘s motivational hierarchy
 Namarupa mental and physical energy
 Nerves pathways containing bundles of fibers that transmit
sensations and other kinds of information to the central nervous
system as well as commands to muscles and glands
 Neurons individual cells that receive, integrate and transmit
information
 Nirvana in Buddhism the transcendence of the ego self. This
condition is occasionally described in positive terms as well as the
attainment of reality untouched by space and time
 Nivarana hindrance, obstruction
 Non-directive therapy A style of therapy in which clients assume
responsibility for solving their own problems; the therapist assists,
but does not guide or give advice
 Norms frequencies with which particular scores are made and
which serve as standards of comparison for test taken
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 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder as anxiety disorder

characterized by rituals of orderliness or cleanliness, such as
continual hand washing
 Oedipal Complex According to Freud a child erotically tinged
desires for the other sex parent accompanied by feeling of hostility
forward same sex partner
 Operant conditioning a type of learning that focus when the behavior of
a person or an animal charges in response to the consequences of actions.
 Opponent Process theory (1) the theory of color vision that
proposes the antagonistic pairing of complementary colors(red with
green and blue with yellow) and the same photo pigment working in
opposing directions with each color of the pair so that stimulation of
one color cancels out the other(2) the theory that ties motivation to
two components-a primary reaction (say fear) to a stimulus and an
opposing response (say relief) that eventually becomes the real
motivating force
 Optimal-level Theories that stress the organism‘s tendency to
seek a certain optimal level of stimulation and arousal in the brain
 Oral Stage (from birth to about 18 months) psychosexual stage
when the month is the primary source of sensual pleasure
 Organizational Psychology the branch of psychology that studies
the principles of organizational performance
 Overgeneralization blowing a single event out of proposition by
extending it to a large number of unrelated situations.
 Pabbajja „the going forth” or more fully stated, “the going forth from
home to the homeless life” of a monk (agarasma anagariyan pabbajja)
consists in severing all family and social ties t olive the pure life of a
monk, in order to realize the goal of final deliverance pointed out by the
Enlightenment one.
 Pacceka Buddha- Silent Buddha- PAcceka literally means separate, They
are not supreme Buddhas, nor are they ordinary arahants, they are lower
than the supreme Buddhas, but higher than the arahants, They appear in
the world when there are no supreme Buddhas or no teachings of supreme
Buddha‟s are available.
 Pali Indian dialect in which the canonical texts of the Theravada are
composed, the language which was spoken by the Buddha
 Pali Canon the scriptures of the Theravada school, part at least written
down in pali in Sri Lanka in first century B.C. They are divided into three
divisions or baskets (Pitaka) 1.the vinaya or rules for the order 2. the
sutras or sermons and 3 Abhidhamma or metal psychology.
 Pali Text Society founded in London in 1881 by Professor and Mrs. Rhys
David‟s to publish Pali Texts and commentaries in Roman scrip, and to
publish English translation.
 Pancakkandha five aggregates matter, sensation, perception, mental
activities and consciousness
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 Panna wisdom, “understanding, knowledge, wisdom, insight comprises a

very wide field, the specific Buddhist knowledge or wisdom,
 Paralanguage all vocal cues other than the content of the verbal
message itself
 Parami Perfections, virtues and faculties required for the
attainment of Buddha hood.
 Parapsychology a new science to investigate psychic and related
phenomena not accepted or studied by modern psychology, such
as Extra Sensory Perception, Pranic healing and acupuncture
 Paraprofessional an individual who works in a near-professional capacity
under the supervision of a more highly trained person.
 Parinirvana a more emphatic term for Nirvana when it is used in
reference to the apparent passing away of a physical body of a Buddha
 Paritta the modern explanation of the meaning of paritta recital contrasts
with the widely held belief among lay people in the efficacy of paritta
chant to bring about particular ends, such as curing physical illness. Even
in Pali text themselves, the Buddha is said to have approved chanting the
Karaniya metta sutta to ward off evil spirit, and the angulimala paritta was
specifically sanctioned for difficult childbirth.
 Patimokkha “disciplinary Code” is the name of the code of monk‟s rule,
which on all full moon and new moon days is recited before the assembles
community of fully ordained monks
 Peer counselor An non-professional person who has learned basic
counseling skills
 Person Perception the process of forming impressions of others
 Personality an individuals characteristic and distinctive patterns of
thinking feeling, and behaving
 Personality Disorder a social disorder involving inflexible and
maladaptive p-personality traits that impair social or occupational
functioning
 Personality Psychology the study of individual differences in
behavior the sources and consequences of such differences and
the degree of consistency of characteristics within the individual
across situations and over time
 Personal Psychology the branch of psychology that involves
plans for screening job applications and evaluating job performance
 Persuasion the communication of arguments and information
intended to change another person‘s attitude
 Phallic Stage (from about three to six year) the psychosexual
stage when sensual pleasure centers on fondling the genitals
 Philippe pinel The French physician who initiated humane
treatment of mental patients in 1793.
 Phobia an intense and unrealistic fear of some object or situation.
 Phobic Disorders an anxiety disorder in which anxiety centers on
an intense, irrational fear of some unit of sound in a language
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 Physiological Psychology/Neuro-psychology the branch of

psychology that studies the connections between the nervous and
endocrine system and behavior
 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) disturbed behavior that
emerge sometime after a major stressful event is over
 Prajna wisdom liberating knowledge
 Pranayama breathing exercises in Hindu Yoga
 Prejudice a negative attitude toward members of a group
 Pressure expectations or demand that one behave in a certain way
 Projective test a test that draws out unconscious conflicts and
motives through free association response to ambiguous stimuli
 Proximity physical nearness, which plays a central role in
interpersonal attraction and friendship
 Psychiatric Nurse a registered nurse with special training in the
treatment of psychological disorders
 Psychiatric Social Worker a mental health professional with a
master degree in social work and specialized training in the
treatment of psychological disorders
 Psychiatrist a physician (M.D.) who specializes in the diagnose
and treatment of mental emotional or behavioral disorders
 Psychoactive Drug any drug that interacts with the central
nervous system by changing brain chemistry to affect mood,
perception or behavior thus altering consciousness
 Psychoanalysis Freud‘s therapeutic method a process that aims
at retrieving repressed memories and feeling from the unconscious
and emphasize the use of free association, dream interpretation,
resistance, and transference to uncover unconscious conflicts‖
 Psychoanalyst a mental health professional with special training in
the technique of psychoanalysis
 Psychodynamic perspective a psychological school that is
concerned with unconscious inner forces, impulses and conflicts
that are believed to influence behavior
 Psychodynamic Theory an approach to psychotherapy that
focuses on the dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious
elements
 Psychodrama a therapy in which clients act out personal conflicts and
feelings in the presence of others who play supporting roles.
 Psychodynamics the interplay of inner conflicts and their
resolution that is the primary determinant of human behavior and
personality
 Psychology the science study of the mental processes and
behavior
 Psychopharmacology the study of the relationship between drug
and behavior
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 Psychosomatic Diseases genuine physical aliment caused in part

by psychological factors especially emotional distress
 Psychotherapy Any psychological technique used to facilitate
positive in a person‘s personality, behavior, or adjustment.
 Puberty a serious of interrelated biological processes that
transform a child into a sexually mature individual
 Raga lust, desire
 Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy- (REBT) An approach that states
that irrational beliefs cause many emotional problems and that such beliefs
cause many emotional problems and that such beliefs must be changed of
abandoned.
 Rational Emotive therapy (RET) a method of cognitive
restructuring that directly confronts clients with their irrational
beliefs
 Rationalization a defense mechanism that provides plausible
socially acceptable – explanation for behavior that is motivated by
unconscious or unacceptable reasons
 Reaction formation behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite
of one‘s true feelings
 Reasoning logical thought the ability to think logically
 Recognition the process of identifying a piece of information as
familiar
 Reciprocal inhibition the presence of one emotional state can inhibit the
occurrence of another, such as joy preventing fear or anxiety inhibiting
pleasure.
 Reflection in client-centered therapy the process of rephrasing or
repeating thoughts and feelings expressed by clients so they can
become aware of what they are saying.
 Regression a reversion to immature patterns of behavior
 Rehearsal the silent repetition or reviewing of material in order to
remember it
 Reinforcement theory the theory of work motivation that applies
the techniques of instrumental conditioning to change workers
expectancies
 Reliability measuring consistently
 REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep the state of sleep that is
characterized by rapid eye movement and contradictory
physiological characteristics most dreams occur in this state
 Resistance a blockage in the flow of free association topics the
client resists thinking or taking about.
 Response-contingent consequences reinforcement, punishment, or other
consequences that are applied only when a certain response is made.
 Role-playing the dramatic enactment or re-enactment of supporting roles.
 Role reversal taking the role of another person to learn how one‟s own
behavior appears from the other person‟s perspective
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 Saddha- Confidence- faith

 Sadhu good one a virtuous ascetic
 Samadhi frequently translated as „concentration this word denotes a state
in which the mind free from distraction, is absorbed in intense,
purposeless concentration, thereby entering a state of inner serenity. With
the minds thus completely absorbed in it, the essential nature of the self
can be experienced directly.
 Samapatti- this means entering into and remaining in a certain state of
higher consciousness, there are three kinds of samapatti:
1.Jhana samapatti-entering into and remaining in the state of jhana.2.Phala
samapatti- entering into and remaining in the sate of fruition
consciousness.3.Nirodha samapatti- entering into and remaining in the
state of cessation of mental activities.
 Samatha Vipssana a meditation techniques to calm the mind to a state
tranquility and concentration. It is practically the equivalent of dyana.
Vipassana “ insight clear seeing intuitive cognition of the three marks of
existence, namely the impermanence, suffering, and egolessness of all
physical and mental phenomena. Vipassana is one of the two factors
essentials for the attainment of enlightenment the other is samatha
(calming the mind)
 Sangha community of Buddhist monks
 Sanna perception
 Sati mindfulness
 Satipatthana. – the establishing of awareness. There are four
interconnected aspect of Satipatthana: 1. Observation of the Body (
Kayanupassana) 2. Observation of sensations arising within the body (
Vedananupassana) 3.Observation of the mind(cittanupassana) 4.
Observation of the contents of the mind (Dhammanupassana) , All four are
included in the observation of sensations, since sensations are directly
related to both body and mind.
 Schizophrenia a group of disorders characterized by disorganized
thoughts perception and emotion and by bizarre behavior School
Psychology the approach to psychology concerned with testing
children in elementary and secondary schools and devising
program to train teachers and parents to help students with
emotional or learning problems
 Scientific Method a set of procedure that scientists follow in
conducting their research consisting of (1) observing a
phenomenon of scientific interests (2) formulating a hypothesis
about it and (3) collecting data or against what the hypothesis
proposes
 Self those parts of experience that a person recognize and accepts
 Self Concept a collection of beliefs about one‘s basic nature,
unique qualities, and typical behavior
 Self Efficacy a personal judgment of one‘s own competence in a
specific situation
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 Self Enhancement the tendency to maintain positive views of one

self
 Self Esteemed one‘s overall assessment of one‘s worth as a
person the evaluate component of self concept
 Self-help group- a group of people who share a particular type of problem
and provide mutual support to one another.
 Selective perception- perceiving only certain stimuli among a larger array
of possibilities.
 Sensation the activation of sensory receptors and the processing
and transmission of these signals to higher centers in the brain
 Sense a definition of a word
 Sensitivity group a group experience consisting of exercises
designed to increase self-awareness and sensitivity to others
 Sensitive Period a sharply restricted span of time during which an
animal is extremely susceptible to specific environmental influences
 Separation distress an infant ‗s discomfort when parted from an
attractive figure
 Sex Therapy The professional treatment of sexual dysfunctions
 Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) an illness that is transmitted
primarily through sexual contact
 Shaping modifying behavior by reinforcing closer and closed
approximation of a desired response
 Siddhattha- Literally ―one who has accomplished his task‖ the
personal name of the historical Buddha(Sanskrit Siddhartha)
 Skandas five aggregates they represent body and mind. The five
skandas are form, feeling conception impulse and consciousness.
 Social cognition the way we think and reason about ourselves
about other people about relations between people and about the
various groups to which we and other people belong
 Social Cognitive theory the view that learning involves the
application of cognitive processes including observational learning
expectancies and self regulating processes
 Social Impact Theory the hypothesis that the larger the group the
less pressure there is on any one member to produce that diffusion
of responsibility leads to diminished individual effort
 Social influence the informational influence of bystanders that
inhibits response in an emergency
 Socialization the process of acquiring the attitude values and
customs expected from member of society
 Social Norms society‘s rules for appropriate behavior in every
aspect of life
 Social Psychology the branch of psychology concerned with the
ways in which our thoughts feelings and behavior are influenced by
other people and by society as a whole Sociopath a person who is
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indifferent to the rights of others feels no guilt and does not learn
from experience or punishments
 Somatoform Disorder a disorder that shows physiological
(somatic) symptoms without any underlying physiological
malfunction
 Sotapatti stream entry the first of the four stages of emancipation,
culminating in sainthood
 Spontaneous remission- The disappearance of a psychological
disturbance the aid of therapy.
 Stage Theories in which abilities motives or skills emerge in a
predictable patterned sequence producing fairly abrupt changes in
behavior
 Stanford Binet Test the modified widely used version of Binet‘s
original test
 Stereotypes complex mental representations of different types of
people containing all the information that we know or believe to be
generally true of them
 Stimulant any drug that stimulates the central nervous system by
changing brain chemistry to speed physiological and mental activity
 Stress a pattern of disruptive physiological and psychological
reactions to events that threaten the ability to cope
 Structuralism an attempt to analyze the structure of the conscious
mind by breaking it down into its components elements
 Subconscious the area of mental processes in which stimuli are
monitored but are not registered in subjective awareness
 Sublimation a positive defense mechanism in which erotic energy
is channeled into a socially constructive activity
 Superego the part of the personality that is concerned with meeting
the demands of morality and social convention: similar to the
conscience
 Supportive therapy An approach in which the therapist‘s goal is to
offer support, rather than to promote personal change. A person
trying to get through an emotional crisis or one who wants to solve
day-to-day problems may benefit from supportive therapy
 Survey a method of collecting data in which researchers obtain
information about people ‗s characteristics attitude, opinions or
behavior by asking them question
 Sutta discourse, sermon
 Systematic Desensitization a behavioral therapy technique that
involve an extinction procedure in which the client is gradually
exposed to anxiety producing stimuli
 Tanha thirst, desire, craving- literally thirst include both craving and
its reverse image of aversion. The Buddha identified tanha as the
cause of suffering in his first sermon, the Dicourse setting in Motion
the Wheel of Dhamma ( Dhamma-cakkappavattana Sutta) in the
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chain of conditioned arising, he explained that tanha originates as a

reaction to sensations.
 Tathagata- Lieterally‖ thus gone‖ or ―thus come‖ One who by
walking on the path of reality has reached the ultimate reality, i.e.,
enlightened person. The term by which the Buddha commonly
referred to himself.
 Ten Paramitas the six paramitas of charity, discipline, forbearance,
zeal, concentration and wisdom and paramitas of ingenuity(skill in
means) vows, power, and knowledge
 Tension Stretching, being stretched, mental strain or excitement: a
neurotic or abnormal response by the body to a stressful situation
 Tension-release method A procedure for systematically achieving
deep relaxation of the body
 Theory an attempt to fit all the currently known facts about a
subject into an integrated and logical whole
 Theragatha/therigatha the consists of collection of verses
attributed to some 250 senior monks of early Buddhism, renowned
for their spiritual attainments and virtue. Therigatha collection of 73
gatha of the elder nuns who became famous through their virtue
during the time of Buddha
 Theravada The system of or school of elders, considered to be the
orthodox and original form of Buddhism as accepted and followed
mainly in Sri lanka, burma, Thailand, Laos and Bangladesh
 Three Bodies of the Buddha three kinds of body, which a Buddha
may possess. A concept adopted in Mahayana to organize different
concepts of the Buddha appearing in the sutras, 1.dharmakaya, the
dharma body or the body of reality which is formless, unchanging,
transcendental, and inconceivable.2 sambhogakaya the body of
enjoyment, the celestial body of the Buddha.
Personification.Nirmanakaya the incarnated body of the Buddha. In
order to benefit certain sentiment beings, a Buddha incarnates
himself into an appropriate visible body, such as that of Buddha.
 Therapy placebo effect improvement caused not by the actual progress of
therapy but a client‟s expectation that therapy will help
 Therapeutic alliance a caring relationship that units a therapist
and a client in working to solve the client‘s problems
 Thought stopping- use of aversive stimuli to interrupt or prevent
upsetting thoughts.
 Time-limited therapy Any therapy begun with the expectation that
it will only a limited number of sessions.
 Tina midda torpor and languor
 Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon the experience of knowing that
we know something, being able to retrieve part of it.
 Tokens- Symbolic rewards, or secondary reinforcement (such as speech)
that a therapist selects as the focus for behavior modification efforts.
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 Token Economy a system in which desired behavior are rewarded

with symbolic tokens exchangeable for primary rewards and or/
privileges often used as a therapeutic techniques by institution
 Tolerance a progressive decrease in a responsiveness to a drug
with continued use
 Transference the tendency of patients to transfer to therapist‘s
feelings that correspondence to those the patient had for important
persons in his or her past
 Traumatic psychologically or physically damaging
 Trepanning in modern usage any surgical procedure in which a
hole is bored in the skull, historically, the chipping or boring of holes
in the skull to ―treat‖ mental disturbances
 Uccheda-vada- annihilationism, annihilationist theory
 Unconditional Positive Regard Rogers‘ term for continued
support no matter what a person says or odes
 Unconditioned Response (UCR) an unlearned or innate response
to a stimulus
 Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) a stimulus that evoke a response
innately not dependent upon prior learning
 Unconscious the area of mental processes that is not available to
the conscious mind, but whose contents may slip out in disguised
form
 Upadana grasping, attachment
 Upasampada/ upasampanna Higher ordination as a monk
 Upatthana- upasthana- keeping near-keeping present, establishing
 Upekka equanimity
 Vaisya- Agricultural and trader caste, third caste in the Indian caste
system, a member of this caste,
 Validity measure what a test purports to measure
 Variability the degree to which a group of responses spreads out
from the mean or median
 Variable any measurable or observable factor that can differ in
either amount or form from one instance of it to another
 Vascular theory the theory that facial expressions cause emotions
because facial muscles alter patterns of blood flow to the brain
 Vayo dhatu-wind-element
 Veda the basic scripture of Brahmanism, not recognized by
Buddhists
 Vedana sensation feeling
 Vicarious desensitization- A reduction in fear or anxiety that takes
place vicariously (―second hand‖) when a client watches models
perform the feared behavior
 Vicikicca doubt
 Vinaya monastic discipline and the code embodying and explaining
the rules regulating the monks behavior
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 Vipaka result, consequence

 Vipassana- -Bhavana – Insight meditation- Introspection, insight
that totally purifies the mind, Specifically, insight into the
impermanent nature of mind and body. Vipassana- Bhavana – the
systematic development of insight through the meditation technique
of observing the reality of oneself by observing sensations within
the body.
 Viriya Energy
 Virtual reality exposure- Use of computer generated images to
present fear stimuli. The virtual environment responds to a viewer‘s
head movements and other inputs.
 Vyapada -anger, hatred, ill will
 Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WAIS) an individual IQ test for
adults
 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) an individual IQ
test for children aged 6 to 16
 Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
an individual IQ test for children aged 4 to 6!/2
 Well-Defined Problem a problem with a clear structure and
accepted rules for solution
 Work Family Conflict the feeling of being pulled in multiple
directions by competing demands from job and family
 Yatha-bhuta in reality as things are
 Yoga union a spiritual or mystical practice in general one of the six
classical Hindu schools of thought, codified by Patanjali in his Yoga
sutra
 Zeitgeist refers to the spirit of the times
 Zen the word zen comes from the Sanskrit dhyana (meditation) the
word dhyana was transcribed as ch‘an in Chinese, and the latter
was transcribed as zen in Japanese. It is said that one day Brahma
lord of creation, offered the Buddha a flower and asked him to
preach the dhamma, when the Buddha held up flower, his audience
puzzled, except for kashyapa, who smile this is how it was
transmitted, with a flower with a rock wall.