Oxide magnonics: Spin waves in functional

magnetic oxides
Cite as: Appl. Phys. Rev. 9, 041312 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0112794
Submitted: 22 July 2022 • Accepted: 26 October 2022 • Published Online: 16 November 2022

Yuelin Zhang, Jilei Chen, Jinxing Zhang, et al.

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Oxide magnonics: Spin waves in functional

magnetic oxides
Cite as: Appl. Phys. Rev. 9, 041312 (2022); doi: 10.1063/5.0112794
Submitted: 22 July 2022 . Accepted: 26 October 2022 .
Published Online: 16 November 2022

Yuelin Zhang,1 Jilei Chen,2,3,a) Jinxing Zhang,4,b) and Haiming Yu1,3,c)

AFFILIATIONS
1
MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Fert Beijing Institute,
Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
2
Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology,
Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
3
International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
4
Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China

a)
Electronic address: [email protected]
b)
Electronic address: [email protected]
c)
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Spin waves or their quanta magnons are collective excitations in magnetically ordered materials. Magnonics have recently attracted tremendous
interest for building next-generation nanoscale devices and circuits with low-power consumption. Oxide materials provide an excellent platform for
achieving highly efficient spin-wave excitation and transmission for magnonic applications with versatile functionalities. In this article, we review
some recent advances for oxide-based magnonics, including both magnetic oxides for hosting spin waves and non-magnetic oxides for manipulating
spin waves. First, we introduce recent development on coherent propagation and incoherent transport of magnons in thin-film iron garnets, low-
damping ferrimagnetic oxides widely used in magnonics. Then, we discuss spin-wave chirality due to the inversion symmetry broken in magnetic
oxides. Magnonics in antiferromagnetic oxides is also presented, where the spin-wave resonance frequency enters THz regime. Nanoscale spin tex-
tures, such as magnetic skyrmions, can be stabilized in magnetic oxides, and provide additional versatilities by coupling their dynamics with spin
waves. Last but not the least, we highlight the electrical control of spin waves based on multiferroic oxides toward applications for hybrid magnonics.
Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0112794

TABLE OF CONTENTS B. Magnetochiral spin waves in chiral magnets with

bulk-type DM interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 C. Spin-wave nonreciprocity in oxide films with
II. SPIN WAVES IN THIN-FILM IRON GARNET strain-driven DM interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
WITH LOW MAGNETIC DAMPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 IV. MAGNONICS BASED ON ANTIFERROMAGNETIC
A. Spin-wave propagation in nanometer-thick OXIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
yttrium iron garnet films. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A. Coherent spin waves in antiferromagnetic
B. Incoherent magnon transport and magnon valve oxides at THz frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 B. Incoherent magnon transport in
C. Thin-film iron garnet with perpendicularly antiferromagnetic oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
magnetized anisotropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 C. Spin pumping effect in antiferromagnetic oxides . 8
III. SPIN-WAVE CHIRALITY INDUCED V. SPIN WAVES IN MAGNETIC OXIDES HOSTING
BY DZYALOSHINSKII–MORIYA (DM) SPIN TEXTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
INTERACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 A. Spin waves in magnetic skyrmions and helices . . . 9
A. Chiral spin waves in oxide thin films B. Current-controlled spin-wave propagation in
with interfacial DM interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 stripe domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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C. Spin cycloid and spin waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Magnetic oxides with strong electron correlation exhibit multiple
VI. HYBRID MAGNONICS IN MULTIFERROIC controllable orders, such as lattice, spin, charge, and orbit that couple
OXIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 with magnons, giving rise to plenty of fascinating phenomena and
A. Magnon–phonon coupling in multiferroic functionality as shown in Fig. 1. Intensive research efforts have been
heterostructures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 made, and many works have been reported on spin waves in a great
B. Magnons vs ferrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 variety of magnetic oxide systems: (1) Ferromagnetic oxides, for exam-
C. Electric field control of spin waves in ple, yttrium iron garnet (YIG),23 MgAl0.5Fe1.5O4 (MAFO),24
multiferroic oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO),22,25 EuO,26 and so on. Their magnetic sub-
VII. OUTLOOK AND PERSPECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 lattices, multiple or single, greatly affect magnon bands and interfacial
spin transport. (2) Antiferromagnetic (AFM) oxides, such as hematite
(a-Fe2O3),27 NiO,28 DyFeO3 (DFO),29 etc. (3) Single-phase multifer-
roic crystals such as Cu2OSeO330,31 and BiFeO3 (BFO),32,33 multifer-
I. INTRODUCTION
roic heterostructure such as LSMO/BFO34 and ferromagnet on
In nowadays’ electronic devices, information is conveyed by con- ferroelectric film BaTiO3 (BTO),11 piezoelectric crystal LiNbO3
ventional electron charge transport. However, with further miniaturi- (LNO),35 and so forth. These magnetic and non-magnetic oxides pro-
zation and high-density on-chip integration, the Moore’s law no long vide a broad playground for probing and controlling magnons under
holds due to quantum tunneling effects and enormous Ohmic energy emergent energy landscapes,36,37 such as inversion symmetry broken,
loss. One alternative is to use coherent waves for information trans- spin–orbit coupling, magnetoelectric coupling, magnetoelastic cou-
port, processing, and logic operations, sometimes referred to as wave pling, and so on.
computing. Spin waves, as collective spin precession, can propagate In the following, we focus on reviewing the latest advances in
over long distances in magnetic materials. In 1929, Bloch first pro- magnonic studies in novel oxide materials. For more general review,
posed the concept of spin waves, and the field of magnonics has seen a one may refer to previous articles with different focuses.37–44
surge of interest in recent years. Spin waves do not rely on electron
motion during propagation, so the Joule heat dissipation can be inher- II. SPIN WAVES IN THIN-FILM IRON GARNET
ently avoided, which makes spin waves as potential applications of WITH LOW MAGNETIC DAMPING
emerging electronic devices and logic circuits beyond complementary A. Spin-wave propagation in nanometer-thick yttrium
metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies.1–5 The operating iron garnet films
frequency of the spin waves is from GHz to THz bands. Compared Among magnetic oxides, ferrimagnetic oxide YIG is widely used
with the microwave at the same frequency, the wavelength of spin for studying spin waves.39 Its intrinsic magnetic damping is 3  105,
waves is four to five orders of magnitude smaller, which makes it pos- which is so far the most appropriate material to host long-distance
sible to realize highly integrated nanodevices working at high frequen- transport of spin waves. YIG has a lattice constant of 12.376 Å, and
cies.6–11 More importantly, recent scientific explorations demonstrate each unit cell has 24 Y3þ ions, 40 Fe3þ and 96 O2 ions.45 The super-
that spin waves can be manipulated not only by external magnetic exchange between a-site Fe3þ and d-site Fe3þ results in the ferrimag-
fields, but also by electrical voltage12–17 and current18–22 during the netic configuration in YIG. The spin waves in thick YIG film have
transmission process. These findings provide a prerequisite condition been investigated for many decades.46 In this review, we only present
for large-scale application of spin waves compatible with current semi- some recent works concerning spin-wave propagation in nanometer-
conductor industry. thick YIG films, which are compatible with microelectronic

FIG. 1. The interconnection between pri-

mary features for spin waves and novel
functional properties of emergent oxide
materials.

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integration. In 2014, Chang et al. succeeded in growing low-damping propagation.58 Spin Hall effect (SHE) can generate spin currents trans-
YIG films with the thickness of tens of nanometers by sputtering at versely to the charge current, with its efficiency determined by the spin
room temperature.47 The Gilbert damping constant a ¼ (8.58 6 0.21) Hall angle. Materials with large Hall angles, such as heavy metal Pt,
 105 is characterized by ferromagnetic resonance. Soon after, Yu could efficiently generate spin currents injected through the interface
et al. realized the coherent propagation of spin waves in YIG thin film with ferromagnets, resulting in the emission of spin waves. In YIG
with a long-decay length.48 Two microwave antennas, coplanar wave- micro-disks, Collet et al. observed coherent spin-wave modes gener-
guides (CPWs), were patterned on top of YIG as shown in Fig. 2(a). ated through SOT.59 Evelt et al. used the antidamping SOT to manipu-
Microwave transmission spectra are obtained by vector network ana- late the spin-wave amplitude in a Pt/YIG bilayer structure.60 They
lyzer (VNA), and phase oscillations can be resolved, indicating the found the spin-wave propagation distance increased by a factor of 10
coherency of propagating spin waves. Using microwave-based meth- by SOT. In addition, topological insulators are demonstrated to host
ods, excitation and detection of short-wavelength exchange spin- spins of Dirac-like surface states locking to their momentum and the
waves are detectable, which possess the wavelength down to spin polarized currents at the surface can induce efficient
50 nm.49–54 Magnetic nano-array or magnetic antenna enables the antidamping-like SOT. Navabi et al. demonstrate that spin-wave
effective excitation of exchange spin waves via magnetic dipolar inter- damping can also been controlled using topological insulators.61
action. Moreover, the nanoscale thickness of YIG films makes the
etching technology in semiconductor industry applicable, where mag-
B. Incoherent magnon transport and magnon valve
nonic crystals and quasi-crystals could be fabricated. Qin et al. demon-
effect
strated the low-loss YIG-based magnonic crystals with large tunable
bandgaps with periodical YIG stripes, which could be beneficial for Incoherent spin waves could transport in magnetic materials
spin-wave manipulation and low-loss propagation.55 Furthermore, without the phase coherency induced by spin accumulation through
spin-wave devices based on YIG thin films are proposed for low- the SHE. Figure 2(b) shows the sketch of non-local spin-wave trans-
power-dissipative applications, such as spin-wave interferometers and port geometry, where two Pt strips are deposited on top of YIG thin
spin-wave directional couplers.56,57 films as spin injector and detector.62 Non-local spin-wave signals for
Moreover, spin–orbit torque (SOT) is used to induce auto- the first and second harmonic are presented with varying the transport
oscillations in YIG thin films and also to control spin-wave distance and a magnon diffusion length of k ¼ 9.6 6 0.6 lm could be

FIG. 2. (a) Coherent spin-wave propagation in a 20 nm-thick YIG film. Two identical CPWs are patterned on top of YIG as excitation and detection antennas. Spin-wave trans-
mission spectra showing phase oscillations are obtained. Reproduced with permission from Yu et al., Sci. Rep. 4, 6848 (2014). Copyright 2014 Springer Nature. (b) Non-local
transport of magnon spin information in YIG thin films with two Pt electrodes deposited on top. Reproduced with permission from Cornelissen et al., Nat. Phys. 11, 1022–1026
(2015). Copyright 2015 Springer Nature. (c) Magnon valve in Pt/YIG/Au/YIG stacks. The ISHE voltage in Pt layer as a function of the external magnetic field in the presence of
the out-of-plane temperature gradient. Reproduced with permission Wu et al., from Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 097205 (2018). Copyright 2018 American Physical Society.

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extracted. By adding a third modulator electrode in the middle for oxide EuO, as a truly ferromagnetic system, exhibits a great potential
spin Hall injection, a modulation efficiency of 1.6%/mA could be in spintronic applications due to its high spin polarization, giant
achieved by increasing or decreasing the magnon modulation effi- Faraday effect, and strong spin-phonon coupling.79 Recently,
ciency.63 Wimmer et al. demonstrated the full compensation of the Rosenberger et al.26 reported spin Hall magnetoresistance of EuO/W
magnetic damping in a 13.4 nm thin YIG film via spin–orbit torque heterostructures and provided an approach to quantify the spin mix-
mediated by charge current from a modulator electrode.64 The modu- ing conductance at the interface of the magnetically ordered insulator
lation efficiency is raised to 60%/mA and magnon conductivity is and normal metal.
almost two orders of magnitude reduced for threshold current Additionally, similar valve-like behaviors are found in a YIG/
0.53 mA, which may be relevant to current pumped magnon CoO/Co hybrid structure, where the amplitude change of 120% hap-
Bose–Einstein condensation.65 Moreover, the magnon induced signal pens in magnon valve.80 Fan et al. also demonstrated a Pt/YIG/Py
can be enhanced by a factor of up to 6 with a current applied to the hybrid structure grown on Si substrate, where the antiferromagnetic
modulator electrode on YIG thin film grown on a Y3Sc2GaO12 sub- coupling field between Py and YIG reaches to 150 mT.81 Comparing
strate.66 If the magnon injector and detector are replaced by magnetic the parallel and antiparallel configurations, the magnon current trans-
materials, such as Py, out-of-plane spin accumulation could be mission ratio could be further increased to 130%.
detected due to the anomalous spin Hall effect.67 The direction of the
spin accumulation can be modified according to the magnetization of C. Thin-film iron garnet with perpendicularly
the ferromagnet. Very recently, a giant magnon conductivity is magnetized anisotropy
reported in an ultra-thin YIG film with a thickness of 3.7 nm, which Although YIG thin film is considered as a suitable platform for
induced a transition from 3D to 2D magnon transport.68 The high- studying spin waves, other garnets, such as bismuth or manganese
efficiency 2D magnon transport could be analogous to the high- doped YIG, and other rare-earth iron garnets also present unique
mobility 2D electron gas in electronic systems. Other oxide materials functionalities in magnonics. Doped YIG has been widely studied for
with low-damping are also reported for the transport of incoherent their magneto-optical properties,82–84 and recently, the large perpen-
magnon.69,70 Li et al. found the anisotropy magnon spin transport in dicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is found to be obtained by epitax-
epitaxial ultrathin-film MAFO (a ¼ 1:5  103 ) at room temperature, ial strain in bismuth doped YIG (Bi:YIG) thin films with low Gilbert
and the spin diffusion length >0:8 lm is observed along the easy axis, damping values (a ¼ 3  104 ).85 Evelt et al. reported that coherent
which is 30% larger than the hard axis. This anisotropy cannot be sim- propagating spin waves can be generated by SOT in Bi:YIG/Pt
ply explained by magnetic anisotropy, and it is dominated instead by bilayer,86 the spin current from Pt layer exerts an antidamping torque
anisotropic exchange stiffness associated with the MAFO crystal on Bi:YIG, and the SOT will compensate the intrinsic damping of
structure.71 Bi:YIG; therefore, the coherent magnon is excited from magnetization
In YIG thin films grown on gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) auto-oscillations. In this process, the large PMA is helpful to compen-
substrate, Wang et al. demonstrated the presence of the interfacial sate of the in-plane shape anisotropy of thin film and lead to the emis-
Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (DM) interaction via chiral magnon group sion of coherent magnons. Spin-wave propagation is also studied in a
velocities.72 The interfacial DM interaction induces a magnon drift manganese doped YIG (Mn:YIG) thin film with PMA, and a coherent
current for incoherent spin waves.73 The magnon drift current can spin-wave signal could be observed with a propagation distance of
controlled by the magnetic field directions and thus the magnon diffu- 5 lm.87 The Faraday rotation coefficient of Bi:YIG is two orders of
sion length is modified by 66%. The magnon drift currents are theo- magnitude higher than YIG, which is more sensitive for light-based
retically proved to be originated from the asymmetric magnon measurement techniques. Caretta et al. estimated the maximum mag-
dispersion induced by the interfacial DM interaction.74 non group velocity (5 km s1) of Bi:YIG thin film from Brillouin
A magnon-valve effect is demonstrated in a YIG/Au/YIG trilayer light scattering (BLS) results and achieved relativistic velocities
heterostructure, as shown in Fig. 2(c).75 Due to the variation of crystal (4.3 km s1) of current-driven domain wall motion, which is limited
qualities, values of coercive fields of two YIG layers are different, which by Lorentz contraction of domain wall width.88
could result in an antiparallel magnetization configuration. A tempera- Rare-earth iron garnets beyond YIG, such as GdIG and TmIG,
ture gradient is applied to perpendicularly generated magnon currents, also present low damping behavior, which is also appropriate to host
and the inverse spin Hall voltage detected on top of the heterostructure spin waves.89–92 An ultrastrong intralayer magnon–magnon coupling
shows the behavior of magnon valve depends on the magnetization is reported by Liensberger et al. in a GdIG single crystal, and clockwise
orientations of two separated YIG layers. A nonlocal spin Hall magne- and anticlockwise magnon modes are coupled.93 The magnon–magnon
toresistance is also found in a magnon valve structure with Pt layer coupling strength is tunable by varying the direction of external mag-
deposited on a YIG/NiO/YIG-based magnon junction.76 The spin Hall netic fields. Diffusive magnon transport is also studied in GdIG in a
magnetoresistance not only depends on the magnetization direction of non-local measurement configuration.94 An enhancement of the non-
the YIG with direct contact, but also depends on that of the adjacent local signal by increasing the external magnetic field is observed below
YIG layer. The modulated spin Hall magnetoresistance induced by the magnetization compensation temperature. A coherent spin-wave
spin accumulation is demonstrated to be modified by magnon propa- propagation in a 60-nm-thick TmIG film with perpendicular mag-
gation across the junction.77 Such a trilayer heterostructure has also netic anisotropy is observed.95 A fully reciprocal spin-wave propaga-
attracted attention in superconductivity with interfacial physics, such tion is observed in the magnetostatic forward volume mode
as YIG/Au/YIG and EuO/Au/EuO. The p-wave superconductivity is configuration, promising for building isotropic magnonic devices. In
predicted by Rohling et al.78 due to interfacial exchange coupling- addition, the topological Hall effect is probed96 in TmIG thin film,
induced electron–magnon interaction. The rare-earth semiconductor and the corresponding skyrmions are directly visualized,97 offering a

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great opportunity for investigating spin textures-based magnonics in 2A 2 2A 2
x ¼ cl0 Hþ k H þ Ms þ k
low-damping iron garnets. l0 Ms l0 Ms
2
12  
III. SPIN-WAVE CHIRALITY INDUCED M
þ S ð1  e2kt Þ þ ðn ^ H^ Þ  k^ cD k; (1)
BY DZYALOSHINSKII–MORIYA (DM) INTERACTION 4 pMs
A. Chiral spin waves in oxide thin films
with c the gyromagnetic ratio, A the exchange stiffness constant, t the
with interfacial DM interaction ^ the applied field, k^ the
film thickness, n ^ the film normal vector, H
The DM interaction plays an important role in non-collinear spin-wave wavevector, D the DM interaction constant, and Ms the sat-
spin textures in ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and multiferroic uration magnetization. Thickness-dependent measurement suggests
oxides. About a decade ago, several theoretical and experimental works that the chirality of spin wave is induced by DM interaction originated
reported spin wave dispersion will be asymmetry in the presence of from the YIG/GGG interface. The DM interaction of 16 lJ m2
interfacial DM interaction.98–100 Meanwhile, in magnonics, a great cause the drift of group velocity of 40 m s1. Further engineering of
deal of investigations is focused on an important class of low-damping DM interaction by lattice, spin, charge, and orbit of oxide reveals more
insulating magnetic oxides, the iron garnets, such as YIG, EuIG, and rich physics and potential to drive other functionalities. In the same
TmIG. year, Caretta et al. reported the interfacial DM interaction in ultrathin
In ultrathin YIG films (thickness down to 7 nm), Wang et al. TmIG film and revealed that it originates from intrinsic spin–orbit
demonstrated nonreciprocal spin-wave propagation with chiral spin- coupling of rare-earth orbital magnetism.101 Lin et al. observed differ-
wave group velocity and frequency difference by all-electrical spin ent frequency shift in CoFeB/BTO with two oxide terminations by
wave spectroscopy (AESWS) and Brillouin light scattering (BLS),72 as BLS.102 The TiO2 terminated interface displays larger strength of DM
shown in Fig. 3(a). The spin-wave dispersion considering the contribu- interaction than BaO terminated interface due to the larger density of
tion from the DM interaction can be expressed as follows: electronic states around the Fermi level at ferromagnetic/oxide

FIG. 3. (a) Chiral group velocities of Damon–Eshbach spin waves due to interfacial DM interaction in ultra-thin YIG film. Reproduced with permission from Wang et al., Phys.
Rev. Lett. 124, 027203 (2020). Copyright 2020 American Physical Society. (b) The ME phase transition driven by effective electric field-dependent DM interaction, the enhance-
ment of ferroelectric polarization will drive larger DM interaction and higher transition temperature. Reproduced with permission from Liu et al., Nat. Commun. 12, 5453 (2021).
Copyright 2021 Springer Nature.

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interface. Recently, Liu et al. atomically designed oxide superlattices

with antiferromagnetic Ruddlesden–Popper Sr2IrO4 and perovskite
paraelectric SrTiO3.103 An emergent magnetoelectric (ME) phase tran-
sition is driven by DM interaction at artificial nonequivalent interface
where space-inversion symmetry is broken. The theory predicted the
temperature of ME phase transition is proportional to strength of DM
interaction, namely, effective electric field related to ferroelectric polar-
ization. So, ferroelectric BTO with intrinsic polarization was intro-
duced into superlattices and finally manipulated the phase transition
temperature from 46 to 203 K. The enhancement of DM interaction
due to larger polarization was probed by the frequency nonreciprocity
from 0.19 to 0.42 GHz in BLS measurements, as shown in Fig. 3(b).
Iridium-based oxides have already been demonstrated great potential
in incoherent spin wave at all-oxide heterostructure through SHE104
and inverse SHE (ISHE).105 The elaborate design of oxide heterostruc-
ture with strong spin–orbit coupling provides more novel physics and
emerging functionalities.

B. Magnetochiral spin waves in chiral magnets

with bulk-type DM interaction
Apart from the nonreciprocity of magnetostatic surface waves
(MSSW) observed in interfacial DM interaction systems, the nonreci-
procity of magnetostatic backward volume waves (MSBVW) is
observed by Seki et al. with AESWS.106 The bulk-type DM interaction
is driven by inversion symmetry broken in chiral-lattice ferromagnetic
Cu2OSeO3, as shown in Fig. 4(a), and contributes to difference of FIG. 4. (a) Crystal structure of Cu2OSeO3 with bulk inversion asymmetry. (b)
eigenfrequency and group velocity under saturated magnetic field Measurement configuration of bulk volume spin wave. (c) The spin-wave nonreci-
procity detected in a chiral crystal. (d) Magnetochiral nonreciprocity in terms of res-
parallel to spin-wave vector [Figs. 4(b) and 4(c)]. Interestingly, the
onance frequency, amplitude and group velocity. Reproduced with permission from
sign of nonreciprocity will be reversed by switching the chirality of Seki et al., Phys. Rev. B 93, 235131 (2016). Copyright 2016 American Physical
crystal [Fig. 4(d)], which strongly undergoes the magneto-chiral Society.
nature of nonreciprocity in chiral magnet, so-called magneto-chiral
nonreciprocity. Tensile strain gradient is induced during strain relaxation along out-
Later, Ogawa et al. further observed nonreciprocal dispersion of of-plane direction as shown in Fig. 5(a) and experimentally estimated
MSBVW in the conical phase due to combination of dipolar interac-
from the Williamson–Hall plot by x-ray diffraction. The strain gradi-
tion and DM interaction.107 Seki et al. found that the frequency nonre-
ent presents a nonmonotonic behavior with the increase in thickness
ciprocity in counterclockwise resonance mode is far larger than
and reaches a maximum (5  105 m1) around 100 nm. An emergent
clockwise and breath modes when spin wave propagates along sky-
DM interaction is driven by strain gradient which breaks the inversion
rmion strings in Cu2OSeO3108. The Cu2OSeO3 crystal has attracted a
symmetry [Fig. 5(b)] and exhibits distinctive two coexisting nonreci-
great deal of attention due to its nature of multiferroics, and skyrmion
procities of spin wave propagation both in in-plane magnetic field per-
lattice with a low damping of 1  104 , but achieving higher transition
pendicular and parallel to the wave vectors [Figs. 5(c) and 5(d)].
temperature is remained challenge for room-temperature magnonics.
The strain-driven DM interaction stabilizes magnetic skyrmions
[inset of Fig. 5(b)] and spin spirals at zero magnetic field and room
C. Spin-wave nonreciprocity in oxide films temperature. The artificial strain engineering provides a novel pathway
with strain-driven DM interaction to extend DM interaction to more centrosymmetric magnetic materi-
In addition to iron garnets and Cu2OSeO3 mentioned above, als. Meanwhile, the excitation and propagation of spin wave in mag-
manganite as another type of oxide also exhibits great potential in netic skyrmions and spirals remain to be explored in consideration of
magnonics. Bowen et al. demonstrated nearly total spin polarization ultra-low damping in LSMO thin films.
in LSMO magnetic tunnel junction at magnetotransport measurement
IV. MAGNONICS BASED ON ANTIFERROMAGNETIC
and strongly conform its half-metallic energy band.109 Later on, Qin
OXIDES
et al. reported an ultra-low magnetic damping constant of 5.2  104
in LSMO thin film at NdGaO3(110) (NGO) substrate,110 and the A. Coherent spin waves in antiferromagnetic
Fermi surface breathing model revealed the damping constant is pro- oxides at THz frequencies
portional to the density of state at the Fermi energy, which dominate Antiferromagnetic (AFM) oxides are considered to have great
the mechanism of intrinsic magnetic relaxation. Recently, Zhang et al. potential for building next generation of spintronic devices due to
fabricated LSMO/NGO thin films in which in-plane compressive unique properties, such as the absence of the stray field and robustness
strain remains unchanged and out-of-plane tensile strain relaxes.111 against external magnetic fields and ultrafast spin excitation.112–115

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FIG. 5. (a) The inversion symmetry bro-

ken due to strain gradient. (b) Strain
driven anisotropy DM interaction, inset,
zero-field skyrmion lattice at room temper-
ature. (c) The coexisting frequency nonre-
ciprocities in two configurations with
magnetic field perpendicular and parallel
to the wave vector. (d) Thickness depen-
dence of two nonreciprocities displays the
relationship with strain gradient and
reveals the nature of unusual strain-driven
DM interaction. Reproduced with permis-
sion from Liensberger et al., Phys. Rev.
Lett. 127, 117204 (2021). Copyright 2021
American Physical Society.

Because of the strong AFM exchange interaction, the intrinsic AFM res- the AFM resonance mode and the spin-wave mode in Fig. 6(a).
onances are usually at THz or subterahertz regime, which is essential The detected spin-wave wavelength is 125 nm with the supersonic
for high-speed spintronic applications. Spin waves with THz frequen- velocities of more than 13 km s1. Very recently, Lee et al. found a
cies could propagate in AFM oxides with much higher speeds than fer- superluminal-like spin-wave propagation in AFM oxide NiO with the
romagnetic oxides. In 2010, Kampfrath et al. used single-cycle THz speed around 650 km s1, which is one order of magnitude larger than
pulses to control coherent spin waves in NiO at one THz.28 In experi- that observed by inelastic neutron scattering.117 Theoretical calculations
ments, a THz transient is focused on NiO single crystal from the optical suggest that a finite damping modifies the AFM spin-wave dispersion
probe pulse with the duration of 8 ns. Coherent AFM magnons are at small wavenumbers, resulting in an ultrahigh magnon velocity.
excited and can be manipulated by switching on and off the THz pulses. Furthermore, AFM magnon–polaritons, which stand for the cou-
Nagel et al. investigated the THz spin-wave spectroscopy in multiferroic pling mode between spin-wave resonance with photons, are observed
BFO single crystal using THz spectroscopy and by using a microscopic in AFM oxides, such as hematite118 and TmFeO3,119 contributing to
model considering the DM interaction and in-plane anisotropy,116 and the rapidly development of the field of cavity magnonics. The transmis-
a theoretical model describes splitting of the observed spectra. sion spectra are measured by placing a cube of hematite in a metallic
Hortensius et al. exploit ultrafast pulse to characterize key parameters tube, using the frequency extenders for VNA-based continuous-wave
for THz magnons in an AFM oxide dysprosium ortho-ferrite (DFO)32. terahertz spectrometer. The characteristic of polariton dynamics occurs
The experimental results show the temperature dependence of around 243 GHz. The magnon–polariton cooperativity is estimated to

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FIG. 6. (a) AFM spin waves propagating in AFM oxide DFO. AFM spin waves with the wavelength below 150 nm are observed with at higher frequencies than AFM resonance.
Reproduced with permission from Hortensius et al., Nat. Phys. 17, 1001–1006 (2021). Copyright 2021 Springer Nature. (b) Non-local magnon transport in AFM oxide a-Fe2O3.
Distance dependence of the inverse spin Hall signals is shown with different direction of the Neel vector. Reproduced with permission from Lebrun et al., Nature 561, 222–225
(2018). Copyright 2018 Springer Nature.

be 40, indicating a strong coupling between magnons and photons at temperature dependence, which cannot be explained by thermal mag-
subterahertz frequencies. Very recently, the temperature-dependent non scatterings.123 The interference of two linearly polarized magnon
AFM resonance of hematite120 has been studied in the frequency range branches may explain the experimental results, in analogy to the bire-
of 0.19–0.5 THz up to its Neel temperature around 966 K. fringence effect in optics. It is also demonstrated by Wimmer et al.
that the ISHE detected magnons shows an oscillation behavior of the
B. Incoherent magnon transport in antiferromagnetic polarity as a function of the external magnetic field, acting as the mag-
oxides nonic counterpart of the Hanle effect124 for electrons. The study of
spin waves in AFM oxides shed light on new physics in AFM spin-
Long-distance transport of magnon current is recently found in a
tronics and may open new pathway for magnonic applications based
crystalline AFM iron oxide hematite (a-Fe2O3).27 Two Pt nanowires
on AFM oxides.
are placed on a hematite single crystal as spin injector and detector
shown in Fig. 6(b). When a charge current is injected, the SHE produ-
ces a transverse spin current to the hematite through the Pt/a-Fe2O3 C. Spin pumping effect in antiferromagnetic oxides
interface. The SHE generates incoherent AFM magnons, which diffuse Generation and readout of magnon current in AFM is essential
to the detector and are then picked up by the ISHE detector. By con- for antiferromagnetic spintronics and attracts tremendous interest
trolling the direction of the Neel vector using an external magnetic lately.125–129 Notably, the generation of spin current by AFM reso-
field, the authors found the magnon diffusion length could reach over nance (AFMR) and electrical detection by spin pumping are demon-
tens of micrometers, as shown in the distance dependent measure- strated by Li et al. in heterostructures of uniaxial AFM oxide Cr2O3
ments in Fig. 6(b). The spin-transport signal is also demonstrated to and heavy metal at low temperature.130 Sub-THz continuous micro-
decrease through the easy-axis to easy-plane Morin transition, which waves (0.24 THz) are injected using a solid-state source, and the sig-
carries an effective circular polarization by pairs of linearly polarized nals are recorded by electron magnetic resonance and the ISHE
magnons.121 However, when the AFM domains in hematite is in a voltage, and two resonance modes with opposite voltage are observed
multidomain state, the magnon diffusion length is demonstrated to at 2.7 and 10.5 T along easy axis, respectively, as shown in Fig. 7(a).
acquire a large attenuation.122 The magnetic resonance frequency as a function of external magnetic
Also, in hematite, Han et al. reported the observation of field along the easy axis is calculated by dispersion relationships. Two
birefringence-like magnon transport with an unconventional different eigenmodes of the AFM magnons are degenerated at zero

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FIG. 7. (a) The schematic of spin pumping in antiferromagnets Cr2O3, AFMR with both RH and LH mode but QFMR with only RH mode. Reproduced with permission from Li
et al., Nature 578, 70–74 (2020). Copyright 2020 Springer Nature. (b) Illustration of the low-frequency mode of a-Fe2O3. The sign of ISHE signal is reversed with opposite mag-
netic fields. Reproduced with permission from Boventer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 187201 (2021). Copyright 2021 American Physical Society. (c) Experimental spin-pumping
signals as a function of the microwave frequency in an easy-plane a-Fe2O3. Reproduced with permission from Wang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 117202 (2021). Copyright
2021 American Physical Society.

external magnetic field, and represent right-hand (RH) and left-hand V. SPIN WAVES IN MAGNETIC OXIDES HOSTING
(LH) spin precession with opposite chirality,131 and a new quasi- SPIN TEXTURES
ferromagnetic resonance mode (QFMR) emerges above the spin-flop A. Spin waves in magnetic skyrmions and helices
field with only RH chirality. The sign of ISHE signal will be reversed
Chiral magnetic textures in magnetic materials can host the sta-
by switching the heavy metal from Pt to Ta, which confirm the nature
bility against elastic deformation of spin configuration, due to their
of pure spin current, and the sign of AFMR will be changed when tem-
non-trivial topologies with inversion symmetry breaking by DM inter-
perature rise above 45 K, which indicated rapid thermalization of
actions.134–141 The magnetic orders of chiral spin textures exhibit
coherent magnons into incoherent magnons. In collinear antiferro-
periodic modulations at the equilibrium states with the period of sub-
magnets, the amplitude of ISHE signal is proportional to the ratio of
100 nm, such as helical states and skyrmion lattices. Skyrmions can be
anisotropy field and the exchanged field, which is not significant
defined by the topological number, which is the winding of the nor-
enough (less than 2%), such as in MnF2.128
malized magnetization m as follows:
In non-collinear antiferromagnets, the canted moment induced ð
by DM interaction could contribute to the generation of coherent 1
S¼ m  ð@x m  @x mÞdx dx ¼ 61: (2)
magnon current by microwave input. In 2021, Boventer et al. reported 4p
a room-temperature spin pumping of low-frequency mode in canted In B20 magnetic oxide Cu2OSeO3, Seki et al. observed skyrmion latti-
AFM oxide a-Fe2O3 with DM interaction.132 The ISHE voltage is pro- ces by Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) and mag-
portional to the ratio of DMI field and exchange field, which is differ- netic susceptibility measurements.30 Figure 8(a) shows the LTEM
ent from collinear antiferromagnets as mentioned above. The sign of images of the helical state at 0 Oe and skyrmion state at 800 Oe for the
voltage is determined by the right-handed AFM mode of a-Fe2O3, (110) plane. The phase diagram of different phases in the chiral mag-
which is confirmed by comparing the right-handed mode of YIG and netic oxide is shown in Fig. 8(b), with ferromagnetic phase, conical
the left-handed mode of Cr2O3, as shown in Fig. 7(b). Independently, phase, helical phase as well as skyrmion phase. The abundant periodic
Wang et al. reported a robust spin Hall voltage from acoustic reso- chiral spin textures also determines the excitation spectra, driven by
nance mode in easy-plane AFM a-Fe2O3.133 The low-frequency reso- high-frequency excitations.142 The full spectra detection of helimag-
nance exhibits a field dependence [Fig. 7(c)], which is determined by nons in magnetic oxide Cu2OSeO3 is experimentally observed,
the strength of the DM interaction that affects the ellipticity of the pre- where confined exchange spin waves with the wavelength down to
cession of the canted magnetization. sub-50 nm by the sample boundaries are found.143,144 A remarkably

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FIG. 8. (a) LTEM images of the helical state at 0 Oe and skyrmion state at 800 Oe for the (110) plane Cu2OSeO3. Reproduced with permission from Seki et al., Science 336,
198–201 (2012). Copyright 2012 AAAS. (b) Phase diagram of Cu2OSeO3 and the magnetic resonance at conical, helical, skyrmion and ferromagnetic phases. Reproduced
with permission from Schwarze et al., Nat. Mater. 14, 478–483 (2015). Copyright 2015 Springer Nature. (c) Asymmetric spin-wave propagation along skyrmion strings in
Cu2OSeO3 lamellas. Various types of skyrmion resonance give rise to different spin-wave non-reciprocity and decay length. Reproduced with permission from Seki et al., Nat.
Commun. 11, 256 (2020). Copyright 2020 Springer Nature. (d) Spin-wave propagation in antiparallel, coupled domains in a LSMO thin film. Effective AFM spin waves are
observed at around 10 GHz. Reproduced with permission from Liu et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 691–697 (2019). Copyright 2019 Springer Nature.

small Gilbert damping parameter of Cu2OSeO3 about 1  10 4 at 5 K the propagating spin waves along skyrmions strings, as shown in
is demonstrated, proving Cu2OSeO3 as an excellent candidate for Fig. 8(c).108 A Cu2OSeO3 lamellas is placed on top of two identical
high-frequency applications.145 Furthermore, the skyrmion dynamics CPWs connected with VNA. At different skyrmion resonance states,
are also observed in Cu2OSeO3, where clockwise (CW), counterclock- counter-propagating spin waves show different non-reciprocities,
wise (CCW) and breathing modes resonant at different frequencies decay lengths and group velocities. The relaxation time of the spin
evolving with external magnetic fields.146,147 The small angle neutron waves in skyrmion strings exceed 50 ls, suggesting the possibility of
scattering (SANS) was the first experimental technique used to identify the high-efficiency information transfer along topologically protected
magnetic skyrmions138 and continues to act as an important tool to strings.
study static skyrmion textures.148,149 In the future, SANS may poten-
tially be used also to study the skyrmion dynamics.150 B. Current-controlled spin-wave propagation in stripe
Skyrmions can be extended to skyrmion strings, a vortex-like domains
topological spin texture in three-dimensional systems, which can be It has attracted great attention recently to study antiferromagnet-
stabilized in Cu2OSeO3 lamellas. Recently, Seki et al. investigate ism in spintronics. The antiferromagnetic resonance is typically in

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THz or subterahertz regime as discussed in Sec. IV and, therefore, is rewrite the domain stripes orientation and therefore realize reconfigur-
difficult to excite and detect antiferromagnetic spin waves with con- able effective antiferromagnetic spin-wave propagation. In addition,
ventional microwave antenna. The antiferromagnetic order can also an electric current pulse with a density of only 105 A cm2 can also
be constructed in periodical stripe domains with two neighboring reconfigurably modify the orientation of the stripe domains, due to
domain stripes coupled with dipolar interactions.151,152 The optical the spin–orbit torque originated from the inversion asymmetry
mode is found to follow an effective antiferromagnetic spin-wave dis- induced by the strain from the substrate.
persion, considering the two neighboring domains as one unit cell.
Figure 8(d) shows the propagating spin-wave spectroscopy in an anti- C. Spin cycloid and spin waves
ferromagnetic order LSMO thin film.22 Two types of spin-wave modes Spin cycloid153 is an intriguing and exotic type of spin texture
are experimentally detected and understood by theoretical calculations existing in antiferromagnetic oxides, such as in BFO,154 which is a well-
and micromagnetic simulations. The antiferromagnetic-type spin known multiferroic material being both antiferromagnetic and ferroic
waves propagate at high frequencies at around 10 GHz in the domain (see Sec. VI for more details). Figure 9 shows an illustration of a spin
volume, whereas ferromagnetic-type spin waves propagate at lower cycloid in BFO where two sublattices of the antiferromagnet exhibit a
frequencies at around 2 GHz in the domain wall. significant canting due to strong DM interaction. The canted moment
The spin-wave dispersion of high-frequency mode in antiparallel, rotates (together with spins in two sublattices) along a certain crystal-
coupled domains can be expressed as follows: line direction with a periodicity of about 70 nm, corresponding to a
( "
x ¼ cl0 Hani þ Ms kex k2 Hani þ 2Heff "# wavevector k ¼ 90 rad=lm. Owing to the magnetoelectric nature of
BFO, the spin cycloid wavevector is perpendicularly locked with its
electric polarization P. The spin cycloid in multiferroic BFO has been
 #)12 successfully imaged in real space by high-resolution nitrogen-vacancy
1  ekd
þ Ms kex k2 þ Ms 1  ; (3) (NV) magnetometer155 as shown in the right panel of Fig. 9(a).
kd Previously, spin cycloid has been evidenced using other technique such
"#
with kex the exchange constant, d the film thickness, and Heff the effec- as neutron diffraction156 in BFO thin films where similar wavelength or
tive coupling field between upward and downward domains. Such wavevector of spin cycloid has been detected. For more detailed knowl-
effective antiferromagnetic spin waves exhibit large group velocity up edge on the experimental investigation on spin cycloid in BFO, one
to 2.6 km s1 and shows strong transmission signal even at zero mag- may find more comprehensive information in a recent review by Burns
netic field. By applying a moderate magnetic field of 1000 Oe, one can et al.157

FIG. 9. (a) Spin cycloid in BFO with a period of approximately 70 nm as characterized by the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) magnetometry. The green arrows represent spins of two
sublattices of the antiferromagnetic BFO and small black arrows are the canted moment induced by the DMI. The wavevector of spin cycloid k is always perpendicular to the
polarization P exhibiting its magnetoelectric properties. Reproduced with permission from Gross et al., Nature 549, 252–256 (2017). Copyright 2017 Springer Nature. (b)
Propagating spin waves excited by a strip line antenna probed by NV magnetometry in a dynamic mode. The spin-wave wavelength is detected to be about 500 nm as shown
in the right panel. The frequency of spin waves matches the resonance of the NV. Reproduced with permission from Simon et al., Nano Lett. 21, 8213–8219 (2021). Copyright
2021 ACS.

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Spin cycloid is a static chain of spins exhibiting a certain wave- resonance can be driven acoustically in the absence of external rf mag-
vector k, whereas spin waves can be considered as a dynamic chain of netic field by interdigital transducers.169 Oxide crystal LNO with a
spins also exhibiting a certain wavevector k, on which its frequency high piezoelectric coefficient was used to apply a surface acoustic wave
relies on according to the magnon dispersion relation. Recently, (SAW) traveling through ferromagnetic Ni thin films as shown in
Simon et al. has developed an exquisite NV magnetometry with a Fig. 10(a). Experimental and simulation results revealed that magne-
dynamic mode,158 which can probe spin waves at GHz frequencies as toelastic coupling between rf elastic strain from SAW and ferromag-
shown in Fig. 9(b). Spin waves are excited by a microwave strip line netic moment causes purely internal rf magnetic field. The mutual
antenna at a frequency that matches the resonant frequency of the NV conversion process between magnon and phonon was revealed by
center. A high-resolution spin-wave mapping is achieved showing Sasaki et al.170 and Holanda et al.,171 independently. Later on, the non-
clear spin-wave phase oscillation, indicating a wavelength of approxi- reciprocal propagations of SAW or magnetoacoustic wave were
mately 500 nm. The wavevector of the detected spin waves reaches variously demonstrated by DM interaction,172 magnetoelastic interac-
about 13 rad=lm, that is about seven times smaller than that of spin tion173 and magneto-rotation coupling174 [Fig. 10(b)]. Kobayashi et al.
cycloid in BFO. As a perspective, it would be intriguing to excite spin achieved the generation of incoherent wave using SAW,175 experimen-
waves with a comparable wavevector as that for a spin cycloid in BFO tally confirmed the theoretical prediction by Matsuo et al.176,177 Spin-
for instance. In fact, Rovillain et al. has managed to use optical meth- wave resonance owing to the gyromagnetic effect is demonstrated by a
ods to excite THz spin waves that couples with the spin cycloid in propagating Rayleigh surface acoustic wave in ferromagnetic thin films
grown on LNO substrate.178 Recently, Casals et al. directly imaged
BFO.32 In the future, it would be highly desired, if one can use electri-
magneto-acoustic wave by spatially resolved photoemission electron
cal method to achieve this so that voltage-controlled magnonic device
microscopy (PEEM),179 which can propagate over millimeter distance
can be realized on chip.
due to large amplitude magnetization waves mediated by
VI. HYBRID MAGNONICS IN MULTIFERROIC OXIDES magnetoelasticity.
Quite recently, Zhang et al. reported an ultra-long magnon decay
A. Magnon–phonon coupling in multiferroic
length in multiferroic oxide heterostructure BFO/LSMO/NGO
heterostructures
(110),34 as shown in Fig. 10(c). The angle-resolved AESWS under
Recently, the coupling between magnons and other quasipar- distance-dependent antennas demonstrated an uncommon hybrid
ticles,159 such as cavity photons,159–161 fluxons,162 and phonons,163–165 mode X propagating far longer than common propagating magnon
has attracted lots of research interest leading to an emergent field of mode Y, and the group velocity of mode X extracted from fitting of
hybrid magnonics.166–168 An increasing number of novel phenomena dispersion is found to be 2.5 km s1, which is about three times larger
have been revealed with the rapid development of new magnonic het- than pure magnon mode. A theoretical model is built where spin-
erostructure materials. Weiler et al. found that GHz ferromagnetic wave mode couples with a longitudinal acoustic wave mode via

FIG. 10. (a) Illustration of elastically driven ferromagnetic resonance in Ni/LNO heterostructure. Reproduced with permission from Weiler et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 117601
(2011). Copyright 2011 American Physical Society. (b) Schematics of the magneto-rotation coupling between rotational motion of lattice and magnetization via magnetic aniso-
tropies in ferromagnetic/piezoelectric heterostructure. Reproduced with permission from Xu et al., Sci. Adv. 6, eabb1724 (2020). Copyright 2020 AAAS. (c) The ultra-long mag-
non decay length due to magnon–phonon hybridization in multiferroic oxide heterostructure BFO/LSMO. Reproduced with permission from Zhang et al., Nat. Commun. 12,
7258 (2021). Copyright 2021 Springer Nature.

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isotropic magnetoelastic coupling, and reproduces the results observed polarization and heat transport through a ballistic ferroelectric point
in experiments. It reveals that mode X is contributed by the BFO pho- contact.181 The polarization current is predicted to be generated under
non mode hybridized with LSMO magnon mode induced by interface either an electric field or temperature difference, and to be detected by
coupling, and the hybridization mode is observed as an anticrossing- its stray magnetic fields and associated thermovoltage and Peltier
like feature in field-dependent measurement. Time-resolved BLS not effect. The models mentioned above are suitable for order–disorder
only confirms the high group velocity but also claims the long decay ferroelectrics, where local electric dipoles are with fixed modulus, but
length up to 1 mm for magnon–phonon hybridized mode. This work the displacive ferroelectrics are formed by the condensation of a partic-
provides a novel pathway to enhance the decay length of other mag- ular soft phonon with a flexible dipole moment. Later, Tang et al. for-
nets by magnon–phonon coupling and further shows the potential to mulate the quasi-particle excitations of displacive ferroelectrics in the
manipulate spin wave by switching ferroelectric polarization using framework of the Landau–Ginzburg–Devonshire theory.182 The fer-
voltage in future magnonics. rons in displacive ferroelectrics are predicted to be longitudinal fluctu-
ations, which is different with the transverse excitations of the
B. Magnons vs ferrons magnetic order. The ferron dipole in multiferroic oxide BTO is about
an order of magnitude larger than that in PbTiO3 or LNO, making the
The studies in oxide multiferroic heterostructures pay attention
polarization transport more efficient in BTO. The ferron and the field
not only to collective excitations of magnetic order and lattice vibra-
of ferronics are just getting started by guiding theoretical works and
tion, but also to unknown dynamic for other spontaneous order. The
many problems still need to be solved, such as more accuracy model
gradients of temperature and magnon chemical potential induce mag-
for polarization relaxation time and diffusion lengths. The following
non and heat current, which is related to spin Seebeck and spin Peltier
experimental discovery is expected to promote the development of this
effect, and the magnetic dipole order in ferromagnets has been found
field, and it is very important for the novel physics and applicable
to play very important role in spin-wave dispersion. Recently, the exci-
functionalities.183
tations of the electric dipolar order in ferroelectrics have been getting a
great deal of attention. Bauer et al. advanced a phenomenological dif-
fusion equation for heat and polarization transport in ferroelectric C. Electric field control of spin waves in multiferroic
capacitors.180 The concept of quasi-particle “ferron” is introduced to oxides
theoretical models, i.e., the thermal fluctuations leave ferroelectric The electrically controllable manipulation of spin-wave excitation
polarization invariant but reduce its projection along ferroelectric and propagation, such as ultra-low-density current switched on/off in
order. The one-dimensional chain of elastically coupled dipoles is the anti-coupled domain mentioned above, is highly desirable in future
microscopic model for ferroelectric excitations, and the steady-state magnonic applications. Apart from charge current control, multifer-
Seebeck and transient Peltier effects of ferroelectric polarization are roic oxide materials also provide a lot of platforms to manipulate spin
predicted. Rather recently, Tang et al. developed a scattering theory of waves by electrical voltage relying on magnetoelectric interaction,184

FIG. 11. (a) Voltage-controlled magnon modes in BFO single crystal. Reproduced with permission from Rovillain et al., Nat. Mater. 9, 975–979 (2010). Copyright 2010
Springer Nature. (b) Schematic of bilateral magnonic stripes with different distribution of the applied voltage, and the BLS spin-wave intensity under different applied electric
field. Reproduced with permission from Sadovnikov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 257203 (2018). Copyright 2018 American Physical Society. (c) Sub-micrometer scale reconfig-
urable magnonic crystal from written periodically ferroelectric pattern in BFO/LSMO heterostructure, which generate a magnonic bandgap. Reproduced with permission from
Merbouche et al., ACS Nano 15, 9775–9781 (2021). Copyright 2021 ACS. (d) Schematic of distinct propagating spin wave transport in strain-coupled domains in Fe/BTO het-
erostructure, and the manipulation of amplitude and phase by electric-field controlled ferroelectric domain wall motion. Reproduced with permission from Qin et al., Adv. Mater.
33, e2100646 (2021). Copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

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magnetoelastic coupling,185 orbital hybridization,186 and so on. the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of
Rovillain et al. observed spin-wave modes in a single-phase multifer- China (Grant No. 11974052), the National Key Research and
roic BFO by inelastic light scattering and detected the strong spin- Development Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFA0718700),
wave frequency shift over 30% induced by applied voltage at room and Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics. J.C.
temperature,32 as shown in Fig. 11(a), and the magnetoelectric interac- acknowledges the support from the National Natural Science
tion, DM interaction, and flexoelectric interaction play different roles Foundation of China (Grant No. 12104208). Y.Z. acknowledges the
in this complex process. Except for single-phase materials, multiferroic support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded
heterostructures display more potential for magnonics, for instance, Project (Grant No. 2021M700344).
the excitation and manipulation of spin waves can be electrically con-
trolled by combining ferromagnetic layers and piezoelectric/ferroelec- AUTHOR DECLARATIONS
tric materials. Sadovnikov et al. developed a way to realize
Conflict of Interest
reconfigurable spin-wave routing by ferromagnetic/piezoelectric heter-
ostructure.187 Figure 11(b) displays the dipolar interaction between The authors have no conflicts to disclose.
magnonic stripes, which can be controlled by voltage due to the piezo-
electricity and the magnetostriction. Author Contributions
Recently, Merbouche et al. design sub-micrometer reconfigurable Jinxing Zhang and Haiming Yu conceived the review and
magnonic system in BFO/LSMO heterostructure.188 The periodical up directed the research; Yuelin Zhang is responsible for the writing of
and down ferroelectric domains are written by piezoresponse force Secs. III, IV, VI, and VII; Jilei Chen is responsible for the writing
microscopy and modulates the spin-wave propagation with a bandgap of Secs. I, II, VI, and V;Jinxing Zhang is responsible for the writing of
compared to pure up (down) domain [Fig. 11(c)]. Qin et al. demon- Secs. I and VII; Haiming Yu is responsible for the writing of Secs. I, V,
strated that the amplitude and phase of propagating spin waves can be VII and supervised the writing. All authors contributed to its final
deterministically manipulated by electric-field controlled ferroelectric version.
domain-wall motion in a ferromagnetic/ferroelectric Fe/BTO hetero-
structure,189 as shown in Fig. 11(d). The magnetic anisotropy domains Yuelin Zhang: Investigation (equal); Writing – original draft (equal);
are patterned by alternating in-plane and out-of-plane ferroelectric Writing – review & editing (equal). Jilei Chen: Investigation (equal);
domains due to the strain coupling,190 which revealed a new control- Validation (equal); Writing – original draft (equal); Writing – review &
ling mechanism for magnonics. The introduction of multiferroic oxide editing (equal). Jinxing Zhang: Conceptualization (equal); Supervision
heterostructure provides more efficient pathway for electric-field con- (equal); Writing – original draft (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal).
trolled reconfigurable magnonics with low power consumption. Haiming Yu: Conceptualization (equal); Funding acquisition (equal);
Supervision (equal); Writing – original draft (equal); Writing – review &
VII. OUTLOOK AND PERSPECTIVES
editing (equal).
Notwithstanding a rapid development in magnonics, novel mate-
rials for spin waves are in high demand and await to be discovered
among a large family of magnetic oxides. Exciting results have been DATA AVAILABILITY
reported both in fundamental physics and potential applications and Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were
point new promising research directions including quasiparticle created or analyzed in this study.
hybridization, magnetic texture- and strain-mediated magnonics,
ultra-low-current-density, and ultra-fast-electric-field control without
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